United States passport: Difference between revisions
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== References == |
== References == |
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*Krueger, Stephen. |
*Krueger, Stephen. ''Krueger on United States Passport Law'' (Hong Kong: Crossbow Corporation, 1999 and supplements) (2nd ed.). |
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*Lloyd, Martin. ''The Passport: The History of Man’s Most Travelled Document'' (England: Sutton Press, 2003). ISBN 0-7509-2964-2 |
*Lloyd, Martin. ''The Passport: The History of Man’s Most Travelled Document'' (England: Sutton Press, 2003). ISBN 0-7509-2964-2 |
||
*[http://travel.state.gov/passport/passport_1738.html Passport information from Bureau of Consular Affairs website] |
*[http://travel.state.gov/passport/passport_1738.html Passport information from Bureau of Consular Affairs website] |
Revision as of 16:06, 6 October 2007
![]() | It has been suggested that U.S. Passport Card be merged into this article. (Discuss) Proposed since January 2007. |
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Us-passport.jpg/220px-Us-passport.jpg)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/United_States_passport_1930.jpg/220px-United_States_passport_1930.jpg)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Passeport_americain_couverture.jpg/220px-Passeport_americain_couverture.jpg)
United States passports are issued to citizens and nationals of the United States of America for the purpose of international travel. They entitle the bearer to the protection of U.S. consular officials overseas. Responsibility for their issuance lies with the Passport Services of the Bureau of Consular Affairs within the U.S. Department of State, which has numerous acceptance agencies and agents. For citizens abroad, passport applications are forwarded back to a passport center by the local U.S. embassy or consulate.
History
American consular officials issued travel documents to some citizens of some of the thirteen states during the War for Independence (1775-1783). The Department of Foreign Affairs of the war period did so as well, and the department continued to issue passports while the Articles of Confederation were in effect. Passports were simple one-sided sheets with a description of the holder, and were valid for three to six months. The minister to France, Benjamin Franklin, based the design of passports issued by his mission on that of the French passport (Lloyd, pp. 71-72).
In July, 1789, the Department of Foreign Affairs was carried over by the government established under the Constitution. In September of that year, the name of the department was changed to Department of State. The department handled foreign relations and issued passports, and, until the mid-nineteenth century, had various domestic duties.
From 1789 and for decades thereafter, passports were issued not only by the Department of State, but also by states and cities, and by notaries public. Passports issued by American authorities other than the Department of State breached propriety and caused confusion abroad. Some European countries refused to recognize passports not issued by the Department of State, unless United States consular officials endorsed them. The problems led the Congress in 1856 to give to the Department of State sole authority to issue passports (Lloyd, pp 80-81).
The League of Nations held conferences to standardise passports, but nothing came of them. The United Nations also tried to do so. Passport standardisation was accomplished in 1980 under the auspices of the International Civil Aviation Organization.
In 1926, the United States, which was not a member state of the League of Nations, introduced the type III passport. This had a stiff red cover, with a window cutout through which the passport number was visible. That style of passport contained a total of 32 pages (Lloyd, p. 130).
Passports had green covers from 1941 until 1976, when the cover was changed to blue, as part of the U.S. bicentennial celebration.
In 1981, the United States became the first country to introduce a machine-readable passport (Lloyd, p. 155).
Green covers were again issued from April, 1993, until March, 1994, and included a special one-page tribute to Benjamin Franklin in commemoration of the 200th anniversary of the United States Consular Service.
In 2001, the Department of State started issuing passports with digital photos.
In fiscal year 2005, the Department of State issued 10,123,424 passports.[1]
On August 14, 2006, the Department of State began issuing electronic passports, which contain RFID (radio-frequency identification) chips. A chip stores an electronic version of passport data (name, date of birth, etc.) about a passport holder, and a digitized picture of the passport holder. Chips have capacity to store additional data (e.g., fingerprints; iris scans).
Chip data are scanable by readers, a process which is intended to speed up immigration processing. A privacy concern is that there could be illicit reading of chip data, in that a chip does not have to plugged into a reader in order for data therein to be read. In the manner of toll-road chips, passport chips can be read when they are proximate to readers. This characteristic opens the possiblity of surreptitious reading of a chip by a government tracking a person's movements, or by a criminal intending identity theft.
Though passports have shielded covers which make it difficult to read chips when passport covers are closed, and though chips have access-control and encryption mechanisms, those features are ineffective when a passport is open, such as when a passport is presented at a hotel, a bank, or an Internet cafe.
The Department of State says that, by the end of 2006, all newly-issued regular passports will contain chips. Other sources expect it will be mid-2007 before all newly-issued passports will have chips. [2] [3] [4] [5] Non-electronic passports will remain valid until they expire, whether issued before or during the transition.
Types of passports
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/United_States_passport_-_official_-_biometric.png/220px-United_States_passport_-_official_-_biometric.png)
- Diplomatic (black cover)
- Issued to American diplomats accredited overseas, or to those who reside in the United States but frequently travel abroad for diplomatic work. Valid for a maximum of five years from date of issue.
- Official (maroon cover)
- Available to U.S. citizen employees of the Federal government assigned overseas (either permanent or temporary) and their dependents, and to members of Congress who are traveling on official business. Valid for a maximum of five years from date of issue.
- Tourist/Regular (blue cover)
- Ordinary travel passports issued to citizens and nationals. Valid for ten years for those aged 16 and over. Valid for five years for those aged 15 and under. A variation is the "no-fee" passport issued to U.S. citizen dependents of military personnel stationed overseas. Such passports contain an appropriate endorsement and are subject to the same restrictions on personal travel as official passports. [6] Also, passports issued as "no-fee" have a reduced validity, normally for a maximum of five years rather than ten.
- Emergency
- Issued to travelers overseas whose document was stolen, misplaced or mutilated. Usually valid for one re-entry into the United States. Can be issued at a nearby United States Embassy or Consulate.
No "lookalike" U.S. passports
Unlike British passports, there are no "lookalike" U.S. passports; all persons of U.S. nationality receive the same passport, regardless of where they live. By acts of Congress, born or naturalized residents of Puerto Rico, the U.S. Virgin Islands, Guam, and the Northern Mariana Islands are full U.S. citizens with the exact same legal rights as other citizens, including the right to request a standard U.S. passport. (The inability of citizens living in these territories to vote for Congress or President is based solely on where they live; territorial citizens who move to the mainland can vote, while mainland citizens who move to the territories cannot.)
Born or naturalized residents of American Samoa and Swains Island are nationals, but not citizens, of the U.S.; although they do not have voting rights, they have the same rights to enter, live and work in the U.S. as U.S. citizens, so they receive the same passports as citizens. Indeed, non-citizen nationals are so unusual in the U.S. that the State Department has chosen for cost and security reasons to issue them standard U.S. passports as proof of their status, rather than the "certificate of non-citizen nationality" allowed by U.S. law. [7] However, these passports are endorsed with the text "the bearer of this passport is a U.S. national, not a U.S. citizen."
Second passport
It is a long-standing policy of the Department of State that no person should be in possession of more than one valid U.S. passport. Nonetheless, as an exception to the regulations, the Department may issue a second passport under limited circumstances such as prolonged visa processing delays, or for safety/security reasons such as, for example, travel between Israel and nations that refuse to grant entry to persons with evidence of travel to Israel. Second passports are valid for two years. [8] In addition, holders of diplomatic, official, and other "no-fee" passports may simultaneously hold a tourist passport as well.
Physical appearance
U.S. passports are dark blue (except as noted above), with the Great Seal of the United States emblazoned in the center of the front cover. The word "PASSPORT" is inscribed above the national seal and "United States of America" is inscribed below. however, the “e-passport” cover will have the biometric symbol at the bottom, as in other countries. U.S. e-passport The standard U.S. passport contains 24 pages; 48-page passports for business and other classes of frequent travellers are no longer available, though extra visa pages may be added.[9]
Identity Information Page
- Photo of Passport Holder
- Type (P)
- Code (USA)
- Passport No.
- Surname
- Given Names
- Nationality
- Date of Birth
- Place of Birth
- Sex
- Date of Issue
- Authority
- Date of Expiration
- Endorsement
The information page ends with the Machine Readable Zone.
Passport Note
The passports contain a note from the issuing country that is addressed to the authorities of all other countries, identifying the bearer as a citizen of that country and requesting that he or she be allowed to pass and be treated according to international norms, first in English, then repeated in French, and in more recent passports in Spanish as well. The note inside of U.S. passports states:
In English:
- The Secretary of State of the United States of America hereby requests all whom it may concern to permit the citizen/national of the United States named herein to pass without delay or hindrance and in case of need to give all lawful aid and protection.
in French:
- Le Secrétaire d'Etat des Etats-Unis d'Amérique prie par les présentes toutes autorités compétentes de laisser passer le citoyen ou ressortissant des Etats-Unis titulaire du présent passeport, sans délai ni difficulté et, en cas de besoin, de lui accorder toute aide et protection légitimes.
and in Spanish:
- El Secretario de Estado de los Estados Unidos de América por el presente solicita a las autoridades competentes permitir el paso del ciudadano o nacional de los Estados Unidos aqui nombrados, sin demora ni dificultades, y en caso de necesidad, prestarle toda la ayuda y protección licitas.
The term "citizen/national" is used in the note because residents of American Samoa and Swains Island (who are nationals but not citizens) receive the same passports as U.S. citizens. Due to these translations, as of May 2007, all passports incidentally identify Condoleezza Rice, Secretary of State (January 26, 2005 - present) as a man. For instance, "El Secretario de Estado" (The [male] Secretary of State) would otherwise be expected "La Secretaria de Estado" (The [female] Secretary of State).
Languages
The data page's field names, the note requesting entry, the warning on the second page that the bearer is responsible for obtaining visas, the "entries" and "departures" notes on the visa pages, and the title "amendments and endorsements" on the back pages are currently printed in English, French and Spanish. These were only printed in English and French on older passports; U.S. passport procedures issued in 1996 (see "The U.S. Passport" under "Sources" below) only refer to English and French.
English has always been used as it is the de facto national language of the United States; French (the historic language of international diplomacy) is also used as required by international passport standards. Spanish was added during the second Clinton administration in recognition of Spanish-speaking Puerto Rico; the change also indirectly recognizes the growing number of Spanish-speaking U.S. citizens.
United States biometric passports
The U.S. version of the biometric passport (which is also referred to as an "Electronic Passport") will only have digital imaging placed onto the contactless chip. This still provides an increased level of security, but not as complex as the European version. However, the chip used in the U.S. passport will be large enough (64 kilobytes) to allow it to contain additional biometric identifiers should the government decide to require them. The U.S. Department of State began issuing biometric passports to government officials and diplomats in early 2006. The Department began issuing regular biometric passports at its Colorado Passport Agency on August 14, 2006. [10] [11] [12] [13]
A high level of security became a top priority in late 2001 for the United States. This tightened security required border control to take steps in cracking down on counterfeit paper passports. In October 2004, the production stages of this high-tech passport commenced as the U.S. Government Printing Office (GPO) issued awards to the lowest bidders of the program. The awards totaled to roughly $1,000,000 for startup, development, and testing. The driving force of the initiative is the U.S. Enhanced Border Security and Visa Entry Reform Act of 2002 (also known as the "Border Security Act"), which states that such smart card IDs will be able to replace visas. As for foreigners traveling to the U.S., if they wish to enter U.S. visa-free under the Visa Waiver Program (VWP), they are now are required to possess machine-readable passports that comply with international standards. Additionally, for travelers holding a valid passport issued on or after October 26, 2006, such a passport must be a biometric passport if used to enter the U.S. visa-free under the VWP.
A number of products are available on the market that will allow a concerned carrier of RFID-enabled passports to shield their data.
Visa-free access for U.S. passport holders
According to a study done by Henley & Partners, the United States has a Henley Visa Restrictions Index of 130, which means that U.S. citizens enjoy visa-free access to 130 countries and territories. The U.S. is ranked 1st in the study in terms of international travel freedom together with Finland and Denmark. [14]
It is estimated that 187 countries and territories granted visa-free or visa-on-arrival access to ordinary U.S. passport holders. 151 countries and territories are visa-free accessible. (visa on arrival for free counted) Visa prior to arrival or pre-arrangement required for countries or territories not mentioned below. [15]
Africa
Countries and Territories | Conditions of access |
---|---|
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90 days [16] |
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visa-free access |
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visa issued upon arrival [17] |
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90 days [18] |
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30-day visa issued upon arrival for DJF5,000 [19] |
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30-day visa issued upon arrival for US$15 [20] |
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visa-free access [21] |
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3-month visa issued upon arrival for US$40 [22][23] |
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3-month visa issued upon arrival for US$50 [24][25] |
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14 days [26][27] |
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90-day visa issued upon arrival for MGA28,000 [28] |
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90 days [29] |
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6 months per year (tourist), 90 days per year (business) [30][31] |
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1 month [32] |
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3 months [33][34] |
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30-day visa issued upon arrival for US$25 [35] |
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90 days [36] |
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1-month issued upon arrival for XOF20,000 [37] |
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3 months [38] |
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90 days [39] |
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visa-free access |
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1-month visa issued upon arrival for US$50 [40] |
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3 months [41] |
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1 month [42] |
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90 days [43] |
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60 days [44] |
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visa issued upon arrival for US$50 [45][46] |
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1-month visa issued upon arrival for XOF10,000 ~ XOF35,000 [47] |
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4 months [48] |
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6-month visa issued upon arrival for US$50 [49][50] |
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visa issued upon arrival for US$25 (single), US$80 (multiple) [51][52] |
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3-month visa issued upon arrival for US$30 ~ 55 [53] |
Americas
Asia
Countries and Territories | Conditions of access |
---|---|
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21-day visa issued upon arrival for US$30 [118] |
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30-day visa issued upon arrival for US$100 [119] |
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14-day visa issued upon arrival for BHD5 [120][121] |
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15-day visa issued upon arrival for US$50 [122][123] |
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90 days [124] |
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30-day visa issued upon arrival for US$20 (tourist), US$25 (business) [125] |
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30 days [126] |
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90 days [127] |
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90 days [128] |
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30-day visa issued upon arrival [129] |
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visa issued upon arrival (free of charge) [130] |
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3 months [131] |
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90 days [132] |
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visa issued upon arrival for JOD10 [133][134] |
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90 days [135][136] |
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3-month visa issued upon arrival for KWD5 [137][138] |
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1-month visa issued upon arrival for US$36 ~ 70 (business),US$35 (single tourist),US$55 (multiple tourist) [139][140] |
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15-day visa issued upon arrival for US$30 [141] |
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1-month visa issued upon arrival(free of charge) [142][143] |
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30 days [144] |
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3 months [145] |
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30 days [146] |
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90 days [147] |
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60-day visa issued upon arrival for US$30 [148] |
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1-month visa issued upon arrival for OMR6 [149] |
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21 days [150] |
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21-day visa issued upon arrival for QAR55 [151][152] |
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90 days (VWP) [153] |
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30 days [154] |
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30 days [155] |
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30-day visa issued upon arrival for US$30 [156] |
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3-month visa issued upon arrival for US$20, €15 [157] |
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60 days [158] |
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1-month visa issued upon arrival for YER10,500 [159] |
Europe
Countries and Territories | Conditions of access |
---|---|
European Union |
|
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3 months in a half year [160][161] |
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3 months in a half year [162][163] |
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3 months in a half year [164][165] |
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3 months in a half year [166][167] |
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3 months in a half year [168][169] |
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3 months in a half year [170][171] |
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3 months in a half year [172][173] |
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3 months in a half year [174][175] |
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3 months in a half year [176][177] |
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3 months in a half year [178][179] |
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3 months in a half year [180][181] |
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3 months in a half year [182][183] |
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3 months in a half year [184][185] |
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3 months in a half year [186][187] |
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3 months in a half year [188][189] |
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3 months in a half year [190][191] |
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3 months in a half year [192][193] |
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3 months in a half year [194][195] |
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3 months in a half year [196][197] |
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3 months in a half year [198][199] |
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3 months in a half year [200][201] |
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3 months in a half year [202][203] |
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3 months in a half year [204][205] |
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3 months in a half year [206][207] |
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3 months in a half year [208][209] |
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3 months in a half year [210][211] |
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6 months [212] |
Non-EU |
|
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3 months |
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1 month with entry tax : €10 [213][214] |
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3 months (same as France and Spain) [215] |
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90 days [216] |
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90 days [217][218] |
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3 months (same as Denmark) [219] |
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visa-free access [220] |
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visa-free access [221] |
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3 months in a half year [222] |
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visa-free access[223] |
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6 months [224] |
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3 months in half a year (same as Switzerland) [225] |
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3 months [226] |
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90 days [227] |
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3 months (same as France and Spain) [228] |
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90 days [229] |
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3 months in half a year [230] |
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90 days (same as Italy) [231] |
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90 days [232][233] |
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3 months in half a year [234] |
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[235][236] |
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3 months in half a year (same as Italy) [237] |
Oceania
Countries and Territories | Conditions of access |
---|---|
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visa-free access [238] |
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visa-free access |
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31 days [239] |
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4 months [240] |
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unlimited access [241] |
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visa-free access [242] |
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30 days[243][244] |
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3 months [245] |
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3 months [246] |
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30 days [247] |
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unlimited access [248] |
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1 year [249][250] |
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60-day visa issued upon arrival for PGK100 (tourist), PGK500 (business) [251] |
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visa-free access |
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1 month [252] |
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60 days [253] |
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3-month visitor permit issued upon arrival [254] |
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3 months [255] |
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free cruising permit can be obtain in Apia, Samoa [256] |
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31-day visa issued upon arrival (free of charge) [257] |
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1 month [258] |
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30 days [259][260] |
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3 months [261] |
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pre-arrival Electronic Travel Authority required [262] |
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same as Australia [263] |
Note that travel involving diplomatic and official passports normally requires the issuance of a visa, even if the destination country grants visa-free travel to holders of personal (blue) passports.
References
- Krueger, Stephen. Krueger on United States Passport Law (Hong Kong: Crossbow Corporation, 1999 and supplements) (2nd ed.).
- Lloyd, Martin. The Passport: The History of Man’s Most Travelled Document (England: Sutton Press, 2003). ISBN 0-7509-2964-2
- Passport information from Bureau of Consular Affairs website
- The U.S. Passport - Department of State (PDF)
- The U.S. Electronic Passport