Brunei

Negara Brunei Darussalam State of Brunei, Abode of Peace بروني دارالسلام
Flag Coat of arms
Motto: "Always in service with God's guidance"  (translation)
Anthem: Allah Peliharakan Sultan God Bless the Sultan
Capital and largest city	Bandar Seri Begawan
Official languages	Malay
Demonym(s)	Bruneian
Government	Islamic Sultanate
• Sultan	Hassanal Bolkiah
Independence
• End of British occupation	January 1 1984
Area
• Total	5,765 km2 (2,226 sq mi) (172nd)
• Water (%)	8.6
Population
• July 2008 estimate	381,371
• Density	66/km2 (170.9/sq mi) (134th)
GDP (PPP)	2005 estimate
• Total	$10.199 billion (138th)
• Per capita	$51,000 (5th)
HDI (2007)	0.894  (30th)
Currency	Brunei dollar (BND)
Time zone	UTC+8.1
Calling code	673
ISO 3166 code	BN
Internet TLD	.bn
Also 080 from East Malaysia

Brunei Darussalam, (Template:PronEng in English) officially the State of Brunei, Abode of Peace (Malay: Negara Brunei Darussalam, Jawi: برني دارالسلام), is a country located on the north coast of the island of Borneo, in Southeast Asia. Apart from its coastline with the South China Sea it is completely surrounded by the state of Sarawak, Malaysia, and in fact it is separated into two parts by Limbang, which is part of Sarawak.

Brunei, the remnant of a very powerful sultanate, regained its independence from the United Kingdom on 1 January 1984.

History

Main article: History of Brunei

The Sultanate of Brunei was very powerful from the fourteenth to the sixteenth century. Its realm extended over the coastal regions of modern-day Sarawak and Sabah, the Sulu archipelago, and the islands off the northwest tip of Borneo. European influence gradually brought an end to this regional power. Later, there was a brief war with Spain, in which Brunei's capital was occupied. Eventually the sultanate was victorious but lost territories to Spain. The decline of the Bruneian Empire culminated in the nineteenth century when Brunei lost much of its territory to the White Rajahs of Sarawak, resulting in its current small landmass and separation into two parts. Brunei was a British protectorate from 1888 to 1984. Brunei was occupied by Japan from 1941 to 1945 during World War II

There was a small rebellion against the monarchy during the 1960s, which was suppressed by the United Kingdom. This event became known as the Brunei Revolt and was partly responsible for the failure to create the North Borneo Federation. The rebellion also affected Brunei's decision to opt out of the Malaysian Federation and was the first stage of the Indonesia-Malaysia confrontation.

Politics and government

Hassanal Bolkiah, Sultan of Brunei.

Main article: Politics of Brunei

The Sultanate of Brunei was founded when Sharif Ali of Hejadz married the local Brunei princess. He brought Islam and founded many mosques in Brunei. Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah of Brunei, whose title has passed within the same dynasty since the fifteenth century, is the head of state and head of government in Brunei. The Sultan is advised by several councils and a cabinet of ministers although he is effectively the supreme ruler. The media is extremely pro-government and the Royal family retains a venerated status within the country. Brunei is an absolute monarchy and the sultan has absolute power. There is no elected legislative body. In September 2004, the Sultan convened an appointed Parliament which had not met since independence in 1984, although it lacks any capacity beyond advising the monarch.

International Organizations and Brunei

Brunei is a member of the United Nations, Commonwealth of Nations, ASEAN, and Organization of the Islamic Conference.

Press freedom

Brunei has been given "Not Free" status by Freedom House; press criticism of the government and monarchy is rare.

Territorial disputes

Brunei claims territory in Sarawak, such as Limbang, and it is one of many nations to lay claim to the disputed Spratly Islands. Several small islands situated between Brunei and Labuan, including Kuraman island, are contested between Brunei and Malaysia. Limbang is still a disputed territory and is the subject of current negotiation between Brunei and Malaysia.

Districts and mukims

Districts of Brunei

Main articles: Districts of Brunei and Mukims of Brunei

Brunei is divided into four districts (daerah):

• Belait
• Brunei and Muara
• Temburong
• Tutong

The districts are subdivided into thirty-eight mukims.

Geography

Main article: Geography of Brunei

Brunei Darussalam consists of two unconnected parts with a total area of 5,766 sq. kilometers (2,226 sq. miles). 97% of the population lives in the larger western part, while only about 10,000 live in the mountainous eastern part (the district of Temburong). The total population of Brunei Darussalam is about 400,000 of which around 130,000 live in the capital Bandar Seri Begawan. Other major towns are the port town of Muara, the oil producing town of Seria and its neighboring town, Kuala Belait. In the Belait district, the Panaga area is home to large numbers of expatriates due to Royal Dutch Shell and British Army housing and recreational facilities. The well-known Panaga Club is situated here. Jerudong Park, a well known amusement park, is located on the west of Bandar Seri Begawan.

Climate

Bandar Seri Begawan has a humid subtropical climate. The average annual temperature is 23.6 °C (74.5 °F), with a summer average of 29.4 °C (84.9 °F) and a winter average of 21.0 °C (69.8 °F).

Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Average High (°C)	19	18	21	25	28	32	34	33	31	27	24	21	-
Average Low (°C)	12	12	14	17	21	23	26	24	23	19	17	14	-
Average Rainfall (mm)	86	135	178	170	231	290	248	305	244	122	66	71	2129

Economy

Main article: Economy of Brunei

This small, wealthy economy is a mixture of foreign and domestic entrepreneurship, government regulation, welfare measures, and village tradition. Crude oil and natural gas production account for nearly half of its GDP. Substantial income from overseas investment supplements income from domestic production. The government provides for all medical services and subsidizes rice and housing. Brunei's leaders are concerned that steadily increased integration in the world economy will undermine internal social cohesion although it became a more prominent player by serving as chairman for the 2000 Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) forum. Stated plans for the future include upgrading the labour force, reducing unemployment, strengthening the banking and tourism sectors, and, in general, further widening the economic base. The national airline, Royal Brunei, is trying to make Brunei a hub for international travel between Europe and Australia/New Zealand, and also has services to major Asian destinations.

Healthcare

Brunei ensures that all citizens have access to free health care, provided via a group of public hospitals. The largest hospital in Brunei is Raja Isteri Pengiran Anak Saleha Hospital, also known as RIPAS Hospital.

There is also a private medical sector, Jerudong Park Medical Centre.

As of 2008, no hospitals in Brunei were undergoing international healthcare accreditation.

There is currently no medical school in Brunei, and Bruneians wishing to study to become doctors have to attend universities overseas. This situation may be changing. Also, to ensure the public's access to medical care, qualified doctors from overseas are imported into the country.

A School of Nursing was founded in 1951.

Transport

Brunei is accessible via sea and land travel. The main highway running across Brunei is the Pan Borneo Highway, which is a joint project with Malaysia. Besides the Pan Borneo Highway, Brunei can be accessed by air through Brunei International Airport. Royal Brunei is the main airline company in Brunei.

Brunei has several sea ports, mainly to export its petroleum products, as well as for import and export purposes.

Ethnicity

• Malay 66.3%,
• Chinese 11.2%,
• indigenous 3.4%,
• other 19.1% (2004 est.)

Demographics

Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddin Mosque in Bandar Seri Begawan.

Main article: Demographics of Brunei

See also: Islam in Brunei and Buddhism in Brunei

66.3% of the Brunei population are of Malay origin and have long dominated the nation's economy, 11.2% are of Chinese origin, 3.4% indigenous and 19.1% other. The official language of the nation is Malay (Malay: Bahasa Melayu), although an important minority speak Chinese. English is also widely spoken and there is a relatively large expatriate community with significant numbers of British and Australian citizens.

Islam is the official religion of Brunei 67%, and the sultan is the head of the religion in the country. Other faiths practised are Buddhism 13% (mainly by the Chinese), 10% Christianity, and primarily in isolated and very small communities, indigenous religions.

Culture

Main article: Culture of Brunei

The culture of Brunei is predominantly Malay, with heavy influences from Islam, but is seen as more conservative than Malaysia.

The culture is also influenced by the demographics of the country: two-thirds of the population are Malay, and the remainder consists of Chinese, Indians and indigenous Malays.

Brunei also has a large number of foreign workers, including Indonesian and Filipino domestic workers, labourers from Thailand, Indonesia and the Indian subcontinent (particularly India and Bangladesh), and American and British professionals working in industry and education.

Prohibition of alcohol

The sale and public consumption of alcohol is banned. Foreigners and non-Muslims are allowed to bring in 12 cans of beer and two bottles of other alcohol (e.g., wine or spirits; no distinction is made for alcohol content). This limit used to apply to every entry; in 2007, however, this was changed to one limit every 48 hours. After the introduction of prohibition in the early 1990s, all pubs and nightclubs were forced to close; however, several types of restaurants allegedly still offer illicit alcohol sometimes served in teapots.

Bruneian celebrities

• Mariana Rahim is a female Bruneian star and country rock singer
• Brunei is the birthplace of current Chicago Blackhawks left winger Craig Adams.
• Also the birthplace of Wu Chun, present day Bruneian Taiwanese pop-star idol, who is also a gym instructor, model, and member of the band Fahrenheit
• Zul F is an idol star and TV personality.

See also

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Bibliography

•  This article incorporates public domain material from The World Factbook. CIA.
• U.S. Department of State website (2003)
• L. W. W. Gudgeon, British North Borneo, Adam and Charles Black: London, 1913.

External links

• Template:Wikitravel

• Government of Brunei Darussalam website
• "Brunei". The World Factbook (2024 ed.). Central Intelligence Agency.
• Brunei Tourism website
• The Daily Brunei Resources blog. Contains extra information on the country through the eyes of a Bruneian.
• WikiTravel entry for Brunei
• Brunei information on globalEDGE

Others

• Photos of Brunei
• Brunei information