Scythian languages: Difference between revisions
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== Classification == |
== Classification == |
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{{Confusing|date=October 2010}} |
{{Confusing|date=October 2010}} |
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The vast majority of Scythological scholars agree in considering the Scythian languages (and Ossetian) as a part of the [[Eastern Iranian languages|Eastern Iranian]] group of languages. This Iranian hypothesis relies principally on the fact that the Greek inscriptions of the Northern Black Sea Coast contain several hundreds of Sarmatian names showing a close affinity to the [[Ossetian language]] |
The vast majority of Scythological scholars used to agree in considering the Scythian languages (and Ossetian) as a part of the [[Eastern Iranian languages|Eastern Iranian]] group of languages. This Iranian hypothesis relies principally on the fact that the Greek inscriptions of the Northern Black Sea Coast contain several hundreds of Sarmatian names showing a close affinity to the [[Ossetian language]]. |
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<ref>Compare L. Zgusta, ''Die griechischen Personennamen griechischer Städte der nördlichen Schwarzmeerküste'' [The Greek personal names of the Greek cities of the northern Black Sea coast], 1955. |
<ref>Compare L. Zgusta, ''Die griechischen Personennamen griechischer Städte der nördlichen Schwarzmeerküste'' [The Greek personal names of the Greek cities of the northern Black Sea coast], 1955. |
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</ref> |
</ref> |
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But this approach of detecting language is very biased as using exactly the same method other scholars (like M. Zakiyev) showed very close affinity of Turkic languages to these inscriptions. |
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Some scholars |
Some scholars |
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<ref> |
<ref> |
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E.g. Harmatta 1970.{{page needed|date=October 2010}} |
E.g. Harmatta 1970.{{page needed|date=October 2010}} |
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</ref> |
</ref> |
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detect a division of Scythian into two dialects: a western, more conservative dialect, and an eastern, more innovative one. The Scythian languages may have formed a [[dialect continuum]] |
detect a division of Scythian into two dialects: a western, more conservative dialect, and an eastern, more innovative one. The Scythian languages may have formed a [[dialect continuum]]. |
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'''Alanian languages''' or '''Scytho-Sarmatian''' in the west: were spoken by people originally of either Turkic stock or Iranian stock<ref> |
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Scythian, member of a nomadic people originally of Iranian stock who migrated from Central Asia to southern Russia in the 8th and 7th centuries BC – ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]'' 15th edition – Micropaedia on "Scythian" |
Scythian, member of a nomadic people originally of Iranian stock who migrated from Central Asia to southern Russia in the 8th and 7th centuries BC – ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]'' 15th edition – Micropaedia on "Scythian". |
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</ref> from the 8th and 7th century BC onwards in the area of [[Ukraine]], Southern [[Russia]] and [[Kazakhstan]]. Modern [[Ossetian language|Ossetian]] survives as a continuation of the language family ''possibly'' represented by Scytho-Sarmatian inscriptions, although the Scytho-Sarmatian language family "does not simply represent the same [Ossetian] language" at an earlier date.<ref> |
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The languages of the Scytho-Sarmatian inscription may represent dialects of a language family of which Modern Ossetian is a continuation, but does not simply represent the same language at an earlier time – ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]'' 15th edition – Macropedia on Languages of the World |
</ref> from the 8th and 7th century BC onwards in the area of [[Ukraine]], Southern [[Russia]] and [[Kazakhstan]]. Modern [[Ossetian language|Ossetian]] is believed to survive as a continuation of the Scytho-Sarmatian language family.<ref> The languages of the Scytho-Sarmatian inscription may represent dialects of a language family of which Modern Ossetian is a continuation, but does not simply represent the same language at an earlier time – ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]'' 15th edition – Macropedia on Languages of the World</ref>. This opinion was strictly challenged by many scholars and had been recently refuted by the [[Russian Academy of Sciences]]. It has acknowledged that, at least, it is not scientific to attribute Alans, Sarmatians, and Scythians to Indo-Iranian family of languages only, because there are a lot of evidences for [[Turkic]] ancestry of these nations as well based on academic research and archaeological findings in burials of Scythians<ref>ИЭА РАН (Народы и культуры) "Карачаевцы. Балкарцы." 2014 г. М.: Наука, 2014, - стр. 815. (в пер.) ISBN: 978-5-02-038043-1</ref>. |
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</ref> |
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* '''[[Saka language|Saka languages]]''' or '''Scytho-Khotanese''' in the east: spoken in the first century in the [[Kingdom of Khotan]] (located in present-day [[Xinjiang]], China), and including the '''Khotanese''' of [[Khotan]] and '''Tumshuqese''' of [[Tumxuk|Tumshuq]].<ref> |
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Schmitt, Rüdiger (ed.), Compendium Linguarum Iranicarum, Reichert, 1989.{{page needed|date=October 2010}} |
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</ref> |
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<!--<ref> |
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"The languages of the eastern group, moreover, cannot have been themselves mutually intelligible. The main known languages of this group are Chorasmian, Sogdian and Saka. Less well-known are Old Ossetian (Scytho-Sarmatian) and Bactrian, but from what is known it would seem likely that these languages were equally distinctive" – ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]'' 15th edition – Macropedia on Languages of the World |
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</ref>--> |
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== History == |
== History == |
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''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]'' 15th edition – Macropedia on Languages of the World, "The Iranian Languages" |
''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]'' 15th edition – Macropedia on Languages of the World, "The Iranian Languages" |
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</ref> substantial evidence of Sogdian and Saka dating from a later period.--> |
</ref> substantial evidence of Sogdian and Saka dating from a later period.--> |
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Recently, the [[Russian Academy of Sciences]] has acknowledged that, at least, it is not scientific to attribute Alans, Sarmatians, and Scythians to Indo-Iranian family of languages only, because there are a lot of evidences for Turkic ancestry of these nations as well based on academic research and archaeological findings in burials of Scythians. Also, the following statements were agreed and accepted by scholars participating in the conference: |
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* 1. the etymology "Alan" is rather Turkic etymology than Iranian, and certainly it doesn't come from the word "Aryan". |
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* 2. Historical Alans represented the union of tribes that might be coming from different roots. |
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* 3. Western part of the Medieval Kingdom of Alania in Caucasus were populated and ruled by Alans speaking in the language belonging to Turkic family as both archaeological and written resources of Medieval Authors shows. |
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* 4. Based on deep analyses and research, the question about the language and culture of Ancient Scythians, Sakas, Sarmathians, and Alans will remain open for further research which means that it is at least not scientific to assert/state that these nations/tribes were of Indo-Iranian origin. |
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* 5. the Alans are ancestors to the nowadays Alans (Karachays and Balkars of North Caucasus)<ref> ИЭА РАН (Народы и культуры) "Карачаевцы. Балкарцы." 2014 г. М.: Наука, 2014, - стр. 815. (в пер.) ISBN: 978-5-02-038043-1</ref> |
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There were a lot of other conclusions that you can follow on the official web site of [[Russian Academy of Science]]. Also, lots of information on this topic you may find in the book "Karachays. Balkars." which was published by the [[Russian Academy of Sciences]].<ref> ИЭА РАН (Народы и культуры) "Карачаевцы. Балкарцы." 2014 г. М.: Наука, 2014, - стр. 815. (в пер.) ISBN: 978-5-02-038043-1</ref> |
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== Corpus == |
== Corpus == |
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== Alanian == |
== Alanian == |
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The '''Alanian language''' as spoken by the [[Alans]] from about the 5th to the 11th centuries AD formed a [[dialect]] |
The '''Alanian language''' as spoken by the [[Alans]] from about the 5th to the 11th centuries AD formed a [[dialect]] which is believed to descend from the earlier Scytho-Sarmatian languages. But there is a big debate over the family and roots of this language. During Soviet Era, the communists used to "iranize" the whole history of Eurasia, and any actions driven by scholars against this agenda used to be strictly persecuted by officials. As a result, a lot of works about alans, sarmatians ans scythians written during these era were biased. Therefore, it is, at least, not scientific to rely only on these works. Although, there are such independent authors like Ladislav Zgusta, who believed that Alanian is the ancestor of the [[Ossetian language]].<ref> |
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Ladislav Zgusta, "The old Ossetian Inscription from the River Zelenčuk" (Veröffentlichungen der Iranischen Kommission = Sitzungsberichte der österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften. Philosophisch-historische Klasse 486) Wien: Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, 1987. ISBN 3-7001-0994-6 in Kim, op.cit., 54. |
Ladislav Zgusta, "The old Ossetian Inscription from the River Zelenčuk" (Veröffentlichungen der Iranischen Kommission = Sitzungsberichte der österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften. Philosophisch-historische Klasse 486) Wien: Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, 1987. ISBN 3-7001-0994-6 in Kim, op.cit., 54. |
||
</ref> |
</ref> |
||
Recently, the [[Russian Academy of Sciences]] has acknowledged that, at least, it is not scientific to attribute Alans, Sarmatians, and Scythians to Indo-Iranian family of languages only, because there are a lot of evidences for [[Turkic]] ancestry of these nations as well based on academic research and archaeological findings in burials of Scythians.<ref> ИЭА РАН (Народы и культуры) "Карачаевцы. Балкарцы." 2014 г. М.: Наука, 2014, - стр. 815. (в пер.) ISBN: 978-5-02-038043-1</ref> |
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== See also == |
== See also == |
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* [[Getae]] |
* [[Getae]] |
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* [[Dacian language]] |
* [[Dacian language]] |
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* [[Karachays]] |
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* [[Balkars]] |
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* [[Turkic]] |
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== Notes == |
== Notes == |
Revision as of 21:31, 14 April 2015
Scythian | |
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![]() Ptolemy's Scythia | |
Native to | Sarmatia, Kingdom of Khotan, Parama Kamboja, Sistan, Scythia Minor |
Region | Central Asia, Eastern Europe |
Ethnicity | Scythians |
Era | Classical antiquity, late antiquity |
Dialects |
|
Language codes | |
ISO 639-3 | Variously:xsc – Scythianxln – Alanianoos – Old Ossetian |
xsc Scythian | |
xln Alanian | |
oos Old Ossetian | |
Glottolog | oldo1234 Old Ossetic |
The Scythian languages (/ˈsɪθiən/ or /ˈsɪðiən/) are a group of Eastern Iranian languages of the classical and late antiquity (Middle Iranian) period, spoken in a vast region of Eurasia named Scythia. Except for modern Ossetian, which descends from the Alanian variety, these languages are all considered to be extinct. Modern Eastern Iranian languages such as Wakhi, however, are related to the eastern Scytho-Khotanese dialects attested from the kingdoms of Khotan and Tumshuq in the ancient Tarim Basin, in present-day southern Xinjiang, China.
The location and extent of Scythia varied by time, but generally it encompassed the part of Eastern Europe east of the Vistula river and much of Central Asia up to the Tarim Basin. The dominant ethnic groups among the Scythians were nomadic pastoralists of Central Asia and the Pontic-Caspian steppe. Fragments of their speech known from inscriptions and words quoted in ancient authors as well as analysis of their names indicate that it was an Indo-European language, more specifically from the Iranian group of Indo-Iranian languages. Alexander Lubotsky summarizes the known linguistic landscape as follows:[1]
Unfortunately, we know next to nothing about the Scythian of that period [Old Iranian] – we have only a couple of personal and tribal names in Greek and Persian sources at our disposal – and cannot even determine with any degree of certainty whether it was a single language.
Classification
![]() | This article may be confusing or unclear to readers. (October 2010) |
The vast majority of Scythological scholars used to agree in considering the Scythian languages (and Ossetian) as a part of the Eastern Iranian group of languages. This Iranian hypothesis relies principally on the fact that the Greek inscriptions of the Northern Black Sea Coast contain several hundreds of Sarmatian names showing a close affinity to the Ossetian language. [2] But this approach of detecting language is very biased as using exactly the same method other scholars (like M. Zakiyev) showed very close affinity of Turkic languages to these inscriptions. Some scholars [3] detect a division of Scythian into two dialects: a western, more conservative dialect, and an eastern, more innovative one. The Scythian languages may have formed a dialect continuum.
Alanian languages or Scytho-Sarmatian in the west: were spoken by people originally of either Turkic stock or Iranian stock[4] from the 8th and 7th century BC onwards in the area of Ukraine, Southern Russia and Kazakhstan. Modern Ossetian is believed to survive as a continuation of the Scytho-Sarmatian language family.[5]. This opinion was strictly challenged by many scholars and had been recently refuted by the Russian Academy of Sciences. It has acknowledged that, at least, it is not scientific to attribute Alans, Sarmatians, and Scythians to Indo-Iranian family of languages only, because there are a lot of evidences for Turkic ancestry of these nations as well based on academic research and archaeological findings in burials of Scythians[6].
History
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Scythia-Parthia_100_BC.png/200px-Scythia-Parthia_100_BC.png)
Early Eastern Iranians originated in the Yaz culture (ca. 1500–1100 BC) in Central Asia.[citation needed] The Scythians migrated from Central Asia toward Eastern Europe in the 8th and 7th century BC,[7] occupying today's Southern Russia and Ukraine and the Carpathian Basin and parts of Moldova and Dobruja. They disappeared from history after the Hunnish invasion of Europe in the 5th century AD, and Turkic (Avar, Batsange, etc.) and Slavic peoples probably assimilated most people speaking Scythian.[citation needed] However, in the Caucasus, the Ossetian language belonging to the Scythian linguistic continuum remains in use today[update], while in Central Asia, some languages belonging to Eastern Iranian group are still spoken, namely Pashto, Pamir languages and Yaghnobi.
Recently, the Russian Academy of Sciences has acknowledged that, at least, it is not scientific to attribute Alans, Sarmatians, and Scythians to Indo-Iranian family of languages only, because there are a lot of evidences for Turkic ancestry of these nations as well based on academic research and archaeological findings in burials of Scythians. Also, the following statements were agreed and accepted by scholars participating in the conference:
- 1. the etymology "Alan" is rather Turkic etymology than Iranian, and certainly it doesn't come from the word "Aryan".
- 2. Historical Alans represented the union of tribes that might be coming from different roots.
- 3. Western part of the Medieval Kingdom of Alania in Caucasus were populated and ruled by Alans speaking in the language belonging to Turkic family as both archaeological and written resources of Medieval Authors shows.
- 4. Based on deep analyses and research, the question about the language and culture of Ancient Scythians, Sakas, Sarmathians, and Alans will remain open for further research which means that it is at least not scientific to assert/state that these nations/tribes were of Indo-Iranian origin.
- 5. the Alans are ancestors to the nowadays Alans (Karachays and Balkars of North Caucasus)[8]
There were a lot of other conclusions that you can follow on the official web site of Russian Academy of Science. Also, lots of information on this topic you may find in the book "Karachays. Balkars." which was published by the Russian Academy of Sciences.[9]
Corpus
Inscriptions
Some scholars ascribe certain inscribed objects found in the Carpathian Basin and in Central Asia to the Scythians, but the interpretation of these inscriptions remains disputed (given that nobody has definitively identified the alphabet or translated the content).
An inscription from Saqqez written in the Hieroglyphic Hittite script may represent Scythian: [10]
Transliteration: | par-tì-ta₅-wa₅ ki-ś₃-a₄-á KUR-u-pa-ti QU-wa-a₅ | i₅-pa-ś₂-a-m₂ |
Transcription: | Partitava xšaya DAHYUupati xva|ipašyam |
Translation: | King Partitavas, the masters of the land property." |
King Partitava equates to the Scythian king called Prototyēs in Herodotus (1.103) and known as Par-ta-tu-a in the Assyrian sources. ("Partatua of Sakasene" married the daughter of Esarhaddon c. 675 BC)
The Issyk inscription, found in a Scythian kurgan dating approximately to the 4th century BC, remains undeciphered, but some authorities assume that it represents Scythian.
Personal names
The primary sources for Scythian words remain the Scythian toponyms, tribal names, and numerous personal names in the ancient Greek texts and in the Greek inscriptions found in the Greek colonies on the Northern Black Sea Coast. These names suggest that the Scythian language had close similarities to modern Ossetian.
Some scholars believe that many toponyms and hydronyms of the Russian and Ukrainian steppe have Scythian links. For example, Vasmer associates the name of the river Don with an assumed/reconstructed unattested Scythian word *dānu "water, river", and with Avestan dānu-, Pashto dand and Ossetian don. [11] The river names Don, Donets, Dnieper, Danube, Dniester and lake Donuzlav (the deepest one in Crimea, Ukraine) may also belong with the same word-group. [12]
Herodotus' Scythian etymologies
The Greek historian Herodotus provides another source of Scythian; he reports that the Scythians called the Amazons Oiorpata, and explains the name as a compound of oior, meaning "man", and pata, meaning "to kill" (Hist. 4,110).
- Most scholars associate oior "man" with Avestan vīra- "man, hero", Sanskrit vīra-, Latin vir (gen. virī) "man, hero, husband",[13][14] PIE *u̯iHro-. Various explanations account for pata "kill":
- Alternatively, one scholar suggests Iranian aiwa- "one" + warah- "breast",[18] the Amazons believed to have removed a breast to aid drawing a bow, according to some ancient folklorists, and as reflected in Greek folk-etymology: a- (privative) + mazos, "without breast".
Elsewhere Herodotus explains the name of the mythical one-eyed tribe Arimaspoi as a compound of the Scythian words arima, meaning "one", and spu, meaning "eye" (Hist. 4,27).
- Some scholars connect arima "one" with Ossetian ærmæst "only", Avestic airime "quiet", Greek erēmos "empty", PIE *h₁(e)rh₁mo-?, and spu "eye" with Avestic spas- "foretell", Sanskrit spaś-, PIE *speḱ- "see".[19]
- However, Iranian usually expresses "one" and "eye" with words like aiwa- and čašman- (Ossetian īw and cæst).
- Other scholars reject Herodotus' etymology and derive the ethnonym Arimaspoi from Iranian aspa- "horse" instead.[20]
- Or the first part of the name may reflect something like Iranian raiwant- "rich", cf. Ossetian riwæ "rich".[21]
Herodotus' Scythian theonyms
Herodotus also gives a list of Scythian theonyms (Hist. 4.59):
- Tabiti = Hestia. Perhaps related to Sanskrit Tapatī, a heroine in the Mahābhārata, literally "the burning (one)".[22]
- Papaios = Zeus. Either "father" (Herodotus) or "protector", Avestan, Sanskrit pā- "protect", PIE *peh₃-.[23]
- Api = Gaia. Either "mother"[24] or "water", Avestan, Sanskrit āp-, PIE Hep-[25]
- Goitosyros or Oitosyros = Apollo. Perhaps Avestan gaēθa- "animal" + sūra- "rich".[26]
- Argimpasa or Artimpasa = Aphrodite Urania. To Ossetic art and Pashto or, "fire", Avestan āθra-.[27]
- Thagimasadas = Poseidon.
Pliny the Elder
Pliny the Elder's Natural History (AD 77-79) derives the name of the Caucasus from the Scythian kroy-khasis = ice-shining, white with snow (cf. Greek cryos = ice-cold).
Alanian
The Alanian language as spoken by the Alans from about the 5th to the 11th centuries AD formed a dialect which is believed to descend from the earlier Scytho-Sarmatian languages. But there is a big debate over the family and roots of this language. During Soviet Era, the communists used to "iranize" the whole history of Eurasia, and any actions driven by scholars against this agenda used to be strictly persecuted by officials. As a result, a lot of works about alans, sarmatians ans scythians written during these era were biased. Therefore, it is, at least, not scientific to rely only on these works. Although, there are such independent authors like Ladislav Zgusta, who believed that Alanian is the ancestor of the Ossetian language.[28]
Recently, the Russian Academy of Sciences has acknowledged that, at least, it is not scientific to attribute Alans, Sarmatians, and Scythians to Indo-Iranian family of languages only, because there are a lot of evidences for Turkic ancestry of these nations as well based on academic research and archaeological findings in burials of Scythians.[29]
See also
Notes
- ^ Lubotsky 2002, p. 190.
- ^ Compare L. Zgusta, Die griechischen Personennamen griechischer Städte der nördlichen Schwarzmeerküste [The Greek personal names of the Greek cities of the northern Black Sea coast], 1955.
- ^ E.g. Harmatta 1970.[page needed]
- ^ Scythian, member of a nomadic people originally of Iranian stock who migrated from Central Asia to southern Russia in the 8th and 7th centuries BC – Encyclopædia Britannica 15th edition – Micropaedia on "Scythian".
- ^ The languages of the Scytho-Sarmatian inscription may represent dialects of a language family of which Modern Ossetian is a continuation, but does not simply represent the same language at an earlier time – Encyclopædia Britannica 15th edition – Macropedia on Languages of the World
- ^ ИЭА РАН (Народы и культуры) "Карачаевцы. Балкарцы." 2014 г. М.: Наука, 2014, - стр. 815. (в пер.) ISBN: 978-5-02-038043-1
- ^ Scythian, member of a nomadic people originally of Iranian people who migrated from Central Asia to southern Russia in the 8th and 7th centuries BC—The New Encyclopædia Britannica, 15th edition—Micropædia on "Scythian", 10:576
- ^ ИЭА РАН (Народы и культуры) "Карачаевцы. Балкарцы." 2014 г. М.: Наука, 2014, - стр. 815. (в пер.) ISBN: 978-5-02-038043-1
- ^ ИЭА РАН (Народы и культуры) "Карачаевцы. Балкарцы." 2014 г. М.: Наука, 2014, - стр. 815. (в пер.) ISBN: 978-5-02-038043-1
- ^ Text and translation in J. Harmatta, "Herodotus, historian of the Cimmerians and the Scythians", in: Hérodote et les peuples non grecs, Vandœuvres-Genève 1990, pp. 115–130.
- ^ M. Vasmer, Untersuchungen über die ältesten Wohnsitze der Slaven. Die Iranier in Südrußland, Leipzig 1923, 74.
- ^ P. Kretschmer, "Zum Balkan-Skythischen", Glotta 24 (1935), 1–56, here: 7ff.
- ^ http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/vir#Latin
- ^ http://latindictionary.wikidot.com/noun:vir
- ^ Vasmer, Die Iranier in Südrußland, 1923, 15.
- ^ V.I. Abaev, Osetinskij jazyk i fol’klor, Moscow / Leningrad 1949, vol. 1, 172, 176, 188.
- ^ L. Zgusta, "Skythisch οἰόρπατα «ἀνδροκτόνοι»", Annali dell’Istituto Universario Orientale di Napoli 1 (1959) pp. 151–156.
- ^ Hinge 2005, pp. 94–98
- ^ J. Marquart, Untersuchungen zur Geschichte von Eran, Göttingen 1905, 90–92; Vasmer, Die Iranier in Südrußland, 1923, 12; H.H. Schaeder, Iranica. I: Das Auge des Königs, Berlin 1934, 16–19.
- ^ W. Tomaschek, "Kritik der ältesten Nachrichten über den skythischen Norden", Sitzungsberichte der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften 116 (1888), 715–780, here: 761; K. Müllenhoff, Deutsche Altertumskunde, Berlin 1893, vol. 3, 305–306; R. Grousset, L’empire des steppes, Paris 1941, 37 n. 3; I. Lebedensky, Les Scythes. La civilisation des steppes (VIIe-IIIe siècles av. J.-C.), Paris 2001, 93.
- ^ Hinge 2005, pp. 89–94
- ^ W. Brandenstein, "Die Abstammungssagen der Skythen", Wiener Zeitschrift für die Kunde des Morgenlandes 52 (1953) 183–211, here: 191; Ė.A. Grantovskij & D.S. Raevskij, "Ob iranojazyčnom i «indoarijskom» naselenii Severnogo Pričernomor’ja v antičnuju ėpochu", in: Ėtnogenez narodov Balkan i Severnogo Pričernomor’ja. Lingvistika, istorija, archeologija, Moscow 1984, 47–66, here: 53–55; G. Dumézil, Romans de Scythie et d’alentour, Paris 1978, 125–145; Dumézil offers a different interpretation in La courtisane et les seigneurs colorés. Esquisses de mythologie, Paris 1983, 124–125.
- ^ Vasmer, Die Iranier in Südrußland, 1923, 15; L. Zgusta, "Zwei skythische Götternamen", Archiv orientální 21 (1953), pp. 270–271; Grantovskij and Raevskij, in: Ėtnogenez narodov Balkan i Severnogo Pričernomor’ja, 1984, 54.
- ^ L. Zgusta, "Zwei skythische Götternamen", Archiv orientální 21 (1953), pp. 270–271.
- ^ Vasmer, Die Iranier in Südrußland, 1923, 11; Brandenstein, Wiener Zeitschrift für die Kunde des Morgenlandes 52 (1953) 190–191; Grantovskij and Raevskij, in: Ėtnogenez narodov Balkan i Severnogo Pričernomor’ja, 1984, 54.
- ^ Vasmer, Die Iranier in Südrußland, 1923, 13; other interpretations in Dumézil, La courtisane et les seigneurs colorés, 1983, 121–122; Grantovskij and Raevskij, in: Ėtnogenez narodov Balkan i Severnogo Pričernomor’ja, 1984, 54–55.
- ^ Dumézil, La courtisane et les seigneurs colorés, 1983.
- ^ Ladislav Zgusta, "The old Ossetian Inscription from the River Zelenčuk" (Veröffentlichungen der Iranischen Kommission = Sitzungsberichte der österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften. Philosophisch-historische Klasse 486) Wien: Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, 1987. ISBN 3-7001-0994-6 in Kim, op.cit., 54.
- ^ ИЭА РАН (Народы и культуры) "Карачаевцы. Балкарцы." 2014 г. М.: Наука, 2014, - стр. 815. (в пер.) ISBN: 978-5-02-038043-1
Bibliography
- Lubotsky, Alexander (2002). "Scythian elements in Old Iranian" (PDF). Proceedings of the British Academy. 116. The British Academy; azargoshnasp: 189–202.
{{cite journal}}
: Invalid|ref=harv
(help)[dead link] - Hinge, George (2005). "Herodot zur skythischen Sprache. Arimaspen, Amazonen und die Entdeckung des Schwarzen Meeres". Glotta (in German). 81: 86–115.
{{cite journal}}
: Invalid|ref=harv
(help)
Additional literature
- Harmatta, J.: Studies in the History and Language of the Sarmatians, Szeged 1970.
- Mayrhofer, M.: Einiges zu den Skythen, ihrer Sprache, ihrem Nachleben. Vienna 2006.
- Zgusta, L.: Die griechischen Personennamen griechischer Städte der nördlichen Schwarzmeerküste. Die ethnischen Verhältnisse, namentlich das Verhältnis der Skythen und Sarmaten, im Lichte der Namenforschung, Prague 1955.
External links
- Scythian language A brief overview of the Scythian and Ossetian languages Template:Es icon[dead link]