Al-Qaeda in Iraq: Difference between revisions
No edit summary Tags: Manual revert Reverted Visual edit Mobile edit Mobile web edit |
Reverted Tags: Manual revert Reverted 2017 wikitext editor |
||
Line 1: | Line 1: | ||
{{Short description|Radical Sunni jihadist group in Iraq}} |
|||
⚫ | '''''Tanzim Qaidat al-Jihad fi Bilad al-Rafidayn''''' or '''TQJBR'''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.smh.com.au/news/National/Govt-bans-alZarqawi-terror-groups/2005/02/26/1109180145854.html|title=Govt bans al-Zarqawi terror group|work=The Sydney Morning Herald| |
||
{{Infobox War Faction |
|||
|name=Al-Qaeda in Iraq<br />(Organization of Jihad's Base in [[Mesopotamia]]) |
|||
|war=the [[Iraq War]], [[Iraqi Civil War (2014–2017)|Iraqi Civil War]], [[Iraqi insurgency (2003–2011)|Iraqi insurgency]] |
|||
|image=[[File:Flag_of_al-Qaeda_in_Iraq_(2004-2005).svg|275px|border]] |
|||
|caption= One of several flags used by AQI in their video releases; others used white text for the circle and the [[shahada]]. |
|||
|active=17 October 2004<ref name="JamestownFoundation20041018"/>–15 October 2006 |
|||
|ideology=[[Salafi jihadism]]<ref name=winepJune14/> |
|||
|leaders=[[Abu Musab al-Zarqawi]]{{KIA}}<br />[[Abu Ayyub al-Masri]]{{KIA}} |
|||
|clans= |
|||
|headquarters=[[Fallujah]] |
|||
|area=[[Iraq]] |
|||
|partof={{flagicon image|Flag of al-Qaeda.svg}} [[al-Qaeda]] |
|||
|predecessor={{flagicon image|Flag of JTJ.svg}} [[Jama'at al-Tawhid wal-Jihad]]<br />{{flagicon image|Flag of Ansar al-Islam.svg}} [[Ansar al-Islam]] (associate) |
|||
|successor=<!-- Commented out: [[File:Mujahideen Shura Council Iraq logo.jpg|border|22px]] --> [[Mujahideen Shura Council (Iraq)|Mujahideen Shura Council]]<br />{{flagicon image|AQMI_Flag_asymmetric.svg}} [[Islamic State of Iraq]] |
|||
|allies=<!-- Commented out: [[File:Mujahideen Shura Council Iraq logo.jpg|border|22px]] --> [[Mujahideen Shura Council (Iraq)|Mujahideen Shura Council]]<br />{{flagicon image|AQMI_Flag_asymmetric.svg}} [[Islamic State of Iraq]] |
|||
|opponents={{flagicon image|Flag of Multi-National Force – Iraq.png|size=23px}} [[Multinational force in Iraq]]<br />{{flag|Iraq}} ([[Iraqi security forces]], [[Kurds|Kurdish]] and [[Shia]] militias)<br />{{flagicon image|Asa'ib Ahl Al-Haq flag.png}} [[Asa'ib Ahl al-Haq]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://ahlualhaq.com/index.php/permalink/3358.html |title=Archived copy |access-date=2018-07-19 |archive-date=2018-07-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180718234622/http://ahlualhaq.com/index.php/permalink/3358.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><br>[[Mahdi Army]]<ref>http://web.stanford.edu/group/mappingmilitants/cgi-bin/groups/view/57.</ref><br />{{flag|Jordan}}<br />{{flag|United Nations}} |
|||
|battles=[[Iraq War]]<br />[[Iraqi insurgency (2003–06)]]<br />[[Sectarian violence in Iraq (2006–2008)|Iraqi Civil War (2006-08)]] |
|||
|designated_as_terror_group_by={{flagu|Iraq}}<ref>https://www.arabnews.com/node/1239456/middle-east</ref><br>{{MYS}}<ref>http://www.moha.gov.my/images/maklumat_bahagian/KK/kdndomestic.pdf</ref><br>{{KSA}}<ref>https://www.spa.gov.sa/viewstory.php?newsid=1206711</ref> |
|||
}} |
|||
⚫ | '''Al-Qaeda in Iraq''' ('''AQI'''; {{lang-ar|القاعدة في العراق}}) or '''Al-Qaeda in Mesopotamia''' ({{lang-ar|القاعدة في بلاد الرافدين}}), officially known as '''''Tanzim Qaidat al-Jihad fi Bilad al-Rafidayn''''' or '''TQJBR'''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.smh.com.au/news/National/Govt-bans-alZarqawi-terror-groups/2005/02/26/1109180145854.html|title=Govt bans al-Zarqawi terror group|work=The Sydney Morning Herald|access-date=20 May 2015}}</ref> ({{lang|en|"Organization of [[Jihad|Jihad's]] Base in [[Mesopotamia]]"}}, {{lang-ar|تنظيم قاعدة الجهاد في بلاد الرافدين|tanẓīm qā‘idat al-jihād fī bilād ar-rāfidayn}}) was an [[Iraq]]i [[Sunni Islam]]ic [[Jihadism|Jihadist]] organization<ref name=winepJune14>{{cite web|url=http://www.washingtoninstitute.org/uploads/Documents/pubs/ResearchNote_20_Zelin.pdf|publisher=[[Washington Institute for Near East Policy]]|date=June 2014|title=The War between ISIS and al-Qaeda for Supremacy of the Global Jihadist Movement|access-date=1 January 2015}}</ref> affiliated with [[al-Qaeda]], for part of the first two decades of the 21st century. |
||
==Origins== |
==Origins== |
||
Line 6: | Line 27: | ||
The group is believed to have started [[Jama'at al-Tawhid wal-Jihad#Attacks|bomb attacks in Iraq]] as of August 2003, five months after the [[Multi-National Force – Iraq|coalition]] [[2003 Invasion of Iraq|invasion]] and [[Iraq War|occupation of Iraq]], targeting UN representatives, Iraqi Shiite institutions, the [[Jordan]]ian embassy, [[Iraqi Governing Council|provisional Iraqi government]] institutions. |
The group is believed to have started [[Jama'at al-Tawhid wal-Jihad#Attacks|bomb attacks in Iraq]] as of August 2003, five months after the [[Multi-National Force – Iraq|coalition]] [[2003 Invasion of Iraq|invasion]] and [[Iraq War|occupation of Iraq]], targeting UN representatives, Iraqi Shiite institutions, the [[Jordan]]ian embassy, [[Iraqi Governing Council|provisional Iraqi government]] institutions. |
||
After it [[Bay'ah|pledged allegiance]] to [[Osama bin Laden]]'s al-Qaeda network in October 2004, its official name became ''Tanzim Qaidat al-Jihad fi Bilad al-Rafidayn''.<ref name="JamestownFoundation20041018">{{cite journal|last1=Pool|first1=Jeffrey|title=Zarqawi's Pledge of Allegiance to Al-Qaeda: |
After it [[Bay'ah|pledged allegiance]] to [[Osama bin Laden]]'s al-Qaeda network in October 2004, its official name became ''Tanzim Qaidat al-Jihad fi Bilad al-Rafidayn''.<ref name="JamestownFoundation20041018">{{cite journal|last1=Pool|first1=Jeffrey|title=Zarqawi's Pledge of Allegiance to Al-Qaeda: From Mu'Asker Al-Battar, Issue 21|journal=Terrorism Monitor|date=16 December 2004|volume=2|issue=24|page=The Jamestown Foundation|url=http://www.jamestown.org/publications_details.php?volume_id=400&issue_id=3179&article_id=2369020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930180847/http://www.jamestown.org/publications_details.php?volume_id=400&issue_id=3179&article_id=2369020|archive-date=30 September 2007|access-date=30 July 2014}}</ref><ref>[https://2001-2009.state.gov/s/ct/rls/crt/2005/64344.htm Middle East and North Africa Overview], ''[[Country Reports on Terrorism]]'', [[United States Department of State|U.S. State Department]], 28 April 2006</ref><ref name="Dawn20041018">{{cite news|title=Zarqawi pledges allegiance to Osama|url=http://www.dawn.com/2004/10/18/top7.htm|date=18 October 2004|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071229020549/http://www.dawn.com/2004/10/18/top7.htm|archive-date=29 December 2007|agency=[[Agence France-Presse]]|work=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]]|access-date=13 July 2007}}</ref><ref name="Msnbc20041018">{{cite news|url=http://www.nbcnews.com/id/6268680|agency=Associated Press|publisher=NBC News|title=Al-Zarqawi group vows allegiance to bin Laden|date=18 October 2004|access-date=13 July 2007}}</ref> |
||
== Leadership == |
== Leadership == |
||
On 7 June 2006, the leader of AQI, [[Abu Musab al-Zarqawi|al-Zarqawi]], and his spiritual adviser [[Sheik Abd-Al-Rahman]], were both killed by a U.S. airstrike with two 500 lb (230 kg) bombs on a safe house near [[Baqubah]]. |
On 7 June 2006, the leader of AQI, [[Abu Musab al-Zarqawi|al-Zarqawi]], and his spiritual adviser [[Sheik Abd-Al-Rahman]], were both killed by a U.S. airstrike with two 500 lb (230 kg) bombs on a safe house near [[Baqubah]]. |
||
The group's leadership was then assumed by the Egyptian militant [[Abu Ayyub al-Masri]], also known as Abu Hamza al-Muhajir.<ref name="bbc1">{{cite news|title=Al-Qaeda in Iraq names new head|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/5073092.stm|publisher=BBC News|date=12 June 2006 | |
The group's leadership was then assumed by the Egyptian militant [[Abu Ayyub al-Masri]], also known as Abu Hamza al-Muhajir.<ref name="bbc1">{{cite news|title=Al-Qaeda in Iraq names new head|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/5073092.stm|publisher=BBC News|date=12 June 2006 |access-date=27 February 2015 }}</ref> |
||
== Purpose == |
== Purpose == |
||
Line 18: | Line 39: | ||
Step 3: "the jihad wave" should be extended to "the secular countries neighbouring Iraq". |
Step 3: "the jihad wave" should be extended to "the secular countries neighbouring Iraq". |
||
Step 4: "the clash with Israel".<ref name="Organizations" /><ref>{{cite news|last=Whitaker|first=Brian|title=Revealed: Al-Qaida plan to seize control of Iraq|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2005/oct/13/alqaida.iraq |
Step 4: "the clash with Israel".<ref name="Organizations" /><ref>{{cite news|last=Whitaker|first=Brian|title=Revealed: Al-Qaida plan to seize control of Iraq|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2005/oct/13/alqaida.iraq |
||
| |
|work=The Guardian|date=13 October 2005|access-date=19 September 2014}}</ref> |
||
== |
== Operations == |
||
{{See also|Iraq#2003–2007}} |
{{See also|Iraq#2003–2007}} |
||
{{History of the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant}} |
{{History of the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant}} |
||
Line 26: | Line 47: | ||
=== 2004 === |
=== 2004 === |
||
At the end of October 2004, Al-Qaeda in Iraq kidnapped Japanese citizen [[Shosei Koda]]. In an online video, AQI gave Japan 48 hours to withdraw its troops from Iraq, otherwise Koda's fate would be "the same as that of his predecessors, [Nicholas] [[Nick Berg|Berg]] and [Kenneth] [[Kenneth Bigley|Bigley]] and other infidels".<ref name=bbc04>{{cite news|title=Group seizes Japanese man in Iraq|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/3956975.stm| |
At the end of October 2004, Al-Qaeda in Iraq kidnapped Japanese citizen [[Shosei Koda]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2004/10/28/national/japanese-traveler-held-hostage-in-iraq/ |title=Japanese traveler held hostage in Iraq |date=28 October 2004 |access-date=1 November 2019 |newspaper=[[Japan Times]]}}</ref> In an online video, AQI gave Japan 48 hours to withdraw its troops from Iraq, otherwise Koda's fate would be "the same as that of his predecessors, [Nicholas] [[Nick Berg|Berg]] and [Kenneth] [[Kenneth Bigley|Bigley]] and other infidels".<ref name=bbc04>{{cite news|title=Group seizes Japanese man in Iraq|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/3956975.stm|access-date=29 December 2014|newspaper=BBC|date=27 October 2004}}</ref> While Japan refused to comply with this demand, Koda was beheaded, and his dismembered body found on 30 October.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/japan-refuses-to-withdraw-troops-in-hostage-drama-pk5d3lxflm9 |title=Japan refuses to withdraw troops in hostage drama |first=Jenny |last=Booth |date=27 October 2004 |access-date=1 November 2019 |newspaper=[[The Times]] |publisher=[[Times Newspapers Limited]]}}</ref> |
||
AQI claimed responsibility for the [[2004 Karbala and Najaf bombings|car bomb attacks on 19 December 2004 in the Shiite holy cities Najaf and nearby Karbala]], killing 60 people.<ref name=Fox8-6-2006>{{cite news|url=http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,198661,00.html|title=Fast Facts: Abu Musab al-Zarqawi|date=8 June 2006|agency=Associated Press|publisher=[[Fox News Channel]]| |
AQI claimed responsibility for the [[2004 Karbala and Najaf bombings|car bomb attacks on 19 December 2004 in the Shiite holy cities Najaf and nearby Karbala]], killing 60 people.<ref name=Fox8-6-2006>{{cite news|url=http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,198661,00.html|title=Fast Facts: Abu Musab al-Zarqawi|date=8 June 2006|agency=Associated Press|publisher=[[Fox News Channel]]|access-date=29 December 2014}}</ref> |
||
=== 2005 === |
=== 2005 === |
||
{{See also|Terrorist incidents in Iraq in 2005}} |
{{See also|Terrorist incidents in Iraq in 2005}} |
||
According to internal documents seized in 2008, AQI began in 2005 systematically killing Iraqi tribesmen and nationalist insurgents wherever they began to rally against it.<ref name=CNN11-6-08>{{cite news|last=Ware|first=Michael|title=Papers give peek inside al Qaeda in Iraq|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/meast/06/11/al.qaeda.iraq/index.html?iref=topnews|publisher=CNN|date=11 June 2008| |
According to internal documents seized in 2008, AQI began in 2005 systematically killing Iraqi tribesmen and nationalist insurgents wherever they began to rally against it.<ref name=CNN11-6-08>{{cite news|last=Ware|first=Michael|title=Papers give peek inside al Qaeda in Iraq|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/meast/06/11/al.qaeda.iraq/index.html?iref=topnews|publisher=CNN|date=11 June 2008|access-date=15 December 2014}}</ref> |
||
Attacks in 2005 claimed by AQI include: |
Attacks in 2005 claimed by AQI include: |
||
* 30 January: AQI launched attacks on voters during the [[Iraqi legislative election |
* 30 January: AQI launched attacks on voters during the [[January 2005 Iraqi legislative election|Iraqi legislative election]] in January.<ref name="Organizations">{{cite news|title=Country Reports on Terrorism|url=https://2001-2009.state.gov/s/ct/rls/crt/2005/65275.htm|access-date=25 July 2014|publisher=[[United States Department of State]]|date=28 April 2006}}</ref> In 100 armed attacks, [[January 2005 Iraqi parliamentary election|44 people were killed]], although some attacks may have been carried out by other groups. [[Abu Musab al-Zarqawi]] said: "We have declared a fierce war on this evil principle of democracy (…)".<ref>{{Cite web|last=Agencies|date=2005-01-24|title=Bomber strikes near Allawi office|url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2005/jan/24/iraq|access-date=2020-08-03|website=the Guardian|language=en}}</ref> |
||
* 28 February: in the southern city of Hillah, a car bomb struck a crowd of police and Iraqi National Guard recruits, killing 125 people.<ref name=Fox8-6-2006 /> |
* 28 February: in the southern city of Hillah, a car bomb struck a crowd of police and Iraqi National Guard recruits, killing 125 people.<ref name=Fox8-6-2006 /> |
||
* 2 April: the group launched a [[Battle of Abu Ghraib|combined suicide and conventional attack]] on [[Abu Ghraib prison]] in April.<ref name="Organizations" /> |
* 2 April: the group launched a [[Battle of Abu Ghraib|combined suicide and conventional attack]] on [[Abu Ghraib prison]] in April.<ref name="Organizations" /> |
||
* 7 May: in [[Baghdad]], two explosives-laden cars were used against an American security company convoy. 22 people are killed, including two Americans.<ref name=Fox8-6-2006 /> |
* 7 May: in [[Baghdad]], two explosives-laden cars were used against an American security company convoy. 22 people are killed, including two Americans.<ref name=Fox8-6-2006 /> |
||
* 6 July: AQI claimed responsibility for the kidnapping and execution of [[Egypt]]'s [[ambassador]] to Iraq, [[Ihab el-Sherif]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Al-Qaeda claims to have killed Egyptian envoy|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/07/07/world/africa/07iht-web.0707egypt.html?_r=0|work=The New York Times|date=7 July 2005}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Caroll|first1=Rory|last2=Borger|first2=Julian|title=Egyptian envoy to Iraq killed, says al-Qaida|url=https://www.theguardian.com/Iraq/Story/0,,1523750,00.html|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]|date=8 July 2005|location=London}}</ref> In a message posted on the Internet, Zarqawi said: "The Islamic court of the al-Qaeda Organization in the Land of Two Rivers has decided to refer the ambassador of the state of Egypt, an ally of the Jews and the Christians, to the [[mujahideen]]s so that they can execute him."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.middle-east-online.com/english/?id=13946 |title=Al-Qaeda threatens to kill abducted Egyptian envoy |publisher=Middle East Online |date=July 6, 2005| |
* 6 July: AQI claimed responsibility for the kidnapping and execution of [[Egypt]]'s [[ambassador]] to Iraq, [[Ihab el-Sherif]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Al-Qaeda claims to have killed Egyptian envoy|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/07/07/world/africa/07iht-web.0707egypt.html?_r=0|work=The New York Times|date=7 July 2005}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Caroll|first1=Rory|last2=Borger|first2=Julian|title=Egyptian envoy to Iraq killed, says al-Qaida|url=https://www.theguardian.com/Iraq/Story/0,,1523750,00.html|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]|date=8 July 2005|location=London}}</ref> In a message posted on the Internet, Zarqawi said: "The Islamic court of the al-Qaeda Organization in the Land of Two Rivers has decided to refer the ambassador of the state of Egypt, an ally of the Jews and the Christians, to the [[mujahideen]]s so that they can execute him."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.middle-east-online.com/english/?id=13946 |title=Al-Qaeda threatens to kill abducted Egyptian envoy |publisher=Middle East Online |date=July 6, 2005 |access-date=30 December 2014 |archive-date=30 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160630162034/http://www.middle-east-online.com/english/?id=13946 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |
||
* 15–17 July: a three-day series of suicide attacks, including the [[2005 Musayyib bombing|Musayyib marketplace bombing]], left 150 people dead and 260 wounded. AQI claimed that the bombings were part of a campaign to take control of [[Baghdad]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Howard|first=Michael|title=Three days of suicide bombs leave 150 dead|url=https://www.theguardian.com/Iraq/Story/0,,1530732,00.html|newspaper=The Guardian|date=18 July 2005|location=London| |
* 15–17 July: a three-day series of suicide attacks, including the [[2005 Musayyib bombing|Musayyib marketplace bombing]], left 150 people dead and 260 wounded. AQI claimed that the bombings were part of a campaign to take control of [[Baghdad]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Howard|first=Michael|title=Three days of suicide bombs leave 150 dead|url=https://www.theguardian.com/Iraq/Story/0,,1530732,00.html|newspaper=The Guardian|date=18 July 2005|location=London|access-date=30 December 2014}}</ref> |
||
* 19 August: In the [[Jordan]]ian city of [[Aqaba]], a rocket attack kills a Jordanian soldier.<ref name=Fox8-6-2006 /> |
* 19 August: In the [[Jordan]]ian city of [[Aqaba]], a rocket attack kills a Jordanian soldier.<ref name=Fox8-6-2006 /> |
||
* 14 September: Al-Qaida in Iraq claimed responsibility for [[14 September 2005 Baghdad bombings|a single-day series of more than a dozen bombings in Baghdad]], which killed about 160 people, most of whom were unemployed Shia workers.<ref name="NYTimes09/15">{{cite news|title=Another wave of bombings hit Iraq| |
* 14 September: Al-Qaida in Iraq claimed responsibility for [[14 September 2005 Baghdad bombings|a single-day series of more than a dozen bombings in Baghdad]], which killed about 160 people, most of whom were unemployed Shia workers.<ref name="NYTimes09/15">{{cite news|title=Another wave of bombings hit Iraq|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071028173331/http://www.iht.com/articles/2005/09/15/africa/web.0915iraq.php|url=http://www.alhadath-tv.com/2014/10/17/%d8%aa%d9%81%d8%ac%d9%8a%d8%b1%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d9%81%d9%8a-%d8%a8%d8%ba%d8%af%d8%a7%d8%af-%d8%aa%d8%b6%d8%b1%d8%a8-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b5%d9%84%d9%8a%d8%ae-%d9%88%d8%b3%d8%a7%d8%ad%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ad/|work=International Herald Tribune|date=15 September 2005|archive-date=28 October 2007|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Tavernise" /> Al-Zarqawi declared "all-out war" on Shiites, Iraqi troops and the Iraqi government in a statement.<ref name="NYTimes09/15" /> |
||
* Friday 16 September: a suicide bomb attack outside a Shiite mosque 200 km north of Baghdad killed 13 worshippers.<ref name="Tavernise" /> |
* Friday 16 September: a suicide bomb attack outside a Shiite mosque 200 km north of Baghdad killed 13 worshippers.<ref name="Tavernise" /> |
||
* 24 October: AQI made coordinated suicide attacks outside the [[Sheraton Ishtar]] and [[Palestine Hotel]] in Baghdad in October.<ref name="Organizations" /> |
* 24 October: AQI made coordinated suicide attacks outside the [[Sheraton Ishtar]] and [[Palestine Hotel]] in Baghdad in October.<ref name="Organizations" /> |
||
* 9 November: in the Jordanian capital [[Amman]], three bomb attacks against hotels killed 60 people.<ref name=Fox8-6-2006 /> |
* 9 November: in the Jordanian capital [[Amman]], three bomb attacks against hotels killed 60 people.<ref name=Fox8-6-2006 /> |
||
* 18 November: AQI claimed responsibility for a [[2005 Khanaqin bombings|series of Shia mosque bombings]] in the city of [[Khanaqin]], which killed at least 74 people.<ref name="Tavernise">{{cite news|last=Tavernise|first=Sabrina|title=20 die as insurgents in Iraq target Shiites|url=http://www.iht.com/articles/2005/09/16/news/iraq.php| |
* 18 November: AQI claimed responsibility for a [[2005 Khanaqin bombings|series of Shia mosque bombings]] in the city of [[Khanaqin]], which killed at least 74 people.<ref name="Tavernise">{{cite news|last=Tavernise|first=Sabrina|title=20 die as insurgents in Iraq target Shiites|url=http://www.iht.com/articles/2005/09/16/news/iraq.php|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080127045649/http://www.iht.com/articles/2005/09/16/news/iraq.php|archive-date=27 January 2008|newspaper=The New York Times|date=17 September 2005}}</ref> |
||
=== 2006 === |
=== 2006 === |
||
{{See also|Terrorist incidents in Iraq in 2006}} |
{{See also|Terrorist incidents in Iraq in 2006}} |
||
* The [[5 January 2006 Iraq bombings|5 January bombings]] on Shi'ite civilians in Karbala and Ramadi, near a religious shrine and a police recruiting centre, were blamed by some residents on al Qaeda in Iraq.<ref name=TWP6-1-06>[https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/01/05/AR2006010500351.html Insurgents Kill 140 as Iraq Clashes Escalate]. ''[[Washington Post]]'', 6 January 2006. Retrieved 10 February 2015.</ref> [[File:Al-Askari Mosque 2006.jpg|thumb|The [[Al-Askari Mosque]], one of the holiest sites in [[Shia Islam]], after [[2006 al-Askari Mosque bombing|the first attack]] by Al-Qaeda in Iraq in 2006]] |
* The [[5 January 2006 Iraq bombings|5 January bombings]] on Shi'ite civilians in Karbala and Ramadi, near a religious shrine and a police recruiting centre, were blamed by some residents on al Qaeda in Iraq.<ref name=TWP6-1-06>[https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/01/05/AR2006010500351.html Insurgents Kill 140 as Iraq Clashes Escalate]. ''[[Washington Post]]'', 6 January 2006. Retrieved 10 February 2015.</ref> [[File:Al-Askari Mosque 2006.jpg|thumb|The [[Al-Askari Mosque]], one of the holiest sites in [[Shia Islam]], after [[2006 al-Askari Mosque bombing|the first attack]] by Al-Qaeda in Iraq in 2006]] |
||
* The [[2006 al-Askari Mosque bombing|22 February 2006 al-Askari Mosque bombing]] was blamed by a U.S. intelligence officer<ref name="Threat" /> in March 2007 and by 'Iraqi officials'<ref name="Insurgents">{{cite news|title=Al Qaeda leader in Iraq 'killed by insurgents'|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2007-05-01/al-qaeda-leader-in-iraq-killed-by-insurgents/2537000|publisher=ABC News|date=1 May 2007| |
* The [[2006 al-Askari Mosque bombing|22 February 2006 al-Askari Mosque bombing]] was blamed by a U.S. intelligence officer<ref name="Threat" /> in March 2007 and by 'Iraqi officials'<ref name="Insurgents">{{cite news|title=Al Qaeda leader in Iraq 'killed by insurgents'|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2007-05-01/al-qaeda-leader-in-iraq-killed-by-insurgents/2537000|publisher=ABC News|date=1 May 2007|access-date=5 December 2014}}</ref> in May 2007, on AQI. |
||
* On 3 June 2006, [[Abduction of Russian diplomats in Iraq|AQI abducted and killed four Russian diplomats in Iraq]]. |
* On 3 June 2006, [[Abduction of Russian diplomats in Iraq|AQI abducted and killed four Russian diplomats in Iraq]]. |
||
* 16 June 2006, [[June 2006 abduction of U.S. soldiers in Iraq|a U.S. checkpoint near Baghdad was attacked]], one U.S. soldier killed and two abducted. Those abducted, [[Thomas Lowell Tucker]] and [[Kristian Menchaca]], were found on 19 June, having been tortured and killed. The next day, [[Mujahideen Shura Council (Iraq)|Mujahedeen Shura Council of Iraq]] (MSC)—an organization including Tanzim Qaidat al-Jihad fi Bilad al-Rafidayn—claimed to have "slaughtered" the two Americans. Three weeks later, MSC issued a video showing the mutilated corpses of Tucker and Menchada, purportedly as revenge for [[Mahmudiyah killings|the rape and murder of an Iraqi girl, in March 2006, by U.S. soldiers of the same brigade]]. |
* 16 June 2006, [[June 2006 abduction of U.S. soldiers in Iraq|a U.S. checkpoint near Baghdad was attacked]], one U.S. soldier killed and two abducted. Those abducted, [[Thomas Lowell Tucker]] and [[Kristian Menchaca]], were found on 19 June, having been tortured and killed. The next day, [[Mujahideen Shura Council (Iraq)|Mujahedeen Shura Council of Iraq]] (MSC)—an organization including Tanzim Qaidat al-Jihad fi Bilad al-Rafidayn—claimed to have "slaughtered" the two Americans. Three weeks later, MSC issued a video showing the mutilated corpses of Tucker and Menchada, purportedly as revenge for [[Mahmudiyah killings|the rape and murder of an Iraqi girl, in March 2006, by U.S. soldiers of the same brigade]]. |
||
Autumn 2006, AQI took over [[Baqubah]], the capital of [[Diyala Governorate]], and before March 2007, AQI or its umbrella organization '[[Islamic State of Iraq]]' (ISI) claimed Baqubah as its capital.<ref name=baqubah,capital>{{cite web|url=http://www.1-20infantry.org/5-20pages/oif06-07.htm|title=TASK FORCE 5-20 INFANTRY REGIMENT OPERATION IRAQI FREEDOM 06-07 (under section 'A Commander's Perspective') |
Autumn 2006, AQI took over [[Baqubah]], the capital of [[Diyala Governorate]], and before March 2007, AQI or its umbrella organization '[[Islamic State of Iraq]]' (ISI) claimed Baqubah as its capital.<ref name="baqubah, capital">{{cite web|url=http://www.1-20infantry.org/5-20pages/oif06-07.htm|title=TASK FORCE 5-20 INFANTRY REGIMENT OPERATION IRAQI FREEDOM 06-07 (under section 'A Commander's Perspective') |
||
|publisher=U.S. Army 5th Battalion, 20th Infantry Regiment |
|publisher=U.S. Army 5th Battalion, 20th Infantry Regiment |
||
| |
|access-date=23 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081118195615/http://www.1-20infantry.org/5-20pages/oif06-07.htm |archive-date=18 November 2008 |url-status=live}}</ref> |
||
* The US suggested that 'al Qaeda' was involved in the wave of [[chlorine bombings in Iraq]], October 2006–June 2007, which affected hundreds of people, albeit with few fatalities.<ref>{{cite news|title=U.S. says Iraq chlorine bomb factory was al Qaeda's |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSPAR44485120070224|date=24 February 2007| |
* The US suggested that 'al Qaeda' was involved in the wave of [[chlorine bombings in Iraq]], October 2006–June 2007, which affected hundreds of people, albeit with few fatalities.<ref>{{cite news|title=U.S. says Iraq chlorine bomb factory was al Qaeda's |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSPAR44485120070224|date=24 February 2007|access-date=4 December 2014|publisher=Reuters}}</ref> |
||
:''Further violent activities in Iraq after 13 October 2006 blamed on 'al Qaeda (in Iraq)' are listed in article ''' [[Islamic State of Iraq]] ''' (ISI).'' |
:''Further violent activities in Iraq after 13 October 2006 blamed on 'al Qaeda (in Iraq)' are listed in article ''' [[Islamic State of Iraq]] ''' (ISI).'' |
||
== War: Sunnis against Shias == |
== War: Sunnis against Shias == |
||
September 2005, after a [[Iraqi insurgency (2003–06)#Announcement of the Government and Renewed Fighting (April–December 2005)|U.S.-Iraqi offensive on the town of Tal Afar]], al-Zarqawi declared "all-out war" on [[Shia Islam|Shia Muslims]] in Iraq.<ref name="aljazeera">{{cite news|url=http://english.aljazeera.net/archive/2005/09/200849143727698709.html|work=[[Al Jazeera]]|title=Al-Zarqawi declares war on Iraqi Shia|date=September 14, 2005| |
September 2005, after a [[Iraqi insurgency (2003–06)#Announcement of the Government and Renewed Fighting (April–December 2005)|U.S.-Iraqi offensive on the town of Tal Afar]], al-Zarqawi declared "all-out war" on [[Shia Islam|Shia Muslims]] in Iraq.<ref name="aljazeera">{{cite news|url=http://english.aljazeera.net/archive/2005/09/200849143727698709.html|work=[[Al Jazeera]]|title=Al-Zarqawi declares war on Iraqi Shia|date=September 14, 2005|access-date=12 February 2015}}</ref> |
||
== Conflicts between Al Qaeda in Iraq and other Sunni Iraqi groups == |
== Conflicts between Al Qaeda in Iraq and other Sunni Iraqi groups == |
||
{{See also|Awakening movements in Iraq}} |
{{See also|Awakening movements in Iraq}} |
||
In September–October 2005, there were signs of a split between homegrown Iraqi Sunni Arab insurgents who wanted Sunni influence in national politics restored,<ref name=guar7Sep05>{{cite news|last1=Caroll|first1=Rory|last2=Mansour|first2=Osama|title=Al-Qaida in Iraq seizes border town as it mobilises against poll|url=https://www.theguardian.com/Iraq/Story/0,2763,1564000,00.html|newspaper=The Guardian| |
In September–October 2005, there were signs of a split between homegrown Iraqi Sunni Arab insurgents who wanted Sunni influence in national politics restored,<ref name=guar7Sep05>{{cite news|last1=Caroll|first1=Rory|last2=Mansour|first2=Osama|title=Al-Qaida in Iraq seizes border town as it mobilises against poll|url=https://www.theguardian.com/Iraq/Story/0,2763,1564000,00.html|newspaper=The Guardian|access-date=18 December 2014|date=7 September 2005}}</ref> and therefore supported a "no" vote in the [[2005 Iraqi constitutional referendum|15 October 2005 referendum on a constitution]],<ref name=guard.27Oct05>{{cite news|last=Abdul-Ahad|first=Ghaith|title=We don't need al-Qaida |url=https://www.theguardian.com/g2/story/0,3604,1601208,00.html|newspaper=The Guardian|date=27 October 2005|access-date=18 December 2014}}</ref> and al-Zarqawi's Al Qaeda in Iraq, which strove for a theocratic state and threatened to kill those who engaged in the national political process with Shiites and Kurds,<ref name=guar7Sep05 /> including those who would take part in that referendum.<ref name=guard.27Oct05 /> |
||
From mid-2006, AQI began to be pushed out of their strongholds in rural [[Al Anbar Governorate|Anbar Province]], from [[Fallujah]] to [[Al-Qa'im (town)|Qaim]], by tribal leaders in open war. That campaign was assisted by the Iraqi government paying cash gifts and alleged salaries to tribal sheikhs of up to $5,000 a month.<ref name=guard3Oc06>{{cite news|last=Beaumont|first=Peter|title=Iraqi tribes launch battle to drive al-Qaida out of troubled province|url=https://www.theguardian.com/Iraq/Story/0,,1886076,00.html|newspaper=The Guardian|date=3 October 2006| |
From mid-2006, AQI began to be pushed out of their strongholds in rural [[Al Anbar Governorate|Anbar Province]], from [[Fallujah]] to [[Al-Qa'im (town)|Qaim]], by tribal leaders in open war. That campaign was assisted by the Iraqi government paying cash gifts and alleged salaries to tribal sheikhs of up to $5,000 a month.<ref name=guard3Oc06>{{cite news|last=Beaumont|first=Peter|title=Iraqi tribes launch battle to drive al-Qaida out of troubled province|url=https://www.theguardian.com/Iraq/Story/0,,1886076,00.html|newspaper=The Guardian|date=3 October 2006|access-date=20 December 2014}}</ref> In September 2006, 30 tribes in Anbar Province formed an alliance called the "Anbar Awakening" to fight AQI.<ref name=TIME23May07>{{cite news|last=Klein|first=Joe|title=Is al-Qaeda on the Run in Iraq? |url=http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,1624697,00.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070706191851/http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,1624697,00.html|archive-date=6 July 2007|work=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|date=23 May 2007 |access-date=20 December 2014}}</ref> |
||
== January 2006: ''Tanzim'' (AQI) creates Mujahideen Shura Council == |
== January 2006: ''Tanzim'' (AQI) creates Mujahideen Shura Council == |
||
{{see also|Mujahideen Shura Council (Iraq)}} |
{{see also|Mujahideen Shura Council (Iraq)}} |
||
[[File:Beheading japanese.jpg|thumbnail|Shosei Koda before his beheading]] |
[[File:Beheading japanese.jpg|thumbnail|Shosei Koda before his beheading]] |
||
AQI's efforts to recruit Iraqi Sunni nationalist and secular groups were undermined by its violent tactics against civilians and by its [[Islamic fundamentalism|fundamentalist doctrine]]. In January 2006 it created an [[umbrella organization]] called the [[Mujahideen Shura Council (Iraq)|Mujahideen Shura Council]] (MSC), in an attempt to unify [[Sunni]] insurgents in Iraq.<ref name="Threat">{{cite news|last1=DeYoung|first1=Karen|last2=Pincus|first2=Walter|title=Al-Qaeda in Iraq May Not Be Threat Here|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/03/17/AR2007031701373.html|newspaper=The Washington Times|date=18 March 2007| |
AQI's efforts to recruit Iraqi Sunni nationalist and secular groups were undermined by its violent tactics against civilians and by its [[Islamic fundamentalism|fundamentalist doctrine]]. In January 2006 it created an [[umbrella organization]] called the [[Mujahideen Shura Council (Iraq)|Mujahideen Shura Council]] (MSC), in an attempt to unify [[Sunni]] insurgents in Iraq.<ref name="Threat">{{cite news|last1=DeYoung|first1=Karen|last2=Pincus|first2=Walter|title=Al-Qaeda in Iraq May Not Be Threat Here|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/03/17/AR2007031701373.html|newspaper=The Washington Times|date=18 March 2007|access-date=28 November 2014}}</ref> |
||
=== Strength of AQI in 2004–2006 === |
=== Strength of AQI in 2004–2006 === |
||
American military field leaders, in particular, Lt. General [[Michael Flynn]], in late spring 2004, were 'strategically surprised' at the capabilities, scale of operations, and quality of leadership of the subject.<ref> |
|||
Western media suggested that foreign fighters continued to flock to AQI.<ref>''[[Het Nieuwsblad]]'' edition Oostende-Westhoek ([[Belgium|Belgian]] newspaper), 26 March 2016.</ref> A secret U.S. Marine Corps intelligence report of August 2006 wrote that Iraq's Sunni minority had been increasingly abandoned by their religious and political leaders who had fled or been assassinated, was "embroiled in a daily fight for survival", feared "pogroms" by the Shiite majority, and was increasingly dependent on Al-Qaeda in Iraq as its only hope against growing |
Shultz, Richard H.; Joint Special Operations University (U.S.). (2016). Military innovation in war : it takes a learning organization, a case study of Task Force 714 in Iraq. MacDill Air Force Base, Florida : The JSOU Press. [https://permanent.access.gpo.gov/gpo81311/ld.php.pdf JSOU report, 16-6.] Retrieved 7 January 2020.</ref> Western media suggested that foreign fighters continued to flock to AQI.<ref>''[[Het Nieuwsblad]]'' edition Oostende-Westhoek ([[Belgium|Belgian]] newspaper), 26 March 2016.</ref> A secret U.S. Marine Corps intelligence report of August 2006 wrote that Iraq's Sunni minority had been increasingly abandoned by their religious and political leaders who had fled or been assassinated, was "embroiled in a daily fight for survival", feared "pogroms" by the Shiite majority, and was increasingly dependent on Al-Qaeda in Iraq as its only hope against growing Syrian dominance across Baghdad. |
||
In western Iraq, AQI was entrenched, autonomous and financially independent, and therefore the death of AQI leader [[Abu Musab al-Zarqawi|Al-Zarqawi]] in June 2006 had little impact on the structure or capabilities of AQI. Illicit oil trading provided them with millions of dollars, and their popularity was rising in western Iraq.<ref name=TWP28-11-06>[https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/11/27/AR2006112701287.html "Anbar Picture Grows Clearer, and Bleaker".] ''Washington Post'', 28 November 2006. Retrieved 15 January 2015.</ref> |
In western Iraq, AQI was entrenched, autonomous and financially independent, and therefore the death of AQI leader [[Abu Musab al-Zarqawi|Al-Zarqawi]] in June 2006 had little impact on the structure or capabilities of AQI. Illicit oil trading provided them with millions of dollars, and their popularity was rising in western Iraq.<ref name=TWP28-11-06>[https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/11/27/AR2006112701287.html "Anbar Picture Grows Clearer, and Bleaker".] ''Washington Post'', 28 November 2006. Retrieved 15 January 2015.</ref> |
||
In Anbar, most government institutions had disintegrated by August 2006, and AQI was the dominant power, the U.S. Marine Corps intelligence report said.<ref name=TWP28-11-06 /> In 2006, the State Department's [[Bureau of Intelligence and Research]] estimated that Al-Qaeda in Iraq's core membership was "more than 1,000".<ref name="myth">{{cite journal|last1=Tilghman|first1=Andrew|date=October 2007|title=The Myth of AQI|journal=[[Washington Monthly]]|url=http://www.washingtonmonthly.com/features/2007/0710.tilghman.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070908125622/http://www.washingtonmonthly.com/features/2007/0710.tilghman.html| |
In Anbar, most government institutions had disintegrated by August 2006, and AQI was the dominant power, the U.S. Marine Corps intelligence report said.<ref name=TWP28-11-06 /> In 2006, the State Department's [[Bureau of Intelligence and Research]] estimated that Al-Qaeda in Iraq's core membership was "more than 1,000".<ref name="myth">{{cite journal|last1=Tilghman|first1=Andrew|date=October 2007|title=The Myth of AQI|journal=[[Washington Monthly]]|url=http://www.washingtonmonthly.com/features/2007/0710.tilghman.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070908125622/http://www.washingtonmonthly.com/features/2007/0710.tilghman.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2007-09-08|access-date=14 July 2014}}</ref> |
||
== October 2006: ''Tanzim'' (AQI) creates Islamic State of Iraq == |
== October 2006: ''Tanzim'' (AQI) creates Islamic State of Iraq == |
||
{{see also|Islamic State of Iraq}} |
{{see also|Islamic State of Iraq}} |
||
On 13 October 2006, the MSC declared the establishment of the [[Islamic State of Iraq]] (ISI), comprising Iraq's six mostly Sunni Arab governorates: Baghdad, Anbar, Diyala, Kirkuk, Salah al-Din, Ninawa, and "other parts of the governorate of Babel", with [[Abu Omar al-Baghdadi]] being announced as the self-proclaimed state's [[Emir]].<ref name="lwj161006">{{cite web|url=http://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2006/10/the_rump_islamic_emi.php#|title=The Rump Islamic Emirate of Iraq|work=The Long War Journal|date=16 October 2006| |
On 13 October 2006, the MSC declared the establishment of the [[Islamic State of Iraq]] (ISI), comprising Iraq's six mostly Sunni Arab governorates: Baghdad, Anbar, Diyala, Kirkuk, Salah al-Din, Ninawa, and "other parts of the governorate of Babel", with [[Abu Omar al-Baghdadi]] being announced as the self-proclaimed state's [[Emir]].<ref name="lwj161006">{{cite web|url=http://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2006/10/the_rump_islamic_emi.php#|title=The Rump Islamic Emirate of Iraq|work=The Long War Journal|date=16 October 2006|access-date=2 June 2014}}</ref> A Mujahideen Shura Council leader said: "God willing we will set the law of Sharia here and we will fight the Americans"; the Council urged on Sunni Muslim tribal leaders to join their separate Islamic state "to protect our religion and our people, to prevent strife and so that the blood and sacrifices of your martyrs are not lost".<ref name="RamadiISI"/> |
||
Following the announcement, scores of gunmen took part in military parades in [[Ramadi]] and other [[Al Anbar Governorate|Anbar]] towns to celebrate. In reality, the group did not control territory in Iraq.<ref name="RamadiISI">{{cite news|title=Gunmen in Iraq's Ramadi announce Sunni emirate|url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/2006/10/18/us-iraq-qaeda-idUKL1229983620061018| |
Following the announcement, scores of gunmen took part in military parades in [[Ramadi]] and other [[Al Anbar Governorate|Anbar]] towns to celebrate. In reality, the group did not control territory in Iraq.<ref name="RamadiISI">{{cite news|title=Gunmen in Iraq's Ramadi announce Sunni emirate|url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/2006/10/18/us-iraq-qaeda-idUKL1229983620061018|work=[[Reuters]]|date=18 October 2006|access-date=29 December 2014}}</ref><ref name="AnbarISI">{{cite web|title=Iraqi Insurgents Stage Defiant Parades|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/10/20/AR2006102000801.html|work=[[The Washington Post]]|date=20 October 2006|access-date=29 December 2014}}</ref> |
||
In November, a statement was issued by [[Abu Ayyub al-Masri]], leader of Mujahideen Shura Council (MSC), announcing the disbanding of the MSC, in favor of the ISI.{{citation needed|date=September 2014}} After this statement, there were a few more claims of responsibility issued under the name of the Mujahideen Shura Council, but these eventually ceased and were totally replaced by claims from the Islamic State of Iraq.{{citation needed|date=September 2014}} |
In November, a statement was issued by [[Abu Ayyub al-Masri]], leader of Mujahideen Shura Council (MSC), announcing the disbanding of the MSC, in favor of the ISI.{{citation needed|date=September 2014}} After this statement, there were a few more claims of responsibility issued under the name of the Mujahideen Shura Council, but these eventually ceased and were totally replaced by claims from the Islamic State of Iraq.{{citation needed|date=September 2014}} |
||
In April 2007, Abu Ayyub al-Masri was given the title of 'Minister of War' within the ISI's ten-member [[Cabinet (government)|cabinet]].<ref name="cabinetlist">{{cite news|title=Islamic State of Iraq Announces Establishment of the Cabinet of its First Islamic Administration in Video Issued Through al-Furqan Foundation|url=http://www.siteinstitute.org/bin/articles.cgi?ID=publications274907&Category=publications&Subcategory=0| |
In April 2007, Abu Ayyub al-Masri was given the title of 'Minister of War' within the ISI's ten-member [[Cabinet (government)|cabinet]].<ref name="cabinetlist">{{cite news|title=Islamic State of Iraq Announces Establishment of the Cabinet of its First Islamic Administration in Video Issued Through al-Furqan Foundation|url=http://www.siteinstitute.org/bin/articles.cgi?ID=publications274907&Category=publications&Subcategory=0|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928061225/http://www.siteinstitute.org/bin/articles.cgi?ID=publications274907&Category=publications&Subcategory=0|archive-date=28 September 2007|access-date=20 July 2014|publisher=[[SITE Institute]]|date=19 April 2007}}</ref> |
||
[[Image:WaziriyaAutobombeIrak.jpg|thumb|right|[[Iraq War insurgent attacks|Car bomb]]ings were a common form of attack in Iraq during the Coalition occupation]] |
[[Image:WaziriyaAutobombeIrak.jpg|thumb|right|[[Iraq War insurgent attacks|Car bomb]]ings were a common form of attack in Iraq during the Coalition occupation]] |
||
According to a report by US intelligence agencies in May 2007, the ISI planned to seize power in the central and western areas of the country and turn it into a Sunni [[Caliphate|Islamic state]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Mahnaimi|first=Uzi|title=Al-Qaeda planning militant Islamic state within Iraq|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/iraq/article1782088.ece|newspaper=[[The Sunday Times]]|date=13 May 2007| |
According to a report by US intelligence agencies in May 2007, the ISI planned to seize power in the central and western areas of the country and turn it into a Sunni [[Caliphate|Islamic state]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Mahnaimi|first=Uzi|title=Al-Qaeda planning militant Islamic state within Iraq|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/iraq/article1782088.ece|newspaper=[[The Sunday Times]]|date=13 May 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110524071632/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/iraq/article1782088.ece|archive-date=24 May 2011|location=London}}</ref> |
||
By June 2007, the uncompromising brand of extreme [[Islamic fundamentalism|fundamentalist Islam]] of AQI and the ISI had alienated more nationalist Iraqi strands of insurgency.<ref>{{cite news|last=Muir|first=Jim|title=US pits Iraqi Sunnis against al-Qaeda|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/6740683.stm|publisher=BBC News|date=11 June 2007| |
By June 2007, the uncompromising brand of extreme [[Islamic fundamentalism|fundamentalist Islam]] of AQI and the ISI had alienated more nationalist Iraqi strands of insurgency.<ref>{{cite news|last=Muir|first=Jim|title=US pits Iraqi Sunnis against al-Qaeda|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/6740683.stm|publisher=BBC News|date=11 June 2007|access-date=28 November 2014}}</ref> |
||
== U.S. fighting ''Tanzim'' (Al-Qaeda in Iraq) == |
== U.S. fighting ''Tanzim'' (Al-Qaeda in Iraq) == |
||
Line 104: | Line 126: | ||
== Criticisms from al-Zawahiri == |
== Criticisms from al-Zawahiri == |
||
U.S. intelligence in October 2005 published an intercepted letter purportedly from [[Ayman al-Zawahiri]] questioning AQI's tactic of indiscriminately attacking Shias in Iraq.<ref>{{cite news|title=Al-Qaeda disowns 'fake letter'|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/4339912.stm|publisher=BBC News|date=13 October 2005| |
U.S. intelligence in October 2005 published an intercepted letter purportedly from [[Ayman al-Zawahiri]] questioning AQI's tactic of indiscriminately attacking Shias in Iraq.<ref>{{cite news|title=Al-Qaeda disowns 'fake letter'|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/4339912.stm|publisher=BBC News|date=13 October 2005|access-date=4 December 2014}}</ref> |
||
In a video that appeared in December 2007, al-Zawahiri defended AQI, but distanced himself from the crimes against civilians committed by "hypocrites and traitors" that he said existed among its ranks.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.adnkronos.com/AKI/English/Security/?id=1.0.1678520501|title=British 'fleeing' claims al-Qaeda|agency=Adnkronos|date=17 December 2007| |
In a video that appeared in December 2007, al-Zawahiri defended AQI, but distanced himself from the crimes against civilians committed by "hypocrites and traitors" that he said existed among its ranks.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.adnkronos.com/AKI/English/Security/?id=1.0.1678520501|title=British 'fleeing' claims al-Qaeda|agency=Adnkronos|date=17 December 2007|access-date=20 April 2012}}</ref> |
||
== Operations outside Iraq and other activities == |
== Operations outside Iraq and other activities == |
||
On 3 December 2004, AQI attempted unsuccessfully to blow up an Iraqi–Jordanian [[border control|border crossing]]. In 2006 a Jordanian court sentenced al-Zarqawi and two of his associates to death ''[[trial in absentia|in absentia]]'' for their involvement in the plot.<ref>{{cite news|last=Aloul|first=Sahar|title=Zarqawi handed second death penalty in Jordan|url=http://beta.inquirer.net/common/print.php?index=1&story_id=60417&site_id=38|publisher=[[The Inquirer]]|date=19 December 2005|agency=Agence France-Presse| |
On 3 December 2004, AQI attempted unsuccessfully to blow up an Iraqi–Jordanian [[border control|border crossing]]. In 2006 a Jordanian court sentenced al-Zarqawi and two of his associates to death ''[[trial in absentia|in absentia]]'' for their involvement in the plot.<ref>{{cite news|last=Aloul|first=Sahar|title=Zarqawi handed second death penalty in Jordan|url=http://beta.inquirer.net/common/print.php?index=1&story_id=60417&site_id=38|publisher=[[The Inquirer]]|date=19 December 2005|agency=Agence France-Presse|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071029032906/http://beta.inquirer.net/common/print.php?index=1&story_id=60417&site_id=38|archive-date=29 October 2007}}</ref> AQI claimed to have carried out three attacks outside Iraq in 2005. In the most deadly, suicide bombs [[2005 Amman bombings|killed 60 people in Amman]], Jordan on 9 November 2005.<ref>{{cite news|title=Al Qaeda claims responsibility for Amman blasts|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/11/09/world/africa/09iht-jordan.html?pagewanted=all|work=The New York Times|date=10 November 2005}}</ref> They claimed responsibility for the rocket attacks which narrowly missed the American naval ships [[USS Kearsarge (LHD-3)|USS ''Kearsarge'']] and [[USS Ashland (LSD-48)|USS ''Ashland'']] in Jordan, and also targeted the city of [[Eilat]] in Israel, and for the firing of several rockets into Israel from Lebanon in December 2005.<ref name="Organizations" /> The affiliated groups were linked to regional attacks outside Iraq which were consistent with their stated plan, one example being the [[2005 Sharm el-Sheikh attacks|2005 Sharm al-Sheikh bombings]] in Egypt, which killed 88 people, many of them foreign tourists. |
||
The Lebanese-Palestinian militant group [[Fatah al-Islam]], which was defeated by Lebanese government forces during the [[2007 Lebanon conflict]], was linked to AQI and led by al-Zarqawi's former companion who had fought alongside him in Iraq.<ref>{{cite news|title=Fatah Islam: Obscure group emerges as Lebanon's newest security threat|url=http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2007/05/20/africa/ME-GEN-Lebanon-Violence-Militants.php|work=International Herald Tribune|date=20 May 2007|agency=Associated Press| |
The Lebanese-Palestinian militant group [[Fatah al-Islam]], which was defeated by Lebanese government forces during the [[2007 Lebanon conflict]], was linked to AQI and led by al-Zarqawi's former companion who had fought alongside him in Iraq.<ref>{{cite news|title=Fatah Islam: Obscure group emerges as Lebanon's newest security threat|url=http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2007/05/20/africa/ME-GEN-Lebanon-Violence-Militants.php|work=International Herald Tribune|date=20 May 2007|agency=Associated Press|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070525035308/http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2007/05/20/africa/ME-GEN-Lebanon-Violence-Militants.php|archive-date=25 May 2007}}</ref> The group may have been linked to the little-known group called "Tawhid and Jihad in Syria",<ref name="InternationHeraldTribune20070528">{{cite news |url=http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2007/05/28/africa/ME-GEN-Syria-Al-Qaida.php |title=Al-Qaida inspired militant group calls on Syrians to kill country's president |agency=Associated Press |work=International Herald Tribune |date=28 May 2007 |access-date=6 August 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070601162448/http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2007/05/28/africa/ME-GEN-Syria-Al-Qaida.php |archive-date=June 1, 2007 }}</ref> and may have influenced the Palestinian militant group in [[Gaza City|Gaza]] called [[Jahafil Al-Tawhid Wal-Jihad fi Filastin]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090114003008/http://www.memrijttm.org/content/en/blog_personal.htm?id=466¶m=GJN New Gaza Organization Vows Loyalty to Al-Qaeda], [[MEMRI]] 10-11-2008</ref> |
||
== See also == |
== See also == |
||
Line 117: | Line 139: | ||
|1=Islamic terrorism |
|1=Islamic terrorism |
||
|3=Islamic terrorist groups |
|3=Islamic terrorist groups |
||
}} |
|||
}}islam=terrorism |
|||
{{Portal |
{{Portal|Islam}} |
||
* [[Islamic terrorism]] |
* [[Islamic terrorism]] |
||
* [[Devil]] |
|||
* [[List of bombings during the Iraq War]] |
* [[List of bombings during the Iraq War]] |
||
{{Clear}} |
{{Clear}} |
||
Line 129: | Line 150: | ||
{{Armed Iraqi groups in the Iraq War and the Iraq Civil War}} |
{{Armed Iraqi groups in the Iraq War and the Iraq Civil War}} |
||
{{Al-Qaeda}} |
{{Al-Qaeda}} |
||
{{Al-Qaeda direct franchises}} |
|||
{{Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant}} |
{{Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant}} |
||
{{Militant Islamism in the Middle East}} |
{{Militant Islamism in the Middle East}} |
||
{{Authority control}} |
|||
[[Category:2004 establishments in Iraq]] |
[[Category:2004 establishments in Iraq]] |
||
Line 137: | Line 158: | ||
[[Category:Factions in the Iraq War]] |
[[Category:Factions in the Iraq War]] |
||
[[Category:Jihadist groups in Iraq]] |
[[Category:Jihadist groups in Iraq]] |
||
⚫ | |||
[[Category:History of the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant]] |
[[Category:History of the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant]] |
||
[[Category:Organizations designated as terrorist by Iraq]] |
|||
[[Category:Organizations designated as terrorist by Malaysia]] |
|||
[[Category:Organizations designated as terrorist by Saudi Arabia]] |
|||
[[Category:Organizations designated as terrorist by the United States]] |
[[Category:Organizations designated as terrorist by the United States]] |
||
⚫ |
Revision as of 01:35, 9 April 2021
Al-Qaeda in Iraq (Organization of Jihad's Base in Mesopotamia) | |
---|---|
![]() One of several flags used by AQI in their video releases; others used white text for the circle and the shahada. | |
Leaders | Abu Musab al-Zarqawi † Abu Ayyub al-Masri † |
Dates of operation | 17 October 2004[1]–15 October 2006 |
Headquarters | Fallujah |
Active regions | Iraq |
Ideology | Salafi jihadism[2] |
Part of | ![]() |
Allies | Mujahideen Shura Council![]() |
Opponents | ![]() ![]() File:Asa'ib Ahl Al-Haq flag.png Asa'ib Ahl al-Haq[3] Mahdi Army[4] ![]() ![]() |
Battles and wars | Iraq War Iraqi insurgency (2003–06) Iraqi Civil War (2006-08) |
Designated as a terrorist group by | ![]() ![]() ![]() |
Al-Qaeda in Iraq (AQI; Arabic: القاعدة في العراق) or Al-Qaeda in Mesopotamia (Arabic: القاعدة في بلاد الرافدين), officially known as Tanzim Qaidat al-Jihad fi Bilad al-Rafidayn or TQJBR[8] ("Organization of Jihad's Base in Mesopotamia", Arabic: تنظيم قاعدة الجهاد في بلاد الرافدين, romanized: tanẓīm qā‘idat al-jihād fī bilād ar-rāfidayn) was an Iraqi Sunni Islamic Jihadist organization[2] affiliated with al-Qaeda, for part of the first two decades of the 21st century.
Origins
The group was founded by the Jordanian militant Abu Musab al-Zarqawi in 1999 under the name Jama'at al-Tawhid wal-Jihad (Arabic: جماعة التوحيد والجهاد, "Group of Monotheism and Jihad").
The group is believed to have started bomb attacks in Iraq as of August 2003, five months after the coalition invasion and occupation of Iraq, targeting UN representatives, Iraqi Shiite institutions, the Jordanian embassy, provisional Iraqi government institutions.
After it pledged allegiance to Osama bin Laden's al-Qaeda network in October 2004, its official name became Tanzim Qaidat al-Jihad fi Bilad al-Rafidayn.[1][9][10][11]
Leadership
On 7 June 2006, the leader of AQI, al-Zarqawi, and his spiritual adviser Sheik Abd-Al-Rahman, were both killed by a U.S. airstrike with two 500 lb (230 kg) bombs on a safe house near Baqubah. The group's leadership was then assumed by the Egyptian militant Abu Ayyub al-Masri, also known as Abu Hamza al-Muhajir.[12]
Purpose
In a letter to al-Zarqawi in July 2005, Al-Qaeda's Ayman al-Zawahiri outlined a four-stage plan beginning with taking control of Iraq. Step 1: expulsion of US forces from Iraq. Step 2: establishing in Iraq an Islamic authority—a caliphate. Step 3: "the jihad wave" should be extended to "the secular countries neighbouring Iraq". Step 4: "the clash with Israel".[13][14]
Operations
History of the Islamic State |
---|
![]() |
Jama'at al-Tawhid wal-Jihad (1999‑2004) Al-Qaeda in Iraq (2004‑2006) Jama'at Jaysh Ahl al-Sunnah wa-l-Jama'ah (2004‑2006) Jaish al-Ta'ifa al-Mansurah (2004‑2006) Mujahideen Shura Council (2006) Islamic State of Iraq (2006‑2013) Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant |
By topic |
![]() |
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/US_Navy_041117-N-4388F-004_Construction_Electrician_3rd_Class_Joe_Tank_mans_a_turret_mounted_M-240B_machine_gun_atop_a_High_Mobility_Multipurpose_Wheeled_Vehicle_%28HMMWV%29_to_provide_security_while_Seabees_assigned_to_Naval_Mobile.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg)
2004
At the end of October 2004, Al-Qaeda in Iraq kidnapped Japanese citizen Shosei Koda.[15] In an online video, AQI gave Japan 48 hours to withdraw its troops from Iraq, otherwise Koda's fate would be "the same as that of his predecessors, [Nicholas] Berg and [Kenneth] Bigley and other infidels".[16] While Japan refused to comply with this demand, Koda was beheaded, and his dismembered body found on 30 October.[17]
AQI claimed responsibility for the car bomb attacks on 19 December 2004 in the Shiite holy cities Najaf and nearby Karbala, killing 60 people.[18]
2005
According to internal documents seized in 2008, AQI began in 2005 systematically killing Iraqi tribesmen and nationalist insurgents wherever they began to rally against it.[19]
Attacks in 2005 claimed by AQI include:
- 30 January: AQI launched attacks on voters during the Iraqi legislative election in January.[13] In 100 armed attacks, 44 people were killed, although some attacks may have been carried out by other groups. Abu Musab al-Zarqawi said: "We have declared a fierce war on this evil principle of democracy (…)".[20]
- 28 February: in the southern city of Hillah, a car bomb struck a crowd of police and Iraqi National Guard recruits, killing 125 people.[18]
- 2 April: the group launched a combined suicide and conventional attack on Abu Ghraib prison in April.[13]
- 7 May: in Baghdad, two explosives-laden cars were used against an American security company convoy. 22 people are killed, including two Americans.[18]
- 6 July: AQI claimed responsibility for the kidnapping and execution of Egypt's ambassador to Iraq, Ihab el-Sherif.[21][22] In a message posted on the Internet, Zarqawi said: "The Islamic court of the al-Qaeda Organization in the Land of Two Rivers has decided to refer the ambassador of the state of Egypt, an ally of the Jews and the Christians, to the mujahideens so that they can execute him."[23]
- 15–17 July: a three-day series of suicide attacks, including the Musayyib marketplace bombing, left 150 people dead and 260 wounded. AQI claimed that the bombings were part of a campaign to take control of Baghdad.[24]
- 19 August: In the Jordanian city of Aqaba, a rocket attack kills a Jordanian soldier.[18]
- 14 September: Al-Qaida in Iraq claimed responsibility for a single-day series of more than a dozen bombings in Baghdad, which killed about 160 people, most of whom were unemployed Shia workers.[25][26] Al-Zarqawi declared "all-out war" on Shiites, Iraqi troops and the Iraqi government in a statement.[25]
- Friday 16 September: a suicide bomb attack outside a Shiite mosque 200 km north of Baghdad killed 13 worshippers.[26]
- 24 October: AQI made coordinated suicide attacks outside the Sheraton Ishtar and Palestine Hotel in Baghdad in October.[13]
- 9 November: in the Jordanian capital Amman, three bomb attacks against hotels killed 60 people.[18]
- 18 November: AQI claimed responsibility for a series of Shia mosque bombings in the city of Khanaqin, which killed at least 74 people.[26]
2006
- The 5 January bombings on Shi'ite civilians in Karbala and Ramadi, near a religious shrine and a police recruiting centre, were blamed by some residents on al Qaeda in Iraq.[27]
The Al-Askari Mosque, one of the holiest sites in Shia Islam, after the first attack by Al-Qaeda in Iraq in 2006 - The 22 February 2006 al-Askari Mosque bombing was blamed by a U.S. intelligence officer[28] in March 2007 and by 'Iraqi officials'[29] in May 2007, on AQI.
- On 3 June 2006, AQI abducted and killed four Russian diplomats in Iraq.
- 16 June 2006, a U.S. checkpoint near Baghdad was attacked, one U.S. soldier killed and two abducted. Those abducted, Thomas Lowell Tucker and Kristian Menchaca, were found on 19 June, having been tortured and killed. The next day, Mujahedeen Shura Council of Iraq (MSC)—an organization including Tanzim Qaidat al-Jihad fi Bilad al-Rafidayn—claimed to have "slaughtered" the two Americans. Three weeks later, MSC issued a video showing the mutilated corpses of Tucker and Menchada, purportedly as revenge for the rape and murder of an Iraqi girl, in March 2006, by U.S. soldiers of the same brigade.
Autumn 2006, AQI took over Baqubah, the capital of Diyala Governorate, and before March 2007, AQI or its umbrella organization 'Islamic State of Iraq' (ISI) claimed Baqubah as its capital.[30]
- The US suggested that 'al Qaeda' was involved in the wave of chlorine bombings in Iraq, October 2006–June 2007, which affected hundreds of people, albeit with few fatalities.[31]
- Further violent activities in Iraq after 13 October 2006 blamed on 'al Qaeda (in Iraq)' are listed in article Islamic State of Iraq (ISI).
War: Sunnis against Shias
September 2005, after a U.S.-Iraqi offensive on the town of Tal Afar, al-Zarqawi declared "all-out war" on Shia Muslims in Iraq.[32]
Conflicts between Al Qaeda in Iraq and other Sunni Iraqi groups
In September–October 2005, there were signs of a split between homegrown Iraqi Sunni Arab insurgents who wanted Sunni influence in national politics restored,[33] and therefore supported a "no" vote in the 15 October 2005 referendum on a constitution,[34] and al-Zarqawi's Al Qaeda in Iraq, which strove for a theocratic state and threatened to kill those who engaged in the national political process with Shiites and Kurds,[33] including those who would take part in that referendum.[34]
From mid-2006, AQI began to be pushed out of their strongholds in rural Anbar Province, from Fallujah to Qaim, by tribal leaders in open war. That campaign was assisted by the Iraqi government paying cash gifts and alleged salaries to tribal sheikhs of up to $5,000 a month.[35] In September 2006, 30 tribes in Anbar Province formed an alliance called the "Anbar Awakening" to fight AQI.[36]
January 2006: Tanzim (AQI) creates Mujahideen Shura Council
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f5/Beheading_japanese.jpg/220px-Beheading_japanese.jpg)
AQI's efforts to recruit Iraqi Sunni nationalist and secular groups were undermined by its violent tactics against civilians and by its fundamentalist doctrine. In January 2006 it created an umbrella organization called the Mujahideen Shura Council (MSC), in an attempt to unify Sunni insurgents in Iraq.[28]
Strength of AQI in 2004–2006
American military field leaders, in particular, Lt. General Michael Flynn, in late spring 2004, were 'strategically surprised' at the capabilities, scale of operations, and quality of leadership of the subject.[37] Western media suggested that foreign fighters continued to flock to AQI.[38] A secret U.S. Marine Corps intelligence report of August 2006 wrote that Iraq's Sunni minority had been increasingly abandoned by their religious and political leaders who had fled or been assassinated, was "embroiled in a daily fight for survival", feared "pogroms" by the Shiite majority, and was increasingly dependent on Al-Qaeda in Iraq as its only hope against growing Syrian dominance across Baghdad.
In western Iraq, AQI was entrenched, autonomous and financially independent, and therefore the death of AQI leader Al-Zarqawi in June 2006 had little impact on the structure or capabilities of AQI. Illicit oil trading provided them with millions of dollars, and their popularity was rising in western Iraq.[39]
In Anbar, most government institutions had disintegrated by August 2006, and AQI was the dominant power, the U.S. Marine Corps intelligence report said.[39] In 2006, the State Department's Bureau of Intelligence and Research estimated that Al-Qaeda in Iraq's core membership was "more than 1,000".[40]
October 2006: Tanzim (AQI) creates Islamic State of Iraq
On 13 October 2006, the MSC declared the establishment of the Islamic State of Iraq (ISI), comprising Iraq's six mostly Sunni Arab governorates: Baghdad, Anbar, Diyala, Kirkuk, Salah al-Din, Ninawa, and "other parts of the governorate of Babel", with Abu Omar al-Baghdadi being announced as the self-proclaimed state's Emir.[41] A Mujahideen Shura Council leader said: "God willing we will set the law of Sharia here and we will fight the Americans"; the Council urged on Sunni Muslim tribal leaders to join their separate Islamic state "to protect our religion and our people, to prevent strife and so that the blood and sacrifices of your martyrs are not lost".[42]
Following the announcement, scores of gunmen took part in military parades in Ramadi and other Anbar towns to celebrate. In reality, the group did not control territory in Iraq.[42][43]
In November, a statement was issued by Abu Ayyub al-Masri, leader of Mujahideen Shura Council (MSC), announcing the disbanding of the MSC, in favor of the ISI.[citation needed] After this statement, there were a few more claims of responsibility issued under the name of the Mujahideen Shura Council, but these eventually ceased and were totally replaced by claims from the Islamic State of Iraq.[citation needed]
In April 2007, Abu Ayyub al-Masri was given the title of 'Minister of War' within the ISI's ten-member cabinet.[44]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/WaziriyaAutobombeIrak.jpg/220px-WaziriyaAutobombeIrak.jpg)
According to a report by US intelligence agencies in May 2007, the ISI planned to seize power in the central and western areas of the country and turn it into a Sunni Islamic state.[45]
By June 2007, the uncompromising brand of extreme fundamentalist Islam of AQI and the ISI had alienated more nationalist Iraqi strands of insurgency.[46]
U.S. fighting Tanzim (Al-Qaeda in Iraq)
In November 2004, al-Zarqawi's network was the main target of the US Operation Phantom Fury in Fallujah,[citation needed] but its leadership managed to escape the American siege and subsequent storming of the city.
On 7 June 2006, al-Zarqawi and his spiritual adviser Sheik Abd-Al-Rahman, were both killed by a U.S. airstrike with two 500 lb (230 kg) bombs on a safe house near Baqubah. The group's leadership was then assumed by Abu Ayyub al-Masri, also known as Abu Hamza al-Muhajir.[12]
Criticisms from al-Zawahiri
U.S. intelligence in October 2005 published an intercepted letter purportedly from Ayman al-Zawahiri questioning AQI's tactic of indiscriminately attacking Shias in Iraq.[47]
In a video that appeared in December 2007, al-Zawahiri defended AQI, but distanced himself from the crimes against civilians committed by "hypocrites and traitors" that he said existed among its ranks.[48]
Operations outside Iraq and other activities
On 3 December 2004, AQI attempted unsuccessfully to blow up an Iraqi–Jordanian border crossing. In 2006 a Jordanian court sentenced al-Zarqawi and two of his associates to death in absentia for their involvement in the plot.[49] AQI claimed to have carried out three attacks outside Iraq in 2005. In the most deadly, suicide bombs killed 60 people in Amman, Jordan on 9 November 2005.[50] They claimed responsibility for the rocket attacks which narrowly missed the American naval ships USS Kearsarge and USS Ashland in Jordan, and also targeted the city of Eilat in Israel, and for the firing of several rockets into Israel from Lebanon in December 2005.[13] The affiliated groups were linked to regional attacks outside Iraq which were consistent with their stated plan, one example being the 2005 Sharm al-Sheikh bombings in Egypt, which killed 88 people, many of them foreign tourists.
The Lebanese-Palestinian militant group Fatah al-Islam, which was defeated by Lebanese government forces during the 2007 Lebanon conflict, was linked to AQI and led by al-Zarqawi's former companion who had fought alongside him in Iraq.[51] The group may have been linked to the little-known group called "Tawhid and Jihad in Syria",[52] and may have influenced the Palestinian militant group in Gaza called Jahafil Al-Tawhid Wal-Jihad fi Filastin.[53]
See also
References
- ^ a b Pool, Jeffrey (16 December 2004). "Zarqawi's Pledge of Allegiance to Al-Qaeda: From Mu'Asker Al-Battar, Issue 21". Terrorism Monitor. 2 (24): The Jamestown Foundation. Archived from the original on 30 September 2007. Retrieved 30 July 2014.
- ^ a b "The War between ISIS and al-Qaeda for Supremacy of the Global Jihadist Movement" (PDF). Washington Institute for Near East Policy. June 2014. Retrieved 1 January 2015.
- ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2018-07-18. Retrieved 2018-07-19.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) - ^ http://web.stanford.edu/group/mappingmilitants/cgi-bin/groups/view/57.
- ^ https://www.arabnews.com/node/1239456/middle-east
- ^ http://www.moha.gov.my/images/maklumat_bahagian/KK/kdndomestic.pdf
- ^ https://www.spa.gov.sa/viewstory.php?newsid=1206711
- ^ "Govt bans al-Zarqawi terror group". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 20 May 2015.
- ^ Middle East and North Africa Overview, Country Reports on Terrorism, U.S. State Department, 28 April 2006
- ^ "Zarqawi pledges allegiance to Osama". Dawn. Agence France-Presse. 18 October 2004. Archived from the original on 29 December 2007. Retrieved 13 July 2007.
- ^ "Al-Zarqawi group vows allegiance to bin Laden". NBC News. Associated Press. 18 October 2004. Retrieved 13 July 2007.
- ^ a b "Al-Qaeda in Iraq names new head". BBC News. 12 June 2006. Retrieved 27 February 2015.
- ^ a b c d e "Country Reports on Terrorism". United States Department of State. 28 April 2006. Retrieved 25 July 2014.
- ^ Whitaker, Brian (13 October 2005). "Revealed: Al-Qaida plan to seize control of Iraq". The Guardian. Retrieved 19 September 2014.
- ^ "Japanese traveler held hostage in Iraq". Japan Times. 28 October 2004. Retrieved 1 November 2019.
- ^ "Group seizes Japanese man in Iraq". BBC. 27 October 2004. Retrieved 29 December 2014.
- ^ Booth, Jenny (27 October 2004). "Japan refuses to withdraw troops in hostage drama". The Times. Times Newspapers Limited. Retrieved 1 November 2019.
- ^ a b c d e "Fast Facts: Abu Musab al-Zarqawi". Fox News Channel. Associated Press. 8 June 2006. Retrieved 29 December 2014.
- ^ Ware, Michael (11 June 2008). "Papers give peek inside al Qaeda in Iraq". CNN. Retrieved 15 December 2014.
- ^ Agencies (2005-01-24). "Bomber strikes near Allawi office". the Guardian. Retrieved 2020-08-03.
- ^ "Al-Qaeda claims to have killed Egyptian envoy". The New York Times. 7 July 2005.
- ^ Caroll, Rory; Borger, Julian (8 July 2005). "Egyptian envoy to Iraq killed, says al-Qaida". The Guardian. London.
- ^ "Al-Qaeda threatens to kill abducted Egyptian envoy". Middle East Online. July 6, 2005. Archived from the original on 30 June 2016. Retrieved 30 December 2014.
- ^ Howard, Michael (18 July 2005). "Three days of suicide bombs leave 150 dead". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 30 December 2014.
- ^ a b "Another wave of bombings hit Iraq". International Herald Tribune. 15 September 2005. Archived from the original on 28 October 2007.
- ^ a b c Tavernise, Sabrina (17 September 2005). "20 die as insurgents in Iraq target Shiites". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 27 January 2008.
- ^ Insurgents Kill 140 as Iraq Clashes Escalate. Washington Post, 6 January 2006. Retrieved 10 February 2015.
- ^ a b DeYoung, Karen; Pincus, Walter (18 March 2007). "Al-Qaeda in Iraq May Not Be Threat Here". The Washington Times. Retrieved 28 November 2014.
- ^ "Al Qaeda leader in Iraq 'killed by insurgents'". ABC News. 1 May 2007. Retrieved 5 December 2014.
- ^ "TASK FORCE 5-20 INFANTRY REGIMENT OPERATION IRAQI FREEDOM 06-07 (under section 'A Commander's Perspective')". U.S. Army 5th Battalion, 20th Infantry Regiment. Archived from the original on 18 November 2008. Retrieved 23 January 2015.
- ^ "U.S. says Iraq chlorine bomb factory was al Qaeda's". Reuters. 24 February 2007. Retrieved 4 December 2014.
- ^ "Al-Zarqawi declares war on Iraqi Shia". Al Jazeera. September 14, 2005. Retrieved 12 February 2015.
- ^ a b Caroll, Rory; Mansour, Osama (7 September 2005). "Al-Qaida in Iraq seizes border town as it mobilises against poll". The Guardian. Retrieved 18 December 2014.
- ^ a b Abdul-Ahad, Ghaith (27 October 2005). "We don't need al-Qaida". The Guardian. Retrieved 18 December 2014.
- ^ Beaumont, Peter (3 October 2006). "Iraqi tribes launch battle to drive al-Qaida out of troubled province". The Guardian. Retrieved 20 December 2014.
- ^ Klein, Joe (23 May 2007). "Is al-Qaeda on the Run in Iraq?". Time. Archived from the original on 6 July 2007. Retrieved 20 December 2014.
- ^ Shultz, Richard H.; Joint Special Operations University (U.S.). (2016). Military innovation in war : it takes a learning organization, a case study of Task Force 714 in Iraq. MacDill Air Force Base, Florida : The JSOU Press. JSOU report, 16-6. Retrieved 7 January 2020.
- ^ Het Nieuwsblad edition Oostende-Westhoek (Belgian newspaper), 26 March 2016.
- ^ a b "Anbar Picture Grows Clearer, and Bleaker". Washington Post, 28 November 2006. Retrieved 15 January 2015.
- ^ Tilghman, Andrew (October 2007). "The Myth of AQI". Washington Monthly. Archived from the original on 2007-09-08. Retrieved 14 July 2014.
- ^ "The Rump Islamic Emirate of Iraq". The Long War Journal. 16 October 2006. Retrieved 2 June 2014.
- ^ a b "Gunmen in Iraq's Ramadi announce Sunni emirate". Reuters. 18 October 2006. Retrieved 29 December 2014.
- ^ "Iraqi Insurgents Stage Defiant Parades". The Washington Post. 20 October 2006. Retrieved 29 December 2014.
- ^ "Islamic State of Iraq Announces Establishment of the Cabinet of its First Islamic Administration in Video Issued Through al-Furqan Foundation". SITE Institute. 19 April 2007. Archived from the original on 28 September 2007. Retrieved 20 July 2014.
- ^ Mahnaimi, Uzi (13 May 2007). "Al-Qaeda planning militant Islamic state within Iraq". The Sunday Times. London. Archived from the original on 24 May 2011.
- ^ Muir, Jim (11 June 2007). "US pits Iraqi Sunnis against al-Qaeda". BBC News. Retrieved 28 November 2014.
- ^ "Al-Qaeda disowns 'fake letter'". BBC News. 13 October 2005. Retrieved 4 December 2014.
- ^ "British 'fleeing' claims al-Qaeda". Adnkronos. 17 December 2007. Retrieved 20 April 2012.
- ^ Aloul, Sahar (19 December 2005). "Zarqawi handed second death penalty in Jordan". The Inquirer. Agence France-Presse. Archived from the original on 29 October 2007.
- ^ "Al Qaeda claims responsibility for Amman blasts". The New York Times. 10 November 2005.
- ^ "Fatah Islam: Obscure group emerges as Lebanon's newest security threat". International Herald Tribune. Associated Press. 20 May 2007. Archived from the original on 25 May 2007.
- ^ "Al-Qaida inspired militant group calls on Syrians to kill country's president". International Herald Tribune. Associated Press. 28 May 2007. Archived from the original on June 1, 2007. Retrieved 6 August 2007.
- ^ New Gaza Organization Vows Loyalty to Al-Qaeda, MEMRI 10-11-2008
- 2004 establishments in Iraq
- Al-Qaeda in Iraq
- Factions in the Iraq War
- Jihadist groups in Iraq
- History of the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant
- Organizations designated as terrorist by Iraq
- Organizations designated as terrorist by Malaysia
- Organizations designated as terrorist by Saudi Arabia
- Organizations designated as terrorist by the United States
- Organizations designated as terrorist in Asia