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Queens was established in 1683 as one of the [[Province of New York#Counties|original 12 counties of New York]] and was supposedly named for the [[Queen consort]], [[Catherine of Braganza]] (1638-1705), the Portuguese princess who married King [[Charles II of England]] in 1662.<ref>[http://queens.about.com/od/queensalmanac/f/queens_name.htm Queens Almanac]</ref><ref>[http://www.ny.com/histfacts/geography.html#queens NY.com]</ref>
Queens was established in 1683 as one of the [[Province of New York#Counties|original 12 counties of New York]] and was supposedly named for the [[Queen consort]], [[Catherine of Braganza]] (1638-1705), the Portuguese princess who married King [[Charles II of England]] in 1662.<ref>[http://queens.about.com/od/queensalmanac/f/queens_name.htm Queens Almanac]</ref><ref>[http://www.ny.com/histfacts/geography.html#queens NY.com]</ref>


The borough is often considered one of the more [[suburb]]an boroughs (in comparison to [[Manhattan]] standards) of New York City. Neighborhoods in central Queens (except those situated along [[Queens Boulevard]] and the neighborhoods of [[Flushing, Queens|Flushing]] and [[Jamaica, Queens|Jamaica]]), southern Queens, and eastern Queens have a look and feel similar to the bordering suburbs of western [[Nassau County, New York|Nassau County]]. In its northwestern section, however, Queens is home to many urban neighborhoods and several central business districts. [[Long Island City]], on the Queens' waterfront across from [[Manhattan]], is the site of the [[Citicorp Building]], the tallest skyscraper in New York City outside of Manhattan, and the tallest building on geographic Long Island.
The borough is often considered one of the amazing things ever man i mean c'mon r u doin your hw or somet whooooooooooooooooo!!! gd luck with your hw!!more [[suburb]]an boroughs (in comparison to [[Manhattan]] standards) of New York City. Neighborhoods in central Queens (except those situated along [[Queens Boulevard]] and the neighborhoods of [[Flushing, Queens|Flushing]] and [[Jamaica, Queens|Jamaica]]), southern Queens, and eastern Queens have a look and feel similar to the bordering suburbs of western [[Nassau County, New York|Nassau County]]. In its northwestern section, however, Queens is home to many urban neighborhoods and several central business districts. [[Long Island City]], on the Queens' waterfront across from [[Manhattan]], is the site of the [[Citicorp Building]], the tallest skyscraper in New York City outside of Manhattan, and the tallest building on geographic Long Island.


==History==
==History==

Revision as of 16:54, 2 November 2009

This article is about the New York borough and county of Queens. For other meanings of Queens, see Queens (disambiguation). For other meanings of Queen, see Queen (disambiguation).
Queens
Borough of New York City
Queens County
The Unisphere, sometimes used as a symbol of Queens.
The Unisphere, sometimes used as a symbol of Queens.
Location of Queens shown in yellow. Airports in medium blue are also in Queens.
Location of Queens shown in yellow. Airports in medium blue are also in Queens.
CountryUnited States
StateNew York
CountyQueens
CityNew York City
Settled1683
Government
 • TypeBorough (New York City)
 • Borough PresidentHelen Marshall (D)
 • District AttorneyRichard Brown
Area
 • Total178.28 sq mi (461.7 km2)
 • Land109.24 sq mi (282.9 km2)
 • Water69.04 sq mi (178.8 km2)
Population
 • Total2,293,007
 • Density20,991/sq mi (8,105/km2)
ZIP Code prefixes
110--, 113--, 114--, 116--
Area code(s)718 , 347
WebsiteOfficial Website of the Queens Borough President

Queens is the largest in area, the second-largest in population, and the easternmost of the Five Boroughs which form New York City. The Borough of Queens' boundaries are identical to those of the County of Queens (Queens County), a subdivision of the State of New York in the Northeastern United States.

Located on the western portion of Long Island, Queens is home to two of the three major New York City area airports, John F. Kennedy and LaGuardia; it is also the location of the New York Mets baseball team; the US Open tennis tournament; Flushing Meadows Park; Kaufman Astoria Studios; Silvercup Studios; and Frank Sinatra School of the Arts founded by Tony Bennett.

As of the 2005 American Community Survey, immigrants comprise 47.6% of Queens residents.[1] With a population of 2.3 million it is the second most populous borough in New York City (behind Brooklyn) and the tenth most populous county in the United States. It is also the nation's fourth-most-densely populated county (after the counties covering Manhattan, Brooklyn and the Bronx).[2] The 2.3 million figure is the highest historical population for the borough.[3] Were each borough an independent city, Brooklyn and Queens would be the fourth- and fifth-largest cities in the United States, respectively. If Queens were its own city it would be the fourth largest by population in the U.S.

New York City's five boroughs
Jurisdiction Population Land area Density of population GDP
Borough County Census
(2020)		 square
miles		 square
km		 people/
sq. mile		 people/
sq. km		 billions
(2022 US$) 2
The Bronx
Bronx
 1,472,654 42.2 109.2 34,920 13,482 51.574
Brooklyn
Kings
 2,736,074 69.4 179.7 39,438 15,227 125.867
Manhattan
New York
 1,694,251 22.7 58.7 74,781 28,872 885.652
Queens
Queens
 2,405,464 108.7 281.6 22,125 8,542 122.288
Staten Island
Richmond
 495,747 57.5 149.0 8,618 3,327 21.103
City of New York
 8,804,190 300.5 778.2 29,303 11,314 1,206.484
State of New York
 20,201,249 47,123.6 122,049.5 429 166 2,163.209
Sources:[4][5][6][7] and see individual borough articles.

Queens was established in 1683 as one of the original 12 counties of New York and was supposedly named for the Queen consort, Catherine of Braganza (1638-1705), the Portuguese princess who married King Charles II of England in 1662.[8][9]

The borough is often considered one of the amazing things ever man i mean c'mon r u doin your hw or somet whooooooooooooooooo!!! gd luck with your hw!!more suburban boroughs (in comparison to Manhattan standards) of New York City. Neighborhoods in central Queens (except those situated along Queens Boulevard and the neighborhoods of Flushing and Jamaica), southern Queens, and eastern Queens have a look and feel similar to the bordering suburbs of western Nassau County. In its northwestern section, however, Queens is home to many urban neighborhoods and several central business districts. Long Island City, on the Queens' waterfront across from Manhattan, is the site of the Citicorp Building, the tallest skyscraper in New York City outside of Manhattan, and the tallest building on geographic Long Island.

History

European colonization brought both Dutch and English settlers, as a part of the New Netherlands colony. First settlements occurred in 1635, with colonization at Maspeth in 1642,[10] and Vlissingen (now Flushing) in 1643.[11] Other early settlements included Newtown (now Elmhurst) and Jamaica. However, these towns were mostly inhabited by English settlers from New England via eastern Long Island (Suffolk County) subject to Dutch law. After the capture of the colony by the English and its renaming as New York in 1664, the area (and all of Long Island) became known as Yorkshire.

The Flushing Remonstrance signed by colonists in 1657 is considered a precursor to the United States Constitution's provision on freedom of religion in the Bill of Rights. The signers protested the Dutch colonial authorities’ persecution of Quakers in what is today the borough of Queens.

Originally, Queens County included the adjacent area now comprising Nassau County. It was an original county of New York State, one of twelve created on November 1, 1683.[12] On October 7, 1691, all counties in the Colony of New York were redefined. Queens gained North Brother Island, South Brother Island, and Huletts Island (today known as Rikers Island).[13] On December 3, 1768, Queens gained other islands in Long Island Sound that were not already assigned to a county but that did not abut on Westchester County (today’s Bronx County).[14]

Queens played a minor role in the American Revolution, as compared to Brooklyn where the Battle of Long Island was largely fought. Queens, like the rest of Long Island, remained under British occupation after the Battle of Long Island in 1776 and was occupied throughout most of the rest of the war. Under the Quartering Act, British soldiers used, as barracks, the public inns and uninhabited buildings belonging to Queens residents. Even though many local people were against unannounced quartering, sentiment throughout the county remained (albeit fairly passively) in favor of the British crown. The quartering of soldiers in private homes, except in times of war, was banned by the Third Amendment to the United States Constitution. Nathan Hale was captured by the British on the shore of Flushing Bay in Queens before being executed by hanging in Manhattan for gathering intelligence.

From 1683 until 1784, Queens County consisted of five towns: Flushing, Hempstead, Jamaica, Newtown, and Oyster Bay. On April 6, 1784, a sixth town, the Town of North Hempstead, was formed through secession by the northern portions of the Town of Hempstead.[15][16]

The seat of the county government was located first in Jamaica,[17] but the courthouse was torn down by the British during the American Revolution in order to use the materials to build barracks.[18] After the war, various buildings in Jamaica temporarily served as courthouse and jail until a new building was erected about 1787 (and later completed) in an area near Mineola (now in Nassau County) known then as Clowesville.[19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29] The 1850 census was the first in which the population of the three western towns exceeded that of the three eastern towns that are now part of Nassau County. Concerns were raised about the condition and distance of the old courthouse, and several sites were in contention for the construction of a new one. In 1870, Long Island City split from the Town of Newton, incorporating itself as a city, consisting of what had been the Village of Astoria and some unincorporated areas within the Town of Newtown. Around 1874, the seat of county government was moved to Long Island City from Mineola.[30][31][32]

On March 1, 1860, the eastern border between Queens County (later Nassau County) and Suffolk County was redefined with no discernible change.[33] On June 8, 1881, North Brother Island was transferred to New York County.[34] On May 8, 1884, Rikers Island was transferred to New York County.[35] In 1885, Lloyd Neck, which was part of the Town of Oyster Bay and was earlier known as Queens Village, seceded from Queens and became part of the Town of Huntington in Suffolk County.[36][37] On April 16, 1964, South Brother Island was transferred to Bronx County.[38]

Borough of Queens

The New York City Borough of Queens was authorized on May 4, 1897, by a vote of the New York State Legislature after an 1894 referendum on consolidation.[39] The eastern 280 square miles of Queens that became Nassau County was partitioned on January 1, 1899.[40]

Queens Borough was established on Jan 1, 1898.[41][42][43] Long Island City, the towns of Newtown, Flushing, and Jamaica, and the Rockaway Peninsula portion of the Town of Hempstead were merged to form the new borough, dissolving all former municipal governments (Long Island City, the county government, all towns, and all villages) within the new borough.[44] The areas of Queens County that were not part of the consolidation plan,[45][46][47][48][49][50][51] consisting of the towns of North Hempstead and Oyster Bay, and the major remaining portion of the Town of Hempstead, remained part of Queens County until they seceded to form the new Nassau County on January 1, 1899, whereupon the boundaries of Queens County and the Borough of Queens became coterminous. With consolidation, Jamaica once again became the county seat, though county offices now extend to nearby Kew Gardens also.[52][53]

From 1905 to 1908 the Long Island Rail Road in Queens was electrified. Transportation to and from Manhattan, previously by ferry or via bridges in Brooklyn, opened up when the Queensboro Bridge was finished in 1909, and with railway tunnels under the East River in 1910. From 1915 onward, much of Queens was connected to the New York City subway system.[54][55] With the 1915 construction of the Steinway Tunnel carrying the IRT Flushing Line between Queens and Manhattan, and the emergent expansion of the use of the automobile, the population of Queens more than doubled in the 1920s, from 469,042 in 1920 to 1,079,129 in 1930.[56] Queens was the site of the 1939 New York World's Fair and the 1964 New York World's Fair.

See also: History of New York City, List of former municipalities in New York City, and List of streetcar lines in Queens

Geography

Queens County is in the western part of Long Island and includes a few smaller islands, most of which are in Jamaica Bay and form part of Gateway National Recreation Area, which is in turn one of the National Parks of New York Harbor.[57] The Rockaway Peninsula sits between Jamaica Bay and the Atlantic Ocean. The western and northern edge of the borough is defined a watery continuum made up of Newtown Creek which flows into the tidal estuary known as the East River, which includes the associated Flushing Bay and Flushing River. The East River opens into Long Island Sound. The mid-section of Queens is crossed by the Long Island straddling terminal moraine created by the Wisconsin Glacier. This feature evolved into a land use pun due to the siting of many cemeteries.

The tallest tree in the New York metropolitan area, called the Queens Giant, is also the oldest living thing in the New York metro area. It is located in northeastern Queens, and is 450 years old and 132 feet (40 m) tall as of 2005.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 178.3 square miles (462 square kilometres); 109.2 square miles (283 square kilometres) of this is land and 38.7% is water.

Adjacent Counties

Neighborhoods

A typical residential street in Jackson Heights.
Long Island City is a neighborhood in Western Queens
Forest Hills Gardens
Row houses are prominent in many Queens neighborhoods, including Ridgewood (seen here)
Astoria
Main article: Neighborhoods of New York City

The United States Postal Service divides the borough into five "towns" based roughly on those in existence at the time of the consolidation of the five boroughs into New York City: Long Island City, Jamaica, Flushing, Far Rockaway, and Floral Park. These ZIP codes do not necessarily reflect actual neighborhood names and boundaries; "East Elmhurst", for example, was largely coined by the USPS and is not an official community. Most neighborhoods have no solid boundaries. The Forest Hills and Rego Park neighborhoods, for instance, overlap.

Residents of Queens often closely identify with their neighborhood rather than with the borough or city as a whole. Unlike the situation in other boroughs, postal addresses are usually written with the neighborhood, state, and then zip code rather than the borough or city. The borough is a patchwork of dozens of unique neighborhoods, each with its own distinct identity:

Together, these neighborhoods comprise the most diverse county in the United States.[59] Several of these neighborhoods are home to a diverse mix of many different ethnicities.

See also: List of Queens neighborhoods

Government

Party affiliation of Queens registered voters
Party 2005 2004 2003 2002 2001 2000 1999 1998 1997 1996
Democratic 62.94% 62.52 62.85 62.79 62.99 62.52 62.30 62.27 62.28 62.33
Republican 14.60% 14.66 14.97 15.04 15.28 15.69 16.47 16.74 16.93 17.20
Other 3.88% 3.93 3.94 3.86 3.37 3.30 3.10 3.20 3.02 2.78
No affiliation 18.58% 18.89 18.24 18.31 18.36 18.49 18.13 17.79 17.77 17.69
Queens County Courthouse
Main article: Government of New York City

Since New York City's consolidation in 1898, Queens has been governed by the New York City Charter that provides for a strong mayor-council system. The centralized New York City government is responsible for public education, correctional institutions, libraries, public safety, recreational facilities, sanitation, water supply, and welfare services in Queens.

The office of Borough President was created in the consolidation of 1898 to balance centralization with local authority. Each borough president had a powerful administrative role derived from having a vote on the New York City Board of Estimate, which was responsible for creating and approving the city's budget and proposals for land use. In 1989 the Supreme Court of the United States declared the Board of Estimate unconstitutional on the grounds that Brooklyn, the most populous borough, had no greater effective representation on the Board than Staten Island, the least populous borough, a violation of the Fourteenth Amendment's Equal Protection Clause pursuant to the high court's 1964 "one man, one vote" decision.[60]

Since 1990 the Borough President has acted as an advocate for the borough at the mayoral agencies, the City Council, the New York state government, and corporations. Queens' Borough President is Helen Marshall, elected as a Democrat in 2001 and re-elected in 2005. Queens Borough Hall is the seat of government and is located in Kew Gardens.

The Democratic Party holds the majority of public offices. Sixty-three percent of registered Queens voters are Democrats. Local party platforms center on affordable housing, education and economic development. Controversial political issues in Queens include development, noise, and the cost of housing.

Presidential election results
Year Republican Democratic
2008 24.4% 145,898 74.9% 447,906
2004 27.4% 165,954 71.7% 433,835
2000 22.0% 122,052 75.0% 416,967
1996 21.1% 107,650 72.9% 372,925
1992 28.3% 157,561 62.9% 349,520
1988 39.7% 217,049 59.5% 325,147
1984 46.4% 285,477 53.3% 328,379
1980 44.8% 251,333 48.0% 269,147
1976 38.9% 244,396 60.5% 379,907
1972 56.3% 426,015 43.4% 328,316
1968 40.0% 306,620 53.6% 410,546
1964 33.6% 274,351 66.3% 541,418
1960 45.1% 367,688 54.7% 446,348
1956 59.9% 471,223 40.1% 315,898

There are currently six Democrats representing Queens in the U.S. Congress:

Each of the city's five counties has its own criminal court system and District Attorney, the chief public prosecutor who is directly elected by popular vote. Richard A. Brown, a Democrat, has been the District Attorney of Queens County since 1991.[61] Queens has 12 seats on the New York City Council, the second largest number among the five boroughs. It also has 14 administrative districts, each served by a local Community Board. Community Boards are representative bodies that field complaints and serve as advocates for local residents.

Although it is heavily Democratic, Queens is considered a swing county in New York politics. Republican political candidates who do well in Queens usually win citywide or statewide elections. Republicans such as former Mayor Rudolph Giuliani and current Mayor Michael Bloomberg won majorities in Queens. Republican State Senator Serphin Maltese represented a district in central and southern Queens for twenty years until his defeat in 2008 by Democratic City Councilman Joseph Addabbo. In 2002, Queens voted against incumbent Republican Governor of New York George Pataki in favor of his Democratic opponent, Carl McCall by a slim margin.

Queens has not voted for a Republican candidate in a presidential election since 1972, when Queens voters chose Richard Nixon over George McGovern. Since the 1996 presidential election, Democratic presidential candidates have received over 70% of the popular vote in Queens.

Economy

An aerial view of LaGuardia Airport

The economy of Queens is based on tourism, industry, and trade. Because the New York metropolitan area has three major airports, the airspace overhead is among the busiest and most regulated in the world. John F. Kennedy International Airport, alongside Jamaica Bay, is the country's busiest airport in terms of international travelers. La Guardia Airport, on the East River, mostly serves eastern North America. Queens has witnessed the rebirth of film production — the return of an industry that had departed decades earlier — notably the Kaufman Studios in Astoria and the Silvercup Studios in Long Island City, where a number of notable television shows are made, including Sesame Street.

The Queens Museum of Art and the New York Hall of Science are further east, in Flushing Meadows Park — site of both the 1939 New York World's Fair, the 1964-1965 New York World's Fair and the annual US Open tennis tournament at the USTA National Tennis Center. Citi Field, the home of the New York Mets baseball team, is located north of the USTA National Tennis Center. The park is the third largest in New York City at 1,255 acres (5 km2), making it 412 acres (1.7 km2) larger than Central Park in Manhattan.

Several large companies have their headquarters in Queens, including watchmaker Bulova, based in East Elmhurst; internationally renowned piano manufacturer Steinway & Sons in Long Island City; Glacéau, the makers of Vitamin Water, headquartered in Whitestone; and JetBlue Airways, the low-cost airline based in John F. Kennedy Airport, is located in the neighborhood of Forest Hills.

Long Island City is a major manufacturing and back office center. Flushing is a major commercial hub for Chinese American and Korean American businesses, while Jamaica is the major civic and transportation hub for the borough

See also: Economy of New York City

Demographics

Main article: Demographics of Queens
Queens Compared
2000 Census Queens NY City NY State
Total population 2,229,379 8,008,278 18,976,457
Population density 20,409
/sq mi		 26,403
/sq mi		 402
/sq mi
Median household income
(1999)		 $37,439 $38,293 $43,393
Per capita income $19,222 $22,402 $23,389
Bachelor's degree or higher 23% 27% 24%
Foreign born 48% 36% 20%
White 45% 45% 62%
Black 19% 27% 16%
Asian 21% 10% 6%
Hispanic (any race) 26% 27% 14%

According to the 2005-2007 American Community Survey Estimates, the borough's population was 45.8% White (31.0% non-Hispanic White alone), 20.3% Black or African American (18.4% non-Hispanic Black or African American alone), 0.8% American Indian and Alaska Native, 21.7% Asian, 0.1% Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander, 13.4% from some other race and 1.9% from two or more races. 26.2% of the total population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.[62]

48.3% of the population were foreign born (another 1.9% were born in Puerto Rico, U.S. Island areas, or abroad to American parents), 54.5% spoke a language other than English at home and 28.0% had a Bachelor's degree or higher.[63]

As of the census of 2000, there were 2,229,379 people, 782,664 households, and 537,690 families residing in the county. The population density was 7,879.6/km² (20,409.0/sq mi). There were 817,250 housing units at an average density of 2,888.5/km² (7,481.6/sq mi). The racial makeup of the county was 44.08% White, 20.01% Black or African American, 0.50% Native American, 17.56% Asian, 0.06% Pacific Islander, 11.68% from other races, and 6.11% from two or more races. 24.97% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.

According to a Census Bureau estimate, the population increased to 2,293,007 in 2008.[citation needed]

Some main European ancestries in Queens, 2000:[64]

In Queens, 48.5% of the population are foreign-born. Of that, 49.5% were born in Latin America, 33.5% in Asia, 14.8% in Europe, 1.8% in Africa and 0.4% in North America. The Hispanic or Latino population increased 61% between 1990-2006, now accounting for 26.5% of the borough’s total population, for a total of 597,773.

  • Queens has the largest Colombian population in NYC, accounting for 76.6% of the city’s total Colombian population, for a total of 80,116.
  • Queens has the largest Ecuadorian population in NYC, accounting for 62.2% of the city’s total Ecuadorian population, for a total of 101,339.
  • Queens has the largest Peruvian population in NYC, accounting for 69.9% of the city’s total Peruvian population, for a total of 30,825
  • The Mexican population in Queens has increased 457% to 71,283, the second highest in NYC.[65]

Queens is home to 49.6% of NYC's Asian population. Among the five boroughs, Queens has the largest population of Chinese-, Asian Indian-, Korean-, Filipino-, Bangladeshi- and Pakistani-Americans. Queens has the largest Asian American population-by-county outside of the Western United States: According to the 2006 American Community Survey, Queens ranks 5th among US counties with 477,772 (21.18%) Asian Americans, behind Los Angeles County, California, Honolulu County, Hawaii, Santa Clara County, California, and Orange County, California. The 2000 census showed that the borough is home to the largest concentration of Indian-Americans in the nation, with a total population of 129,715 (5.79% of the borough population),[66] as well as Pakistani-Americans, who number 15,604.[67] Queens has the second largest Sikh population in the nation after California.

  • Chinese: 173,123; 39.8% of the city’s total Chinese population.
  • Indian: 147,525; 64% Asian Indian population.
  • Korean: 65,131; 66.4% of the city’s total Korean population.
  • Filipino: 41,784; 61.3% of the city’s total Filipino population.
  • Bangladeshi: 18,310; 66% of the city’s total Bangladeshi population.
  • Pakistani: 10,884; 39.5% of the city’s total Pakistani population.

According to author Mordecai Plaut, a 2002 UJA/Federation of New York study found that Queens was home to 186,000 Jewish Americans at the time.[68][verification needed]

Population of Queens County[69] [70][71]
Census
Year		 Queens
(old)		 Nassau
portion		 Queens
(new)		 %
increase
1698 3,565
1771 10,980
1790 16,014 9,855 6,159 -
1800 16,916 10,274 6,642 7.8%
1810 19,336 11,892 7,444 12.1%
1820 21,519 13,273 8,246 10.8%
1830 22,460 13,411 9,049 9.7%
1840 30,324 15,844 14,480 60.0%
1850 36,833 18,240 18,593 28.4%
1860 57,391 24,488 32,903 77.0%
1870 73,803 28,335 45,468 38.2%
1880 90,574 34,015 56,559 24.4%
1890 128,059 41,009 87,050 53.9%
1900 152,999 75.8%
1910 284,041 85.6%
1920 469,042 65.1%
1930 1,079,129 130.1%
1940 1,297,634 20.2%
1950 1,550,849 19.5%
1960 1,809,578 16.7%
1970 1,986,473 9.8%
1980 1,891,325 – 4.8%
1990 1,951,598 3.2%
2000 2,229,379 14.2%

There were 782,664 households out of which 31.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 46.9% were married couples living together, 16.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 31.3% were non-families. 25.6% of all households were made up of individuals and 9.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.81 and the average family size was 3.39.

In the county the population was spread out with 22.8% under the age of 18, 9.6% from 18 to 24, 33.1% from 25 to 44, 21.7% from 45 to 64, and 12.7% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 35 years. For every 100 females there were 92.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 89.6 males.

The median income for a household in the county was $37,439, and the median income for a family was $42,608. Males had a median income of $30,576 versus $26,628 for females. The per capita income for the county was $19,222. About 16.9% of families and 21.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 18.8% of those under age 18 and 13.0% of those age 65 or over. In Queens the black population earns more than whites on average.[72] Many of these African-Americans live in quiet middle class suburban neighborhoods near the Nassau County border, such as Laurelton and Cambria Heights which have large black populations whose family income is higher than average. Those areas are known for their well kept homes, suburban feel and low crime rate. The migration of whites from parts of Queens has been long ongoing with departures from Ozone Park, Woodhaven, Bellerose, Floral Park, and Flushing. etc (most of the outgoing population has been replaced with Asian Americans). Neighborhoods such as Whitestone, College Point, North Flushing, Auburndale, Bayside, Middle Village, Little Neck, and Douglaston have not had a substantial exodus of white residents, but have seen an increase of Asian population (mostly South Korean). Queens has recently experienced a real estate boom making most of its neighborhoods very desirable for people who want to reside near Manhattan in a less urban setting. According to a 2001 Claritas study, Queens is the most diverse county in the United States among counties of 100,000+ population.[73] There are 138 languages spoken in the borough.[74] The top languages include:[75]

  1. English
  2. Spanish
  3. Chinese
  4. Korean
  5. Italian
  6. Greek
  7. Russian
  8. Tagalog (Filipino)
  9. French
  10. Punjabi
  11. Guarati
  12. Arabic

Culture

P.S. 1 Contemporary Art Center, in the Queens neighborhood of Long Island City, is one of New York City's largest art museums.

Queens was an epicenter of jazz in the 1940s. Such jazz greats as Louis Armstrong, Count Basie and Ella Fitzgerald found refuge from segregation in the mixed communities of the borough, while a younger generation — Charlie Parker, Sonny Rollins, Thelonious Monk, Dizzy Gillespie, and others — were developing bebop in the clubs of Harlem. Queens is also one of the epicenters of rap and hip-hop with artists such ranging from Run-D.M.C., A Tribe Called Quest and LL Cool J to Nas and Mobb Deep. Lastly in Queens was where the majority of punk rock band The Ramones were raised.

Western Queens is becoming an artistic hub, including SculptureCenter, the Flux Factory, the Noguchi Museum, Socrates Sculpture Park, Fisher Landau Center, Dorsky Gallery Curatorial Programs , and the Museum of the Moving Image. The P.S. 1 Contemporary Art Center in the neighborhood of Long Island City is one of the largest and oldest institutions in the United States dedicated solely to contemporary art. In addition to its renowned exhibitions, the institution also organizes the prestigious International and National Projects series, the Warm Up summer music series, and the Young Architects Program with The Museum of Modern Art. The current poet laureate of Queens is Ishle Yi Park.

Queens is home to many other cultural institutions, including among others:

See also: Culture of New York City, Music of New York City, and List of people from Queens

Queens was the setting for path breaking 1970s sitcom, All in the Family. It is featured in the Spider-Man comics and films as the home of Peter Parker and Mary Jane Watson. On Ugly Betty it is also home to Betty and her family. TV shows shot in Queens include Sesame Street (at Kaufman Astoria Studios) and 30 Rock (at Silvercup Studios, although the show's fictional setting is across the East River in Manhattan). The two studios have also served as the site for many movies, music videos and commercials.

Sports

Citi Field, the home of the New York Mets.

Queens was the home of Shea Stadium, the former home of New York Mets of Major League Baseball and the New York Jets of the National Football League, as well as the temporary home of the New York Yankees and the New York Football Giants. Citi Field, the Mets' current home, is located adjacent to where Shea once stood. The US Open tennis tournament is played at the USTA Billie Jean King National Tennis Center, located just south of Citi Field in Flushing Meadows-Corona Park. The US Open was formerly played at the West Side Tennis Club in Forest Hills. Queens is also the home of Aqueduct Racetrack, located in Ozone Park. Just over the Queens line (in Nassau County) is Belmont Park Race Track, the home of the Belmont Stakes. In the past, Extreme Championship Wrestling has been held at an Elks lodge in Elmhurst.

See also: Sports in New York City

Food

Queens is home to restaurants from all cultures. A wide variety of foods from all different cultures, particularly Chinese, Colombian, Ecuadorian, Filipino, Indian, Haitian, Korean, Mexican restaurants, along Roosevelt Avenue; Dominican food in Corona and African-American cuisine in Jamaica. Other cultures, such as Greek, Arab, Latin American, and Southeast Asian, have very prominent standings in Astoria. There are several Bukharian restaurants that serve Central Asian food all around Forest Hills and Rego Park.

Transportation

An A train is about to enter the Broad Channel station.
Queensboro Bridge facing the neighborhood of Long Island City.
An MTA bus operates on route Q60 in Jamaica.

Queens has crucial importance in international and interstate air traffic. Two of the New York metropolitan area's three major airports are located there; LaGuardia Airport is in northern Queens, while John F. Kennedy International Airport is to the south on the shores of Jamaica Bay. AirTrain JFK provides a rail link between JFK and local rail lines.

A commuter train system, the Long Island Rail Road, operates 20 stations in Queens with service to Manhattan, Brooklyn, and Long Island. Jamaica Station is a hub station where all the lines in the system but one (the Port Washington Branch) converge. It is the busiest commuter rail hub in the United States. Sunnyside Yard is used as a staging area by Amtrak and New Jersey Transit for intercity and commuter trains from Penn Station in Manhattan.

Twelve New York City Subway routes traverse Queens, serving 81 stations on seven main lines. The A, G, J, and M routes connect Queens to Brooklyn without going through Manhattan first. The F, N, and R trains connect Queens and Brooklyn via Manhattan, while the E, V, W, and 7 connect Queens to Manhattan only.

About 100 local bus routes move people around within Queens, and another 15 express routes shuttle commuters between Queens and Manhattan, under the MTA New York City Bus and MTA Bus brands.

Queens is traversed by three trunk east-west highways. The Long Island Expressway (Interstate 495) runs from the Queens Midtown Tunnel on the west through the borough to Nassau County on the east. The Grand Central Parkway, whose western terminus is the Robert F. Kennedy Bridge, extends east to the Queens/Nassau border, where its name changes to the Northern State Parkway. The Belt Parkway begins at the Gowanus Expressway in Brooklyn, and extends east into Queens, past Aqueduct Racetrack and JFK Airport. On its eastern end at the Queens/Nassau border, it splits into the Southern State Parkway which continues east, and the Cross Island Parkway which turns north.

There are also several major north-south highways in Queens, including the Brooklyn-Queens Expressway (Interstate 278), the Van Wyck Expressway (Interstate 678), the Clearview Expressway (Interstate 295), and the Cross Island Parkway.

Streets

File:Queens Blvd 14.JPG
Queens Boulevard is a major thoroughfare in the borough.

The streets of Queens are laid out in a semi-grid system, with a numerical system of street names (similar to Manhattan and the Bronx). Nearly all roadways oriented north-south are "Streets", while east-west roadways are "Avenues", beginning with the number 1 in the west for Streets and in the north for Avenues. In some parts of the borough, several consecutive streets may share numbers (for instance, 72nd Street followed by 72nd Place, or 52nd Avenue followed by 52nd Road, 52nd Drive, and 52nd Court), often causing confusion for non-residents. In addition, incongruous alignments of street grids, unusual street paths due to geography, or other circumstances often lead to the skipping of numbers (for instance, on Ditmars Boulevard, 70th Street is followed by Hazen Street which is followed by 49th Street).

This confusion stems from the fact that many of the village street grids of Queens had only worded names, some were numbered according to local numbering schemes, and some had a mix of words and numbers. In the early 1920s a "Philadelphia Plan" was instituted to overlay one numbered system upon the whole borough. Train stations were only partly renamed, thus now share dual names after the original street names. On the number 7 line in Sunnyside, there are 40th-Lowery St., 46th-Bliss St., 52nd St.-Lincoln Ave. and so forth. Numbered roads tend to be residential, although numbered commercial streets are not rare.

A fair number of streets that were country roads in the 18th and 19th centuries (especially major thoroughfares such as Northern Boulevard, Queens Boulevard, Hillside Avenue, and Jamaica Avenue) carry names rather than numbers, typically though not uniformly called "Boulevards" or "Parkways".

The Rockaway Peninsula does not follow the same system as the rest of the borough and has its own numbering system. Streets are numbered in ascending order heading west from near the Nassau County border, and are prefixed with the word "Beach." Streets at the easternmost end, however, are nearly all named. Another deviance from the norm is Broad Channel; it maintains the north-south numbering progression but uses only the suffix "Road," as well as the prefixes "West" and "East," depending on location relative to Cross Bay Boulevard, the neighborhood's major through street.

The other exception is the neighborhood of Ridgewood, which for the most part shares a grid and house numbering system with the Brooklyn neighborhood of Bushwick. The grid runs east-west from the LIRR Bay Ridge Branch right-of-way to Flushing Avenue; and north-south from Forest Avenue in Ridgewood to Bushwick Avenue in Brooklyn before adjusting to meet up correctly with the Bedford-Stuyvesant grid at Broadway. All streets on the grid have names.

Waterways

Newtown Creek with the Midtown Manhattan skyline in the background.
Bronx Whitestone Bridge

Queens is connected to the Bronx by the Bronx Whitestone Bridge, the Throgs Neck Bridge, the Robert F. Kennedy Bridge and the Hell Gate Bridge. Queens is connected to Manhattan by the Robert F. Kennedy Bridge, the Queensboro Bridge, and the Queens Midtown Tunnel; and to Roosevelt Island by the Roosevelt Island Bridge.

While most of the Queens/Brooklyn border is on land, the Kosciuszko Bridge crosses the Newtown Creek connecting Maspeth to Greenpoint, Brooklyn. The Pulaski Bridge connects McGuinness Boulevard in Greenpoint to 11th Street, Jackson Avenue, and Hunters Point Avenue in Long Island City. The Greenpoint Avenue Bridge connects Greenpoint and Long Island City avenues of the same name, which, east of Queens Boulevard (NY-25), becomes Roosevelt Avenue. A lesser bridge connect Grand Avenue in Queens to Grand Street in Brooklyn.

The Cross Bay Veterans Memorial Bridge traverses Jamaica Bay to connect the Rockaway Peninsula to the rest of Queens. Marine Parkway-Gil Hodges Memorial Bridge links the western part of the Peninsula with Flatbush Avenue, Brooklyn's longest thoroughfare. Both crossings were built and continue to be operated by what is now known as MTA Bridges and Tunnels. The IND Rockaway Line parallels the Cross Bay, has a mid-bay station at Broad Channel which is just a short walk from the Jamaica Bay Wildlife Refuge, now part of Gateway National Recreation Area and a major stop on the Atlantic Flyway.

One year-round scheduled ferry service connects Queens and Manhattan. New York Water Taxi operates service across the East River from Hunters Point in Long Island City to Manhattan at 34th Street and south to Pier 11 at Wall Street. During baseball season, New York Waterway ferries operate to Shea Stadium for New York Mets weekend home games.[76] In 2007, limited weekday service was begun between Breezy Point, the westernmost point in the Rockaways, to Pier 11 via the Brooklyn Army Terminal. Summertime weekend service provides service from Lower Manhattan and southwest Brooklyn to the peninsula's Gateway beaches.

See also: Transportation in New York City

Education

See also: Education in New York City and List of high schools in New York City § Queens

Elementary and secondary education

Elementary and secondary school education in Queens is provided by a vast number of public and private institutions. Public schools in the borough are managed by the New York City Department of Education, the largest public school system in the United States. Most private schools are affiliated to or identify themselves with the Roman Catholic or Jewish religious communities.

Postsecondary institutions

Queens College is part of the City University of New York.
  • LaGuardia Community College, part of the City University of New York (CUNY), is known as "The World's Community College" for its diverse international student body representing more than 150 countries and speaking over 100 languages. The college has been named a National Institution of Excellence by the Policy Center on the First Year of College and one of the top three large community colleges in the United States.[77] The college hosts the LaGuardia and Wagner Archives.
  • Queens College is one of the elite colleges in the CUNY system. Established in 1937 to offer a strong liberal arts education to the residents of the borough, Queens College has over 16,000 students including more than 12,000 undergraduates and over 4,000 graduate students. Students from 120 different countries speaking 66 different languages are enrolled at the school, which is located in Flushing. Queens College is also the host of CUNY's law school. The Queens College Campus is also the home of Townsend Harris High School.
  • St. John's University is a private, coeducational Roman Catholic university founded in 1870 by the Vincentian Fathers. With over 19,000 students, St. John's is known for its pharmacy, business and law programs as well as its men's basketball and soccer teams.
  • Vaughn College of Aeronautics and Technology is a private, cutting edge, degree granting institution located across the Grand Central Parkway from LaGuardia Airport. Its presence underscores the importance of aviation to the Queens economy.
  • York College is one of CUNY's leading general-purpose liberal arts colleges, granting bachelor's degrees in more than 40 fields, as well as a combined BS/MS degree in Occupational Therapy. Noted for its Health Sciences Programs York College is also home to the Northeast Regional Office of the Food and Drug Administration.

Public Library

The Queens Borough Public Library is the public library system for the borough and one of three library systems serving New York City. Dating back to the foundation of the first Queens library in Flushing in 1858, the Queens Borough Public Library is one of the largest public library systems in the United States. Separate from the New York Public Library, it is composed of 63 branches throughout the borough. In fiscal year 2001, the Library achieved a circulation of 16.8 million. First in circulation in New York State since 1985, the Library has maintained the highest circulation of any city library in the country since 1985 and the highest circulation of any library in the nation since 1987. The Library maintains collections in many languages, including Spanish, Chinese, Korean, Russian, Haitian Creole, Polish, and six Indic languages, as well as smaller collections in 19 other languages.

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Queens, New York City.

References

  1. ^ 2005 American Community Survey Fact Sheet for Queens County, New York, United States Census Bureau, accessed February 24, 2007.
  2. ^ Cite error: The named reference density was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  3. ^ Campbell Gibson, "Population of the 100 largest cities and other urban places in the United States: 1790 to 1990", Population Division Working Paper no. 27, United States Census Bureau, Washington, D.C., 1998
  4. ^ "A Story Map: 2020 Census Demographic Data Map Viewer". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 2021-08-12.
  5. ^ "QuickFacts New York County, New York; Richmond County, New York; Kings County, New York; Queens County, New York; Bronx County, New York; New York city, New York". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 2023-06-13.
  6. ^ "NYC Population: Current and Projected Populations". NYC.gov. Retrieved 2017-06-10.
  7. ^ "Gross Domestic Product by County and Metropolitan Area, 2022". Bureau of Economic Analysis.
  8. ^ Queens Almanac
  9. ^ NY.com
  10. ^ "A Virtual Tour of New Netherland".
  11. ^ Ellis, Edward Robb (1966). The Epic of New York City. Old Town Books. p. 54.
  12. ^ New York: Commissioners of Statutory Revision:Colonial Laws of New York from the year 1664 to the Revolution, including the Charters of the Duke of York, the Commissions and instructions to Colonial Governors, the Duke's Laws, the Laws of the Dongan and Leisler Assemblies, the Charters of Albany and New York, and the acts of the Colonial Legislatures from 1691 to 1775, inclusive. Report to the Assembly #107, 1894. five Volumes. Albany, New York; 1894 - 1896; Chapter 4; Section 1; Page 122.
  13. ^ New York: Commissioners of Statutory Revision:Colonial Laws of New York from the year 1664 to the Revolution, including the Charters of the Duke of York, the Commissions and instructions to Colonial Governors, the Duke's Laws, the Laws of the Dongan and Leisler Assemblies, the Charters of Albany and New York, and the acts of the Colonial Legislatures from 1691 to 1775, inclusive. Report to the Assembly #107, 1894. five Volumes. Albany, New York; 1894 - 1896; Chapter 17; Section 1; Page 268.
  14. ^ New York: Commissioners of Statutory Revision:Colonial Laws of New York from the year 1664 to the Revolution, including the Charters of the Duke of York, the Commissions and instructions to Colonial Governors, the Duke's Laws, the Laws of the Dongan and Leisler Assemblies, the Charters of Albany and New York, and the acts of the Colonial Legislatures from 1691 to 1775, inclusive. Report to the Assenbly #107, 1894. five volumes. Albany, New York; 1894 - 1896; Chapter 1376; Section 4; page 1063.
  15. ^ Walter Greenspan. "Geographic History of Queens County". Retrieved 2007-12-23.
  16. ^ J. H. French, LL.D. (1860). "Towns in Queens County, NY; From: Gazetteer of the State of New York". Retrieved 2007-12-28.
  17. ^ "Early Five Borough's History". Retrieved 2007-12-30. When Queens County was created the courts were transferred from Hempstead to Jamaica Village and a County Court was erected. When the building became too small for its purposes and the stone meeting house had been erected, the courts were held for some years in that edifice. Later a new courthouse was erected and used until the seat of justice was removed to North Hempstead.
  18. ^ "History of Queens County".
  19. ^ "Historical Essay: A Thumbnail View". Official History Page of the Queens Borough President's Office. Retrieved 2007-12-29. From the final withdrawal of the British in November, 1783, until the 1830s, Queens continued as an essentially Long Island area of farms and villages. The location of the county government in Mineola (in present-day Nassau County) underscores the island orientation of that era. Population grew hardly at all, increasing only from 5,791 in 1800 to 7,806 in 1830, suggesting that many younger sons moved away, seeking fortunes where land was not yet so fully taken up for farming. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |note= ignored (help) Jon A. Peterson and Vincent Seyfried, ed. (1983). A Research Guide to the History of the Borough of Queens and Its Neighborhood. {{cite book}}: |author= has generic name (help) Peterson, Jon A., ed. (1987). A Research Guide to the History of the Borough of Queens, New York City. New York: Queens College, City University of New York. {{cite book}}: |author= has generic name (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  20. ^ "New York - Queens County - History". Retrieved 2007-12-29. "History of New York State 1523-1927". The Historical Society of the Courts of the State of New York. Sullivan, Dr. James (1927). History of New York State 1523-1927. New York, Chicago: Lewis Historical Publishing Company, Inc.
  21. ^ "New York State History". Genealogy Inc. 1999. Retrieved 2007-12-28. Under the Reorganization Act of 7 March 1788, New York was divided into 120 towns (not townships), many of which were already in existence.
  22. ^ "State of New York; Local Government Handbook; 5th Edition" (PDF). 2000. pp. Ch 4, p 13, Ch 5 p 2. The 1777 New York State Constitution, Article XXXVI, confirmed land grants and municipal charters granted by the English Crown prior to October 14, 1775. Chapter 64 of the Laws of 1788 organized the state into towns and cities...The basic composition of the counties was set in 1788 when the State Legislature divided all of the counties then existing into towns. Towns, of course, were of earlier origin, but in that year they acquired a new legal status as components of the counties. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  23. ^ "HISTORY MYSTERIES: Shelter Island Ferry/Mineola Building". Retrieved 2008-04-01. The building shown below "is one of the most important buildings in the history of Mineola," wrote Jack Hehman, president of the Mineola Historical Society. Built in 1787 and known as the "old brig," it was the first Queens County courthouse and later a home for the mentally ill. The building was at Jericho Turnpike and Herricks Road until 1910, when it burned to the ground.
  24. ^ "THE MINEOLA ASYLUM.; WITNESSES WHO TESTIFIED THAT IT IS AND HAS BEEN A MODEL INSTITUTION". New York Times. 1882-08-29. Retrieved 2008-04-01. The investigation of the charges made against the Superintendent and keepers of the Mineola Asylum for the Insane, which was begun last Tuesday, was continued yesterday by the standing Committee on Insane Asylums of the Queens County Board of Supervisors-- Messrs. Whitney, Brinckerhoff, and Powell. The committee were shown through the asylum, which is the old building of the Queens County Court-house over 100 years old
  25. ^ David Roberts. "Nassau County Post Offices 1794-1879". Retrieved 2008-04-01. John L. Kay & Chester M. Smith, Jr. (1982). New York Postal History: The Post Offices & First Postmasters from 1775 to 1980. American Philatelic Society. There was only one post office established in present Nassau County when the Long Island post road to Sag Harbor was established September 25, 1794. It appears that the mail from New York went to Jamaica. This was the only post office in the present day Boroughs of Queens or Brooklyn before 1803. From Jamaica the mail went east along the Jericho Turnpike/Middle Country Road route and ended at Sag Harbor. The only post office on this route between Jamaica and Suffolk County was QUEENS established the same date as the others on this route 9/25/1794. This post office was officially Queens, but I have seen the area called "Queens Court House" and was located approximately in the Mineola-Westbury area. The courthouse was used until the 1870's when the county court was moved to Long Island City. Later it served as the Queens County Insane Asylum and still later as an early courthouse for the new Nassau County, during construction of the present "old" Nassau County Courthouse in Mineola. It was demolished shortly after 1900 ... after about 120 years of service of one type or the other.
  26. ^ "The Queens County Court-House Question A New Building to be Erected at Mineola". 1872-02-25. Retrieved 2008-04-01. For forty years the Supervisors of Queens County have been quarreling over a site for a Court-house. The incommodious building used
  27. ^ Rhoda Amon (Staff Writer). "Mineola: First Farmers, Then Lawyers". Newsday. Retrieved 2007-12-31.
  28. ^ "1873 map of North Hempstead". Retrieved 2007-12-31. bottom right by spur road off Jericho Tpk - location is now known as Garden City Park. Clowesville was the name of the nearest station on the LIRR, approximately at the location of the present Merillon Avenue station. The courthouse (photo at http://www.newsday.com/community/guide/lihistory/ny-hs2tmi01,0,3275994.photo ) was north of the station. {{cite web}}: External link in |quote= (help)
  29. ^ The former county courthouse was located northeast of the intersection of Jericho Turnpike (NY Route 25) and the aptly named County Courthouse Road in an unincorporated area of the Town of North Hempstead, variously referred to in the present day as Garden City Park or New Hyde Park. The site is now a shopping center anchored by a supermarket and is located in the New Hyde Park 11040 Zip Code. A stone marker located on the north side of Jericho Turnpike (NY Route 25), between Marcus Avenue and Herricks Road, identifies the site.
  30. ^ "A Queens Timeline". The Queens Tribune. Retrieved 2007-12-23. 1874 – Queens County Courthouse and seat of county government moved from Mineola (in present-day Nassau County) to Long Island City. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  31. ^ Rhoda Amon (Staff Writer). "Mineola: First Farmers, Then Lawyers". Newsday. Retrieved 2007-12-31. That was the year when the "Old Brig" courthouse was vacated after 90 years of housing lawbreakers. The county court moved from Mineola to Long Island City.
  32. ^ Geoffrey Mohan (Staff Writer) (2007). "Nassau's Difficult Birth; Eastern factions of Queens win the fight to separate after six decades of wrangling". Newsday. Retrieved 2007-12-31. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |note= ignored (help)
  33. ^ New York. Laws of New York; 1860, 83rd Session, Chapter 530, pages 1074—1076.
  34. ^ New York. Laws of New York; 1881, 104th Session, Chapter 478; Section 1, Page 649.
  35. ^ New York. Laws of New York; 1884, 107th Session, Chapter 262, page 328.
  36. ^ Beers' Atlas of Long Island (1873)
  37. ^ "LLOYD HARBOR – A BRIEF HISTORY". Incorporated Village of Lloyd Harbor, Suffolk County, NY. Retrieved 2009-04-09.
  38. ^ New York. Laws of New York; 1964, 187th Session, Chapter 578, page 1606.
  39. ^ New York. Laws of New York; 1897, 120th Session, Chapter 378; Section 2; Page 2.
  40. ^ New York. Laws of New York; 1899, 121th Session, Chapter 588; Section 1; Page 1336.
  41. ^ "Inventing Gotham". Retrieved 2007-12-28.
  42. ^ "Official Announcement of the Results of the Election". New York Times. 1894-12-15. Retrieved 2007-12-28. The area included a radius of twenty miles (32 km), with the city hall in New York as a center to circumscribe it
  43. ^ Holice, Deb & Pam. "The History of New York State". Retrieved 2007-12-28. Dr. James Sullivan (editor). The History of New York State. Book II, Chapter IV Part VIII. {{cite book}}: |author= has generic name (help); Unknown parameter |nopp= ignored (|no-pp= suggested) (help)
  44. ^ "Before the Five-Borough City: Queens". This map shows the boundaries of the former towns and the former city within the present Borough of Queens.
  45. ^ "OF INTEREST TO POLITICIANS". The New York Times. 1894-09-13 (before vote). pp. p 9, 620 words. Retrieved 2007-12-28. The question of the Greater New-York, which is also to be submitted to the people at this coming election, involves the proposition to unite in one city the following cities, counties, and towns: New-York City, Long Island City, in Queens County; the County of Kings, (Brooklyn;) the County of Richmond, (S.I.;) the towns of Flushing, Newtown, Jamaica, in Queens County; the town of Westchester, in Westchester County, and all that portion of the towns of East Chester and Pelham which lies south of a straight line drawn from a point where the northerly line of the City of New-York meets the centre line of the Bronx River, to the middle of the channel between Hunter's and Glen Islands, in Long Island Sound, and that part of the town of Hempstead, in Queens County, which is westerly of a straight line drawn from the south-easterly point of the town of Flushing in a straight line to the Atlantic Ocean. {{cite news}}: |pages= has extra text (help); Check date values in: |date= (help)
  46. ^ "Vote for Greater New York". The New York Times. 1894-10-16 (before election). Retrieved 2007-12-28. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  47. ^ "NEW-YORK'S PLACE IN DANGER; CONSOLIDATION DEFEATED, SHE MUST YIELD TO CHICAGO". The New York Times. 1894-11-04 (before election). Retrieved 2007-12-28. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Unknown parameter |note= ignored (help)
  48. ^ "GREATER NEW-YORK IN DOUBT; THE CITY VOTE IS FOR IT AND BROOKLYN IS UNCERTAIN". New York Times. 1894-11-08 (before results of Queens vote known). Retrieved 2007-12-28. The increase in area and population that New-York will acquire if consolidation becomes a fact will become evident by a glance at the following table... Flushing... *Part of the town of Hempstead... Jamaica... Long Island City ... Newtown... The townships in Queens County that are to be included in the Greater New-York have not been heard from yet... {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Unknown parameter |note= ignored (help)
  49. ^ "REPORT FAVORS CONSOLIDATION.; An Argument Against the Claims of the Resubmissionists". The New York Times. 1896-02-22. pp. Page 1, 5318 words. Retrieved 2007-12-28.
  50. ^ "THE EAST CITY LINE FIXED". The New York Times. 1899-02-12. pp. page 15, 1267 words. Retrieved 2007-12-28. {{cite news}}: |pages= has extra text (help)
  51. ^ Geoffrey Mohan (Staff Writer) (2007). "Nassau's Difficult Birth; Eastern factions of Queens win the fight to separate after six decades of wrangling". Newsday. Retrieved 2007-12-31. North Hempstead, Oyster Bay and the rest of Hempstead were excluded from the vote.
  52. ^ "THE COMING GREATER CITY; BENEFITS TO LONG ISLAND AND VILLAGES UNDER ITS CONTROL". New York Times. 1896-06-07. p. 16. Retrieved 2007-12-23.
  53. ^ The borough's administrative and court buildings are presently located in Kew Gardens and downtown Jamaica respectively, two neighborhoods that were villages of the former Town of Jamaica.
  54. ^ Vincent F. Seyfried and Jon A. Peterson, History Department, Queens College/CUNY. "Historical Essay: A Thumbnail View". Official History Page of the Queens Borough President's Office. Retrieved 2007-12-31. Even more crucial to future development was the opening of the Queensboro Bridge in 1909. This span ended the isolation of the borough's road system at precisely the time when mass use of the automobile was getting underway in the United States.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  55. ^ Vincent F. Seyfried (2004). "A Walk Through Queens with David Hartman and Historian Barry Lewis". Educational Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 2007-12-29. The most momentous event in the history of Queens occurred in 1909 when the long planned Queensboro Bridge was finally opened. This ended the century old isolation of the county and dependence on ferries.
  56. ^ "US Census figures for Queens 1900-1990".
  57. ^ http://www.nps.gov/npnh/index.htm
  58. ^ O'Grady, Jim. " NEIGHBORHOOD REPORT: RICHMOND HILL; Making Guyana More Accessible, Two Sisters Start an Airline", The New York Times, January 13, 2002. Accessed September 30, 2007. "Many of them live in Richmond Hill. Just as Chinese-Americans energized downtown Flushing, the Guyanese have revived a once-moribund shopping strip on Liberty Avenue between the Van Wyck Expressway and Lefferts Boulevard, now known as Little Guyana."
  59. ^ Roberts, Sam. "A 300 Millionth American. Don’t Ask Who.", The New York Times, October 18, 2006. "In Queens, the nation’s most diverse county, Emanuel Plata weighed in at 6 pounds 15 ounces (3.1 kg) at Elmhurst Hospital Center..."
  60. ^ Cornell Law School Supreme Court Collection: Board of Estimate of City of New York v. Morris, accessed June 12, 2006.
  61. ^ Queens DA site
  62. ^ http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/ADPTable?_bm=y&-context=adp&-qr_name=ACS_2007_3YR_G00_DP3YR5&-ds_name=ACS_2007_3YR_G00_&-tree_id=3307&-redoLog=true&-_caller=geoselect&-geo_id=05000US36081&-format=&-_lang=en
  63. ^ http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/ADPTable?_bm=y&-geo_id=05000US36081&-qr_name=ACS_2007_3YR_G00_DP3YR2&-context=adp&-ds_name=&-tree_id=3307&-_lang=en&-redoLog=false&-format=
  64. ^ American Factfinder 2000 Ancestry: Queens County, NY
  65. ^ http://www.queenslibrary.org/pub/QuickFacts.asp
  66. ^ http://www.aafny.org/cic/briefs/indianamer.pdf
  67. ^ http://www.aafny.org/cic/briefs/pakistani.pdf
  68. ^ Mordecai, Plaut (2007-03-15). "Metropolitan New York Jewish Population Stable At 1.4 Million -- Conservative and Reform Jews Decreasing Rapidly". At the Center of the Universe: Essays on Western Intellectual Space (website). Retrieved 2009-02-16.[verification needed]
  69. ^ Greene and Harrington (1932). American Population Before the Federal Census of 1790. New York.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link), as cited in: Rosenwaike, Ira (1972). Population History of New York City. Syracuse, N.Y.: Syracuse University Press. p. 12. ISBN 0815621558. (for 1698-1771)
  70. ^ "Place:Queens, New York, United States". Retrieved 2007-12-24. Forstall, Richard L. (1996). Population of the States and Counties of the United States: 1790 to 1990. Washington, DC: U.S. Bureau of the Census. ISBN 0-934213-48-8.
  71. ^ "Historical Census Browser 1790-1960". University of Virginia Library. Retrieved 2007-12-24.
  72. ^ Black Incomes Surpass Whites in Queens - New York Times
  73. ^ Claritas Study Ranks Racial/Ethnic Diversity in Counties Nationwide
  74. ^ Queens: An Economic Review
  75. ^ How Many Languages Are Spoken in Queens, NY?
  76. ^ Ferry Services to Shea Stadium, New York Mets. Accessed May 16, 2006.
  77. ^ "Top 3 Large Community Colleges in the U.S." Community College Survey of Student Engagement, 2002
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