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Metz is a member of the [[QuattroPole]]<sup>[[:fr:QuattroPole|(FR)]]</sup><sup>[[:de:QuattroPole|(DE)]]</sup> union of cities, along with [[Luxembourg (city)|Luxembourg]], [[Saarbrücken]], and [[Trier]] (neighbouring countries: Luxembourg, France, and Germany).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.quattropole.org/en/home|title=Official website of the Quattropole city union.|date= |accessdate=30 June 2011}}</ref> Metz forms a central place of the [[Greater Region]] and of the economic [[SaarLorLux]] [[Euregio|Euroregion]]. Metz is also twin town with:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.metz.fr/metz2/municipalite/cyber_mairie/conseil/point.php?id_chapitre=1163 |title=Metz Municipal Council, May 2012 |date= |accessdate=1 June 2012 }} {{fr}}</ref>
Metz is a member of the [[QuattroPole]]<sup>[[:fr:QuattroPole|(FR)]]</sup><sup>[[:de:QuattroPole|(DE)]]</sup> union of cities, along with [[Luxembourg (city)|Luxembourg]], [[Saarbrücken]], and [[Trier]] (neighbouring countries: Luxembourg, France, and Germany).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.quattropole.org/en/home|title=Official website of the Quattropole city union.|date= |accessdate=30 June 2011}}</ref> Metz forms a central place of the [[Greater Region]] and of the economic [[SaarLorLux]] [[Euregio|Euroregion]]. Metz is also twin town with:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.metz.fr/metz2/municipalite/cyber_mairie/conseil/point.php?id_chapitre=1163 |title=Metz Municipal Council, May 2012 |date= |accessdate=1 June 2012 }} {{fr}}</ref>


* [[File:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg|20px]] [[Gloucester]], [[United Kingdom]], since 1967
* [[Gloucester]], United Kingdom, since 1967
* [[File:Flag of Israel.svg|20px]] [[Karmiel]], [[Israel]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.metz.fr/metz2/articles/090817_karmiel.php|title=Metz en visite à Karmiel|publisher=City of Metz|date=August 17, 2009|accessdate=August 23, 2012}}</ref> since 1984
* [[Karmiel]], Israel,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.metz.fr/metz2/articles/090817_karmiel.php|title=Metz en visite à Karmiel|publisher=City of Metz|date=August 17, 2009|accessdate=August 23, 2012}}</ref> since 1984
* [[File:Flag of the Democratic Republic of the Congo.svg|20px]] [[Djambala]], [[Republic of Congo]], since 2012
* [[Djambala]], Republic of Congo, since 2012


==References==
==References==

Revision as of 05:36, 6 September 2012

For other uses, see Metz (disambiguation).

Metz
Commune
Municipalité de Metz
Clockwise from top: Panorama of the Moselle River, Railway Station, Centre Pompidou-Metz, Defensive City Gates, Saint-Stephen Cathedral
Clockwise from top: Panorama of the Moselle River, Railway Station, Centre Pompidou-Metz, Defensive City Gates, Saint-Stephen Cathedral
Flag of Metz
Flag
Coat of arms of Metz
Coat of arms
Nickname(s): 
The Maid (15th C.); The Unviolated (15th C.); The Green City (20th C.)
Map
Country France
Region Lorraine
Department Moselle
Agglomeration communityMetz Metropole
Founded5th century BC
Prefecture Lorraine; Moselle
Government
 • TypeMayor-Council
 • MayorDominique Gros (PS)
Area
 • Commune41.94 km2 (16.19 sq mi)
 • Metro
277 km2 (107 sq mi)
Highest elevation
358 m (1,175 ft)
Lowest elevation
162 m (531 ft)
Population
 (2008)
 • Commune121,841
 • Density2,905/km2 (7,520/sq mi)
 • Metro
225,157
DemonymMessin
Time zoneUTC+1 (CET)
 • Summer (DST)UTC+2 (CEST)
ZIP codes
57000; 57050; 57070
Dialing code+33 03
WebsiteMetz Ville; Metz Metropole

Metz (French pronunciation: [mɛs] ⓘ; German pronunciation: [mɛts] ⓘ) is a city in the northeast of France located at the confluence of the Moselle and the Seille rivers. Metz is the capital and the prefecture of both the Lorraine region and the Moselle department.[1][2][3][4] Located near the tripoint along the junction of France, Germany, and Luxembourg,[5] Metz forms a central place of the European Greater Region and the SaarLorLux euroregion.[6]

A Celtic oppidum,[7] an important Gallo-Roman city,[8] the Merovingian capital of the Austrasia kingdom,[9] the birthplace of the Carolingian dynasty,[10] a cradle of the Gregorian chant,[11] and one of the oldest republics of the common era in Europe,[12] Metz has a rich 3,000-year-history.[13] The city has been steeped in Romance culture, but has been strongly influenced by Germanic culture due to its location and history.[14]

Metz possesses one of the largest Urban Conservation Area in France,[15] and more than 100 buildings of the city are classified on the Monument Historique list.[16] Because of its historical and cultural background, Metz benefits from its designation as French Town of Art and History.[17][18] The city features noteworthy buildings such as the Gothic Saint-Stephen Cathedral,[19][20] the Basilica of Saint-Pierre-aux-Nonnains,[21] its Station Palace,[22] or its Opera House, the oldest one working in France.[23] Metz is home to some world-class venues including the Arsenal Concert Hall and the Centre Pompidou-Metz museum.[24]

A basin of urban ecology,[25][26] Metz gained its nickname of Green City (Template:Lang-fr),[27] displaying extensive open grounds and public gardens and the historic downtown is one of the largest commercial, pedestrian areas in France.[28][29][30]

A historic Garrison town, Metz is the economic heart of the Lorraine region, being specialized in information technology and automotive industries. Metz is home to the University of Lorraine and a centre for applied research and development in the materials sector notably in metallurgy and metallography,[31] the heritage of the Lorraine region's past in the iron and steel industry.[32]

Etymology

In ancient times, the town was known as "city of Mediomatrici" being inhabited by the tribe of the same name.[33] After its integration into the Roman Empire, the city was called "Divodurum Mediomatricum", meaning Holy Village or Holy Fortress of the Mediomatrici,[34] then it was known as "Mediomatrix".[33] During the 5th century AD, the name evolved to "Mettis", which gave rise to the actual name of the city, Metz.[33]

History

Ancient history and Roman Empire

The Celtic Mediomatrici tribe was ruler of the city from 450 BC until the Roman conquest, making the town its principal oppidum.[7][13] The city became an important centre of trading for metal and terracotta.[35] With the conquest of Gaul by Julius Caesar in 52 BC, Metz came under Roman rule and was integrated into the Roman Empire.[36]

City scape of Divodurum Mediomatricum, ancestor of present-day Metz, ca. 2nd century AD.

As a well-fortified town at the junction of several military roads, Metz became one of the principal towns of Gaul, more populous than Lutetia (ancestor of present-day Paris), and rich thanks to its wine exports.[13] The city had one of the largest amphitheatres in Gaul,[8][37] and an aqueduct of 23 km (14.29 mi) and 118 arches, extending from Gorze to Metz, was constructed in the 2nd century AD to supply the thermae with water.[38]

The first barbarian depredations into the city by the Alemanni and Franks started during the 3rd century AD.[13] The city was sacked by the Huns of Attila in 451.[39] One of the last Roman strongholds to surrender to the Germanic tribes, Metz passed into the hands of the Franks about the end of the 5th century.[40]

The capital of the Austrasia and Lotharingia kingdoms

Since King Sigibert I, Metz was frequently the residence of the Merovingian kings of Austrasia.[9] When the Carolingians acceded to the Frankish throne, the town preserved the good-will of the rulers as it had long been a base of their family and their primal ancestors; Saint Arnuff and Chlodulf had been bishops of Metz.[10][13] So, Emperor Charlemagne considered making Metz his imperial capital, before he finally decided in favor of Aachen.[41] His sons, King Louis the Pious and Bishop Drogo of Metz, were buried in the Basilica of Saint-Pierre-aux-Nonnains in 840 and 855, respectively.[13]

Beginning of the Republic of Metz. Election of the first Head-Alderman, by Auguste Migette. Oil painting, ca. 1850, Golden Courtyard museum.

Consecutively to the Treaty of Verdun in 843, Metz became the capital of the kingdom of Lotharingia ruled by Emperor Lothair I.[13] After the death of his son, King Lothair II, Lotharingia and its capital was disputed between East Francia and West Francia kingdoms.[13] In 869, Charles the Bald was crowned king of Lotharingia in Metz.[42]

In 910, Metz became part of East Francia and subsequently of the Holy Roman Empire, granting semi-independent status. In 959, Metz was the capital of Upper Lortharingia, gradually known as Lorraine, until the 11th century.[43] During this period, the Bishops of Metz increased their political influence. The Prince-Bishops gained their independence from the Dukes of Lorraine, making Metz their capital.[13]

In 1096, Metz was one of the scenes of the massacres of Jews occurring during the First Crusade.[44] A group of crusaders entered Metz and forced the important Jewish community of the city to convert to catholicism, killing 22 people who refused baptism.[44]

A Free Imperial City and the Messin Republic

Ending of the Republic of Metz. Entrance of Henri II, King of France on April 18, 1552, by Auguste Migette. Oil painting, ca. 1850, Golden Courtyard museum.

In 1189, Metz rose to the status of Free Imperial City, limiting greatly the influence of the Bishops on the city.[13] While the Bishops left the city for Vic-sur-Seille, the Burgesses organized themselves in order to establish a republic.[12] The Republic of Metz was organized around three legislature: the Head-Alderman representing the city, a comity of 13 aldermen acting as Lay community counsellors, and a House of Burgesses giving its opinion.[12] Ultimately, the institutions changed to become a free oligarchic republic giving the command of the city to 21 aldermen, the Head-Alderman being elected.[12] The Republic of Metz ruled until the 15th century and was the most prosperous period of the city, being renown as "Metz, the Rich One". Metz was then a major banking center controlled by the Jews and then the Lombards.[45] The present-day Saint-Louis square used to accommodate back then money changers and trade fairs under its vaulted gallery and arches.

The Republic of Metz often had to fight for its freedom: in 1324, against the Dukes of Luxembourg and Lorraine, as well as, against the Archbishop of Trier; in 1363 and 1365, against the English brigands under command of Arnaud de Cervole; in 1444, against Duke René of Anjou and King Charles VII of France; and in 1473, against Duke Nicholas I of Lorraine.[46] Nonetheless, Metz kept its independence and gained the nicknames of "The Maid" and "The Unviolated".[46]

Emperor Charles IV in 1354 and 1356 held diets in Metz, at the latter of which was promulgated the Golden Bull decree of 1356, fixing important constitutional aspects of the Holy Roman Empire.[47] However, the rulers of Metz felt that the city occupied an almost independent position between the Kingdom of France and the Holy Roman Empire and wanted to evade the obligation of imperial taxes and attendance at the Imperial Diets. A estrangement soon grew between the Free Imperial City and the Imperial States, enhanced by the religious and political troubles of the Schmalkaldic War.[48]

Integration in the kingdom of France, French Revolution, and First and Second French Empires

View of Metz from the Bellecroix hill, during the 17th century by Monsù Desidero. Oil painting, ca. 1620, Golden Courtyard museum.

In 1552, King Henry II of France and members of the Schmalkaldic League signed the Treaty of Chambord and Metz was passed de facto to the hands of the Kings of France.[13] The population of the city peacefully accepted the conditions of the treaty.[49] Emperor Charles V during the Italian War of 1551–1559 made military attempt to forcibly regain the overlordship over Metz, besieging the city in 1552–1553. However, his troops were defeated by the French army defending the city under the command of Duke of Guise and Metz remained French.[50] A bridge castle from the 13th century, the German's Gate, which played a crucial defensive role during the siege, stills visible today and bullet impacts from the muskets used during the assaults can be seen on its facade.

Under the rule of the Kings of France, important constitutional changes were made to the Republic of Metz.[12] While the aldermen continued to administer the city, they were appointed by a Royal Governor, representative of the king, and the Bishops came back to Metz. Later, an Intendant and a Bailiff were sent to enforce the king's authority in the city, ending ultimately the Republic of Metz in 1634.[12] The Peace of Westphalia recognized de jure Metz as part the Kingdom of France in 1648, and the city was selected as capital of the Three Bishoprics of Metz, Toul, and Verdun.[48] Metz was then a strategic fortified town of France with the erection of a citadel by Vauban and Cormontaigne.[13]

During the 18th century, the population of city largely embraced the ideas carried by the Enlightenment and latter French Revolution.[51] In 1775, Lafayette met the Marquis of Ruffec and the Duke of Gloucester in the present-day courthouse and decided to support the American Revolutionary War. Also, future revolutionary leader Maximilien de Robespierre and abolitionist Abbé Grégoire were awarded by the National Academy of Metz in 1784 and 1787, respectively, for their essays on capital punishment and in favor of the education of underprivileged people and the religious tolerance.[52][53] With creation of the departments by the Estates-General of 1789, Metz became the capital of the Department of Moselle.[13] General François Christophe Kellermann led the local Army of the Moselle during the French Revolutionary Wars, notably at the decisive Battle of Valmy against the Prussian troops. During the Reign of Terror, a guillotine for executions has been erected on the forecourt of the Metz's opera house, the former Equality's square and present-day Comedy's square.

Later, the Sixth Coalition besieged Metz during the campaign of 1814 against the Napoleonic France, but was unable to take the city defended by General Pierre François Joseph Durutte and his army.[54] During the Second French Empire, Metz hosted in 1861 the 4th universal world's fair on the Republic square and the Esplanade garden.[55][56]

The Franco-Prussian War and the German annexation

Surprise attack on the suburbs of Metz, during the Franco-Prussian War by Alphonse de Neuville.
Main article: Siege of Metz (1870)

During the Franco-Prussian War of 1870–1871, Metz was the headquarters of the army under the command of General Bazaine. After the battles of Colombey, Mars-la-Tour, and Gravelotte, Bazaine retreated into the defenses of Metz and surrendered after several months of siege.[57] The first airmail carrier was launched during the siege of the city by Doctor Julien-François Jeannel with the help of some officers of the Imperial Guard near the present-day France's square. French officer Louis Rossel, who participated to the defense of Metz during the siege, joined up with the Paris Commune in opposition to felony of General Bazaine negotiating with and surrendering the city to the enemy.

Under the Treaty of Frankfurt of 1871, Metz was annexed into the newly created German Empire, being part of the Imperial Territory of Alsace-Lorraine administered directly by the imperial government from Berlin.[58]

The city kept its strategic military role and became an important German garrison town and the Germans decided to build a second and a third fortified lines around Metz.[59] The dismantlement of parts of the medieval ramparts led to the extension of the city outside of its historical urban planning and the new Imperial District was created. The urban architects, under the direct guidance of Emperor Wilhelm II, had to respond to two major challenges in planning the new district: the requirement of the military strategies and the erection of a functional and artistic ensemble. Indeed, the army required a well-planned district built with the prospect of a war between Germany and France in mind and strategically integrated to the Schlieffen plan. In parallel, the district should be a symbol of dynamism of a new modern city accommodating the upper class. The district encompassed the residence of Emperor Wilhelm II in the former Generalkommando during his frequent visits to Metz.

Return to France, World War II, and modern days

Following the armistice with Germany ending the First World War, the French army entered Metz in November 1918 and Philippe Pétain received his marshal's baton from French President Raymond Poincaré and Prime Minister Georges Clémenceau on the Esplanade garden.[60] The city returned to France under the Treaty of Versailles in 1919.[60]

However, after the Battle of France in 1940 during the Second World War, the city was annexed once more by the German Third Reich into a Reichsgau named Westmark.[13] As a symbol of the German annexation, Chancelor Adolf Hitler celebrated Christmas 1940 at the former bergamt of the Imperial District of Metz, but local people largely rejected the German occupation. Multiple French Resistance cells were active during this period in the region of Metz, such as the Mario and the Derhan groups, whose activities included collecting arms for the Liberation, distributing flyers, helping to prisoners and resisters, and sabotage. Several resistants were detained and tortured in the Fort of Queuleu in Metz and Jean Moulin died in Metz's railway station while on a train in transit towards Germany. In 1944, the attack on the city by the U.S. Third Army under the command of General George S. Patton faced heavy resistance from the defending German forces.[61][62] The Battle of Metz lasted for several weeks and Metz was finally captured by the Americans in November 1944,[63] and the city reverted to France after the war.[64]

During the 1950s, Metz has been chosen to be the capital of the newly created Lorraine region.[65] Also, with the creation of the European Communities and then the European Union, Metz has became a central place of the Greater Region and the SaarLorLux Euroregion.[65] In 1979, the city was home to the Metz Congress, the seventh national congress of the French Socialist Party, during which future French President François Mitterrand won the nominating process of the French presidential election of 1981 after defeating the internal opposition led by Michel Rocard. Later, Pope John Paul II delivered a Mass in the Saint-Stephen Cathedral during his visit to Metz in 1988 and pleaded in his speech for the European unity in the context of the Cold War. In 2010, Metz opened a branch of the French National Museum of Modern Art, the Centre Pompidou-Metz, inaugurated by French President Nicolas Sarkozy.

Geography

File:PompidouMetz-night.tif
Dawn sky in Metz.

Metz is located on the banks of at Moselle and the Seille rivers, at 43 km (26.7 mi) from the Schengen tripoint where the borders of France, Germany, and Luxembourg meet.[5] The city was built in a place where many branches of the Moselle river creates several islands, which are encompassed within the urban planning.

The land of Metz forms part of the Paris Basin and presents a plateau relief cut by river valleys presenting cuestas in the north-south direction.[66] Metz and its open countries are included into the forest and crop Lorraine Regional Natural Park, covering a total area of 205,000 ha (506,566.0 acres).[67]

Climate

The weather in Lorraine is associated to a semi continental climate.[68] The summers are humid and hot, sometimes stormy, and the warmest month of the year is August, when temperatures average approximately 26 °C (78.8 °F). The winters are cold and snowy with temperature dropping to an average of −0.5 °C (31.1 °F) in January. Lows can be much colder through the night and early morning and the snowy period extends from November to February.[69]

The length of the day varies significantly over the course of the year.[70] The shortest day is December 21 with 8:01 hours of sunlight; the longest day is June 20 with 15:58 hours of sunlight. The median cloud cover is 93% and does not vary substantially over the course of the year.[69]

Climate data for Metz, France
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 8.6
(47.5) 		12.8
(55.0) 		15.1
(59.2) 		21.8
(71.2) 		22.9
(73.2) 		28
(82) 		31.0
(87.8) 		31.0
(87.8) 		25.2
(77.4) 		18.7
(65.7) 		12.7
(54.9) 		8.8
(47.8) 		19.7
(67.5)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 4.8
(40.6) 		6.5
(43.7) 		11.0
(51.8) 		15.0
(59.0) 		19.5
(67.1) 		22.7
(72.9) 		25.3
(77.5) 		24.8
(76.6) 		20.4
(68.7) 		15.1
(59.2) 		9.0
(48.2) 		5.5
(41.9) 		15.0
(59.0)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −0.5
(31.1) 		−0.4
(31.3) 		6.3
(43.3) 		10.7
(51.3) 		15
(59) 		18.1
(64.6) 		20.0
(68.0) 		20.3
(68.5) 		16.2
(61.2) 		9.1
(48.4) 		3.2
(37.8) 		4.9
(40.8) 		9.7
(49.5)
Record low °C (°F) −1.9
(28.6) 		−3.1
(26.4) 		2.4
(36.3) 		4.7
(40.5) 		8.9
(48.0) 		12.0
(53.6) 		14.0
(57.2) 		13.6
(56.5) 		10.4
(50.7) 		7.1
(44.8) 		0.7
(33.3) 		0.6
(33.1) 		6.4
(43.5)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 64
(2.5) 		57
(2.2) 		62
(2.4) 		51
(2.0) 		59
(2.3) 		62
(2.4) 		64
(2.5) 		61
(2.4) 		64
(2.5) 		72
(2.8) 		64
(2.5) 		79
(3.1) 		757.8
(29.83)
Average snowy days 8.0 6.5 1.1 0.2 0 0 0 0 0 0.4 2.3 7.5 29
Mean monthly sunshine hours 54 78 126 178 202 219 226 213 158 98 49 41 1,642
Source: Meteo France[70]

Demographics

Population

The inhabitants of Metz are called Messins. Statistics on ethnic and religious groups of the population of Metz are haphazard, as the French Republic prohibits performing census by making distinction between its citizens regarding their race or their beliefs.[71]

The French national census of 2009 estimated to 121,841 the population of Metz, while the population of Metz urban agglomeration was about 225,157.[72] Through history, Metz population has been impacted by the vicissitudes of the wars and the annexations involving the city and avoiding a continuous population growth. More recently, the city has suffered of the military and metallurgy industry restructurings.[73] The historical population for the current area of Metz municipality is as follows:[74][75]

Year 1793 1800 1806 1821 1836 1841 1861 1871 1880 1890 1900
Number of inhabitants 36,878 32,099 39,131 42,030 42,793 39,767 56,888 51,332 53,131 60,186 58,462
Year 1910 1921 1931 1946 1962 1975 1982 1990 1999 2009
Number of inhabitants 68,598 62,311 78,767 70,105 102,771 111,869 114,232 119,594 123,776 121,841

Notable people linked to the city

Main article: List of people from Metz

Several well-known figures have been linked to the city of Metz. Metz has been the native town of people such as poet Paul Verlaine, composer Ambroise Thomas, or mathematician Jean-Victor Poncelet. Also, because of both its garnison and bishropic statuses, Metz has been the residence of many well-know figures, including Cardinal Mazarin, Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet, Lafayette, or Marshal Ney. Finally, other people are linked to the city due to Metz long history, such as Louis Rossel, Friedrich Nietzsche, General Patton, or Jean Moulin.

Law and government

Local law

The local law (Template:Lang-fr) applied in Metz is a legal system, which operates in parallel with French law. Created in 1919, it preserves the French laws applied in France before 1870 and maintained by the Germans during the annexation of Alsace-Moselle, but were repealed in the rest of France after 1871. It also maintains German laws enacted by the German Empire between 1871 and 1918, the specific provisions adopted by the local authorities, and the French laws that have been enacted after 1919 to be applicable only in Alsace-Moselle. This specific local legislation encompasses different areas, such as religion, social, work, and finance.

The most striking of the legal differences between France and Alsace-Moselle is the absence in Alsace-Moselle of a strict secularism, even though a constitutional right of freedom of religion is guaranteed by the French government. Alsace-Moselle is still governed by a pre-1905 law established by the Concordat of 1801, which provides for the public subsidy of the Roman Catholic, Lutheran, and Calvinist churches and the Jewish religion.

File:PLaceD'ArmesMetz.jpg
The city hall by night, work of architect Jacques-François Blondel, on the town square.[76]

Administration

As every commune of the actual French Republic, Metz is managed by a mayor (Template:Lang-fr) and a municipal council (Template:Lang-fr), democratically elected by two-round proportional voting for six years.[77] The mayor is assisted by 54 municipal councilors,[78] and the municipal council is held the last Thursday of every month.[79][80] Since 2008, the mayor of Metz is socialist Dominique Gros.[81]

The city is member of the Metz Metropole union of cities, gathering the 40 cities of the Metz urban agglomeration.[82] Also, Metz is home to the Lorraine region and the prefecture of the Moselle, held in the formers Saint-Clement Abbey and Intendant palace, respectively.[65]

List of mayors

The historical list of mayors of Metz from 1924 to present is as follows:

Time Name Party Background
2008 Today Dominique Gros(FR) PS Engineer, General Councillor of Moselle, vice-president of Metz Metropole
1971 2008 Jean-Marie Rausch(FR) UMP Minister, senator of Moselle, president of Metz Metropole, president of the Regional Council of Lorraine
1947 1970 Raymond Mondon(FR) Independent Republican Minister, MP for Moselle
1938 1947 Gabriel Hocquard(FR) Unknown Unknown
1924 1938 Paul Vautrin(FR) Bloc Lorrain General Councillor of Moselle

City administrative divisions

The city of Metz is divided into 11 administrative divisions:[83]

Cityscape

Metz with its magnificent open countries, – Prolific undulating rivers, – Wooded hillsides, vineyards of fire; – Cathedral all in volute, – Where the wind sings as a flute, – And responding to it via the Mutte,[84] – This big voice of the good Lord!

— Paul Verlaine, Ode to Metz, Invectives, 1896.
Example of use of the Jaumont yellow limestone. Here, the portal of the Saint-Stephen Cathedral.

Metz is home to a mishmash of architectural layers, witnessing its millennium history at the crossroad of different cultures,[85] and features architectural landmarks.[86] As a historic Garrison town, Metz has also been largely influenced by military architecture throughout its history.[87] The city is famous for its yellow limestone architecture, due to the extensive use of the Jaumont stone.[86][88]

Civilian architecture

The historic district has kept part of the Gallo-Roman city planning with the Divodurum's Cardo Maximus, then called Via Scarponensis (today the Trinitaires, Taison, and Serpenoise streets), and the Decumanus Maximus (today En Fournirue and d'Estrées streets).[89] From its Gallo-Roman past, the city conserves vestiges of the thermae (in the basement of the Golden Courtyard museum), parts of the aqueduct,[38] and the Basilica of Saint-Pierre-aux-Nonnains.[21]

The Saint-Louis square with its vaulted arcades remains a major symbol of the High Medieval heritage of the city, as well as, a Knights Templar chapel. The Gothic Saint-Stephen Cathedral, several churches and Hôtels, and two remarkable municipal granaries reflect the Late Middle Ages.[20][90][91][92][93] Examples of Renaissance architecture can be seen in Hôtels from the 16th century, such as the House of Heads (Template:Lang-fr).[86]

Belle Epoque avenue in the Imperial District.

The city hall and buildings surrounding the town square are works of French architect Jacques-François Blondel, awarded by the Royal Academy of Architecture to redesign and modernize the centre of Metz in 1755 in a context of Enlightenment.[76][94] Also, Neoclassical edifices from the 18th century, such as the Opera House,[23] the prefecture palace,[95] and the courthouse built by Charles-Louis Clérisseau, are found in the city.[86]

The Imperial District was built during the first annexation of Metz by Otto von Bismarck to the German Empire.[96] In order to "germanify" the city, Emperor Wilhelm II decided to create a new district shaped by a distinctive blend of Germanic architecture, including Renaissance, neo-Romanesque or neo-Classical, mixed with elements of Art Nouveau, Art Deco, Alsatian and mock-Bavarian styles.[96] Moreover, the Jaumont stone, commonly used everywhere else in the city, was replaced by stones used in the Rhineland, like pink and grey sandstone, granite and basalt.[96] The district features noteworthy buildings including the impressive Station Palace and the Central Post Office by German architect Jürgen Kröger.[22]

Centre Pompidou-Metz.[24]
The Germans' Gate from the 13th century, one of the last medieval bridge castles found in France.
Water games on the Islands District.

Modern architecture can also be seen in the town with works of French architects Roger-Henri Expert (Sainte-Thérèse-de-l'Enfant-Jésus church, 1934), Georges-Henri Pingusson (Fire Station, 1960), and Jean Dubuisson (subdivisions, 1960s).[18][97][98] The refurbishment of the former Ney Arsenal into a Concert Hall in 1989 and the erection of the Metz Arena in 2002, by architects Spanish Ricardo Bofill and French Paul Chemetov respectively, represent the Postmodern movement.[86]

The Centre Pompidou-Metz museum represents a strong architectural initiative marking the entrance of Metz into the 21st century.[24][99] Designed by Japanese architect Shigeru Ban, the building is remarkable for the complex, innovative carpentry of its roof.[100][101] The Centre Pompidou-Metz is the cornerstone of the Amphitheatre District, currently under construction and conceived by French architects Nicolas Michelin, Jean-Paul Viguier, and Christian de Portzamparc and designer Philippe Starck.[102] The urban project is expected to be completed by 2015.[102][103]

Military architecture

See also: Fortifications of Metz

From Ancient history to the present, the city has been successively fortified or complemented in order to receive the troops stationed there. So, defensive walls from classical antiquity to 20th century are still visible today and are included in public gardens designed along the Moselle and Seille rivers.[87] A medieval bridge castle from the 13th century, named Germans' Gate (Template:Lang-fr), has become one of the landmarks of the city. Remains of the citadel from the 16th century and fortifications built by Louis de Cormontaigne are still visible today.[104] Important barracks, mostly from the 18th and 19th centuries, are spread around the city, and some of them which are of architectural interest have reconverted to civilian facilities, such as the Arsenal Concert Hall.

Ringing the city are extensive fortifications of Metz, that include early examples of Séré de Rivières system forts.[105] Other forts were incorporated into the Maginot Line.[106] A hiking trail on the Saint-Quentin plateau passes through former military training zone and ends at the now abandoned military forts, providing a high ground from which to survey the city.[107][108]

Urban ecology

Under the leadership of people like botanist Jean-Marie Pelt, Metz pioneered a policy of urban ecology during the early 1970s.[25] Because of the urban and popular signs of failure of the post-war housing estate urban planning occurring in Europe during the 1960s and mostly based on the concepts of CIAM,[109][110][111] Jean-Marie Pelt, then municipal councilor of Metz, initiated a refoundation of the approach in urban ecological planning.[26]

Based initially of the ideas of the Chicago School, Pelt's theories pled for a better integration of humans into their environment and developed a concept centered around the relation between "stones and waters".[25][112][113] His policy was materialized in Metz by the establishment of extensive open grounds surrounding the Moselle and the Seille rivers and the development of large pedestrian areas. So, Metz displays over 37 m2 (400 sq ft) of open ground per inhabitant through multiple public gardens dispatched into the city.[28]

Since, the concepts of urban ecology are still applied in Metz,[30][114] with the sustainable refurbishment of ancient buildings,[30][115] erection of sustainable districts and edifices (e.g. Centre Pompidou-Metz),[30] green public transports,[30][116] and creation of public gardens via landscape architecture concepts.[30][117]

Economy

Though steel industry has historically dominated Moselle's economy, Metz's efforts in economic diversification have created a base in the sectors of commerce, tourism, and information technology and automotive industries. The city is the economic heart of the Lorraine region and around 73,000 people are working daily within the urban agglomeration area.[118] The transportation facilities found in the urban agglomeration, including the international high-speed rail, motorway, and inland connections and the local bus rapid transit system, have placed the city in an exchange hub in the European union's heart.[119] So, Metz is home to the biggest harbour handling cereals in France with over 4,000,000 tons/year.[120]

Metz is home to the chamber of commerce of Lorraine.[121] Some international companies, such as PSA Peugeot Citroën, ArcelorMittal, SFR, and TDF, possesses plants and centres in the Metz urban agglomeration. Also, Metz hosts the regional headquarters of Caisse d'Epargne, Banque Populaire, and Crédit Agricole banking groups.

Metz is an important commercial centre of northern France with France's biggest retailer federation, gathering around 2,000 retailers.[122] Important store companies are found in the city, such as the Galeries Lafayette and Printemps department stores and the Fnac and Virgin Megastores entertainment retail chains. The historical downtown displays one of the largest commercial, pedestrian areas in France and a mall, the Saint-Jacques centre, in addition to the multiplex movie theatre and malls found in the urban agglomeration.

In recent years, Metz municipality have promoted an ambitious policy of the tourism development, including urban revitalization and refurbishment of edifices and public squares.[123][124] This policy has been spurred by the creation of the Centre Pompidou-Metz in 2010.[125] Since its inauguration, the institution has became the most visited cultural venue in France outside Paris with 550,000 visitors/year.[126] Still, the Saint-Stephen Cathedral is the most visited edifice of the city accommodating 652,000 visitors/year.[127]

Culture and contemporary life

Clockwise from top: the Arsenal, the Golden Courtyard, the Opera House, and the Saint-Jacques square.

Museums and exhibition halls

The Saint-Stephen Cathedral, view of the northern facade.[19]
File:Metz, Cathédrale Saint-Etienne-PM 49650.jpg
The choir of the Saint-Stephen Cathedral with its extensive stained glass windows.

The Centre Pompidou-Metz is a museum of modern and contemporary arts, the largest temporary exhibition area outside Paris in France.[24] The museum features exhibition from the extensive collection of the Centre Pompidou, the Europe's largest collection of 20th century art.[128] The Centre Pompidou-Metz displays around 3 to 4 unique temporary exhibitions per year, which are not presented somewhere else. The museum also works in close collaboration with the Mudam in joint initiatives.[129] In addition of the temporary exhibitions, the Centre Pompidou-Metz features seasonal programming with contemporary live shows in its theater and organizes meetings and conferences in its auditorium with worldly recognized, as well as, local artists.[130] Finally, the museum participates to the annual White Night Arts Festival of Metz held in October.[131] Also, the Regional Contemporary Arts Gallery of Lorraine is located in the 12th century Saint-Liver Hôtel and organizes exhibitions of local and international contemporary artists.[132]

The Saint-Stephen Cathedral is the Gothic cathedral of the city built during the 13th century.[19] The cathedral is sometimes nicknamed the Good Lord's Lantern (Template:Lang-fr),[133] displaying the largest expanse of stained glass windows in the world with 6,500 m2 (70,000 sq ft). Those stained glass windows include works by Gothic and Renaissance master glass makers Hermann von Münster, Théobald of Lixheim, and Valentin Bousch and romantic Charles-Laurent Maréchal, tachist Roger Bissière, cubist Jacques Villon, and modernist Marc Chagall. The Saint-Stephen Cathedral exhibits the rich collection of the Bishopric of Metz, including paraments and items used in the service of the Eucharist.[134][135][136] Another church of the city displays a complete set of stained glass windows of French modernist Jean Cocteau.[137]

In addition, Metz features other museums and exhibition venues. The Golden Courtyard (Template:Lang-fr) is a museum dedicated to the history of Metz, divided into four sections (e.g. archeology, medieval, architecture, and fine arts).[138] The Golden Courtyard displays a rich collection of Gallo-Roman and medieval finds and the vestiges of Gallo-Roman baths of Divodurum Mediomatricum, revealed by the extension works to the museums in the 1930s.

Also, the Paul Verlaine museum, located in the native house of the poet, is dedicated to his artworks and features permanent and temporary exhibitions. The Solange Bertrand foundation, located in the former house of the artist, conserves and presents her artworks.[139] The municipal archives preserve and exhibit the historical records of Metz's municipality dating from medieval times to present.[140]

Entertainment and performing arts

The Opera House of Metz, the oldest opera house working in France, features plays, dance, and lyric poetry.[141] The Arsenal Concert Hall, dedicated to art music, is widely renowned for its excellent acoustics and considered as one of the most beautiful concert halls in Europe.[142][143] The Trinitarians Club is a multi-media arts complex housed in an ancient convent, which vaulted cellar and chapel have been the city's prime venue for jazz music.[144] The Music Box (Template:Lang-fr) is the concert venue dedicated to rock and electronic musics.[145] The Braun Hall and the Koltès Theater features plays, and the city possesses two movie theaters specialized in Auteur cinema. Saint-Jacques square with its cafés participates to the quality of life in Metz. The Saint-Jacques Square, surrounded by busy bars and pubs whose open-air tables fill the centre of the square, participates to the quality of life in Metz. Numerous other associations and private music bars and theaters collaborate to the entertaining life in Metz.

Metz in arts

File:Graoully.JPG
Graoully's effigy on Taison street.
The Covered Market, home to traditional local food producers and retailers.

Metz was an important cultural centre during the Carolingian Renaissance.[11] For example, Gregorian chant was created in Metz during the 8th century as a fusion of Gallican and ancient Roman repertory, and remains the oldest form of music still use in Western Europe. Then called Messin Chant, the bishops of Metz, notably Saint-Chrodegang, promoted its use for the Roman liturgy in Gallic lands in the favorable atmosphere of Carolingian monarchs. The Messin chant made two major contributions to the body of chant: it fitted the chant into the ancient Greek octoechos system, and invented an innovative musical notation, using neumes to show the shape of a remembered melody.[146] Also, Metz was a important centre of illumination of Carolingian manuscripts, producing some monuments of Carolingian book illumination such as the Drogo Sacramentary.[147][148]

The Metz School (Template:Lang-fr) was an art movement in Metz and its region gathering around Charles-Laurent Maréchal between 1834 and 1870.[149] Originally the term was proposed in 1845 by poet Charles Baudelaire, who appreciated the works of the artists. They were influenced by Eugène Delacroix and inspired by the medieval heritage of Metz and its romantic surroundings.[149] The Franco-Prussian War and the annexation of the land by the Germans resulted in the dismantling of the movement. Main figures of Metz School are Charles-Laurent Maréchal, Auguste Migette, Auguste Hussenot, Louis-Théodore Devilly, Christopher Fratin, and Charles Pêtre.[149] Their works encompass paintings, engravings, drawings, stained-glass windows, and sculptures.

The Graoully dragon as symbol of the city

See also: Saint Clement of Metz

The Graoully is depicted as a fearsome dragon, vanquished by the sacred powers of Saint Clement of Metz, the first Bishop of the city. The Graoully quickly became a symbol of Metz and can be see in numerous insignia of the city, since the 10th century.[150] Authors from Metz tend to present the legend of the Graoully as a symbol of Christianity's victory over paganism, represented by the harmful dragon.[150]

Cuisine

Local specialties include the quiche, the potée, the Lorrain pâté, and also the suckling pig.[151][152] Different recipes, such as jam, tart, charcuterie and fruit brandy, are made from the Mirabelle and Damson plums.[151][152] Also, Metz is the cradle of some pastries like the Metz cheese pie and the Metz Balls (Template:Lang-fr), a ganache-stuffed biscuit coated with marzipan, caramel, and dark chocolate.[151] Local beverages include Moselle wine and Amos beer.[151][152]

The Covered Market of Metz is one of the oldest, most grandiose in France and is home to traditional local food producers and retailers. Originally built as the bishop's palace, the French Revolution broke out before the Bishop of Metz could move in and the citizens decided to turn it into a food market.[153] The adjacent Chamber's Square (Template:Lang-fr) is surrounded by numerous local food restaurants.

Celebrations and events

Many events are celebrated in Metz throughout the year.[154] The city of Metz dedicates two weeks to the Mirabelle plum during the Mirabelle Festival held in August. In addition to open markets selling fresh prunes, mirabelle tarts, and mirabelle liquor, there is live music, fireworks, parties, art exhibits, a parade with floral floats and competition, and the crowning of the Mirabelle Queen and a gala of celebration.[155]

Also, a festival of literature is held in June. The Montgolfiades hot air balloon festival is organized in September. The Metz White Night festival takes place in October.[131] The second most popular Christmas Market in France occurs in November and December.[156] Finally, a Saint Nicholas parade honors the patron saint of the Lorraine region in December.

Sports

Metz is also home to the Football Club of Metz (FC Metz), a football association club in National, the third division of French football. FC Metz has twice won the French Cup (in 1984 and 1988) and the French League Cup (in 1986 and 1996), and was French championship runner-up in 1998.[157] FC Metz has also gained recognition in France and Europe for its successful youth academy, winning the Gambardella Cup 3 times in 1981, 2001, and 2010.[157] The Saint-Symphorien stadium is the home of the FC Metz since the creation of the club.

The Metz Handball is a Team Handball club. Metz Handball has won 17 times the French Women's First League championship, 7 times the French Women's League Cup, and 4 times the French Women's FA Cup.[158] The Arena of Metz is the home of Metz Handball since 2002.

Since 2003, Metz is home to the Moselle Open, an ATP World Tour 250 tournament played on indoor hard courts, which takes place usually in September.[159]

Club Event Sport League Stadium
FC Metz[160] Association Football French Men's Third Division Saint-Symphorien stadium
Metz Handball[161] Team Handball French Women's First League Metz Arena
Metz Hockey Club[162] Hockey French Men's Second League Saint-Symphorien Ice Ring
Metz TT[163] Table Tennis French Women's Pro A; French Men's Pro B Saint-Symphorien Arena
Moselle Open[164] Tennis ATP World Tour 250 tournament Metz Arena
Golden Mirabelle Open[165] Golf Allianz Golf Tour Technopole Golf Course
Mirabelle Metz Marathon[166] Athletics Metz Urban Agglomeration

Education

Main article: University of Lorraine

Metz is home to numerous high schools, such as the Fabert High School, and the University of Lorraine (often abbreviated in UdL).[167] The university is divided into two university centers, one in Metz (material sciences, technology, and management) and one in Nancy (biological sciences, health care, administration, and management). The University of Lorraine has a student body of over 55,000 and offers 101 accredited research centers organized in 9 research areas and 8 doctoral colleges.[168] The campus of Metz, developed on three different sites within the city, enjoys a privileged position at a hub opening up to Germany and the Benelux and has gained recognition for the development of joint Franco-German curricula.[169]

Transportations

File:Map of the METTIS transport network, the public transportation in Metz, France.jpg
Map of the Mettis transport network into Metz agglomeration.
The Station Palace in the Imperial District.

Local transportations

Public transports are carried out by bus rapid transit system, named Mettis.[170] Mettis vehicles are high-capacity hybrid bi-articulated buses built by Van Hool,[171] and stop at designated elevated tubes, complete with handicapped access. Mettis has its own planned and integrated transportation system, which includes two dedicated lines spread into Metz agglomeration. Mettis lanes A and B deserve the major facilities of the city (e.g. downtown, university campus, and hospitals), and a transport hub is located next to the railway station.

Railways

See also: Gare de Metz-Ville

The Railway Station of Metz is connected to the French high speed train (TGV) network, which provides a direct rail service to Paris and Luxembourg. The time from Paris (Paris Eastern Station) to Metz is 82 minutes. Additionally, Metz is served by the Lorraine TGV train station, located at Louvigny, 25 km (16 mi)to the south of Metz, for high speed trains going to Nantes, Rennes, Lille, or Bordeaux (without stopping in Paris). Also, Metz is one of the main stations of the regional express trains systems named Métrolor.

Motorways

Metz is located at the intersection of two major road axes: the Eastern Motorway, itself a part of the European route E50 connecting Paris to Prague, and the A31 Motorway, which goes north to Luxembourg and south to the Mediterranean Sea towards Nancy, Dijon, and Lyon.

Airports

The Luxembourg International Airport is the nearest international airport connected to Metz by Métrolor train. Also,the Lorraine TGV Station is at 75 minutes by train from France international Paris-Charles de Gaulle Airport. Finally, Metz-Nancy-Lorraine Airport is located in Goin, at 16.5 km (10.25 mi) Metz southeast.

Waterways

See also: Moselle (river)

Metz is located at the confluence of the Moselle and the Seille rivers, both navigable waterways. The marina connects Metz to the cities of the Moselle valley (i.e. Trier, Schengen, or Koblenz) via the Moselle river.

Main Sights

The Protestant church.[172]
Basilica of Saint-Pierre-aux-Nonnains, the oldest church in France and cradle of the Gregorian Chant.
File:Palais du gouverneurMetz.jpg
The Governor's palace, former residence of Emperor Wilhelm II during his visits to Metz.
See also: List of Historic Monuments in Metz, France

Religious heritage

Civil heritage

Administrative heritage

Military heritage

International relations

Metz is a member of the QuattroPole(FR)(DE) union of cities, along with Luxembourg, Saarbrücken, and Trier (neighbouring countries: Luxembourg, France, and Germany).[177] Metz forms a central place of the Greater Region and of the economic SaarLorLux Euroregion. Metz is also twin town with:[178]

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  79. ^ "Official Metz municipality website, agenda and procès-verbal of the Municipal Council of Metz". Retrieved July 2012. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help) Template:Fr
  80. ^ Since March 2009, the municipal council meetings are available in audio files in French.
  81. ^ "Official Metz municipality website, Resume of Dominique Gros". Retrieved March 2008. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help) Template:Fr
  82. ^ "Official Metz Metropole website, list of cities webpage". Retrieved June 2012. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help) Template:Fr
  83. ^ "Official website of Metz municipality" (PHP). Retrieved 29 June 2012. Template:Fr
  84. ^ The Mutte is the name of the large bell of the Saint-Stephen cathedral.
  85. ^ Braun S. (2008) Metz, Portrait d'une ville. Eds. Serpenoise. ISBN 978-2-87692-781-0 Template:Fr
  86. ^ a b c d e f g h Hubert P. (2004) Metz, ville d'architectures. Ed. Domini, Serge. ISBN 2-912645-70-0; pp. 164–165 Template:Fr
  87. ^ a b "Tour of Metz:Part 1, trailer from the Iron Men of Metz movie" (VIDEO). Retrieved 1 July 2011. Cite error: The named reference "95th" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  88. ^ "Official website of the Jaumont stone companies". Retrieved 1 July 2011.
  89. ^ "An unknown Roman Quarter found in the heart of Metz, Official report of INRAP" (PDF). Retrieved 4 December 2009.
  90. ^ "Animation of the Saint-Stephen Cathedral construction, part 1" (VIDEO). Retrieved June 2012. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  91. ^ "Animation of the Saint-Stephen Cathedral construction, part 2" (VIDEO). Retrieved June 2012. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  92. ^ "Animation of the Saint-Stephen Cathedral construction, part 3" (VIDEO). Retrieved June 2012. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  93. ^ "Animation of the Saint-Stephen Cathedral construction, part 4" (VIDEO). Retrieved June 2012. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  94. ^ Wagner P.E. and Jollin J.L. (1987) 15 siècles d'architecture et d'urbanisme autour de la cathédrale de Metz. Eds. Serpenoise. ISBN 978-2-87692-004-0 pp. 123–276 Template:Fr
  95. ^ Collectif (2006) L'hôtel de l'Intendance, Préfecture de la Moselle et de la région Lorraine, Metz, N°310. Coll. Itinéraires du patrimoines. Eds. Serpenoise. ISBN 2-913411-22-3 Template:Fr
  96. ^ a b c d Pignon-Feller C. (2005) Metz 1848–1918. Eds. Serpenoise. ISBN 978-2-87692-584-7 Template:Fr
  97. ^ a b Expert R.H. Roger-Henri Expert, 1882–1955. Volume 3 de Institut français d'architecture. Eds. du Moniteur. Template:Fr
  98. ^ Collectif (1997) Georges-Henri Pingusson, architecte de l'œuvre lorraine N°147. Eds. Serpenoise. ISBN 2-87692-309-2 Template:Fr
  99. ^ Jodidio P. (2010) Shigeru Ban, complete works 1985–2010. Ed. Jodidio, Philip. ISBN 978-3-8365-1792-8 pp. 426–447
  100. ^ "RIBA Awards, 2012 Eropean winners, Centre Pompidou-Metz webpage". Retrieved 21 June 2012.
  101. ^ "Centre Pompidou Metz, innovative architecture. Tribù, the art of leisure". Retrieved 30 June 2012.
  102. ^ a b "Description of the project of the Amphitheatre District by Metz Metropole" (PDF). Retrieved 29 June 2012. Template:Fr
  103. ^ "Official Metz municipality website, Amphitheatre District webcam" (PDF). Retrieved 29 June 2012. Template:Fr
  104. ^ a b Halleck W., Halleck H.W., and Halleck H. (2009) Elements of military art and science. Ed. Applewood Books. ISBN 978-1-4290-2206-4
  105. ^ Le Hallé G. (2001) Le système Séré de Rivières ou le témoignage des pierres. Eds. Ysec. ISBN 2-84673-008-3 Template:Fr
  106. ^ Allcorn W. (2003) The Maginot Line 1928–45. Ed. Osprey Publishing, Oxford. ISBN 1-84176-646-1 pp. 57–58
  107. ^ "Saint-Quentin plateau fortifications dossier". Retrieved 1 July 2011. Template:Fr
  108. ^ "Saint-Quentin fortification map". Retrieved 1 July 2011.
  109. ^ Berrar J.C. (2011) Metz défigurée dans les années 60-70. Eds. Serpenoise. ISBN 978-2-87692-909-8 Template:Fr
  110. ^ "INA Archive (1964) Quartiers anciens de Metz, chefs d'oeuvre en péril, ORTF" (VIDEO). Retrieved 29 June 2012. Template:Fr
  111. ^ "INA Archive (1964) Au secours des quartiers anciens, ORTF" (VIDEO). Retrieved 29 June 2012. Template:Fr
  112. ^ "INA Archive (1977) Restauration urbaine à Metz, Antenne 2" (VIDEO). Retrieved 4 July 2012. Template:Fr
  113. ^ "INA Archive (1980) Urbanisme à Metz : rénovation des quartiers anciens, France 3 Régions" (VIDEO). Retrieved 4 July 2012. Template:Fr
  114. ^ "Official municipal website, municipal council February 2010, Carbon Plan" (PDF). Retrieved 26 February 2010. Template:Fr
  115. ^ "Official municipal website, municipal council October 2010, Sustainable Energy Plan" (PDF). Retrieved 29 October 2010. Template:Fr
  116. ^ "Official municipal website, municipal council July 2010, Bicycle Plan" (PDF). Retrieved 2 July 2010. Template:Fr
  117. ^ "Official municipal website, municipal council February 2010, Public garden policy" (PDF). Retrieved 26 February 2010. Template:Fr
  118. ^ "Intercommunal cooperation scheme of Metz Metropole" (PDF). Retrieved 8 July 2011. Template:Fr
  119. ^ "2nd seminar on the Greater Region transports" (PDF). Retrieved 1 July 2012. Template:Fr
  120. ^ "Official data sheet of Metz harbor, VNF". Retrieved 1 July 2012. Template:Fr
  121. ^ "Official Metz municipality website, municipal council January 2010" (PDF). Retrieved 29 January 2010. Template:Fr
  122. ^ "Official Metz retailer federation website". Retrieved 1 July 2012. Template:Fr
  123. ^ "Official Metz municipality website, municipal council July 2012, local tourism development scheme" (PDF). Retrieved 1 July 2012. Template:Fr
  124. ^ "Official website of the Metz tourism office" (PHP). Retrieved 11 May 2010.
  125. ^ "Pompidou centre puts Metz on the map, The Independent". Retrieved 11 May 2010.
  126. ^ "Official website of France tourism survey, 2011 Museum frequentation". Retrieved 30 December 2011. Template:Fr
  127. ^ "Official website of Moselle tourism office, 2011 key numbers. p 12" (PDF). Retrieved January 2012. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help) Template:Fr
  128. ^ "Official website of the Centre Pompidou-Metz". Retrieved 29 June 2012.
  129. ^ "Ars Magazine, Mirrors and Echoes at the Museum". Retrieved 29 June 2012.
  130. ^ "Official website of the Centre Pompidou-Metz, live events and performances". Retrieved 29 June 2012.
  131. ^ a b "Official website of the White Night festival in Metz". Retrieved 1 July 2012. Template:Fr
  132. ^ "Official website of the Lorraine Contemporary Arts Gallery". Retrieved 29 June 2012. Template:Fr
  133. ^ Jolin J.L. (2001) La lanterne du Bon Dieu. Eds. Serpnoise. ISBN 2-87692-495-1. Template:Fr
  134. ^ "Official website of the Saint-Stephen Cathedral". Retrieved 29 June 2012. Template:Fr
  135. ^ "INA Archive (1969) Trésor de la cathédrale de Metz, Lorraine soir, ORTF" (VIDEO). Retrieved 2 July 2012. Template:Fr
  136. ^ "INA Archive (1980) Patrimoine: trésor de la cathédrale de Metz, Lorraine soir, France 3 régions" (VIDEO). Retrieved 2 July 2012. Template:Fr
  137. ^ "Saint-Maximin church, Cocteau's artworks". Retrieved 2 July 2012. Template:Fr
  138. ^ "Official website of the Golden Courtyard Museum". Retrieved 29 June 2012. Template:Fr
  139. ^ "Official website of the Solange Bertrand Foundation, gourmet webpage". Retrieved 1 July 2012. Template:Fr
  140. ^ "Official Metz municipal website, Municipal Archives webpage". Retrieved 1 July 2012. Template:Fr
  141. ^ "Official website of the Opera House of Metz Metropole". Retrieved 29 June 2012. Template:Fr
  142. ^ "Official website of the Arsenal of Metz". Retrieved 29 June 2012. Template:Fr
  143. ^ Classica (2010) Les hauts lieux de la musique. September, Issue 125 Template:Fr
  144. ^ "Official website of the Trinitaires". Retrieved 29 June 2012.Template:Fr
  145. ^ "Official website of the BAM". {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |url= (help); Text "http://www.bam-metz.fr/" ignored (help) Template:Fr
  146. ^ Grier J. (2003) Ademar de Chabannes, Carolingian Musical Practices, and Nota Romana. Journal of the American Musicological Society. 56 (1):43–98.
  147. ^ "Official Metz library website, medieval book webpage". Retrieved 1 July 2012. Template:Fr
  148. ^ "Official Metz library website, Book of Hours of John of Vy". Retrieved 1 July 2012. Template:Fr
  149. ^ a b c Livre Groupe (2010) Ecole de Metz: Christophe Fratin, Charles-Franois Champigneulle, Laurent-Charles Marechal, Louis-Theodore Devilly, Auguste Migette. Eds. Books LLC. ISBN 978-1-159-58648-5 Template:Fr
  150. ^ a b Bellard A. (1966) Le Graoully de Metz à la lumière de la paléontologie. Ed. Mémoires de l'Académie de Metz. ISBN 978-2-9531744-3-4 Template:Fr
  151. ^ a b c d Sassi J. (2002) Cuisine, terroir et traditions de Moselle. Eds. Serpenoise. ISBN 2-87692-534-6 Template:Fr Cite error: The named reference "cuisine" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  152. ^ a b c "Official Metz tourism website, gourmet webpage". Retrieved 1 July 2012.
  153. ^ "France Today magazine, Covered Market webpage". Retrieved 6 May 2012. Template:Fr
  154. ^ "Official website of the Metz tourism office, events calendar (automated updates}". Template:Fr
  155. ^ "Official website of the Mirabelle Festival in Metz". Retrieved 1 July 2012. Template:Fr
  156. ^ "Official website of the Christmas Market in Metz". Retrieved 1 July 2012. Template:Fr
  157. ^ a b "Official website of the Football Club de Metz, Honours". Retrieved 1 July 2012. Template:Fr
  158. ^ "Official website of Metz Handball, Honours". Template:Fr
  159. ^ "ATP official webpage of the Moselle Open".
  160. ^ "Official website of the FC Metz". Template:Fr
  161. ^ "Official website of the Metz Handball club". Template:Fr
  162. ^ "Official website of the Metz Hockey Club". Template:Fr
  163. ^ "Official website of the Metz TT club". Template:Fr
  164. ^ "Official website of the Moselle Open tournament". Template:Fr
  165. ^ "Allianz Golf Tour official webpage about the Golden Mirabelle Open". Template:Fr
  166. ^ "Official website of the Mirabelle Metz Marathon".
  167. ^ "Official website of the University of Lorraine". Retrieved 29 June 2012. Template:Fr
  168. ^ "University of Lorraine, key numbers" (PDF). Retrieved 29 June 2012. Template:Fr
  169. ^ "University of Lorraine, education" (PDF). Retrieved 29 June 2012. Template:Fr
  170. ^ "Official website of Mettis". Retrieved 29 June 2012. Template:Fr
  171. ^ "Van Hool presents the ExquiCity Design Mettis". Retrieved 5 June 2012.
  172. ^ "Protestant church webcam" (VIDEO). Retrieved 6 July 2012.
  173. ^ Kuhn-Mutter M.A. (2011) Oratorio pour une cathédrale. Eds. Serpenoise. ISBN 978-2-87692-887-9 Template:Fr
  174. ^ Kuhn-Mutter M.A. (2012) Vitraux de Jean Cocteau à Metz, féérie de lumière et de couleurs. Eds. Serpenoise. ISBN 978-2-87692-906-7 Template:Fr
  175. ^ "City embellishment by Jacques-François Blondel, Seminar series, March 2010" (PDF). Retrieved March 2010. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help) Template:Fr
  176. ^ "Official municipal website, municipal council April 2010, Commemorative plate at Queuleu fort" (PDF). Retrieved 30 April 2010. Template:Fr
  177. ^ "Official website of the Quattropole city union". Retrieved 30 June 2011.
  178. ^ "Metz Municipal Council, May 2012". Retrieved 1 June 2012. Template:Fr
  179. ^ "Metz en visite à Karmiel". City of Metz. 17 August 2009. Retrieved 23 August 2012.

 This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Metz". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.

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