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==Demographics==
==Demographics==
[[File:Pashai girl in Afghanistan, wearing distinctive Pashai clothing.jpg|thumb|right|A young Pashai girl. Very distinctive colors and patterns, much different than the Pashtuns.]]
[[File:Pashai girl in Afghanistan, wearing distinctive Pashai clothing.jpg|thumb|right|A young Pashai girl. Very distinctive colors and patterns, much different than the Pashtuns.]]
The population of the province is around 406,200 people.<ref>AREU "The Afghan Research Newsletter" Issue 25. April/May 2010</ref> The major ethnic groups are [[Tajik people|Tajik]] (57+%), [[Pashtun people|Pashtuns]] (including Safis) (21%) and [[Pashai]] (10%).<ref name="nps"/><ref>[http://www.mrrd-nabdp.org/Provincial%20Profiles/Kapisa%20PDP%20Provincial%20profile.pdf Kapisa provincial profile]</ref><ref>http://www.scribd.com/doc/18491479/Kapisa-Province-A-COIN-Case-Study-in-Afghanistan</ref> There is also a sizable minority of [[Hazara people|Hazara]] and [[Nuristani people|Nuristanis]] (ca. 12%).
The population of the province is around 406,200 people.<ref>AREU "The Afghan Research Newsletter" Issue 25. April/May 2010</ref> The major ethnic groups are [[Tajik people|Tajik]] (70), [[Pashtun people|Pashtuns]] (including Safis) (21%) and [[Pashai]] (10%).<ref name="nps"/><ref>[http://www.mrrd-nabdp.org/Provincial%20Profiles/Kapisa%20PDP%20Provincial%20profile.pdf Kapisa provincial profile]</ref><ref>http://www.scribd.com/doc/18491479/Kapisa-Province-A-COIN-Case-Study-in-Afghanistan</ref> There is also a sizable minority of [[Hazara people|Hazara]] and [[Nuristani people|Nuristanis]] (ca. 12%).


==Economy==
==Economy==

Revision as of 09:07, 10 February 2013

Kapisa
کاپیسا
Province
Map of Afghanistan with Kapisa highlighted
Map of Afghanistan with Kapisa highlighted
CountryAfghanistan
CapitalMahmud-i-Raqi
Area
 • Total1,842 km2 (711 sq mi)
Population
[1]
 • Total364,900
 • Density200/km2 (510/sq mi)
Time zoneUTC+4:30
Main languagesPersian, Pashto, and Pashayi

Kapisa (Persian/Pashto: کاپيسا) is one of the 34 provinces of Afghanistan. Located in the north-east of the country. Its capital is Mahmud-i-Raqi, and other districts include Kohistan, Nijrab and Tagab. The population of Kapisa is estimated to be 364,900, although there has never been an official estimate. The province covers an area of 1,842 km² making it the smallest province in the country, however it has one of the highest populations per capita spread throughout seven districts.[2] Kapisa is seen as an important piece of property in the war against insurgency in the country, the province has been called "the gateway to Kabul", it's viewed as an important area even as small as it is. A densely-packed, multiethnic enclave in steep valleys surrounded by tall mountains. It has unique ethnicities like the Pashai and Parachi, unique Pashtuns like the Safi, and huge areas of Tajik dominance.

Kapisa has been the site of several failed attempts at counterinsurgency since 2005. There have been at least two special operations sweeps through the area, and at least three major Coalition efforts to clear and hold territory. The province of Kapisa is an area that constitutes an invisible boundary between a zone to the west and north where the population is Tajik, and generally hostile to the Taliban, and the steep-sided valleys to the south-east dominated by the Pashtun and Pashai people, where there is a lot of rebel activity. This ethnic split lies at the heart of the Kapisa insurrection. Mahmud-i-Raqi, capital of Kapisa Province is Tajik dominated, where there are more fighters who fought with Massoud than there are Taliban sympathizers. Their staunch anti-Taliban stance isn’t the norm in this province – especially in the Tagab or Alasay districts. The Province a complex political and ethnic arena, where there is a lot of ambiguity towards foreign troops. Kapisa represents an allegory of the fractured and elusive Afghanistan, a hell trap that ensnares and breaks the world’s armies.

History

Main article: History of Kapisa
Asia in AD 565, showing the Shahi kingdoms and their neighbors.
Main article: Alexander's Conflict with the Kambojas
Cyrus the Great.

The earliest references to Kapisa appear in the writings of fifth century BCE Indian scholar Pāṇini. Pāṇini refers to the city of Kapiśi, a city of the Kapisa kingdom,[3] modern Bagram.[4] Pāṇini also refers to Kapiśayana,[5] a famous wine from Kapisa.[6] The city of Kapiśi also appeared as Kaviśiye on Graeco-Indian coins of Apollodotus I and Eucratides.[7]

Archeological discoveries in 1939 confirmed that the city of Kapisa was an emporium for Kapiśayana wine, bringing to light numerous glass flasks, fish-shaped wine jars, and drinking cups typical of the wine trade of the era.[8] The grapes (Kapiśayani Draksha) and wine (Kapiśayani Madhu) of the area are referred to in several works of ancient Indian literature.[9] The epic Mahabharata also mentions the common practice of slavery in the city.[10]

According to the scholar Pliny, the city of Kapiśi (also referred to as Kaphusa by Pliny's copyist Solinus[11] and Kapisene by other classical chroniclers) was destroyed in the sixth century BCE by the Achaemenid emperor Cyrus (Kurush) (559-530 BC). Based on the account of the Chinese pilgrim Hiuen Tsang, who visited in AD 644, it seems that in later times Kapisa was part of a kingdom ruled by a Buddhist kshatriya king holding sway over ten neighboring states, including Lampaka, Nagarahara, Gandhara, and Banu.[12] Hiuen Tsang notes the Shen breed of horses from the area, and also notes the production of many types of cereals and fruits, as well as a scented root called Yu-kin.

Just like the rest of Afghanistan, many historical sites in Kapisa have also been looted by smugglers and then sold abroad. During 2009 to 2010 twenty-seven relics were discovered by the National Security forces; these included ancient relics belonging to 2BC and 4BC mostly from Kohistan district.[13]

French Involvement

Template:Systemic bias

French army soldiers prepare their vehicles for a convoy prior to departing camp for Operation Eagle,Oct, 2008.

France’s experience in Afghanistan has mirrored every other country’s misadventures in this Central Asian state;[neutrality is disputed] some small successes followed by some pretty devastating defeats.[neutrality is disputed] Initially, the French involvement in Afghanistan was limited to the International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) mission in Kabul;[14] as that mission expanded to encompass the entire country, France slowly amped up its involvement. By 2008, France had sole responsibility for Kapisa, and a district of Kabul Province that borders it. The French mission in Afghanistan has been fraught with struggle.[neutrality is disputed] The French military has fought very hard in Afghanistan and lost a lot of soldiers in the process: 87 since 2008 (many[who?] argue that there were more fatalities), behind only the U.S., Canada, and the UK. Yet, the newly elected French President François Hollande announced that French troops would withdraw from Afghanistan by the end of 2012– sparking speculation[by whom?] about whether this indicated the NATO coalition there is starting to crumble.[15]

By August 2008, though, the French mission was facing serious challenges. A shocking ambush in Sarobi, the district of Kabul Province they were responsible for patrolling, killed 10 French troops.[16] according to a 2009 article from The Times, part of the reason why they were ambushed was because the Italian government was paying bribes to the local Taliban commander;[according to whom?] when the french took over, the bribes stopped and the Taliban attacked. This has been dismissed by Rome, paris, and NATO. It exposed a weakness in the war’s strategy: some of the “successes” different countries achieved could be attributed to bribes rather than battlefield victories.[according to whom?] The Sarobi massacre spurred a larger debate in France about the war.[citation needed] Despite growing opposition to their involvement,[according to whom?] the French military deepened its commitment to Kapisa.[citation needed] After taking over from the U.S., which exercised partial control over the province for several years beforehand, the French continued to follow the U.S.-led approach of sending troops through an area to kill or chase away militants.[citation needed] Like the American military, the French never developed a solid plan for consolidating their victories and building on successes – which left many areas of Kapisa in a constant tug-of-war between the French and the insurgents.[citation needed][17]

In many ways, the French were even more aggressive than the U.S. military.[according to whom?] At the end of 2008, they did raided more people’s homes, arrested more people, and engaged in more combat than their American predecessors.[citation needed] They were motivated both by a desire to prove themselves as a competent military, as well as the need to avenge the slaughter of so many soldiers.[citation needed] It didn’t work, however:[according to whom?] there was an uptick in violence and the residents of Kapisa were unhappy with and terrified of the French.[according to whom?] When a new commander took over in 2009, the French softened and narrowed their approach by shifting their focus to collaborating with locals and building local infrastructure before their eventual withdrawal.[citation needed]

For more Information, see Battle of Alasay.

The first campaign under the new approach, which aimed to retake an eastern Alasay District that the Taliban has controlled for the previous year, Alasay district is a strategic goldmine: it lies along a primary infiltration route into and out of Pakistan, it provides easy access to Kabul in an easily defensible primary valley (there are two other valleys in Alasay District), and it is mostly populated by the ethnic minority the Pashai and some Nuristani. In a French-led NATO force initiated, the operation was a success initially, due to reaching out to locals beforehand, they retook the entire valley with a single casualty over a single day of fighting.[18] Almost immediately, the Afghans of the valley welcomed the French, and things seemed to be looking up. However, they didn’t stay. Much as in previous efforts to “sweep” the province, the French were dragged into other tasks, like protecting the main highway that travels the province from north to south through the volatile Tagab Valley. As a result, Alasay fell back to Taliban later that year and the security situation in the province deteriorated. It was that same tug-of-war all over again, with the residents of Alasay left frustrated and less safe than ever before. As 2009 progressed, bigger and bigger chunks of the province came under the sway of the insurgency, leading the provincial capital being more or less under curfew from the militants. By 2010, the French had stopped liaising with their Afghan Army counterparts, and the Provincial Reconstruction Team had ceased most of its operations.[19]

The French military’s growing frustration with their inability to make progress[according to whom?] resulted in tensions with the Afghans they were meant to support, and a breakdown in cooperation with the PRT. Nevertheless, the French military leadership continued to tell journalists a happy, misleading story[neutrality is disputed] about how wonderful everything was,[citation needed] even as provincial officials were being arrested[20] for having ties to the insurgency.[21]

When a bombing took place in central district of Nijrab killed four French soldiers on June 2012,[22] within France the bombing resonated deeply: while President Hollande had before indicated that he might keep some French troops in the country to help with the training mission, he recently announced a full withdrawal by July of this year.

The early French withdrawal from Kapisa will create a security vacuum just outside of Kabul. This is no small matter: the “ring of steel” that surrounds Afghanistan’s capital has been broken[23] so many times that few have faith in the capital’s safety anymore. Several of those early attacks, before the influx of French troops, were planned and supported out of the Tagab Valley, in Kapisa Province. The French presence there had reduced the ability of militants in Kapisa to launch attacks into Kabul. When the French leave, the U.S. won’t have the troops to fill in the gap, leaving a big opportunity for militants north of Kabul to strike back.

Geography

Kapisa province is located 80 km north east of Kabul a stark mountain moonscape that for centuries was home to gunmen who preyed on travelers and harassed invaders in the narrow mountain passes. As recently ambushes of NATO troops were not uncommon. It is bordered from the north by Panjshir Province, from the east by Laghman Province, from the south by Kabul province and from the south west by Parwan province. The province covers an area of 1,842 km²; that makes it the smallest province in all of Afghanistan. Kapisa Province's terrain is a mixture of high peaks, mountainous river valleys, and shallow central plains; the highest points of the province are in the east, on the borders with Panjsher and Laghman Provinces.[24] The province is a strategic crescent that was fought over by many invaders since dawn of time and as recently as the British in the 19th century, the Russians in the 20th century and now the NATO coalition.

The district of Tagab in the Kapisa Province of Afghanistan.

Politics and security

An elementary school in Kapisa with ANP police helping with preparation for a medical civic action program.

The districts of Kohistan, Mahmud Raqi, and Kohband districts, all of which are Jamiat-i Islami and almost all Tajik, have become targeted zones of interest for the insurgency. Because they are close enough to Kabul, the militants count attacks there as attacks in Kabul. Whilst the districts of Tagab, Alasay and Nijrab are Hizb-i Islami Gulbuddin supporters and are a mixture of Pashtuns, Tajiks and Pashai. The importance of Kapisa comes as itlies along the approach to the Panjshir River valley and most of the major Jamiat figures have managed to secure wealth and power in the post-2001 Afghanistan, while most of the HiG figures have not. As a result, most of the violence in the area is not actually “Taliban” as we’d normally consider it, but HiG fighters (and in a lot of cases petty thugs) calling themselves Taliban.

In July 2007 Abdul Sattar Murad, was removed from office by President Hamid Karzai, and his replacement was Ghulam Qawis Abubaker. The ostensible reason for Murad's removal was 'ineffective governance', but it was widely believed by press sources that Murad was removed because of critical comments he made in a Newsweek interview regarding the central government's ineffectiveness in remote areas of the province.[25][26]

Insurgent activity in the province increased in 2006 and 2007. Southern areas of the province, in particular the Tagab district, have been the site of repeated clashes between U.S. and Afghan forces and insurgent groups.[27]

On January 19, 2009, coalition military forces led a raid near the village of Inzeri in the Tagab district of Kapisa. While coalition forces claimed at least 15 militants were killed (including a local Taliban commander), local villagers claimed that many of those killed were actually civilians. The raid was strongly criticized by Afghan president Hamid Karzai, who stated that such raids undermine the national government. The villagers were paid a total of $40,000 in condolence payments, and received an apology for any civilian deaths.[28]

On 17 November 2009, Taliban militants fired rockets on a bazaar in Tagab district where French forces were meeting with tribal elders, killing 10 Afghan civilians and wounding 28.[29]

Wolesi Jirga Elections

Kapisa is allocated four seats in the Wolesi Jirga, Afghanistan's lower house of Parliament, one of which is reserved for female candidates. In the 2010 Wolesi Jirga contest 45,271 votes were cast in the province. Only one incumbent candidate, Mohammad Iqbal Safai was re-elected, coming in second place in the contest. Mirdad Khan Nijrabi came in first place in the contest, Agha Jan come in third, and Tahira Mujadidi, the winning female candidate, came in fourth.[30]

French Withdrawal

France being the fifth largest contributor to Nato's Isaf force, with nearly 3,300 soldiers will begin its troop withdrawal from Afghanistan in July and complete it by the end of the 2012. Kapisa will be transitioned to Afghan control in the third of a five-phase transfer, which Afghan officials say could take as little as six months. The timetable comes hours after four French soldiers were killed and five others wounded by the Taliban. Withdrawing French troops by the end of 2012 had been one of Mr Hollande's election pledges. The date means that French forces will leave the country two years before the main Nato pullout.[31] Most of the province population believe that the long-term presence of foreign forces in Afghanistan can only serve to perpetuate the war cycle and the departure of the French will weaken the Taliban stance.[32] Over 60 French soldiers have been killed in Kapisa since 2008, with hundreds more injured severely. With the help of Afghan National Army, French forces conducted operations to repel the insurgents and Afghan forces were able to gain a foothold in Kapisa valleys. They oversaw the formation of the 3rd Brigade of the 201st Afghan corps that is now deployed in Kapisa and of the Afghan police who now are solely responsible for providing the province’s security.

A transition ceremony for Kapisa Province was held here, July 4, 2012. It formalizes the symbolic transfer of responsibility of the province from the NATO international force to Afghan authorities as part of the transition process in the province launched May 13, 2012; the Afghan security forces began to take the lead since autumn 2011. However the insurgency remains active in Tagab and Alasay districts.[33]

Security seems to have deteriorated quickly and significantly after the withdrawal. Afghan forces have largely abandoned the province and the Taliban have reassumed control.[34]

Districts

Districts of Kapisa.
Districts of Kapisa Province
District District Center Population Area[35] Notes
Alasay
Hesa Awal Kohistan Created in 2005 within Kohistan District
Hesa Duwum Kohistan Created in 2005 within Kohistan District
Koh Band
Mahmud Raqi
Nijrab
Tagab

Demographics

A young Pashai girl. Very distinctive colors and patterns, much different than the Pashtuns.

The population of the province is around 406,200 people.[36] The major ethnic groups are Tajik (70), Pashtuns (including Safis) (21%) and Pashai (10%).[1][37][38] There is also a sizable minority of Hazara and Nuristanis (ca. 12%).

Economy

Saffron Harvesting Ceremony in Kapisa Province

Agriculture is the largest portion of the economy. One particular crop, saffron, has been introduced as a major trade commodity in the province.

Once a week, a trade day (called a Mela) occurs. The concept of the mela is ancient, and translates to "party" in Persian, as the event is as much a social event as a trade day.

Sport

The province is represented in Afghan domestic cricket tournaments by the Kapisa Province cricket team.

Amenities

Kapisa is home to Al Biruni university, named after the Islamic scholar Alberuni who was from this region. The University offers programs in Agriculture, Engineering, Islamic Studies, Law, Medicine and Literature and is located in Kohistan district, the university was built by Ahmad Shah Massoud.

There is one hospital in the province. Previously, the province contained a textile company and cinema, which were both destroyed during the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan.

On 18 June 2012, the opening ceremony of the transformers of the power line to serve, ultimately, all of Kapisa province, was held in Mahmud-e-Raqi; where the project was launched in 2011 and funded by France. The program, at a cost of more than 10 million euros, includes the establishment of a power line that must serve the entire province. The first tranche enabled connects Mahmud-e-Raqi, the provincial capital, the hydroelectric dam Naghlu Surobi, south of Kapisa. Eventually, the program will allow 40,000 Afghans to enjoy electricity in their homes in addition to serving the public infrastructure: schools, mosques, health centers. This project is being conducted by the French brigade La Fayette and the Foreign Ministry of France.

Provincial Reconstruction Team

Afghan construction workers, work on a road construction project in Mahmood Rahqi.

The Kapisa province is served by the Kapisa Provincial Reconstruction Team located at Forward Operating Base Morales-Frazier in Nijrab District. The PRT has been conducting counterinsurgency and stability operations in the province for more than six years. The PRT has been working with leaders of Kapisa, at the provincial and district level, to counter this reputation and bolster the capacity and credibility of the Government of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan. Subject matter experts and mentors on the team work closely with key leaders to facilitate development.The PRT vision has always been to foster a stable and secure environment that is ready for transition to the Government of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan control and administration, and focus on sustainment. PRT Kapisa participates in key leader engagements, scouting areas for new projects and performing quality checks and site visits on existing projects. The key focus is on building roads, bridges, construction of schools and also improvements to power capabilities on existing infrastructure.[39]

See also

Footnotes

  1. ^ a b Afghanistan's Provinces - Kapisa at NPS
  2. ^ http://www.statoids.com/uaf.html
  3. ^ Ashtadhyayia Sutra IV.2.99.
  4. ^ Wahab, Shaista and Youngerman, Barry (2007). A Brief History of Afghanistan. Facts on File. p. 46. ISBN 978-0-8160-5761-0.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  5. ^ Sutra IV.2.29.
  6. ^ Dr S. Chattopadhyaya 1974: 58; India as Known to Panini, 1953, p 71, Dr V. S. Aggarwala; Foreign Elements in Ancient Indian Society, 2nd Century BC to 7th Century AD, 1979, p 86, Dr Uma Prasad Thapliyal.
  7. ^ See: Notes on Indian coins and Seals, Part IV, E. J. Rapson in Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain & Ireland, 1905, p 784, (Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland).
  8. ^ A Grammatical Dictionary of Sanskrit (Vedic): 700 Complete Reviews of the Best Books for ..., 1953, p 118, Dr Peggy Melcher, Vasudeva Sharana Agrawala, Surya Kanta, Jacob Wackernagel, Arthur Anthony Macdonell.
  9. ^ Cultural History of Ancient India: A Socio-economic and Religio-cultural Survey of Kapisa and ... , 1979, p 29, Jaya Goswami; India as Known to Pāṇini: A Study of the Cultural Material in the Ashṭādhyāyī, 1953, 118, Dr Vasudeva Sharana Agrawala
  10. ^ Mahabharata 2.48.7.; Tribes in the Mahabharata: A Socio-cultural Study, 1987, pp 94,314, Krishna Chandra Mishra - Mahābhārata; Geographical and Economic Studies in the Mahābhārata: Upāyana Parva, 1945, p 44, Dr Moti Chandra - India
  11. ^ Polyh C. 54.
  12. ^ Su-kao-seng-chaun, Chapter 2, (no. 1493); Kai-yuan-lu, chapter 7; Publications, 1904, p 122-123, published by Oriental Translation Fund (Editors Dr T. W. Rhys Davis, S. W. Bushel, London, Royal Asiatic Society).
  13. ^ http://bakhtarnews.com.af/en/index.php?news=5890
  14. ^ http://www.isaf.nato.int/
  15. ^ http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2012-06-09/france-confirms-afghanistan-troop-withdrawal-plan-afp-reports.html
  16. ^ http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/onthefrontline/2584302/10-French-soldiers-killed-by-the-Taliban-in-Afghanistan.html
  17. ^ http://www.france24.com/en/20091015-french-troops-ambushed-italy-bribes-times-afghanistan-taliban-military
  18. ^ http://registan.net/index.php/2009/04/08/in-alasay-valley-the-fight-continues/
  19. ^ http://registan.net/index.php/2010/01/28/checking-up-on-kapisa/
  20. ^ http://registan.net/index.php/2010/02/07/possibly-kapisa-insurgent-figure-detained/
  21. ^ http://www.nytimes.com/2010/10/14/world/asia/14general.html?_r=1
  22. ^ http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/06/09/us-afghanistan-soldiers-idUSBRE85805B20120609
  23. ^ http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-17725266
  24. ^ http://www.nps.edu/programs/ccs/Docs/PDF%20Maps/kapisa%20land%20cover.pdf
  25. ^ http://www.e-ariana.com/ariana/eariana.nsf/allDocs/3C8778E76AB1C420872573170058C1FF?OpenDocument
  26. ^ http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/6901461.stm
  27. ^ http://english.aljazeera.net/NR/exeres/71E72AE4-CB59-4725-8798-4D11A1C76573.htm
  28. ^ [1]
  29. ^ Rubin, Alissa J. "Taliban Militants Fire Rockets on Crowded Bazaar Northeast of Kabul. Accessed at: http://www.afghanemb-canada.net/en/news_bulletin/2009/Nov/17/index.php
  30. ^ http://2010.afghanistanelectiondata.org/candidates/province_2
  31. ^ http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5jHWD-KiuXLY_nrAAke6MRXQy4hfA?docId=CNG.77d52b238aae4509a56c20582e5ad5b5.721
  32. ^ http://www.worldcrunch.com/what-happens-when-french-troops-leave-afghanistan/5682
  33. ^ http://www.pbs.org/wnet/need-to-know/security/how-france-lost-afghanistan/14066/
  34. ^ http://news.yahoo.com/two-afghan-children-beheaded-separate-incidents-123303107.html?_esi=1
  35. ^ Afghanistan Geographic & Thematic Layers
  36. ^ AREU "The Afghan Research Newsletter" Issue 25. April/May 2010
  37. ^ Kapisa provincial profile
  38. ^ http://www.scribd.com/doc/18491479/Kapisa-Province-A-COIN-Case-Study-in-Afghanistan
  39. ^ http://www.dvidshub.net/news/88922/prt-kapisa-works-toward-legacy-sustainment#.T9C9JdWJfUc
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