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[[File:Jaffna mosque.jpg|thumb|A mosque in the suburbs of [[Jaffna]], [[Northern Province, Sri Lanka|Sri Lanka]]]]
[[File:Jaffna mosque.jpg|thumb|A mosque in the suburbs of [[Jaffna]], [[Northern Province, Sri Lanka|Sri Lanka]]]]


'''Tamil Muslims''' are [[Tamil people|Tamil]] people with [[Islam]] as their religion. There are about 3 to 4 million Tamil Muslims in [[India]] mostly in [[Tamil Nadu]] state and also in neghbouring Kerala. A significant Tamil-speaking [[Sri Lankan Moor|Muslim]] population numbering 1.8 million or more live in the Northern and Eastern provinces in Sri Lanka and many other pockets across central, southwest provinces; however they are listed as a separate ethnic group in official statistics.<ref>de Silva, C.R. ''Sri Lanka&nbsp;— A History'', pp. 3–5, 9</ref> There are around 500,000 in [[Malaysia]] and 20,000 in [[Singapore]].{{Citation needed|date=June 2011}}
'''Tamil Muslims''' ({{indic|lang=ta|indic=தமிழ் இஸ்லாமியர்கள்|trans=tamiḻ islamiyarkaḷ}}) are [[Tamil people|Tamil]] people with [[Islam]] as their religion. There are about 3 to 4 million Tamil Muslims in [[India]] mostly in [[Tamil Nadu]] state and also in neghbouring Kerala. A significant Tamil-speaking [[Sri Lankan Moor|Muslim]] population numbering 1.8 million or more live in the Northern and Eastern provinces in Sri Lanka and many other pockets across central, southwest provinces; however they are listed as a separate ethnic group in official statistics.<ref>de Silva, C.R. ''Sri Lanka&nbsp;— A History'', pp. 3–5, 9</ref> There are around 500,000 in [[Malaysia]] and 20,000 in [[Singapore]].{{Citation needed|date=June 2011}}


Tamil Muslims are largely urban traders rather than farmers. There is a substantial diaspora of Tamil Muslims, particularly in South East Asia, which has seen their presence as early as the 13th century.<ref>[http://www.1421.tv/pages/evidence/content.asp?EvidenceID=462 Tamil Muslims in Zheng He's fleet]. 1421.tv. Retrieved on 2012-06-27.</ref> In the late 20th century, the diaspora expanded to the North America and Western Europe. They are called Cholias in Myanmar, Mamak in Malaysia and Rathas in South Africa.
Tamil Muslims are largely urban traders rather than farmers. There is a substantial diaspora of Tamil Muslims, particularly in South East Asia, which has seen their presence as early as the 13th century.<ref>[http://www.1421.tv/pages/evidence/content.asp?EvidenceID=462 Tamil Muslims in Zheng He's fleet]. 1421.tv. Retrieved on 2012-06-27.</ref> In the late 20th century, the diaspora expanded to the North America and Western Europe. They are called Cholias in Myanmar, Mamak in Malaysia and Rathas in South Africa.

Revision as of 10:33, 25 February 2013

Tamil Muslim
Regions with significant populations
India Tamil Nadu3.5 - 4 million
 Sri Lanka1.6 - 2 million
 Malaysia500,000
 Singapore20,000
Rest of the World500,000
Religion
Islam
Related ethnic groups
Indian Muslims, Indian Tamils of Sri Lanka, Dravidian people, Jawi Peranakan
Tamil Muslim mosque, in the village of Thiruppanandal, Thanjavur District, Tamil Nadu
A mosque in the suburbs of Jaffna, Sri Lanka

Tamil Muslims (Tamil: தமிழ் இஸ்லாமியர்கள், tamiḻ islamiyarkaḷ) are Tamil people with Islam as their religion. There are about 3 to 4 million Tamil Muslims in India mostly in Tamil Nadu state and also in neghbouring Kerala. A significant Tamil-speaking Muslim population numbering 1.8 million or more live in the Northern and Eastern provinces in Sri Lanka and many other pockets across central, southwest provinces; however they are listed as a separate ethnic group in official statistics.[1] There are around 500,000 in Malaysia and 20,000 in Singapore.[citation needed]

Tamil Muslims are largely urban traders rather than farmers. There is a substantial diaspora of Tamil Muslims, particularly in South East Asia, which has seen their presence as early as the 13th century.[2] In the late 20th century, the diaspora expanded to the North America and Western Europe. They are called Cholias in Myanmar, Mamak in Malaysia and Rathas in South Africa.

Ethnic identity

Tamil Muslims are identifiable by a common language and religion. Otherwise, they belong to multiple ethnicities such as Dravidian, Aryan, Oriental, Malay, Semitic, Turkish, Arabic, Moorish, et al.. Hence, their complexions range from fair to dark; facial bone structures range from sharp/oval to rounded. This was due to the frequent trading and marriage ties in South East Asia. These races, by the 20th century, began to be listed in official gazettes of different nations as Lebbai, Marakayar, Rowther, Dekkani, Kayalar (in Maharashtra), Jawi Peranakan or Mamak in Malaysia,[3][4][5][6] Chulia[7] (in Singapore), etc. As a result, there is no uniformity in customs and ceremonies within and between districts and nations on occasions like births, marriages and deaths.

Arwi

Tamil Muslim wrote Tamil literature in Arabic script, known as "Arwi".[8]

Jain and Buddhist conversion to Islam

The Jainism and Buddhism was under stress by resurgent Hinduism when Islam was introduced to Tamil Nadu and Kerala regions of southern India (650–750 AD). The majority of Jains embraced Islam and they still retain some Jain habits.[9]

Legends and rituals

A typical minaret of mosques in Tamil Nadu as seen here of Erwadi in Ramanathapuram District

The Aqidah of the Tamil Muslims is based on Sunnah basically influenced by the Sufis. Tamil Muslim families are patrilocal though their marriages incorporate Islamic mahr practice. For instance, it is common to see a groom pay the bride mahr sum of 10,000 rupees and the bride in turn would pay the groom a dowry sum of 100,000 rupees, though practice of dowry is banned by Islam. Tamil Muslims practice monogamy and male circumcision. Like the thali of Tamil Hindu brides, Tamil Muslim women wear a chain strung with black beads called Karugamani which is tied by the groom's elder female relative to the bride's neck on the day of nikkah.

As a mark of modesty Tamil Muslim women usually wear white thuppatti (from Hindi/Urdu duppatta) instead of the black burqas (that are popular among Urdu-speaking Muslims) which is draped over their whole body on top of the saree. This has remained a hurdle in genealogical research. The realisation of True Islam with the advent of Towheed (Belief in Allah alone) through 1990's the erstwhile vastly prevalent practice of grave worship (Qabr (Dargah) ziyarat is noticeable only in few pockets.

Economy

The global purchasing power of Tamil Muslims in 2005 was estimated at almost $8 billion viz. $3 billion in Tamil Nadu, $1 billion in Malaysia, $600 million in Singapore. Tamil Muslims have historically been money changers (not money lenders) throughout South and South East Asia especially in Malaysia, Singapore, Indonesia, Hong Kong are dominated by them.[10]

Generally Tamil Muslims are involved in various trades like retail, mutton shops, shops in foreign bazaar. They are also involved in gem trade and leather industry. the coloured stones business which Sri Lanka is famous for is in the hands of Tamil speaking Muslims. Other than Gujarati and Marwadis the only community doing wholesale diamond business in Hong Kong, Dubai, Belgium, Thailand other than Mumbai is Tamil Muslims from Ramnad. Semiprecious stones like peridot, rubilite, amethyst, or moonstone are controlled by Muslims from Tanjore district in countries like China, Thailand, Japan, Singapore, and malaysia. Paper business by people from erwadi. Dept store,textile showrooms by people from Pallapatti. Burma bazar controlled by Ramnad district people.

Due to the Gulf opportunities, lot of Tamil Muslims went to the gulf. Now lakhs of Tamil Muslims are spread over in gulf countries and also in Singapore, Malaysia and Brunei. This brought prosperity to the Tamil Muslim community.

There are about 400 millionaires within the community and at least one billionaire viz. B.S. Abdur Rahman (better known as the Buhari Group)who constructed the conglomerate ETA Star Group, Chennai Citi Centre, Chepauk Stadium, Marina Lighthouse, Valluvar Kottam, Government General Hospital, Gemini Flyover, Crescent Engineering College, et al.. He owns over 70 ocean-going vessels.[11]

Eminent Personalities

  • Quaid-e-Millath - It refers to the great leader Muhammad Ismail Sahib, the first President of All India Indian Union Muslim League.
  • S.M.Muhammed Sheriff a.k.a "Madurai Sheriff Sahib", a very charismatic and an articulative Indian Union Muslim League leader. The first elected Muslim League MP from Tamil Nadu in independent India.
  • B.S.Abdul Rahman (BSA, Senana) Founder/chairman of ETA GROUP OF COMPANIES, UAE & Worldwide is Tamil Muslim from Kilakarai and known personality for charities and educational instituitions BSA university,crescent college, schools, Tassim beevi abdul college, etc.
  • The Professional Couriers' founder and owner Ahemed Meeran, Kalakkadu at Tirunelveli District; he is also the director of Repute Group of Companies (Repute Logistics, Repute Express, Repute InfoTech, Repute Waters, Preston International College, & Unity Public Schools). Repute Group employs over 10,000 people.
  • ST Group of Company Mr.Ansari is a Founder & Chairman of ST Couriers, ST Travels & ST Mobiles,
  • Mr.K.Navas Kani is a Director of ST Courier,ST Travels and ST Mobiles he is a Tamil Muslim. Mr.M.Muthalif Founder and chairman of M.M.International,
  • Mr.Ansari, Mr.Navas Kani And Mr.M.Muthalif these three major business mans from Kuruvadi,Kadaladi(TK),Ramanathapuram (DIST),thay have more helping minded Philanthropist
  • Hajee A.R.Noor Mohammed Chairman of Nizam Tobacco Factory and Nizam Group, Nizam School, Pudukottai .
  • Fathima Jewellers and LKS Gold Houses in Chennai, Femina groups and Ahmed Brothers in Trichy, Anil semia (vermicelli), White house group of companies by Bhari Bhai, Hanifa textiles, Nizam Betel-nuts are Tamil Muslim Companies.
  • Mr. Mujiburahman Bin PKO Mohamed Chairman of Agro Niaga Resources involved in Agro Business in Selangor, Malaysia
  • KAANA CHEENA (KSK) from Kilakarai prominent landlord and well known business tycoon from Tamil Muslim community, their family business spread in Sri Lanka,kilakarai,chennai.
  • Dr.Hj.Sultan Abdul Kadir, who pioneered Duty Free Industry in Malaysia, built the industry to a multi-billion turnover industry in Malaysia. He is the founder of Agate Group of Companies ( Agate Group (M) Sdn Bhd, Agate Duty Free Sdn Bhd, Agate Technology Sdn bhd, Agate International Limited) and A.K. Sultan Holdings, all were incorporated in Malaysia. He also expanded the business in India, Singapore, Iran and Indonesia. Currently he has into energy industry (coal mining) in Indonesia (PT. Agate Energy)

Politics

"Quaid-e-Millath" Muhammad Ismail Sahib, the first President of Indian Union Muslim League, soon after the partition in independent India. The Muslims in India were united in a single political party in his statesmanship, as a powerful body. Their support was inevitable for ruling parties in the state, as well as in the Centre. He was instrumental in framing and obtaining the minority status and privileges for minorities in India. His newspaper "Urimaikkural" was a very popular daily. He hailed from the Trinelvelli district of Tamil Nadu.

S.M.Muhammed Sheriff, a.k.a 'Madurai Sheriff Sahib'. A charismatic and prominent Indian Union Muslim League leader groomed by "Quaid-e-Millath" Muhammad Ismail Sahib. He was a zealous social worker, professor, lawyer and a politician. The first elected Muslim League MP from Tamil Nadu in independent India. He played a vital role in many committees as a parliamentarian from the historic Ramanathapuram and Periyakulam Constituencies. He produced clear documentary evidences that Kachchatheevu belonged to India and spoke vehemently in Parliament that it should not be ceded to Srilanka and the consequences in such a turn of event. During Emergency rule in Smt. Indira Gandhi's period, he was the advisor to the Governor on the legislation of Tamil Nadu. He gave moral lectures to prisoners in jails and arranged for Jumma prayers to be conducted regularly in Madurai Central Prison. He was a close associate of Sayyid Abdur Rahman Bafaqi Thangal, C. H. Mohammed Koya, Panakkad Shihab Thangal, Ebrahim Sulaiman Sait, G.M.Banatwalla, A.K.Rifayee & Siraj-ul-Millath Abdul Sammad,and the bosom friend of Nagore E.M.Hanifa, Justice Basheer Ahmed Sayeed and B. S. Abdur Rahman. He was a powerful speaker in many Indian languages. As Propaganda Secretary of the IUML, he strengthened, expanded and ignited the spirit of the league from grass-root level. The most fondly remembered personality for his honesty, simplicity, philanthropy and secularism.

P. Kalifullah (1888–1950), was a politician of the Madras Presidency, British India. He served as the minister for public works in the short lived ministry of Kurma Venkata Reddy Naidu during April–July 1937. He was a Tamil Muslim belonging to the Rowther community. His father T.A. Pitchai Rowther was a wealthy businessman of Tiruchirapalli. He belonged to the All-India Muslim League and was elected to the Madras Legislative Assembly from Tiruchirappalli in the 1937 elections. He was sympathetic to the cause of Periyar E. V. Ramasamy (Periyar) and his Self-Respect Movement. In 1937, he spoke against the introduction of compulsory Hindi classes in the Madras legislature and later participated in the anti-Hindi agitation started by Periyar. He was a lawyer by profession and was known by his honorifics as Khan Bahadur P. Khalifulla Sahib Bahadur. He was also a member of the Madras Legislative Council during the early 1930s. He was the Dewan of Pudukottai after his withdrawal from political work.

In Tamil Nadu, Indian Union Muslim League (IUML) led by Quaid-e-Millath M. Muhammad Ismail Sahib was famous among Tamil Muslims till the early 1990s. After the demolition of the Babri Masjid in 1992, a feeling of insecurity gripped the community. Tamil Muslim youths swayed from general apathy to more involvement and interest in active politics. The older people continued to support IUML.

Subsequent to the events arising out of the Babri Masjid Demolition, the Indian National League was formed under the aegis of Ebrahim Sulaiman Sait who split from the Indian Union Muslim League.

In Tamil Nadu, where the Tamil Muslims are concentrated, Indian Union Muslim League also split and the Indian National League was formed under Abdul Latheef. Indian Union Muslim League was headed by Adbus Samad. These two leaders continued to head the respective parties till their death. In Jan, 2011, the Tamil Nadu State Unit of Indian Nation League was dissolved.[12]

After the demolition of the Babri Masjid, the Ahle-Hadith (Ghair Muqallid) movements started to take the front stage. This movement was spearheaded by one P.Jainulabdeen and consequently the Organization, Tamil Nadu Muslim Munnetra Kazagham was started in 1995 to advocate the Ahle-Hadith (Ghair Muqallid) beliefs among Muslims. And Jawahirullah headed the Organization.

This Organization started gaining popularity among the Tamil Muslim youths while the Indian National League was losing its spectrum. Though it was a Non-Political Organization it started to take part in political activities and social services.

So when Tamil Nadu Muslim Munnetra Kazagham wanted to take part in active politics, the Organization split due to different reasons. And the Organization Tamil Nadu Towheed Jamath was formed under P.Jainulabdeen.

Tamil Nadu Muslim Munnetra Kazagham created Manidhaneya Makkal Katchi as a political party in 2009 and contested in three seats and won two assembly seats Ambur(A. Aslam Basha) and Ramanathapuram (M.H. Jawahirullah).

The Tamil Nadu Muslim vote bank is not a monolithic mass. They vote for all parties like Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK), ADMK, Congress etc. as per their liking. TMMK tries to build a strong Muslim vote bank which can play an important bargaining role in Tamil Nadu future elections.

DMK tries to maintain its substantial Muslim vote bank since its founding, which was built on strong relationship with the Quaid-e-Millath. Various schemes for Muslims like 3.5% separate reservation for Muslims in education and government jobs, Ulemas Welfare Board, and Quaid-e-Milleth Memorial Place have been given.

Education

After independence, the Tamil Muslims begun to create lot of schools, colleges of their own. Jamal Mohamed College in Trichy, New College in Chennai, Waqf Board College in Madurai, are some of famous service based Tamil Muslim colleges. In mid 1980s lot of Muslim self-financing colleges were started. Now crescent Engineering college became BS Abdur Rahman University, the first Muslim university in Tamil Nadu.

In Tamil Nadu, the school education of the Muslims is okay and its level is relatively equal to general literacy level. But in higher education Muslims lack, due to their family members and relatives taking them for jobs in Gulf and south east Asia {mainly Singapore, Malaysia and Brunei in South Asia} in their young age itself. And as the Muslims are generally involved in trade, their children also get interested in that and therefore miss higher education. But now the picture is changing slowly. There are over 65 Muslim educational institutions in Tamil Nadu.

Student Organisations

  • Students Islamic Organisation of India(SIO) – Tamilnadu Zone[13]
  • Campus Front of India[14]

Places

Abiramam, Adirampattinam, Aruppukottai,Cumbum, Ervadi, Ilayangudi, Kadayanallur, Kamuthi, Karaikal, Kayalpattinam, Melpattampakkam, Kottaipattinam, Kuthanallur, Keelakarai, Lalpet, Labbaikudikadu, Madurai, Madukkur Melapalayam, Muthupet, Pazhaverkadu(Pulicat)Thiruvallur district, Panaikulam, Parangipettai Podakkudi, Nagore,Pollachi, Theni, and the districts of coastal Tamil Nadu like Nagapattinam, Thanjavore, Cuddalore and Ramnad are the places of dense Tamil Muslim population. A large population of Tamil Muslims are found overseas South East Asian countries like Malaysia and Singapore and also in Gulf countries like UAE and Saudi Arabia.

Relief Committee

Tamilnadu Relief Committee (TNRC) a premier relief and rehabilitation trust, guided by compassion and love for human beings, endeavours to address poverty, health and educational problems and offer sustainable solutions that enable individuals and societies to live with dignity. TNRC also provides supporting initiatives that promote economic and social justice.[15]

Tamilnadu Relief Committee has responded and intervened during 2004 tsunami and the recurring flood situations in various states of India, most recently in Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and Assam. It has alworked with Government partnership in building permanent houses for the people of Sea- erosion locality near Pondicherry besides providing permanent shelters for Tsunami affected in Nagapattinam district of tamilnadu.[16] Pazhaverkadu(Pulicat)Thiruvallur district

Law and politics

In early 19th century, Munshi Abdullah's provocative essays on good governance and education reforms began to shape the modern Malaysian political system.

Sir Mohammad Usman was the most prominent among the early political leaders of the community. In 1930, Jamal Mohammad became the first Tamil Muslim president of the Madras Presidency Muslim League.[17] Until then, the party was dominated by Urdu-speaking Muslims from the Nizamat of Hyderabad. Yakub Hasan Sait was an Urdu-speaking Gujarati Muslim who settled in Tamil Nadu and served as a minister in the Rajaji government. Allama.Karim Gani, veteran Freedom Fighter and a close associate of Netaji Subash Chandra Bose, who hailed from Ilayangudi, served as Information Minister in Netaji BAMA Ministry during 1930's.

Since late 20th century, politicians like Quaid E Millath close frriend of c.n annadurai,ex-mp,leader Tamil nadu Muslim leaque advocated Tamil to be made a national language of India due to its antiquity in the debate in parliament on national language.and Dawood Shah[18] and Daud Sharifa Khanum have been active in pioneering social reforms like independent mosques for Tamil Muslim women.[19][20][21][22]

The prominent Justice M.M.Ismail was a former Acting Governor of Tamil Nadu and former Madras High Court Chief Justice. He was appointed additional judge of the Delhi High Court in February 1967 and was transferred to the Madras High Court in November 1967. He became Chief Justice on November 6, 1979. On October 27, 1980 Mr. Justice Ismail was sworn in Acting Governor of Tamil Nadu in the place of Prabhudas Patwari. As Kamban Kazhagam president, he was responsible for organising literary festivals, which focussed on classical Tamil literature. In a message, the Governor, Surjit Singh Barnala, said the former Chief Justice was a legal luminary and contributed a lot to the judiciary. "He evinced keen interest in Tamil literature and established the Kamban Kazhagam to popularise Ramayana." Mr. Barnala described his death as a loss to the judiciary and Tamil literature.

Another prominent legal luminary is Justice S.A. Kader who was the Judge of Madras High Court from 1983 to 1989. He was held in high esteem for his quick grasp and speedy disposal of cases. On retirement, he held the office of President of the Tamil Nadu State Government Consumer Disputes Redressal Commission. At present, he is a Senior Advocate of the Supreme Court. [23]

Tamil Muslim representatives such as J. M. Haroon, Abdul Rahman, Jinna, SHEIK UMAR(TUT), Khaleelur Rahman, Ubayadullah, Hussan Ali and T. P. M. Mohideen Khan are found across all major Dravidian political parties like Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK), Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam (DMDK) and All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (AIADMK), as well as the Indian National Congress (INC).

Former Prime Minister of Malaysia Dr. Mahathir bin Mohamad as well Malaysian politicians Kadir Sheikh Fadzir, Zainuddin Maidin, Anwar Ibrahim, Khairy Jamaluddin, Nor Mohamed Yakcop and Zambry Abdul Kadir too are of Tamil Muslim origins.

Broadly speaking, Tamil Muslims tend to support laissez faire and free trade and have been unimpressed by Communism as a public policy though fringe groups often call for affirmative action in the last quarter of 20th century[citation needed].

Literature

Indian Tamil Muslim culture and literature are heavily influenced by the Qadiri flavour of Sufism. Their domain range from mystical to medical, from fictional to political, from philosophical to legal.

The earliest Tamil Muslim literary works could be traced to 14th century in the form of Palsanthmalai, a small work of eight stanzas. In 1572, Seyku Issaku, better known as Vanna Parimala Pulavar, published Aayira Masala Venru Vazhankum Adisaya Puranam detailing the Islamic principles and beliefs in a FAQ format. In 1592, Aali Pulavar wrote the Mikurasu Malai. The epic Seerapuranam by Umaru Pulavar is dated to 17th century[24] and still considered as the crowning achievement of Tamil Muslim literature. Other significant works of 17th century include Thiruneri Neetham by Sufi master Pir Mohammad, Kanakabhisheka Malai by Seyku Nainar Khan (alias Kanakavirayar), Tirumana Katchi by Sekathi Nainan and the Iraq war ballad Sackoon Pataippor. Notable publications of 18th century include Yakobu Sithat Patal, a medical primer on Siddha Vaithyam (distinguished from Ayurvedic medicine).

Nevertheless, an independent Tamil Muslim identity evolved only in the last quarter of the 20th century triggered by the rise of Dravidian politics as well as the introduction of new mass communications and lithographic technologies.[25][26] The world's first Tamil Islamic Literature Conference was held in Trichy in 1973. In early 2000. the Department of Tamil Islamic Literature was set up in the University of Madras.[27] Literati such as Kavikko Abdur Rahman, Mu Metha, Jainulabudeen, Pavalar Inqulab, A. Rokkiah[28] and A.P.J. Abdul Kalam, the 11th President of India, helped push the frontiers of enlightenment into the 21st century.[29] The pioneering fortnightly journal Samarasam was established in 1981 to highlight and cater to the ethnic Tamil Muslim community's issues. AYIRAM MASALA(QUESTIONS)was dated to be 450–500 years old,other than the popularly known SEERA PURANAM wriiten byUMaru pulavar"in the modern time tamil language was enriched by kavikko abdur rahman,kavi kaa mu sheriff,kavingar mu metha(muhammad metha),bismi,manavai musthafa,salma,a.p.j abdul kalam etc Islamic Foundation Trust(IFT),[30] Chennai Established in the year 1979.IFT has published 129,14 and 16 books in Tamil, English and Arabic languages respectively. Also brought out Four Audio Cassettes, A set of Sixty Audio Cassettes of the Holy Quran, and A Set of Four MP3 CDs. Samarasam, Fortnightly Tamil Islamic Magazine published from Islamic Foundation Trust – chennai.[31]

Vocabulary

Tamil Muslim vocabulary includes several peculiar loanwords like thuppatti (purdah), nabi (messenger of god), thozhugai (prayer), nonbu (fasting), kayili (lungi), chacha or chicha or saachipa (younger paternal uncle), peribaapu or periya vaapa (elder paternal uncle), peribuvva (wife of elder paternal uncle), chachi or chichani or saachi (wife of younger paternal uncle), pallivaasal (mosque), aanam or karuvuli (curry), pethumma (grandmother), pethuvaappa (grandfather), valavoodu (backside of a house), theruvoodu (Frontside of a house), et al.. The vocabulary are not common to all Tamil speaking Muslims. Coastal Tamil Muslims and Tamil Muslims of southern districts use different terminologies whereas Tamil Muslims from western and Northern tamilnadu use different words.

Medicine

Unani physician Akbar Kousar was awarded by the southern governments of Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka for his work on kasini herbs.[32] dr, mohammed rela-first liver transplatation in king's college london

Art and architecture

Artistes like Nagore E.M. Hanifa, Nassar (actor), Shaam (actor), Ameer Sultan, Rajkiran, B. H. Abdul Hameed, Shahul Hameed, A. R. Rahman, and Late Pakoda Kader are popular in the Tamil film industry.

Tamil mosques are typically of small scale and almost always painted white and green (reflecting peace and prosperity). The first Tamil mosque, Kadarkarai Masjid, was built in early

Cuisine

Tamil Muslim cuisine is a syncretic mixture of Tamil Hindu and North Indian Muslim recipes and flavours.[33] Its distinguishing feature is the total absence of hot kebab and pungent colorful spices that tend to permeate most Indian non-vegetarian food. The spice used is called rampe or pandan leaves. This leaf gives out a distinct flavour only when cooked.

Tamil Muslim cuisine also includes the use of Masi or cured/dried tuna fish, which is powdered and used with many different items. But this is limited to the coastal regions. They also use ada urugai, which is whole lime pickled in salt but with no chillies; this is mashed and mixed with the Masi powder. The combination gives a sour taste and a distinctly different flavor. The diet of Tamil Muslims is non-vegetarian and they do eat beef. Coconut oil is used for hair-dressing while many chew betel tobacco after a heavy lunch.[34]

See also

References

  1. ^ de Silva, C.R. Sri Lanka — A History, pp. 3–5, 9
  2. ^ Tamil Muslims in Zheng He's fleet. 1421.tv. Retrieved on 2012-06-27.
  3. ^ Tamil Muslims dominate restaurant industry in Malaysia
  4. ^ Kings, Sects and Temples in South India. Ier.sagepub.com (1977-01-01). Retrieved on 2012-06-27.
  5. ^ Understanding Backward Classes of Muslim Society. Scribd.com (2010-08-21). Retrieved on 2012-06-27.
  6. ^ Hiltebeitel, A (1999) Rethinking India's oral and classical epics. p. 376 (11). University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-34050-3
  7. ^ Zafar Anjum, Indians Roar In The Lion City. littleindia.com
  8. ^ Islam in Tamilnadu: Varia. (PDF) Retrieved on 2012-06-27.
  9. ^ Conversion of Jains to Islam in Kerala. Jaina.in (2008-07-17). Retrieved on 2012-06-27.
  10. ^ Historical dominance on money changing business. Books.google.com. Retrieved on 2012-06-27.
  11. ^ Buhari Group's global reach[dead link]
  12. ^ Tamil Nadu / Chennai News : Indian National League State unit dissolved. The Hindu (2011-01-21). Retrieved on 2012-06-27.
  13. ^ SIO Tamilnadu Zone. Siotamilnadu.org. Retrieved on 2012-06-27.
  14. ^ Campus Front of India.
  15. ^ Tamilnadu relief Committee (TNRC)
  16. ^ [1] TNRC
  17. ^ J B P More (1 January 1997). Political Evolution of Muslims in Tamilnadu and Madras 1930–1947. Orient Blackswan. pp. 116–. ISBN 978-81-250-1192-7. Retrieved 27 June 2012.
  18. ^ Tamil Muslim Periyar. Thatstamil.oneindia.in. Retrieved on 2012-06-27.
  19. ^ Biswas, Soutik. (2004-01-27) World's first Masjid for Women. BBC News. Retrieved on 2012-06-27.
  20. ^ Pandey, Geeta. (2005-08-19) World | South Asia | Women battle on with mosque plan. BBC News. Retrieved on 2012-06-27.
  21. ^ S.T.E.P.S.
  22. ^ TMMK opposes a mosque!. News.newamericamedia.org. Retrieved on 2012-06-27.
  23. ^ http://www.supremecourtofindia.nic.in/circular/senioradvocates.pdf
  24. ^ The Diversity in Indian Islam. International.ucla.edu. Retrieved on 2012-06-27.
  25. ^ Tamil Muslim identity. Hindu.com (2004-10-12). Retrieved on 2012-06-27.
  26. ^ J. B. Prashant More (1 January 2004). Muslim Identity, Print Culture, and the Dravidian Factor in Tamil Nadu. Orient Blackswan. pp. 1–. ISBN 978-81-250-2632-7. Retrieved 27 June 2012.
  27. ^ Islamic Voice (magazine)
  28. ^ Irandaam Jaamangalin Kathai. Hindu.com. Retrieved on 2012-06-27.
  29. ^ Rebel Poet in the Panchayat. Boloji.com (2004-06-26). Retrieved on 2012-06-27.
  30. ^ Islamic Foundation Trust(IFT). Ift-chennai.org. Retrieved on 2012-06-27.
  31. ^ Samarasam tamil Magazine. Samarasam.net. Retrieved on 2012-06-27.
  32. ^ DAIVEEGA MARUTHUVAM : Dr. S. Akbar Kausar. Healthplus.in. Retrieved on 2012-06-27.
  33. ^ Business Line[dead link]
  34. ^ Kumar Suresh Singh (2004). People of India: Maharashtra. Popular Prakashan. pp. 1930–. ISBN 978-81-7991-102-0. Retrieved 27 June 2012.
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