Jump to content

Azerbaijanis: Difference between revisions

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Browse history interactively
← Previous editNext edit →
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
correction source
No edit summary
Line 105: Line 105:
}}
}}


The '''Azerbaijanis''' ({{IPAc-en|ˌ|æ|z|ər|b|aɪ|ˈ|dʒ|ɑː|n|i}}; {{lang-az|Azərbaycanlılar}}, آذربایجانلیلار), or '''Azeris''', are a [[Turkic people]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://looklex.com/e.o/azerbaijanis.htm |title=Azerbaijanis |publisher=[[Looklex Encyclopaedia]] |date= |accessdate=2013-07-04}}</ref><ref>[http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/azerbaijani Azerbaijani] merriam-webster.com</ref><ref>[http://books.google.nl/books?id=sHKSh_XltKMC&pg=PA158&lpg=PA158&dq=%22turkic-speaking+people%22+azerbaijani&source=bl&ots=rrTf50PWmm&sig=M1OY3e1SuOVF9E6YIHYFiZzCm3g&hl=nl&sa=X&ei=yQrrUfq5HITuswbdsoCIAQ&ved=0CD0Q6AEwAjgU#v=onepage&q=%22turkic-speaking%20people%22%20azerbaijani&f=false Borders and Brethren: Iran and the Challenge of Azerbaijani Identity]</ref><ref>[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/46833/Azerbaijani "Azerbaijani (people)"] ''Encyclopædia Britannica''</ref><ref name="introduction">''An Introduction to the History of the Turkic Peoples'' by Peter B. Golden. Otto Harrasowitz (1992), ISBN 3-447-03274-X. Retrieved 8 June 2006.</ref><ref name="Americana«>»Turkic Peoples", ''Encyclopedia Americana'', volume 27, page 276. Grolier Inc. , New York (1998) ISBN 0-7172-0130-9. Retrieved 8 June 2006.</ref> living mainly in [[Azerbaijan]] and [[Azerbaijan (Iran)|northwestern Iran]], as well as in the neighboring states. Also referred to as "Azerbaijani Turks"<ref>{{cite book|author=Bani-Shoraka, Helena|contribution=Language Policy and Language Planning: Some Definitions|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=rkRC5G2qMzMC&pg=PA144|editor=Rabo, Annika; Utas, Bo|title=The Role of the State in West Asia|publisher=Swedish Research Institute in Istanbul|year=2005|isbn=91-86884-13-1|page=144}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Thernstrom, Stephan; Orlov, Ann; Handlin, Oscar|year=1981|url=http://books.google.com/books?pg=PA171|title=Harvard Encyclopedia of American ethnic groups|publisher=Harvard University Press|page=171|quote=In their homeland the Azerbaijanis, or Azerbaijani Turks as they are sometimes called...}}</ref> (''Azərbaycan türkləri'', ''آذربایجان تورکلری'') or "Azeris" (''Azərilər'', ''آذریلر''), they live in a wider area from the [[Caucasus]] to the [[Iranian plateau]]. The Azerbaijanis are predominantly [[Shi'a]] [[Muslim]]<ref>{{cite book|title=Russia & Eurasia Facts & Figures Annual|author=Robertson, Lawrence R.|year=2002|publisher=Academic International Press|isbn=0-87569-199-4|page=210|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=ye1oAAAAMAAJ}}</ref><ref name="eb"/> and have a mixed cultural heritage including [[Turkic peoples|Turkic]], [[Iranian peoples|Iranian]]<ref name="washingtonpost.com">[http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/world/countries/azerbaijan.html#land Washington Post Country Guide; Azerbaijan]</ref><ref name="roy"/> and [[Peoples of the Caucasus|Caucasian]] elements.
The '''Azerbaijanis''' ({{IPAc-en|ˌ|æ|z|ər|b|aɪ|ˈ|dʒ|ɑː|n|i}}; {{lang-az|Azərbaycanlılar}}, آذربایجانلیلار), or '''Azeris''', are a [[Turkic people]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://looklex.com/e.o/azerbaijanis.htm |title=Azerbaijanis |publisher=[[Looklex Encyclopaedia]] |date= |accessdate=2013-07-04}}</ref><ref>[http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/azerbaijani Azerbaijani] merriam-webster.com</ref><ref>[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/46833/Azerbaijani "Azerbaijani (people)"] ''Encyclopædia Britannica''</ref><ref name="introduction">''An Introduction to the History of the Turkic Peoples'' by Peter B. Golden. Otto Harrasowitz (1992), ISBN 3-447-03274-X. Retrieved 8 June 2006.</ref><ref name="Americana«>»Turkic Peoples", ''Encyclopedia Americana'', volume 27, page 276. Grolier Inc. , New York (1998) ISBN 0-7172-0130-9. Retrieved 8 June 2006.</ref> living mainly in [[Azerbaijan]] and [[Azerbaijan (Iran)|northwestern Iran]], as well as in the neighboring states. Also referred to as "Azerbaijani Turks"<ref>{{cite book|author=Bani-Shoraka, Helena|contribution=Language Policy and Language Planning: Some Definitions|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=rkRC5G2qMzMC&pg=PA144|editor=Rabo, Annika; Utas, Bo|title=The Role of the State in West Asia|publisher=Swedish Research Institute in Istanbul|year=2005|isbn=91-86884-13-1|page=144}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Thernstrom, Stephan; Orlov, Ann; Handlin, Oscar|year=1981|url=http://books.google.com/books?pg=PA171|title=Harvard Encyclopedia of American ethnic groups|publisher=Harvard University Press|page=171|quote=In their homeland the Azerbaijanis, or Azerbaijani Turks as they are sometimes called...}}</ref> (''Azərbaycan türkləri'', ''آذربایجان تورکلری'') or "Azeris" (''Azərilər'', ''آذریلر''), they live in a wider area from the [[Caucasus]] to the [[Iranian plateau]]. The Azerbaijanis are predominantly [[Shi'a]] [[Muslim]]<ref>{{cite book|title=Russia & Eurasia Facts & Figures Annual|author=Robertson, Lawrence R.|year=2002|publisher=Academic International Press|isbn=0-87569-199-4|page=210|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=ye1oAAAAMAAJ}}</ref><ref name="eb"/> and have a mixed cultural heritage including [[Turkic peoples|Turkic]], [[Iranian peoples|Iranian]]<ref name="washingtonpost.com">[http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/world/countries/azerbaijan.html#land Washington Post Country Guide; Azerbaijan]</ref><ref name="roy"/> and [[Peoples of the Caucasus|Caucasian]] elements.


Following the Russo-Persian Wars of [[Russo-Persian War (1804–1813)|1813]] and [[Russo-Persian War (1826–1828)|1828]], the territories of the [[Qajar dynasty|Qajar Persian Empire]] in the Caucasus were ceded to the [[Russian Empire]] and the treaties of [[Treaty of Gulistan|Gulistan]] in 1813 and [[Treaty of Turkmenchay|Turkmenchay]] in 1828 finalized the borders between Czarist Russia and Qajar Iran.<ref>{{cite book|author=Harcave, Sidney|year=1968|title=Russia: A History: Sixth Edition|publisher=Lippincott|page=267}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Mojtahed-Zadeh, Pirouz|year=2007|title=Boundary Politics and International Boundaries of Iran: A Study of the Origin, Evolution, and Implications of the Boundaries of Modern Iran with Its 15 Neighbors in the Middle East by a Number of Renowned Experts in the Field|publisher=Universal|isbn=1-58112-933-5|page=372}}</ref> The formation of the [[Azerbaijan Democratic Republic]] in 1918 established the territory of the Republic of Azerbaijan. Despite living on two sides of an international border, the Azeris form a single ethnic group.<ref name="eb">{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/46833/Azerbaijani|title=Azerbaijani (people)|work=Encyclopædia Britannica|accessdate=24 January 2012}}</ref> However, northerners and southerners differ due to nearly two centuries of separate social evolution [[Iranian Azerbaijanis]] and in Russian/[[Soviet Union|Soviet]]-influenced Azerbaijan. The [[Azerbaijani language]] unifies Azerbaijanis, and is mutually intelligible with [[Turkmen language|Turkmen]], [[Qashqai people|Qashqai]], [[Gagauz language|Gagauz]] and [[Turkish language|Anatolian Turkish]] (including the dialects spoken by the [[Iraqi Turkmen]]), all of which belong to the [[Oghuz languages|Oghuz]], or Western, group of [[Turkic languages]].<ref name=nichol>{{cite book |title=Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Georgia |editor=Curtis, Glenn E. |author=Nichol, James|contribution=Azerbaijan |year=1995 |publisher=Federal Research Division, Library of Congress|location= |isbn=0-8444-0848-4|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=B2W1YOG3N10C&pg=PA105 }}</ref>{{rp|105}} Also, it is known that national identity of "Azerbaijani" is a recent formation as the people of the region were alternatively referred to as Turks, Tatars and Caucasian Muslims before.<ref>L.A. Grenoble, Language Policy in the Soviet Union, p.124, 2003</ref>
Following the Russo-Persian Wars of [[Russo-Persian War (1804–1813)|1813]] and [[Russo-Persian War (1826–1828)|1828]], the territories of the [[Qajar dynasty|Qajar Persian Empire]] in the Caucasus were ceded to the [[Russian Empire]] and the treaties of [[Treaty of Gulistan|Gulistan]] in 1813 and [[Treaty of Turkmenchay|Turkmenchay]] in 1828 finalized the borders between Czarist Russia and Qajar Iran.<ref>{{cite book|author=Harcave, Sidney|year=1968|title=Russia: A History: Sixth Edition|publisher=Lippincott|page=267}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Mojtahed-Zadeh, Pirouz|year=2007|title=Boundary Politics and International Boundaries of Iran: A Study of the Origin, Evolution, and Implications of the Boundaries of Modern Iran with Its 15 Neighbors in the Middle East by a Number of Renowned Experts in the Field|publisher=Universal|isbn=1-58112-933-5|page=372}}</ref> The formation of the [[Azerbaijan Democratic Republic]] in 1918 established the territory of the Republic of Azerbaijan. Despite living on two sides of an international border, the Azeris form a single ethnic group.<ref name="eb">{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/46833/Azerbaijani|title=Azerbaijani (people)|work=Encyclopædia Britannica|accessdate=24 January 2012}}</ref> However, northerners and southerners differ due to nearly two centuries of separate social evolution [[Iranian Azerbaijanis]] and in Russian/[[Soviet Union|Soviet]]-influenced Azerbaijan. The [[Azerbaijani language]] unifies Azerbaijanis, and is mutually intelligible with [[Turkmen language|Turkmen]], [[Qashqai people|Qashqai]], [[Gagauz language|Gagauz]] and [[Turkish language|Anatolian Turkish]] (including the dialects spoken by the [[Iraqi Turkmen]]), all of which belong to the [[Oghuz languages|Oghuz]], or Western, group of [[Turkic languages]].<ref name=nichol>{{cite book |title=Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Georgia |editor=Curtis, Glenn E. |author=Nichol, James|contribution=Azerbaijan |year=1995 |publisher=Federal Research Division, Library of Congress|location= |isbn=0-8444-0848-4|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=B2W1YOG3N10C&pg=PA105 }}</ref>{{rp|105}} Also, it is known that national identity of "Azerbaijani" is a recent formation as the people of the region were alternatively referred to as Turks, Tatars and Caucasian Muslims before.<ref>L.A. Grenoble, Language Policy in the Soviet Union, p.124, 2003</ref>

Revision as of 11:40, 21 July 2013

"Azeri" redirects here. For other uses, see Azeri (disambiguation).
This article is about the Azerbaijani ethnic group. For an analysis of the population of the Republic of Azerbaijan, see Demographics of Azerbaijan.
Azerbaijanis
Azərbaycanlılar, Azərilər
آذربایجانلیلار، آذریلر
Total population
approx. 28–35 million[1][2]
Regions with significant populations
 Iran14.5 to 18 million (e.g. CIA factbook, Knüppel, etc.)[3][4]
18 to 25 million (e.g. criticism R. Elling)[5][6]
 Azerbaijan9,235,001[7]
 Russia621,800 to 1,500,000[8][9]
 Turkey530,000 to 2,500,000[9][10]
 Georgia284,761[11]
 United States24,377 to 400,000[12][13][14]
 Kazakhstan85,292[15]
 Ukraine45,176[16]
 Uzbekistan44,400[17]
 Turkmenistan33,365[18]
 Netherlands18,000[19]
 Kyrgyzstan17,823[20]
 Germany15,219[21]
 United Kingdom15,000[22]
 Belarus5,567[23]
 Canada3,465[24]
 Latvia1,697[25]
 Austria1,000[26]
 Estonia880[27]
 Lithuania788[28]
Languages
Azerbaijani
Religion
Predominantly Shia Islam; minorities practice Sunni Islam, Christianity[citation needed], Bahá'í Faith,[29][30] and Zoroastrianism [citation needed]
Related ethnic groups
Other Turkic peoples, Iranian peoples, peoples of the Caucasus

The Azerbaijanis (/ˌæzərbaɪˈdʒɑːni/; Template:Lang-az, آذربایجانلیلار), or Azeris, are a Turkic people[31][32][33][34][35] living mainly in Azerbaijan and northwestern Iran, as well as in the neighboring states. Also referred to as "Azerbaijani Turks"[36][37] (Azərbaycan türkləri, آذربایجان تورکلری) or "Azeris" (Azərilər, آذریلر), they live in a wider area from the Caucasus to the Iranian plateau. The Azerbaijanis are predominantly Shi'a Muslim[38][39] and have a mixed cultural heritage including Turkic, Iranian[40][41] and Caucasian elements.

Following the Russo-Persian Wars of 1813 and 1828, the territories of the Qajar Persian Empire in the Caucasus were ceded to the Russian Empire and the treaties of Gulistan in 1813 and Turkmenchay in 1828 finalized the borders between Czarist Russia and Qajar Iran.[42][43] The formation of the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic in 1918 established the territory of the Republic of Azerbaijan. Despite living on two sides of an international border, the Azeris form a single ethnic group.[39] However, northerners and southerners differ due to nearly two centuries of separate social evolution Iranian Azerbaijanis and in Russian/Soviet-influenced Azerbaijan. The Azerbaijani language unifies Azerbaijanis, and is mutually intelligible with Turkmen, Qashqai, Gagauz and Anatolian Turkish (including the dialects spoken by the Iraqi Turkmen), all of which belong to the Oghuz, or Western, group of Turkic languages.[44]: 105  Also, it is known that national identity of "Azerbaijani" is a recent formation as the people of the region were alternatively referred to as Turks, Tatars and Caucasian Muslims before.[45]

History

Part of a series on
Azerbaijanis
Culture
Traditional areas of settlement
Diaspora
Religion
Language
Persecution
Main article: History of Azerbaijan

Azerbaijan is believed to be named after Atropates, a Persian[46][47][48][49] satrap (governor) who ruled in Atropatene (modern Iranian Azerbaijan).[50][51]: 2  The name Atropates means "protected by fire". An alternative theory is that Azerbaijan is the combination of two Persian words, "Āzar" meaning "(holy) fire" and "pāygān" meaning "the place of".[52]

Ancient residents of the area spoke the Ancient Azari language, which belonged to the Iranian branch of the Indo-European languages.[53] In the 11th century A.D. with Seljukid conquests, Oghuz Turkic tribes started moving across the Iranian plateau into the Caucasus and Anatolia. The influx of the Oghuz and other Turkmen tribes was further accentuated by the Mongol invasion.[54] Here, the Oghuz tribes divided into various smaller groups, some of whom – mostly Sunni – moved to Anatolia (i.e., the Ottomans) and became settled, while others remained in the Caucasus region and later – due to the influence of the Safaviyya – eventually converted to the Shia branch of Islam. The latter were to keep the name "Turkmen" or "Turcoman" for a long time: from the 13th century onwards they gradually Turkified the Iranian-speaking populations of Azerbaijan, thus creating a new identity based on Shia and the use of Oghuz Turkic. Today, this Turkic-speaking population is known as Azeri.[41]

Ancient period

Caucasian Albanians are believed[by whom?] to be the earliest inhabitants of the region where the modern-day Republic of Azerbaijan is located.[55] Early Iranian settlements included the Scythians in the ninth century BC. Following the Scythians, the Medes came to dominate the area to the south of the Aras River.[52] The Medes forged a vast empire between 900 and 700 BC, which the Achaemenids integrated into their own empire around 550 BC. During this period, Zoroastrianism spread in the Caucasus and in Atropatene.

Alexander the Great defeated the Achaemenids in 330 BC, but allowed the Median satrap Atropates to remain in power. Following the decline of the Seleucids in Persia in 247 BC, an Armenian Kingdom exercised control over parts of Caucasian Albania.[56] Caucasian Albanians established a kingdom in the first century BC and largely remained independent until the Persian Sassanids made their kingdom a vassal state in 252 AD.[57]: 38  Caucasian Albania's ruler, King Urnayr, officially adopted Christianity as the state religion in the fourth century AD, and Albania remained a Christian state until the 8th century.[58][59] Sassanid control ended with their defeat by Muslim Arabs in 642 AD.[60]

Medieval period

Muslim Arabs defeated the Sassanids and Byzantines as they marched into the Caucasus region. The Arabs made Caucasian Albania a vassal state after the Christian resistance, led by Prince Javanshir, surrendered in 667.[57]: 71  Between the ninth and tenth centuries, Arab authors began to refer to the region between the Kura and Aras rivers as Arran.[57]: 20  During this time, Arabs from Basra and Kufa came to Azerbaijan and seized lands that indigenous peoples had abandoned; the Arabs became a land-owning elite.[61]: 48  Conversion to Islam was slow as local resistance persisted for centuries and resentment grew as small groups of Arabs began migrating to cities such as Tabriz and Maraghah. This influx sparked a major rebellion in Iranian Azerbaijan from 816–837, led by a local Zoroastrian commoner named Bābak.[62] However, despite pockets of continued resistance, the majority of the inhabitants of Azerbaijan converted to Islam. Later, in the 10th and 11th centuries, parts of Azerbaijan were ruled by the Kurdish dynasties of Shaddadid and Rawadid.

In the middle of the eleventh century, the Seljuq dynasty overthrew Arab rule and established an empire that encompassed most of Southwest Asia. The Seljuk period marked the influx of Oghuz nomads into the region, and the beginning of the Turkification of Azerbaijan as the West Oghuz Turkic language supplanted earlier Caucasian and Iranian ones.[52][63]

Iranian cultural influence, however, survived extensively, as evidenced by the works of Persian poet Nizami Ganjavi. The emerging Turkic identity was chronicled in epic poems or dastans, the oldest being the Book of Dede Korkut, which relate allegorical tales about the early Turks in the Caucasus and Asia Minor.[57]: 45  Turkic dominion was interrupted by the Mongols in 1227. Turkic rule returned with the Timurids and then Sunni Qara Qoyunlū (Black Sheep Turkmen) and Aq Qoyunlū (White Sheep Turkmen), who dominated Azerbaijan until the Shi'a Safavids took power in 1501.[57]: 113 [61]: 285 

Modern period

The Safavids, who rose from around Ardabil in Iranian Azerbaijan and lasted until 1722, established the modern Iranian state.[64] Noted for achievements in state building, architecture, and the sciences, the Safavid state crumbled due to internal decay and external pressures from the Russians and Afghans. The Safavids encouraged and spread Shi'a Islam, as well as the arts and culture, and Shah Abbas the Great created an intellectual atmosphere that according to some scholars was a new "golden age".[65] He reformed the government and the military, and responded to the needs of the common people.[65]

After the Safavid state came brief Ottoman rule followed by conquest by Nadir Shah Afshar, a Sunni chieftain from Khorasan who reduced the power of the Shi'a.[61]: 300  The brief reign of Karim Khan came next, followed by the Qajars, who ruled Azerbaijan and Iran from 1779.[57]: 106  Russia loomed as a threat to Persian holdings in the Caucasus in this period. The Russo-Persian Wars began in the eighteenth century and ended in the early nineteenth century with the Treaty of Gulistan of 1813 and the Treaty of Turkmenchay in 1828, which ceded the Caucasian portion of Qajar Iran to the Russian Empire.[51]: 17  While Azerbaijanis in Iran integrated into Iranian society, northern Azeris were incorporated into the Russian Empire.

Sattar Khan (1868–1914) was a major revolutionary figure in the late Qajar period in Iran.

In Iran, Azerbaijanis such as Sattar Khan sought constitutional reform.[66] The Persian Constitutional Revolution of 1906–11 shook the Qajar dynasty. A parliament (Majlis) was founded on the efforts of the constitutionalists, and pro-democracy newspapers appeared. The last Shah of the Qajar dynasty was soon removed in a military coup led by Reza Khan. In the quest to impose national homogeneity on a country where half of the population were ethnic minorities, Reza Shah banned in quick succession the use of the Azerbaijani language in schools, theatrical performances, religious ceremonies, and books.[67]

Upon the dethronement of Reza Shah in September 1941, Soviet forces took control of Iranian Azerbaijan and helped to set up the Azerbaijan People's Government, a client state under the leadership of Sayyid Jafar Pishevari backed by Soviet Azerbaijan. The Soviet military presence in Iranian Azerbaijan was mainly aimed at securing the Allied supply route during World War II. Concerned with the continued Soviet presence after World War II, the United States and Britain pressured the Soviets to withdraw by late 1946. Immediately thereafter, the Iranian government regained control of Iranian Azerbaijan.

According to Professor Gary R. Hess:

On December 11, an Iranian force entered Tabriz and the Peeshavari government quickly collapsed. Indeed the Iranians were enthusiastically welcomed by the people of Azerbaijan, who strongly preferred domination by Tehran rather than Moscow. The Soviet willingness to forego its influence in (Iranian) Azerbaijan probably resulted from several factors, including the realization that the sentiment for autonomy had been exaggerated and that oil concessions remained the more desirable long-term Soviet Objective.[68]

Brief independence for northern Azerbaijan in 1918–1920 was followed by over 70 years of Soviet rule.[44]: 91  After the restoration of independence in October 1991, the Republic of Azerbaijan became embroiled in a war with neighboring Armenia over the Nagorno-Karabakh region.[44]: 97 

Origins

Main article: Origin of the Azerbaijanis
Fruit market in Urmia, Persia, 1911
Downtown Baku, Azerbaijan 2008

In many references, Azerbaijanis are designated as a Turkic people, due to their Turkic language.[69][70] However, modern-day Azerbaijanis are believed to be primarily the descendants of the Caucasian Albanian[71][72] and Iranian peoples who lived in the areas of the Caucasus and northern Iran, respectively, prior to Turkification. Historian Vladimir Minorsky writes that largely Iranian and Caucasian populations became Turkish-speaking:

In the beginning of the 5th/11th century the Ghuzz hordes, first in smaller parties, and then in considerable numbers, under the Seljuqids occupied Azerbaijan. In consequence, the Iranian population of Azerbaijan and the adjacent parts of Transcaucasia became Turkophone while the characteristic features of Ādharbāyjānī Turkish, such as Persian intonations and disregard of the vocalic harmony, reflect the non-Turkish origin of the Turkicised population.[73]

Thus, centuries of Turkic migration and turkification of the region helped to formulate the contemporary Azerbaijani ethnic identity.

Turkification

The earliest major Turkic incursion of the area now known as Azerbaijan began and accelerated during the Seljuk period.[69] The migration of Oghuz Turks from present-day Turkmenistan, which is attested by linguistic similarity, remained high through the Mongol period, as many troops under the Ilkhans were Turkic. By the Safavid period, the Turkification of Azerbaijan continued with the influence of the Kizilbash. The very name Azerbaijan is derived from the pre-Turkic name of the province, Azarbayjan or Adarbayjan, and illustrates a gradual language shift that took place as local place names survived Turkification, albeit in altered form.[53]

Most academics view the linguistic Turkification of predominantly non-Turkic-speaking indigenous peoples and assimilation of small bands of Turkic tribes as the most likely origin for the Azeris.[51]: 6–7 

Iranian origin

The Iranian origins of the Azerbaijanis likely derive from ancient Iranian tribes, such as the Medes in Iranian Azerbaijan, and Scythian invaders who arrived during the eighth century BC. It is believed that the Medes mixed with Mannai.[74] Ancient written accounts, such as one written by Arab historian Al-Masudi, attest to an Iranian presence in the region:

The Persians are a people whose borders are the Mahat Mountains and Azarbaijan up to Armenia and Aran, and Bayleqan and Darband, and Ray and Tabaristan and Masqat and Shabaran and Jorjan and Abarshahr, and that is Nishabur, and Herat and Marv and other places in the land of Khorasan, and Sejistan and Kerman and Fars and Ahvaz ... All these lands were once one kingdom with one sovereign and one language ... although the language differed slightly. The language, however, is one, in that its letters are written the same way and used the same way in composition. There are, then, different languages such as Pahlavi, Dari, Azari, as well as other Persian languages.[75]

A sample poem from Safina-yi Tabriz written in the old Azari language.

Archaeological evidence indicates that the Iranian religion of Zoroastrianism was prominent throughout the Caucasus before Christianity and Islam.[76] It has also been hypothesized that the population of Iranian Azerbaijan was predominantly Persian-speaking before the Oghuz arrived. This claim is supported by the many figures of Persian literature, such as Qatran Tabrizi, Shams Tabrizi, Nizami Ganjavi, and Khaghani, who wrote in Persian prior to and during the Oghuz migration, as well as by Strabo, Al-Istakhri, and Al-Masudi, who all describe the language of the region as Persian. The claim is mentioned by other medieval historians, such as Al-Muqaddasi.[53]

Encyclopædia Iranica says "The Turkish speakers of Azerbaijan (q.v.) are mainly descended from the earlier Iranian speakers" and points out the continued presence of pockets of Iranian Talysh and Tats in Azerbaijan.[77]

Caucasian origin

According to Encyclopædia Britannica:

The Azerbaijani are of mixed ethnic origin, the oldest element deriving from the indigenous population of eastern Transcaucasia and possibly from the Medians of northern Persia.[39]

There is evidence that, despite repeated invasions and migrations, aboriginal Caucasians may have been culturally assimilated, first by Ancient Iranian peoples and later by the Oghuz. Considerable information has been learned about the Caucasian Albanians including their language, history, early conversion to Christianity, and close ties to the Armenians. The Udi language, still spoken in Azerbaijan, may be a remnant of the Albanians' language.[78]

This Caucasian influence extended further south into Iranian Azerbaijan. During the 1st millennium BC, another Caucasian people, the Mannaeans (Mannai) populated much of Iranian Azerbaijan. Weakened by conflicts with the Assyrians, the Mannaeans are believed to have been conquered and assimilated by the Medes by 590 BC.[79]

Genetics

Iranian Azaris have stronger genetic affinity with their immediate geographic neighbors than with populations from Central Asia.[80]

Genetic studies demonstrate that northern Azeris are more closely related to other Caucasian people like Georgians and Armenians than they are to Iranians or Turks.[81] Iranian Azeris are genetically more similar to northern Azeris and the neighboring Turkish population than they are to geographically distant Turkmen populations.[82] Iranian-speaking populations from Azerbaijan (the Talysh and Tats) are genetically closer to Azerbaijanis of the Republic than to other Iranian-speaking populations (Persian people and Kurds from Iran, Ossetians, and Tajiks).[83] Such genetic evidence supports the view that the Azeris originate from a native population long resident in the area who adopted a Turkish language through a process of "elite dominance", i.e. a limited number of Turkic immigrants had a substantial cultural impact but left only weak patrilineal genetic traces.[80][81][82]

MtDNA analysis indicates that Iranians, Anatolians and Caucasians are part of a larger West Eurasian group that is secondary to that of the Caucasus.[84][85] While genetic analysis of mtDNA indicates that Caucasian populations are genetically closer to Europeans than to Near Easterners, Y-chromosome results indicate closer affinity to Near Eastern groups.[81]

Iranians have a relatively diverse range of Y-chromosome haplotypes. A population from central Iran (Isfahan) shows closer similarity in terms of haplogroup distributions to Caucasians and Azeris than to populations from southern or northern Iran.[86] The range of haplogroups across the region may reflect historical genetic admixture,[87] perhaps as a result of invasive male migrations.[81]

Ethnonym

Historically the Turkic speakers of Iranian Azerbaijan and the Caucasus called themselves or were referred to by others as Muslims, Turks, or Ajams (by Kurds),[88] and religious identification prevailed over ethnic identification. When the South Caucasus became part of the Russian Empire in the nineteenth century, the Russian authorities, who traditionally referred to all Turkic people as Tatars, defined Tatars living in the Transcaucasus region as Caucasian or Aderbeijanskie (Адербейджанские) Tatars to distinguish them from other Turkic groups.[89] The Russian Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary, written in the 1890s, also referred to Tatars in Azerbaijan as Aderbeijans (адербейджаны),[90] but noted that the term had not been adopted widely.[91] This ethnonym was also used by Joseph Deniker:

[The purely linguistic] grouping [does not] coincide with the somatological grouping: thus the Aderbeijani of the Caucasus and Persia, who speak a Turkish language, have the same physical type as the Hadjemi-Persians, who speak an Iranian tongue.[92]

In Azerbaijani language publications, the expression "Azerbaijani nation" referring to those who were known as Tatars of the Caucasus first appeared in the newspaper Kashkul in 1880.[93]

Demographics and society

See also: Demographics of Azerbaijan, Demographics of Iran, Azerbaijanis in Armenia, Azerbaijanis in Georgia, Azerbaijanis in Russia, Azerbaijanis in Turkey, Azerbaijanis in Ukraine, and Azerbaijani diaspora
File:Azerbaijanilanguage.png

The vast majority of Azerbaijanis live in the Republic of Azerbaijan and Iranian Azerbaijan. Between 11.2 and 20 million Azerbaijanis live in Iran, mainly in the northwestern provinces. Approximately 8 million Azerbaijanis are found in the Republic of Azerbaijan. A diaspora of over a million is spread throughout the rest of the world. According to Ethnologue, there are over 1 million speakers of the northern Azerbaijani dialect in southern Dagestan, Estonia, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan.[94] No Azerbaijanis were recorded in the 2001 census in Armenia,[95] where the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict resulted in population shifts. Other sources, such as national censuses, confirm the presence of Azeris throughout the other states of the former Soviet Union. Ethnologue reports that 1 million South Azeris live outside Iran, but these figures include Iraqi Turkmen, a distinct though related Turkic people.[10]

Azerbaijanis in Azerbaijan

Azerbaijanis are by far the largest ethnic group in Azerbaijan (over 90%). The literacy rate is very high, and is estimated at 99.5%.[96] Azerbaijan began the twentieth century with institutions based upon those of Russia and the Soviet Union, with an official policy of atheism and strict state control over most aspects of society. Since independence, there is a secular democratic system.

Azerbaijani society has been deeply impacted by the war with Armenia over Nagorno-Karabakh, which has displaced nearly 1 million Azerbaijanis and put strain on the economy.[citation needed] Azerbaijan has benefited from the oil industry, but high levels of corruption have prevented greater prosperity for the masses.[97] Despite these problems, there is a renaissance in Azerbaijan as positive economic predictions and an active political opposition appear determined to improve the lives of average Azerbaijanis.[52][98]

Azerbaijanis in Iran

Main article: Iranian Azerbaijanis

While population estimates in Azerbaijan are considered reliable due to regular censuses, the figures for Iran remain questionable. Since the early twentieth century, successive Iranian governments have avoided publishing statistics on ethnic groups.[99] Unofficial population estimates of Azerbaijanis in Iran range from 16% by the CIA and Library of Congress[3][100] up to 40% by Azeri nationalists. An independent poll in 2009 placed the figure at around 20–22%.[101]

Azerbaijanis in Iran are mainly found in the northwest provinces: East Azerbaijan, Ardabil, Zanjan, parts of Hamedan, Qazvin, West Azerbaijan and Markazi.[100] Many others live in Tehran, Fars Province, and other regions. Generally, Azerbaijanis in Iran were regarded as "a well integrated linguistic minority" by academics prior to Iran's Islamic Revolution.[102][103] Despite friction, Azerbaijanis in Iran came to be well represented at all levels of "political, military, and intellectual hierarchies, as well as the religious hierarchy".[99]

Azerbaijani noblemen from Erivan (Yerevan), 1860

Resentment came with Pahlavi policies that suppressed the use of the Azerbaijani language in local government, schools, and the press.[104] However with the advent of the Iranian Revolution in 1979, emphasis shifted away from nationalism as the new government highlighted religion as the main unifying factor. Within the Islamic Revolutionary government there emerged an Azeri nationalist faction led by Mohammad Kazem Shariatmadari, who advocated greater regional autonomy and wanted the constitution to be revised to include secularists and opposition parties; this was denied.[105] Islamic theocratic institutions dominate nearly all aspects of society. The Azerbaijani language and its literature are banned in Iranian schools.[106] There are signs of civil unrest due to the policies of the Iranian government in Iranian Azerbaijan and increased interaction with fellow Azeris in Azerbaijan and satellite broadcasts from Turkey have revived Azeri nationalism.[107] In May 2006, Iranian Azerbaijan witnessed riots over publication of a cartoon depicting a cockroach speaking Azeri[108] that many Azeris found offensive.[109][110] The cartoon was drawn by Mana Neyestani, an ethnic Azeri, who was fired along with his editor as a result of the controversy.[111][112]

Despite sporadic problems, Azeris are an intrinsic community within Iran, and living conditions of Azeris in Iran closely resemble those of Persians:

The life styles of urban Azerbaijanis do not differ from those of Persians, and there is considerable intermarriage among the upper classes in cities of mixed populations. Similarly, customs among Azerbaijani villagers do not appear to differ markedly from those of Persian villagers.[100]

Azeris are famously active in commerce and in bazaars all over Iran their voluble voices can be heard. Older Azeri men wear the traditional wool hat, and their music & dances have become part of the mainstream culture. Azeris are well integrated, and many Azeri-Iranians are prominent in Persian literature, politics, and clerical world.[113]

There is cross-border trade between Azerbaijan and Iran, and Azeris go into Iran to buy goods that are cheaper, but the relationship is tense.[106]

Culture

Main articles: Culture of Azerbaijan and Culture of Iran

In many respects, Azerbaijanis are Eurasian and bi-cultural, as northern Azerbaijanis have absorbed Russo-Soviet and Eastern European influences, whereas the Azerbaijanis of the south have remained within the Turko-Iranian and Persianate tradition. Modern Azerbaijani culture includes significant achievements in literature, art, music, and film.

Language and literature

Main articles: Azerbaijani language and Azerbaijani literature
Muhammad Fuzûlî, sixteenth-century poet

The Azerbaijanis speak Azerbaijani (sometimes called Azerbaijani Turkish or Azeri), a Turkic language descended from the Western Oghuz Turkic language that became established in Azerbaijan in the 11th and 12th century CE. Early Oghuz was mainly an oral language, and the later compiled epics and heroic stories of Dede Korkut probably derive from an oral tradition. The first accepted Oghuz Turkic text goes back to 15th century. The first written, classical Azeri literature arose after the Mongol invasion.[114] Some of the earliest Azerbaijani writings trace back to the poet Nasimi (died 1417) and then decades later Fuzûlî (1483–1556). Ismail I, Shah of Safavid Persia wrote Azerbaijani poetry under the pen name Khatâ'i. Modern Azeri literature continued with a traditional emphasis upon humanism, as conveyed in the writings of Samad Vurgun, Shahriar, and many others.[115]

Azerbaijanis are generally bilingual, often fluent in either Russian (in Azerbaijan) or Persian (in Iran). As of 1996, around 38% of Azerbaijan's roughly 8,000,000 population spoke Russian fluently.[116] An independent telephone survey in Iran in 2009 reported that 20% of respondents could understand Azeri, the most spoken minority language in Iran, and all respondents could understand Persian.[101]

Religion

Main articles: Religion in Azerbaijan, Islam in Azerbaijan, and Islam in Iran

The majority of Azerbaijanis are Twelver Shi'a Muslims. Religious minorities include Sunni Muslims (mainly Hanafi, but also Shafi'i such as Sunni Azeris in Dagestan),[117][118] Christians and Bahá'ís.[119] An unknown number of Azerbaijanis in the Republic of Azerbaijan have no religious affiliation. Many describe themselves as cultural Muslims.[52] There is a small number of Naqshbandi Sufis among Muslim Azerbaijanis.[120] Christian Azeris number around 5,000 people in the Republic of Azerbaijan and consist mostly of recent converts.[121][122] Some Azerbaijanis from rural regions retain pre-Islamic animist or Zoroastrian-influenced[123] beliefs, such as the sanctity of certain sites and the veneration of fire, certain trees and rocks.[124] In Azerbaijan, traditions from other religions are often celebrated in addition to Islamic holidays, including Norouz and Christmas. After the fall of the Soviet Union, Azerbaijanis have increasingly returned to their Islamic heritage as recent reports indicate that many Azerbaijani youth are being drawn to Islam.[125]

Performance art

Azerbaijani musicians in performance
Azerbaijani singers Ell & Nikki won the 2011 Eurovision Song Contest.
Chess player Teimour Radjabov
See also: Music of Azerbaijan and Music of Iran

Azerbaijanis express themselves in a variety of artistic ways including dance, music, and film. Azerbaijani folk dances are ancient and similar to that of their neighbors in the Caucasus and Iran. The group dance is a common form found from southeastern Europe to the Caspian Sea. In the group dance the performers come together in a semi-circular or circular formation as, "The leader of these dances often executes special figures as well as signaling and changes in the foot patterns, movements, or direction in which the group is moving, often by gesturing with his or her hand, in which a kerchief is held."[126] Solitary dances are performed by both men and women and involve subtle hand motions in addition to sequenced steps.

Azerbaijani musical tradition can be traced back to singing bards called Ashiqs, a vocation that survives. Modern Ashiqs play the saz (lute) and sing dastans (historical ballads).[127] Other musical instruments include the tar (another type of lute), balaban (a wind instrument), kamancha (fiddle), and the dhol (drums). Azerbaijani classical music, called mugham, is often an emotional singing performance. Composers Uzeyir Hajibeyov, Gara Garayev and Fikret Amirov created a hybrid style that combines Western classical music with mugham. Other Azerbaijanis, notably Vagif and Aziza Mustafa Zadeh, mixed jazz with mugham. Some Azerbaijani musicians have received international acclaim, including Rashid Behbudov (who could sing in over eight languages) and Muslim Magomayev (a pop star from the Soviet era).

In Iran, Azerbaijani music has taken a different course. According to Iranian Azerbaijani singer Hossein Alizadeh, "Historically in Iran, music faced strong opposition from the religious establishment, forcing it to go underground."[128] As a result, most Iranian Azerbaijani music is performed outside of Iran amongst exile communities.

Azerbaijani film and television is largely broadcast in Azerbaijan with limited outlets in Iran. Some Azerbaijanis have been prolific film-makers, such as Rustam Ibragimbekov, who wrote Burnt by the Sun, winner of the Grand Prize at the Cannes Film Festival and an Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film in 1994. Many Iranian Azeris have been prominent in the cinematic tradition of Iran, which has received critical praise since the 1980s.

Sports

See also: Azerbaijan national football team and Azerbaijan at the Olympics

Sports have historically been an important part of Azerbaijani life. Horseback competitions were praised in the Book of Dede Korkut and by poets and writers such as Khaqani.[129] Other ancient sports include wrestling, javelin throwing and fencing.

The Soviet legacy has in modern times propelled some Azeris to become accomplished athletes at the Olympic level.[129] The Azeri government supports the country's athletic legacy and encourages youth participation. Football is popular in both Azerbaijan and Iranian Azerbaijan. There are many prominent Azerbaijani soccer players such as Ali Daei, the world's all-time leading goal scorer in international matches and the former captain of the Iran national soccer team. Azeri athletes have particularly excelled in weight lifting, gymnastics, shooting, javelin throwing, karate, boxing, and wrestling.[130] Weight lifters, such as Iran's Hossein Reza Zadeh, world super heavyweight lifting record holder and two times Olympic champion in 2000 and 2004, and Nizami Pashayev, who won the European heavyweight title in 2006, have excelled at the international level.

Chess is another popular pastime in Azerbaijan.[131] The country has produced many notable players, such as Teimour Radjabov and Shahriyar Mammadyarov, both highly ranked internationally.

Women

See also: Women in Azerbaijan and Women in Iran
Azerbaijani woman wearing traditional clothing, 1900

In Azerbaijan, women were granted the right to vote in 1919.[132] Women have attained Western-style equality in major cities such as Baku, although in rural areas more traditional views remain.[52] Violence against women, including rape, is rarely reported, especially in rural areas, not unlike other parts of the former Soviet Union.[133] In Azerbaijan, the veil was abandoned during the Soviet period.[134] Women are under-represented in elective office but have attained high positions in parliament. An Azeri woman is the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court in Azerbaijan, and two others are Justices of the Constitutional Court. In the 2010 election, women constituted 16% of all MPs (twenty seats in total) in the National Assembly of Azerbaijan.[135] Abortion is available on demand in the Republic of Azerbaijan.[136] The human rights ombudsman since 2002, Elmira Suleymanova, is a woman.

In Iran, a groundswell of grassroots movements have sought gender equality since the 1980s.[100] Protests in defiance of government bans are dispersed through violence, as on 12 June 2006 when female demonstrators in Haft Tir Square in Tehran were beaten.[137] Past Iranian leaders, such as the reformer ex-president Mohammad Khatami promised women greater rights, but the Guardian Council of Iran opposes changes that they interpret as contrary to Islamic doctrine. In the 2004 legislative elections, nine women were elected to parliament (Majlis), eight of whom were conservatives.[138] The social fate of Azeri women largely mirrors that of other women in Iran.

See also

References

  1. ^ "Azerbaijani". Joshua Project. Retrieved 24 January 2012.
  2. ^ Sela, Avraham (2002). The Continuum Political Encyclopedia of the Middle East. Continuum. p. 197. ISBN 0-8264-1413-3. 30–35 million
  3. ^ a b "Iran". CIA: The World Factbook. CIA. 14 November 2011. Retrieved 04 Octoboer 2012. 16% of 77,891,220 [12.5 million] {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  4. ^
    • Michael Knüppel, "TURKIC LANGUAGES OF PERSIA: AN OVERVIEW", Encyclopaedia Iranica [1] "Altogether, one-sixth of today’s Iranian population is turcophone or bilingual (Persian and Turkic; see Doerfer, 1969, p. 13).
    • Mehrdad Izady – Columbia University – Gulf 2000 Project – Language Map of Iran – 2012 http://gulf2000.columbia.edu/maps.shtml"
    • Swietochowski, Tadeusz; Collins, Brian C. (1999). Historical dictionary of Azerbaijan. Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press. ISBN 0-8108-3550-9. "15 million (1999)"
  5. ^
    • Shaffer, Brenda (2003). Borders and Brethren: Iran and the Challenge of Azerbaijani Identity. MIT Press. pp. 221–225. ISBN 0-262-19477-5"There is considerable lack of consensus regarding the number of Azerbaijanis in Iran ...Most conventional estimates of the Azerbaijani population range between one-fifth to one-third of the general population of Iran, the majority claiming one-fourth" Azerbaijani student groups in Iran claim that there are 27 million Azerbaijanis residing in Iran."
    • Minahan, James (2002). Encyclopedia of the Stateless Nations: S-Z. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 1765. ISBN 978-0-313-32384-3"Approximately (2002e) 18,500,000 Southern Azeris in Iran, concentrated in the northwestern provinces of East and West Azerbaijan. It is difficult to determine the exact number of Southern Azeris in Iran, as official statistics are not published detailing Iran's ethnic structure. Estimates of the Southern Azeri population range from as low as 12 million up to 40% of the population of Iran – that is, nearly 27 million..."
  6. ^
    • Ali Gheissari, "Contemporary Iran:Economy, Society, Politics: Economy, Society, Politics", Oxford University Press, 2 April 2009. pg 300Azeri ethnonationalist activist, however, claim that number to be 24 million, hence as high as 35 percent of the Iranian population"
    • Rasmus Christian Elling,Minorities in Iran: Nationalism and Ethnicity after Khomeini , Palgrave Macmillan, 2013. Excerpt: "The number of Azeris in Iran is heavily disputed. In 2005, Amanolahi estimated all Turkic-speaking communities in Iran to number no more than 9 million. CIA and Library of congress estimates range from 16 percent to 24 precent -- that is, 12-18 million people if we employ the latest total figure for Iran's population (77.8 million). Azeri ethnicsts, on the other hand, argue that overall number is much higher, even as much as 50 percent or more of the total population. Such inflated estimates may have influenced some Western scholars who suggest that up to 30 percent (that is, some 23 million today) Iranians are Azeris." [2]
  7. ^ "Population by ethnic groups". The State Statistical Committee of the Republic of Azerbaijan. 2012. Retrieved 17 January 2012.
  8. ^ "Итоги переписи". 2002 census. Russian Federation State Statistics Service. 2004. Retrieved 17 January 2012.
  9. ^ a b van der Leeuw, Charles (2000). Azerbaijan: a quest for identity : a short history. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 19. ISBN 978-0-312-21903-1.
  10. ^ a b Lewis, M. Paul (2009). "Azerbaijani, South". Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Sixteenth edition. SIL International. Retrieved 29 January 2012.
  11. ^ "Ethnic groups by major administrative-territorial units" (PDF). 2002 census. National Statistics Office of Georgia. Retrieved 17 January 2012.
  12. ^ "Azerbaijani-American Council partners with U.S. Census Bureau". News.Az. 28 December 2009. Retrieved 11 July 2012.
  13. ^ http://www.azeris.org/images/proclamations/May28_BrooklynNY_2011.JPG
  14. ^ "Obama, recognize us – St. Louis American: Letters To The Editor". Stlamerican.com. 9 March 2011. Retrieved 11 July 2012.
  15. ^ "Population by national and/or ethnic group, sex and urban/rural residence (2009 census)" (PDF). Agency for the Statistics of the Republic of Kazakhstan. Retrieved 15 August 2012.
  16. ^ "About number and composition population of Ukraine by data All-Ukrainian census of the population 2001". Ukraine Census 2001. State Statistics Committee of Ukraine. Retrieved 17 January 2012.
  17. ^ "The National Structure of the Republic of Uzbekistan". Umid World. 1989. Retrieved 17 January 2012.
  18. ^ "Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 года. Национальный состав населения по республикам СССР". Демоскоп Weekly (in Russian) (493–494). 1–22 January 2012. Retrieved 17 January 2012.
  19. ^ "The Kingdom of the Netherlands: Bilateral relations: Diaspora" (PDF). Republic of Azerbaijan Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 17 January 2012.
  20. ^ "5.01.00.03 Национальный состав населения" (PDF) (in Russian). National Statistical Committee of Kyrgyz Republic. 2011. Retrieved 17 January 2012.
  21. ^ "Foreign population on 31.12.2006 by citizenship and selected characteristics". Federal Statistical Office (Destatis). Retrieved 3 February 2012. [dead link‍]
  22. ^ Oguz-Gassanly, Murad (2001). "Azeri Diaspora. The Case of the United Kingdom". Azeri Voice. Retrieved 17 January 2012.
  23. ^ "Population Census 2009" (PDF). National Statistical Committee of the Republic of Belarus. Retrieved 17 April 2013.
  24. ^ "Ethnic origins, 2006 counts, for Canada, provinces and territories – 20% sample data". Statistics Canada. 10 June 2010. Retrieved 18 January 2012. In the 2006 census, 1,480 people indicated 'Azeri'/'Azerbaijani' as a single response and 1,985 as part of multiple origins.
  25. ^ Poleshchuk, Vadim (March 2001). "Accession to the European Union and National Integration in Estonia and Latvia" (PDF). European Center for Minority Issues. Retrieved 18 January 2012. 232 citizens
  26. ^ "The Republic of Austria: Bilateral relations" (PDF). Republic of Azerbaijan Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 18 January 2012.
  27. ^ "Population Census of 2000". Statistics Estonia. Retrieved 19 January 2012. Select "Azerbaijani" under "Ethnic nationality".
  28. ^ "Population by national and/or ethnic group, sex and urban/rural residence". United Nations Statistics Division. Retrieved 17 January 2012.
  29. ^ http://www.bahai.az/ Azerbaidjan Bahai
  30. ^ http://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C9%99hailik Azerbaidjan Bahai
  31. ^ "Azerbaijanis". Looklex Encyclopaedia. Retrieved 4 July 2013.
  32. ^ Azerbaijani merriam-webster.com
  33. ^ "Azerbaijani (people)" Encyclopædia Britannica
  34. ^ An Introduction to the History of the Turkic Peoples by Peter B. Golden. Otto Harrasowitz (1992), ISBN 3-447-03274-X. Retrieved 8 June 2006.
  35. ^ »Turkic Peoples", Encyclopedia Americana, volume 27, page 276. Grolier Inc. , New York (1998) ISBN 0-7172-0130-9. Retrieved 8 June 2006.
  36. ^ Bani-Shoraka, Helena (2005). "Language Policy and Language Planning: Some Definitions". In Rabo, Annika; Utas, Bo (ed.). The Role of the State in West Asia. Swedish Research Institute in Istanbul. p. 144. ISBN 91-86884-13-1.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: editors list (link)
  37. ^ Thernstrom, Stephan; Orlov, Ann; Handlin, Oscar (1981). Harvard Encyclopedia of American ethnic groups. Harvard University Press. p. 171. In their homeland the Azerbaijanis, or Azerbaijani Turks as they are sometimes called...{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  38. ^ Robertson, Lawrence R. (2002). Russia & Eurasia Facts & Figures Annual. Academic International Press. p. 210. ISBN 0-87569-199-4.
  39. ^ a b c "Azerbaijani (people)". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 24 January 2012.
  40. ^ Washington Post Country Guide; Azerbaijan
  41. ^ a b Roy, Olivier (2007). The new Central Asia. I.B. Tauris. p. 6. ISBN 978-1-84511-552-4. The mass of the Oghuz who crossed the Amu Darya towards the west left the Iranian plateaux, which remained Persian, and established themselves more to the west, in Anatolia. Here they divided into Ottomans, who were Sunni and settled, and Turkmens, who were nomads and in part Shiite (or, rather, Alevi). The latter were to keep the name 'Turkmen' for a long time: from the 13th century onwards they 'Turkised' the Iranian populations of Azerbaijan (who spoke west Iranian languages such as Tat, which is still found in residual forms), thus creating a new identity based on Shiism and the use of Turkish. These are the people today known as Azeris.
  42. ^ Harcave, Sidney (1968). Russia: A History: Sixth Edition. Lippincott. p. 267.
  43. ^ Mojtahed-Zadeh, Pirouz (2007). Boundary Politics and International Boundaries of Iran: A Study of the Origin, Evolution, and Implications of the Boundaries of Modern Iran with Its 15 Neighbors in the Middle East by a Number of Renowned Experts in the Field. Universal. p. 372. ISBN 1-58112-933-5.
  44. ^ a b c Nichol, James (1995). "Azerbaijan". In Curtis, Glenn E. (ed.). Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Georgia. Federal Research Division, Library of Congress. ISBN 0-8444-0848-4.
  45. ^ L.A. Grenoble, Language Policy in the Soviet Union, p.124, 2003
  46. ^ Minahan, James (2000). Miniature Empires: A Historical Dictionary of the Newly Independent States. Greenwood. p. 20. ISBN 0-313-30610-9.
  47. ^ Lendering, Jona. "Atropates (Biography)". Livius.org. Retrieved 27 January 2012.
  48. ^ Chamoux, Francois (2003). Hellenistic Civilization. Blackwell Publishing. p. 26. ISBN 0-631-22241-3.
  49. ^ Bosworth, A. B.; Baynham, E. J. (2002). Alexander the Great in Fact and Fiction. Oxford University Press. p. 92. ISBN 0-19-815287-6.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  50. ^ Atabaki, Touraj (2000). Azerbaijan: Ethnicity and the Struggle for Power in Iran. I. B. Tauris. p. 7. ISBN 1-86064-554-2.
  51. ^ a b c Altstadt, Audrey L. (1992). The Azerbaijani Turks: Power and Identity under Russian Rule. Hoover Institution Press. ISBN 0-8179-9182-4.
  52. ^ a b c d e f "Country Study: Azerbaijan". Federal Research Division Library of Congress. Retrieved 28 January 2012.
  53. ^ a b c Yarshater, E (18 August 2011). "The Iranian Language of Azerbaijan". Encyclopædia Iranica. Retrieved 25 January 2012.
  54. ^ Bosworth, C. E. (12 August 2011). "Arran". Encyclopædia Iranica. Retrieved 25 January 2012.
  55. ^ Coene, Frederik (2010). The Caucasus: An Introduction. Routledge. p. 97. ISBN 0-415-48660-2.
  56. ^ "Armenia-Ancient Period". Federal Research Division Library of Congress. Retrieved 28 January 2012.
  57. ^ a b c d e f Swietochowski, Tadeusz; Collins, Brian C. (1999). Historical dictionary of Azerbaijan. Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press. ISBN 0-8108-3550-9. 15 million (1999){{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  58. ^ Chaumont, M. L. (29 July 2011). "Albania". Encyclopædia Iranica. Retrieved 28 January 2012.
  59. ^ Alexidze, Zaza (Summer 2002). "Voices of the Ancients: Heyerdahl Intrigued by Rare Caucasus Albanian Text". Azerbaijan International. 10.2: 26–27. Retrieved 25 January 2012.
  60. ^ "Sassanid Empire". The Islamic World to 1600. University of Calgary. 1998. Retrieved 3 February 2012.
  61. ^ a b c Lapidus, Ira (1988). A History of Islamic Societies. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-77933-2.
  62. ^ Kennedy, Hugh (1992). The Prophet and the Age of the Caliphates. Longman. p. 166. ISBN 0-582-40525-4.
  63. ^ "Turkic Languages". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 25 January 2012.
  64. ^ "The Safavid Empire". University of Calgary. Archived from the original on 27 April 2006. Retrieved 8 June 2006. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  65. ^ a b Sammis, Kathy (2002). Focus on World History: The First Global Age and the Age of Revolution. J. Weston Walch. p. 39. ISBN 0-8251-4370-5.
  66. ^ Pistor-Hatam, Anja (20 July 2009). "Sattār Khan". Encyclopædia Iranica. Retrieved 6 February 2012.
  67. ^ Swietochowski, Tadeusz (1995). Russia and Azerbaijan: A Borderland in Transition. Columbia University Press. ISBN 0-231-07068-3.
  68. ^ Hess, Gary. R. (March 1974). "The Iranian Crisis of 1945–46 and the Cold War" (PDF). Political Science Quarterly. 89 (1). Retrieved 28 January 2012.
  69. ^ a b Golden, Peter B. (1992). An Introduction to the History of the Turkic Peoples. Otto Harrasowitz. pp. 385–386. ISBN 3-447-03274-X.
  70. ^ "Turkic Peoples". Encyclopedia Americana. Vol. 27. Grolier. 1998. p. 276. ISBN 0-7172-0130-9.
  71. ^ Kobishchanov, Yuri M. (1979). Axum. Pennsylvania State University Press. p. 89. ISBN 0-271-00531-9.
  72. ^ Suny, Ronald G. (July–August 1988). "What Happened in Soviet Armenia?". Middle East Report (153, Islam and the State): 37–40.
  73. ^ Minorsky, V. "Azarbaijan". In Bearman, P.;Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C. E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W. P. (ed.). Encyclopaedia of Islam (2nd ed.). Brill.{{cite encyclopedia}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: editors list (link)
  74. ^ Zadok, Ran (15 August 2006). "Mannea". Encyclopædia Iranica. Retrieved 29 January 2012.
  75. ^ Al Mas'udi (1894). De Goeje, M.J. (ed.). Kitab al-Tanbih wa-l-Ishraf (in Arabic). Brill. pp. 77–78.
  76. ^ "Various Zoroastrian Fire-Temples". University of Calgary. 1 February 2000. Archived from the original on 30 April 2006. Retrieved 8 June 2006. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  77. ^ Frye, R. N. (15 December 2004). "Peoples of Iran". Encyclopædia Iranica. Retrieved 29 January 2012.
  78. ^ Schulze, Wolfgang (2001/2). "The Udi Language". University of Munich. Retrieved 29 January 2012. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  79. ^ "Mannai". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 19 June 2006.
  80. ^ a b Yepiskoposian, L.; et al. (2011). "The Location of Azaris on the Patrilineal Genetic Landscape of the Middle East (A Preliminary Report)". Iran and the Caucasus. 15 (1): 73–78. doi:10.1163/157338411X12870596615395. {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help)
  81. ^ a b c d Nasidze, Ivan; Sarkisian, Tamara; Kerimov, Azer; Stoneking, Mark (2003). "Testing hypotheses of language replacement in the Caucasus" (PDF). Human Genetics. 112 (3): 255–261. doi:10.1007/s00439-002-0874-4. PMID 12596050.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  82. ^ a b Andonian l.; et al. (2011). "Iranian Azeri's Y-Chromosomal Diversity in the Context of Turkish-Speaking Populations of the Middle East" (PDF). Iranian J Publ Health. 40 (1): 119–123. {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help)
  83. ^ Asadova, P. S.; et al. (2003). "Genetic Structure of Iranian-Speaking Populations from Azerbaijan Inferred from the Frequencies of Immunological and Biochemical Gene Markers". Russian Journal of Genetics. 39 (11): 1334–1342. doi:10.1023/B:RUGE.0000004149.62114.92. {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help)
  84. ^ Quintana-Murci, L.; et al. (2004). "Where West Meets East: The Complex mtDNA Landscape of the Southwest and Central Asian Corridor". American Journal of Human Genetics. 74 (5): 827–845. doi:10.1086/383236. PMC 1181978. PMID 15077202. {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help)
  85. ^ Nasidze, S; Stoneking, M. (2001). "Mitochondrial DNA variation and language replacements in the Caucasus". Proceedings of the Royal Society B. 268 (1472): 1197–1206. doi:10.1098/rspb.2001.1610. PMC 1088727. PMID 11375109.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  86. ^ Regueiro, M.; et al. (2006). "Iran: Tricontinental Nexus for Y-Chromosome Driven Migration" (PDF). Human Heredity. 61 (3): 132–143. doi:10.1159/000093774. PMID 16770078. {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help)
  87. ^ Zerjal, T.; et al. (2002). "A Genetic Landscape Reshaped by Recent Events: Y-Chromosomal Insights into Central Asia". American Journal of Human Genetics. 71 (3): 466–482. doi:10.1086/342096. PMC 419996. PMID 12145751. {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help)
  88. ^ Kemp, Geoffrey; Stein, Janice Gross (1995). Powder Keg in the Middle East. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 214. ISBN 0-8476-8075-4.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  89. ^ "Алфавитный список народов, обитающих в Российской Империи" (in Russian). Demoscope Weekly. 2005. Retrieved 29 January 2012.
  90. ^ "Тюрки". Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary (in Russian). 1890–1907. Retrieved 29 January 2012.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: date format (link)
  91. ^ "Тюрко-татары". Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary (in Russian). 1890–1907. Retrieved 29 January 2012.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: date format (link)
  92. ^ Deniker, Joseph (1900). Races et peuples de la terre (in French). Schleicher. p. 294.
  93. ^ Mostashari, Firouzeh (2006). On the Religious Frontier: Tsarist Russia and Islam in the Caucasus. I. B. Tauris. p. 129. ISBN 1-85043-771-8.
  94. ^ Lewis, M. Paul (2009). "Azerbaijani, North". Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Sixteenth edition. SIL International. Retrieved 29 January 2012.
  95. ^ "Table 5.1 De Jure Population (Urban, Rural) by Age and Ethnicity" (PDF). Census 2001. National Statistical Service of the Republic of Armenia. Retrieved 29 January 2012.
  96. ^ "Azerbaijan". International Human Development Indicators. United Nations. Retrieved 29 January 2012.
  97. ^ "Report on corruption in Azerbaijan oil industry prepared for EBRD & IFC investigation arms" (PDF). The Committee of Oil Industry Workers' Rights Protection. October 2003. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 July 2006. Retrieved 10 June 2006. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  98. ^ Abbasov, Shahin; Arifoglu, Farid (27 March 2005). "Azerbaijan: Opposition Parties Prepare to Vigorously Contest Parliamentary Election". Eurasia.net. Retrieved 29 January 2012.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  99. ^ a b Banuazizi, Ali; Weiner, Myron, ed. (1988). The State, Religion, and Ethnic Politics: Afghanistan, Iran, and Pakistan Part II: Iran. Syracuse University Press. ISBN 0-8156-2448-4.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: editors list (link)
  100. ^ a b c d "Country Profile: Iran" (PDF). Federal Research Division Library of Congress. May 2008. Retrieved 1 September 2012. 16% of 70 million [14.5 million]
  101. ^ a b Terror Free Tomorrow (May 2009). "Results of a New Nationwide Public Opinion Survey of Iran before the June 12, 2009 Presidential Elections" (PDF). New America Foundation. 21.6% of 70,495,782 [15.2 million]
  102. ^ Higgins, Patricia J. (1984). "Minority-State Relations in Contemporary Iran". Iranian Studies. 17 (1): 37–71. doi:10.1080/00210868408701621.
  103. ^ Binder, Leonard (1962). Iran: Political Development in a Changing Society. University of California Press. pp. 160–161. OCLC 408909.
  104. ^ Abrahamian, Ervand (1982). Iran between Two Revolutions. Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-10134-5.
  105. ^ Menashri, David (1980). "Shi'ite Leadership: In the Shadow of Conflicting Ideologies". Iranian Studies. 13: 1–4. doi:10.1080/00210868008701567.
  106. ^ a b "Azerbaijan-Iran tensions increasing". BBC News. 14 February 2010. Retrieved 29 May 2010.
  107. ^ Koknar, Ali M. (6 June 2006). "Iranian Azeris: A Giant Minority". The Washington Institute for Near East Policy. Retrieved 1 February 2012.
  108. ^ "Cartoon". Iranian Archives 1995–2007. 2 June 2006. Retrieved 29 January 2012.
  109. ^ Fathi, Nazila (29 May 2006). "Ethnic Tensions Over Cartoon Set Off Riots in Northwest Iran". The New York Times. Retrieved 12 June 2006.
  110. ^ Collin, Matthew (28 May 2006). "Iran Azeris protest over cartoon". BBC News. Retrieved 29 January 2012.
  111. ^ "Cockroach Cartoonist Jailed In Iran". The Comics Reporter. 24 May 2006. Archived from the original on 2 June 2006. Retrieved 15 June 2006. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  112. ^ "Iranian paper banned over cartoon". BBC. 23 May 2006. Archived from the original on 25 June 2006. Retrieved 15 June 2006. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  113. ^ Burke, Andrew (2004). Iran. Lonely Planet. pp. 42–43. ISBN 1-74059-425-8.
  114. ^ Javadi, H.; Burill, K. (18 August 2011). "Azeri Literature in Iran". Encyclopædia Iranica. Retrieved 30 January 2012.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  115. ^ Blair, Betty (Spring 1996). "Contemporary Literature". Azerbaijan International. Archived from the original on 16 June 2006. Retrieved 10 June 2006. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  116. ^ Suny, Ronald G. (1996). Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Georgia. DIANE Publishing. p. 105. ISBN 0-7881-2813-2.
  117. ^ Template:Ru icon Igor Dobayev. Radicalisation of Islamic Movements in Central Asia and the North Caucasus: A Comparative Political Analysis. Chapter IV: Islam and Islamism in the Republic of Dagestan. СКНЦ ВШ ЮФУ: Moscow, 2010.
  118. ^ Boyle, Kevin; Sheen, Juliet (1997). Freedom of Religion and Belief. Routledge. p. 273. ISBN 0-415-15978-4.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  119. ^ [3]
  120. ^ "External factors of radicalization of Islam in the Caucasus" (in Russian). RIA Dagestan. 6 June 2007. Retrieved 30 January 2012.
  121. ^ "5,000 Azerbaijanis adopted Christianity" (in Russian). Day.az. 7 July 2007. Retrieved 30 January 2012.
  122. ^ "Christian Missionaries Becoming Active in Azerbaijan" (in Azerbaijani). Tehran Radio. 19 June 2011. Retrieved 12 August 2012.
  123. ^ Barbara West. Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Asia and Oceania. Infobase Publishing, 2009, ISBN 1438119135; p. 72.
  124. ^ "Azerbaijan: Culture and Art". Embassy of the Azerbaijan Republic in the People's Republic of China. Retrieved 30 January 2012.
  125. ^ Amirova, Leyla (28 August 2007). "Azerbaijan young increasingly drawn to Islam". Center for Security Studies (CSS), ETH Zurich, Switzerland. Retrieved 30 January 2012.
  126. ^ "Avaz". Stanford University Persian Student Association. Retrieved 11 June 2006.
  127. ^ Perry, John R. (2011). "Cultural currents in the Turco-Persian world of Safavid and post-Safavid times". In Mitchell, Colin P. (ed.). New Perspectives on Safavid Iran: Empire and Society. Taylor & Francis. p. 90. ISBN 0-203-85463-2.
  128. ^ "Hossein Alizadeh Personal Reflections on Playing Tar". Azerbaijan International. Winter 1997. Retrieved 30 January 2012.
  129. ^ a b "Sport History in Azerbaijan". Heydar Aliyev Foundation. Retrieved 3 February 2012.
  130. ^ Deck, Laurel (Winter 1996). "The Ministry of Youth and Sports". Azerbaijan International. Archived from the original on 8 May 2006. Retrieved 11 June 2006. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  131. ^ "Tourism and sport". Embassy of the Republic of Azerbaijan in Italy. Retrieved 3 February 2012.
  132. ^ "US Suffrage Movement Timeline, 1792 to present". Susan B. Anthony Center for Women's Leadership. 2006. Retrieved 1 February 2012.
  133. ^ "Women's rights in Azerbaijan" (PDF). OneWomen. Retrieved 1 February 2012.
  134. ^ Heyat, Farideh (2002). Azeri Women in Transition: Women in Soviet and Post-Soviet Azerbaijan. RoutledgeCurzon. pp. 80–113. ISBN 0-7007-1662-9.
  135. ^ "2010 Parliamentary Election Results". Day.az. 7 November 2010. Archived from the original on 10 November 2010. Retrieved 8 November 2010. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  136. ^ Abortion Policies: a Global Review. Vol. 1. United Nations. 2001. p. 41. ISBN 92-1-151351-0.
  137. ^ Harrison, Frances (12 June 2006). "Iran police beat women activists". BBC. Retrieved 1 February 2012.
  138. ^ Sadr, Shadi (9 June 2004). "Women's Gains at Risk in Iran's New Parliament". Women's Enews. Retrieved 1 February 2012.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Azerbaijani people.

Template:Link FA

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Azerbaijanis&oldid=565177196"