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List of Chinese flags

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This is an old revision of this page, as edited by 69.157.143.65 (talk) at 10:42, 23 May 2022 (→‎Flags of Political Groups and Separatist Movements). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this revision, which may differ significantly from the current revision.

This article is about the flags used by various Chinese regimes. For the flags used in the Taiwan Area controlled by the Republic of China, see List of Taiwanese flags. For the current flag of the People's Republic of China, see Flag of China. For the current flag of the Republic of China, see Flag of the Republic of China.

This is a list of flags of entities named "China", or entities which are related to China.

People's Republic of China

National flags

Flag Duration Use Description
1 October 1949 – present Flag of the People's Republic of China A red field, with a large yellow star with four smaller stars to the right at the canton. This flag is flown in mainland China, Hong Kong, and Macau.

Special administrative regions flags

Main articles: Flag of Hong Kong and Flag of Macau
Flag Duration Use Description
1 July 1997 – present Flag of Hong Kong A white, five-petal Bauhinia blakeana on a red field with 1 star on each of the petals. The Chinese name of Bauhinia × blakeana has also been frequently shortened as 紫荊/紫荆 (洋 yáng means "foreign" in Chinese, and this would be deemed inappropriate by the PRC government), although 紫荊/紫荆 refers to another genus called Cercis. A statue of the plant has been erected in Golden Bauhinia Square in Hong Kong.
20 December 1999 – present Flag of Macau A lotus flower above a stylized bridge and water in white, beneath an arc of five gold, five-pointed stars on a green field

Military flags

Flag Duration Use Description
1948–present Flag of the People's Liberation Army A red field with a yellow star at the canton, and the Chinese numerals for "8" and "1", the date of the PLA's establishment on 1 August 1927.
1992–present Flag of the People's Liberation Army Ground Force The PLA flag with a green stripe at the bottom.
1950s Flag of the People's Liberation Army Navy The red flag with PLA emblem and a blue stripe in the center.
1992–present Ensign of the People's Liberation Army Navy The PLA flag with 5 horizontal lines, 3 blue and 2 white at the bottom, representing the sea.
1992–present Ensign of the People's Liberation Army Air Force The PLA flag with a blue stripe at the bottom, representing the sky.
2016–present Ensign of the People's Liberation Army Rocket Force The PLA flag with a gold yellow stripe at the bottom, representing the flare of missile launching.
2018–present Ensign of the People's Armed Police Force The PLA flag with three green bars at the bottom.
2018–present Flag of the China Fire and Rescue Service Bicolor flag in red and blue with the badge of the China Fire and Rescue Service at the top and the bilingual text "Flag of China Fire and Rescue" at the bottom.
2020–present Flag of the People's Police of the People's Republic of China Red flag with a blue stripe in the bottom and the badge of the People's Police in the canton.
?-present War flag of the Linfen Brigade (179th Light Combined Arms Brigade) Red flag with the text "The Glorious Linfen Brigade".
?-present War flag of the Tanshan Hero Group (123rd Heavy Combined Arms Brigade) Red flag with the text "Tanshan Hero Group".

Non-state flags

Flag Duration Use Description

1949–present Flag of Young Pioneers of China Red flag with yellow five-pointed star and torch in the middle.
1922–present Flag of Communist Youth League of China Red flag with encircled yellow five-pointed star.
1950s–present Flag of the Customs of the People's Republic of China The caduceus crossed with a golden key is added to flag of the People's Republic of China.
?–present Flag of the China Maritime Safety Administration
1956–1965 Flag of the Tibet Area under the PRC's administration
1945-1979 Flag of Inner-Mongolian Autonomous Government
1951–1984 House flags of China Merchants Group
File:House Flag of the China Merchants Group (Since 1984).svg 1984–present House flags of China Merchants Group
1960-1993 House flags of COSCO
2021–present Flag of the National Immigration Administration of China Red flag with the organization's logo and a blue wall.
?-present Flag of the Labor Safety and Health of China
1951 Flag of the People's Navigation Company of China

Vexillology Association flags

Flag Date Use Description
Flag of the Vexillological Research Center of China

City flags

Flag Duration Use Description
File:Flag of the City of Harbin.svg May 1997 – January 1998 Flag of Harbin[1] A white, five-petal flower surrounding a snowflake on a dark green field
1997 – present Flag of Ningbo

Delegation's flag of the National Games

Flag Duration Use Description
File:Beijing delegation's flag of the National Games.png ? – present Beijing delegation's flag of the National Games This flag represents Beijing delegation of the National Games, consists of the red flag and the yellow Chinese character "Beijing (北京)".
File:Tianjin delegation's flag of the National Games.png ? – present Tianjin delegation's flag of the National Games This flag represents Tianjin delegation of the National Games, consists of the red flag and the yellow Chinese character "Tianjin (天津)".
File:Hebei delegation's flag of the National Games.png ? – present Hebei delegation's flag of the National Games This flag represents Hebei delegation of the National Games, consists of the red flag and the yellow Chinese character "Hebei (河北)".
File:Shanxi delegation's flag of the National Games.png ? – present Shanxi delegation's flag of the National Games This flag represents Shanxi delegation of the National Games, consists of the red flag and the yellow Chinese character "Shanxi (山西)".
File:Inner Mongolia delegation's flag of the National Games.png ? – present Inner Mongolia delegation's flag of the National Games This flag represents Inner Mongolia delegation of the National Games, consists of the red flag and the yellow "Inner Mongolia (内蒙古 ᠥᠪᠥᠷ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ)" characters in Both Chinese and Mongolian.
File:Liaoning delegation's flag of the National Games.png ? – present Liaoning delegation's flag of the National Games This flag represents Liaoning delegation of the National Games, consists of the red, yellow and blue flag and the black Chinese character "Liaoning Province (遼寧省)".
File:Jilin delegation's flag of the National Games.png ? – present Jilin delegation's flag of the National Games This flag represents Jilin delegation of the National Games, consists of the red flag and the yellow Chinese character "Jilin (吉林)".
File:Heilongjiang delegation's flag of the National Games.png ? – present Heilongjiang delegation's flag of the National Games This flag represents Heilongjiang delegation of the National Games, consists of the red flag and the yellow Chinese character "Heilongjiang (黑龍江)".
File:Shanghai delegation's flag of the National Games.png ? – present Shanghai delegation's flag of the National Games This flag represents Shanghai delegation of the National Games, consists of the red flag and the yellow Chinese character "Shanghai City (上海市)".
File:Jiangsu delegation's flag of the National Games.png ? – present Jiangsu delegation's flag of the National Games This flag represents Jiangsu delegation of the National Games, consists of the red flag and the yellow Chinese character "Jiangsu Province (江苏省)".
File:Zhejiang delegation's flag of the National Games.png ? – present Zhejiang delegation's flag of the National Games This flag represents Zhejiang delegation of the National Games, consists of the red flag and the yellow Chinese character "Zhejiang Province (浙江省)".
File:Anhui delegation's flag of the National Games.png ? – present Anhui delegation's flag of the National Games This flag represents Anhui delegation of the National Games, consists of the red flag and the yellow Chinese character "Anhui (安徽)".
File:Fujian delegation's flag of the National Games.png ? – present Fujian delegation's flag of the National Games This flag represents Fujian delegation of the National Games, consists of the red flag and the yellow Chinese character "Fujian (福建)".
File:Jiangxi delegation's flag of the National Games.png ? – present Jiangxi delegation's flag of the National Games This flag represents Jiangxi delegation of the National Games, consists of the red flag and the yellow Chinese character "Jiangxi Province (江西省)".
File:Shandong delegation's flag of the National Games.png ? – present Shandong delegation's flag of the National Games This flag represents Shandong delegation of the National Games, consists of the red flag and the yellow Chinese character "Shandong Province (山东省)".
File:Henan delegation's flag of the National Games.png ? – present Henan delegation's flag of the National Games This flag represents Henan delegation of the National Games, consists of the red flag and the yellow Chinese character "Henan Province (河南省)".
File:Hubei delegation's flag of the National Games.png ? – present Hubei delegation's flag of the National Games This flag represents Hubei delegation of the National Games, consists of the red flag and the yellow Chinese character "Hubei (湖北)".
File:Hunan delegation's flag of the National Games.png ? – present Hunan delegation's flag of the National Games This flag represents Hunan delegation of the National Games, consists of the red flag and the yellow Chinese character "Hunan (湖南)".
File:Guangdong delegation's flag of the National Games.png ? – present Guangdong delegation's flag of the National Games This flag represents Guangdong delegation of the National Games, consists of the white flag and the red Chinese character "Guangdong Province (廣東省)".
File:Guangxi delegation's flag of the National Games.png ? – present Guangxi delegation's flag of the National Games This flag represents Guangxi delegation of the National Games, consists of the red flag and the yellow Chinese character "Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region (廣西壮族自治区)".
File:Hainan delegation's flag of the National Games.png ? – present Hainan delegation's flag of the National Games This flag represents Hainan delegation of the National Games, consists of the red flag and the yellow Chinese character "Hainan Province (海南省)".
File:Chongqing delegation's flag of the National Games.png ? – present Chongqing delegation's flag of the National Games This flag represents Chongqing delegation of the National Games, consists of the red flag and the yellow Chinese character "Chongqing (重慶)".
File:Sichuan delegation's flag of the National Games.png ? – present Sichuan delegation's flag of the National Games This flag represents Sichuan delegation of the National Games, consists of the red flag and the yellow Chinese character "Sichuan (四川)".
File:Guizhou delegation's flag of the National Games.png ? – present Guizhou delegation's flag of the National Games This flag represents Guizhou delegation of the National Games, consists of the red flag and the white Chinese character "Guizhou (貴州)".
File:Yunnan delegation's flag of the National Games.png ? – present Yunnan delegation's flag of the National Games This flag represents Yunnan delegation of the National Games, consists of the red flag and the yellow Chinese character "Yunnan Province (雲南省)".
File:Tibet delegation's flag of the National Games.png ? – present Tibet delegation's flag of the National Games This flag represents Tibet delegation of the National Games, consists of the yellow flag and the red "Tibet Autonomous Region (西藏自治区 བོད་རང་སྐྱོང་ལྗོངས།)" characters in Both Chinese and Tibetan.
File:Shaanxi delegation's flag of the National Games.png ? – present Shaanxi delegation's flag of the National Games This flag represents Shaanxi delegation of the National Games, consists of the red flag and the white Chinese character "Shaanxi Province (陕西省)".
File:Gansu delegation's flag of the National Games.png ? – present Gansu delegation's flag of the National Games This flag represents Gansu delegation of the National Games, consists of the yellow flag and the red Chinese character "Gansu Province (甘肃省)".
File:Qinghai delegation's flag of the National Games.png ? – present Qinghai delegation's flag of the National Games This flag represents Qinghai delegation of the National Games, consists of the blue flag and the white Chinese character "Qinghai Province (青海省)".
File:Ningxia delegation's flag of the National Games.png ? – present Ningxia delegation's flag of the National Games This flag represents Ningxia delegation of the National Games, consists of the red flag and the yellow Chinese character "Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region (宁夏回族自治区)".
File:Xinjiang delegation's flag of the National Games.png ? – present Xinjiang delegation's flag of the National Games This flag represents Xinjiang delegation of the National Games, consists of the red flag and the white "Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region (شىنجاڭ ئۇيغۇر ئاپتونوم رايونى 新疆维吾尔自治区)" characters in Both Chinese and Uyghur.

University flags

Flag Duration Use Description
1950-? Flag of the Shanghai Jiao Tong University

Political flags

Flag Duration Use Description
1996–present Flag of the Communist Party of China[2] Communist hammer and sickle.
1921–1996 Flag of the Communist Party of China Communist hammer and sickle.
1927-1964 Flag of the Chinese Peasants' Association Plough flag.
1925–1953 Flag of the China Party for Public Interest Stylized "井" in canton
Variant flag of the China Party for Public Interest[3] Stylized "井" in canton
?-present Flag of the Flag of the Changping District General Branch of the Revolutionary Committee of the Chinese Kuomintang[4] Red flag with Chinese name of the organization

Flags of Political Groups and Separatist Movements

Flag Duration Use Description
1997–present Flag of the Inner Mongolian People's Party
2006–present Flag of the Mongolian Liberal Union Party Light blue Canadian pale with a NATO compass in the middle.
1988–present Flag of the Turkistan Islamic Party
2004–present Flag of the Manchukuo Government Flag of the self-proclaimed "Manchukuo Government" organisation. The flag is that of the actual former Japanese puppet state of Manchukuo.
[citation needed] 2010s–present Cantonese separatist movement flag. A horizontal tricolour of green, brown, and blue and a stylized image of a Kapok flower in the center. Used by Cantonese nationalists, for their nation state.
[citation needed]		 21 century Bashu separatist movement flag. Flag used by the various of organizations of the Basuria independence movement.
[citation needed] 2018–present Flag of the Shanghai National Party The flag is based on the flag of the Shanghai International Settlement consisting of a red saltire but with the seal of the Shanghai Municipal Council (containing the flags of the European countries that controlled the territory) replaced with a blue circle.
[citation needed] 2008 Flag of the Maoist Communist Party of China Red flag featuring a portrait of young Mao Zedong on the top left.
2020–present Flag of the New Federal State of China Flag of the New Federal State of China, an American NGO.

Proposed national flags of the People's Republic of China

In July 1949, a contest was announced for a national flag for the newly founded People's Republic of China (PRC). From a total of about 3,000 proposed designs, 38 finalists were chosen. In September, the current flag, submitted by Zeng Liansong, was officially adopted, with the hammer and sickle removed.[5]

Alternative proposals

  • Mao Zedong's proposal for the PRC flag symbolizing the Yellow River
    Mao Zedong's proposal for the PRC flag symbolizing the Yellow River
  • Zeng Liansong's original proposal for the PRC flag
    Zeng Liansong's original proposal for the PRC flag
  • Proposal 2 for the PRC flag symbolizing the Yellow River and the Yangtze River
    Proposal 2 for the PRC flag symbolizing the Yellow River and the Yangtze River
  • Proposal 3 for the PRC flag symbolizing the Yellow River, the Yangtze River and the Pearl River
    Proposal 3 for the PRC flag symbolizing the Yellow River, the Yangtze River and the Pearl River
  • Proposal 4 for the PRC flag
    Proposal 4 for the PRC flag

Selection of proposals

  • Design by Ai Qing
    Design by Ai Qing
  • Design by Bao Qiquan
    Design by Bao Qiquan
  • Design by Chen Duo
    Design by Chen Duo
  • Design by Chen Lu
    Design by Chen Lu
  • Design by Guo Moruo
    Design by Guo Moruo
  • Design by Guo Moruo
    Design by Guo Moruo
  • Design by Hu Yuanqing
    Design by Hu Yuanqing
  • Design by Jiang Dazhong
    Design by Jiang Dazhong
  • Design by Kang Jian
    Design by Kang Jian
  • Design by Liang Congjie
    Design by Liang Congjie
  • Design by Luo Wen
    Design by Luo Wen
  • Design by Mo Hongshu
    Design by Mo Hongshu
  • Design by Mo Zongjiang
    Design by Mo Zongjiang
  • Design by Pang Xunqin
    Design by Pang Xunqin
  • Design by Wu Yuzhang
    Design by Wu Yuzhang
  • Design by Wu Yuzhang
    Design by Wu Yuzhang
  • Design by Xiao Shufang
    Design by Xiao Shufang
  • Design by Xiao Shufang
    Design by Xiao Shufang
  • Design by Xiao Shuhua
    Design by Xiao Shuhua
  • Design by Xiao Shuhua
    Design by Xiao Shuhua
  • Design by Yan Xinghua
    Design by Yan Xinghua
  • Design by Yang Taiyang
    Design by Yang Taiyang
  • Design by Yang Taiyang
    Design by Yang Taiyang
  • Design by Yu Zhuosheng
    Design by Yu Zhuosheng
  • Design by Zhang Ding and Zhong Ling
    Design by Zhang Ding and Zhong Ling
  • Design by Zhang Ding and Zhong Ling
    Design by Zhang Ding and Zhong Ling
  • Design by Zhang Ding and Zhong Ling
    Design by Zhang Ding and Zhong Ling
  • Design by Zhang Ding and Zhong Ling
    Design by Zhang Ding and Zhong Ling
  • Design by Zhang Ding and Zhong Ling
    Design by Zhang Ding and Zhong Ling
  • Design by Zhang Ding, Zhong Ling and Zhou Guangyuan
    Design by Zhang Ding, Zhong Ling and Zhou Guangyuan
  • Design by Zhang Ding, Zhong Ling and Zhou Guangyuan
    Design by Zhang Ding, Zhong Ling and Zhou Guangyuan
  • Design by Zhang Ding, Zhong Ling, Zhou Guangyuan and Xiao Shuhua
    Design by Zhang Ding, Zhong Ling, Zhou Guangyuan and Xiao Shuhua
  • Design by Zhu De
    Design by Zhu De

Historical Communist States

Flag Duration Use Description
1945 Flag of the Inner Mongolian People's Republic Used by the Inner Mongolian People's Republic until 1945.
1931–34 Jiangxi Soviet republic flag A red star and hammer and sickle along with Chinese characters for "Chinese Communists" (Zhonggong, 中共) written in classical word order, i.e., read from the right.
1931–34 Flag of Chinese Soviet Republic Red flag with the national emblem in the center.
Flag of the Qiongya Soviet Red flag with a yellow star with a hammer and sickle inside, with the words "Qiongya Soviet Government" (瓊崖蘇維埃政府) written across the flag.
1933–34 Flag of Fujian People's Government A horizontal bicolour of red and blue and charged with a yellow five-pointed star in the center.
1937–49[6] Flag of Chinese Communist Anti-Japanese Bases[7] "White Sun, Blue Sky, Wholly Red Earth" flag. Same as that of the Republic of China.

Republic of China

National flags

Flag Duration Use Description
9 December 1928 – present Flag of the Republic of China Commonly known as "Taiwan". A red field, with a blue canton containing a 12-ray white sun. This flag flew over mainland China until 1949, and is presently flown on the island of Taiwan and other islands under the control of the ROC. This flag can sometimes be seen in Mainland China, for historical and unofficial use.
1940–1943 Flag of the Reorganized National Government of the Republic of China. Used by the Japanese puppet government until 1943 when the pennant was removed and the regular ROC flag took its place. The pennant reads "Peace, Anti-Communism, National Construction".
1940–1943 Flag of the Reorganized National Government of the Republic of China. Used by the Japanese puppet government until 1943 when the pennant was removed and the regular ROC flag took its place. The pennant reads "Peace, Anti-Communism".
1940–1943 Flag of the Reorganized National Government of the Republic of China. Used by the Japanese puppet government until 1943 when the pennant was removed and the regular ROC flag took its place. The pennant reads "Peace, National Construction".
1912–1928 First flag of the Republic of China, or "Five-colored flag" It was widely flown even before the Republic of China in Shanghai and eastern parts of north China until 1928. The stripe representation: red for Han Chinese, yellow for Manchus, blue for Mongols, white for Hui and black for Tibetans. Later used by the Japanese puppet states of the East Hebei Autonomous Government, the Chinese Provisional Government and Reformed Government of China.
1916 Flag of Empire of China. The version with the red saltire was more commonly used than the version with the red centered cross.
1916 Variant flag of Empire of China.
1911-1912 Flag used during the 1911 revolution, in de facto independent Sichuan.
1911-1912 Flag used during the 1911 revolution, in de facto independent Shanxi Provincial Military Government.

Standards

Head of state

Flag Duration Use Description
1988 – present Standard of the President of the Republic of China
1929–1988 Old standard of the President of the Republic of China
1927–1928 Commander-in-Chief Flag of the Republic of China (Beiyang Government)

Vice President

Flag Duration Use Description
1947–1986 Standard of the Vice President of the Republic of China Abolished with the Act of Ensign of the Republic of China Navy (海軍旗章條例) on 3 January 1986.

Military flags

Flag Duration Use Description
1924–present Flag of the Ministry of National Defense of the Republic of China (Republic of China Armed Forces)
?–present Flag of the Chief of the General Staff

(Republic of China Armed Forces)

1924–present Flag of the Republic of China Military Police
1945–present Flag of the Republic of China Armed Forces Reserve
1946–2012 Flag of the Republic of China Joint Logistics Command
1945–1992 Flag of the Taiwan Garrison Command

Army

Flag Duration Use Description
1924–present Flag of the Republic of China Army (formerly National Revolutionary Army) The Blue Sky with a White Sun with a red border.
Flag of the Army commander
Senior General's Flag
General's Flag
Lieutenant General's Flag
Major General's Flag
Colonel's Flag

1911–1928 Flag of the Wuchang uprising; army flag of the Republic of China The banner of the Wuchang uprising of 10 October 1911, subsequently used as the flag of the army of the Republic of China, ca. 1913–28.

Navy

Flag Duration Use Description
1912–present Ensign of the Republic of China Navy
1942–1945 Ensign of the Reorganized National Government of the Republic of China. Used by the Japanese puppet government from 1 May 1942 until the end of the regime.
1911 First Naval Ensign of the Republic of China
1928–present Naval Jack of the Republic of China Navy Identical to the Kuomintang flag (see below).
1940–1945 Naval Jack of Reorganized National Government of the Republic of China Used by the Japanese puppet government from 1940 until the end of the regime. The pennant reads "Kuomintang".
1912-1928 Naval Jack of the Republic of China Navy
Commanding General of Navy Flag
1912– Senior Admiral's Flag
1912– Admiral's Flag
1912- Vice Admiral's Flag
1912- Rear Admiral's Flag
Captain's Flag
1912- Flag of the Bordered Blue Banner of the Eight Banners
1924– Battle Fleet Leader's Pennant
1962– Navigating Battle Ship Pennant
1924– Commission Pennant
1912– Duty Pennant
1986– ROCN Unit Flag

Air Force

Flag Duration Use Description
1981–present Flag of the Republic of China Air Force
1948-1981 Old flag of the Republic of China Air Force
1937-1948 Old flag of the Republic of China Air Force
Commanding General of Air Force Flag
Senior General's Flag
General's Flag
Lieutenant General's Flag
Major General's Flag
Colonel's Flag
ROCAF Unit Flag

Marine Corps

Flag Duration Use Description
Flag of the Republic of China Marine Corps
General's Flag
Lieutenant General's Flag
Major General's Flag
Colonel's Flag
Republic of China Marine Corps Unit Flag

National Defense University

Flag Duration Use Description
2014–present Banner of the Military College of the National Defense University
2014–present The banner of the Military College of Command and Staff of the National Defense University
2014–present Naval Command and Staff College Flag
2014–present Air Command and Staff College Flag
2014–present Flag of Fu Hsing Kang College
2014–present Chung Cheng Institute of Technology Flag
2014–present Flag of the Higher School of Management of the National Defense University

Other

Flag Duration Use Description
1931 Flag of the Northeast Righteous and Brave Army Red flag with the text "東北義勇軍" and a star.
Flag of the Third Army of the Shandong People's Anti-Japanese Salvation Army[8]
1927–1928 Flag of the Chinese Workers' and Peasants' Red Army Same as the 1928 version, but the left side reads "工農革命軍" (China Workers'/Peasants' Revolutionary Army). Divisions were added, for example "第二軍第一師" (Second Army, 1st Division).
1928–1930 Flag of the Chinese Workers' and Peasants' Red Army Left side reads "中國工農紅軍" (Chinese Workers' and Peasants' Red Army).
1930 Flag of the Chinese Workers' and Peasants' Red Army Same as the 1928 version, but the left side has no characters and the top reads "全世界無產階級聯合起來" ("Proletariats of the world, unite!").
1930–1931 Flag of the Chinese Workers' and Peasants' Red Army Same as April 1930 version but top reads "全世界無產階級及被壓迫民族聯合起來" ("Proletariats and oppressed peoples of the world, unite!").
1931–1934 Flag of the Chinese Workers' and Peasants' Red Army Same as 1934 version but with blank white left side and colored fringe around the edges (6 variants – red for infantry, yellow for cavalry, black for artillery, white for engineering, blue for logistics, green for medical).
1934–1937 Flag of the Chinese Workers' and Peasants' Red Army
1937–1947 Flag of the Eighth Route Army (18th Group Army) in use by communist forces in the Second United Front during the Second Sino Japanese War National Revolutionary Army unit flag with text "国民革命军第十八集团军" (National Revolutionary Army 18th Group Army) on the side.

Coast Guard Administration

Flag Duration Use Description
2000–present Flag of the Coast Guard Administration of the Republic of China
2000–present Flag of the Minister of Coast Guard of the Republic of China
2000–present Flag of the Director of Coast Guard of the Republic of China
2000–present Flag of the Nansha Commander of Coast Guard of the Republic of China
2000–present Flag of the Director General of Coast Guard of the Republic of China
2000–present Unit Flag of Coast Guard of Republic of China
1925-1928 Ensign of Coastal Defense of Republic of China

Police

Flag Duration Use Description
1974–present Flag of police of the Republic of China
1947-1974 Flag of police of the Republic of China Flag of the Republic of China defaced with the golden pigeon in the fly.
1932-1947 Flag of police of the Republic of China.
1912-1928 Flag of police of the Republic of China
1974–present Flag of National Police Agency
1974–present Flag of Central Police University
1974–present Flag of Volunteer Police of the Republic of China
1974–present Flag of Director-General of ROC Police
1974–present Flag of Commissioner of Direct-controlled municipality of ROC Police
1932-1949 Flag of Voluntary Police of the Republic of China

Water Police

Flag Duration Use Description
1928–1949 Ensign of the Chinese Water Police
1912–1928 Ensign of the Chinese Water Police

Fire Service

Flag Duration Use Description
1996–present Flag of fire service of the Republic of China
1996–present Unit Flag of Fire Service

Rescue aviation

Flag Duration Use Description
2005–present Flag of the National Airborne Service Corps

Ministries

Flag Duration Use Description
Flag of the Sports Administration
1950- Flag of the Minister of Finance of ROC Previously used as flag of the Inspector-General of Customs during 1929-50. Green background with yellow saltire superimposed by "Blue Sky with a White Sun" flag.

Agency

Flag Duration Use Description
Flag of Taiwan Area National Freeway Bureau of the Republic of China
Flag of Civil Aeronautics Administration of the Republic of China
Flag of Bureau of High Speed Rail of the Republic of China
Flag of Taiwan Area National Expressway Engineering Bureau, MOTC, Republic of China
Flag of Institute of Transportation of the Republic of China
2014–present Flag of Maritime and Port Bureau of the Republic of China
2007–present Flag of National Immigration Agency of the Republic of China

Civil and Merchant Ensign

Flag Duration Use Description
1929–1966 Civil Ensign of the Republic of China Four serrated yellow stripes are added to the flag of the Republic of China for use as a civil ensign at sea. Present civil ensign is national flag.
1935-around 1949 Ensign of Chinese Fishery Patrol & Fishery Investigation Test Vessels

Postal flags

Flag Duration Use Description
1946- Postal Ensign of the Republic of China
1929–1935 Postal ensign of China The "Blue Sky with a White Sun" was placed in the canton.
1919–1929 Postal ensign of China White flag with the Five-colored flag in the canton, bilingual text "Postes" in the lower hoist quarter, and a greylag goose in the fly half.

Chinese Maritime Customs Service

Flag Duration Use Description
1977–present Customs flag
1977–present Flag of Director General of Customs
1929–1950 Flag of the Inspector-General, 1929–1950 and is still used by the ROC Minister of Finance Green background with yellow saltire superimposed by "Blue Sky with a White Sun" flag.
1931–1950 (In use by vessels until 1976) Ensign of Chinese Customs (Nanking Government)
1929-1931 Ensign of Chinese Customs (Nanking Government)
1911-1928 Ensign of Chinese Customs (Beiyang Government)

Salt Administration

Flag Duration Use Description
1929-1949 Ensign of the Chinese Salt Administration
1912-1929 Ensign of the Chinese Salt Administration

Yacht Club Ensign

Flag Duration Use Description
1966–present Yacht Club Ensign of the Republic of China Four serrated yellow stripes are added to the flag of the Republic of China for use as a yacht club ensign. Previously used as civil ensign during 1928–66.
1966–present Yacht Club Burgee of the Republic of China The Blue Sky with a White Sun in a burgee (pennant) form.

Sporting flags

Flag Duration Use Description
1979– Chinese Taipei Olympic flag The ROC is recognized as "Chinese Taipei" in the Olympics, due to the political status of Taiwan.
2019– Flag of Chinese Taipei used in the Paralympic Games
Flag of Chinese Taipei used in the Deaflympics
Flag of Chinese Taipei used in the Universiade
Chinese Taipei volleyball flag
Chinese Taipei esports flag
2004-2019 Chinese Taipei Paralympic Flag
pre-2004 Chinese Taipei Paralympic Flag
Former Chinese Taipei Football Flag

City and county flags

As of 18 November 1997, the Chinese Government banned localities from making and using local flags and emblems.[9] Despite the ban, some cities have adopted their own flag that often includes their local emblem as shown below. The ROC-controlled areas continues to use the respective flags.

Provinces

The PRC-controlled mainland does not have provincial flags, but the ROC-controlled area has a flag for one of its two provinces.

Flag Duration Use Description
Taiwan Province
Flag Administrative division Adopted Description
Kaohsiung City 2010–present Stylized "高". The colors symbolize sunshine, vitality, environmental protection, and the ocean.[10]
New Taipei City 2010–present Stylized "北" in the form of four hearts arranged to resemble a four-leaf clover.
Taichung City 2008–present
Tainan City 2010–present
Taipei City 2010–present
Taoyuan City 2014–present
Chiayi City
Hsinchu City
Keelung City
Changhua County
Chiayi County
Hsinchu County
Hualien County
Kinmen County
Lienchiang County
Miaoli County
Nantou County
Penghu County
Pingtung County
Taitung County
Yilan County
Yunlin County

History

Flag Duration Use Description
1922–1949 Flag of Kunming[11] The flag features the former city emblem which consists of two intersecting red circles which represent the harmony of sun and moon, as well as western and eastern ideas. In the middle is a golden stylized symbol of a 市 character.
1981–2010 Old flag of Taipei City Previous flag used by Taipei City, with its seal on top of 16 horizontal stripes of white and blue.
1999-2006 Old flag of New Taipei City
1980s-1999 Old flag of New Taipei City
2006-2010 Old flag of New Taipei City
?-2010
2018-2019		 Old flag of Hsinchu County
2010-2018 Old flag of Hsinchu County
1951-2010 Old flag of Taichung County
1978-2010 Old flag of Tainan City
?-2010 Old flag of Tainan County
1974-2009 Old flag of Kaohsiung City
?-1999 Old flag of Kaohsiung County
1999-2010 Old flag of Kaohsiung County
1984-2014 Old flag of Taitung County

University flags

Flag Duration Use Description
unknown Flag of the University of China
1928-? Flag of the Shanghai Jiao Tong University

Political flags

Flag Duration Use Description
Link to file 1986–present Flag of Democratic Progressive Party
1895–present Flag of Kuomintang Blue Sky with a White Sun
Flag of People First Party
Link to file 1989–present Flag of Labor Party Red flag with green pile reversed and yellow star
Link to file 1989–present Flag of Chinese People's Party
1993–present Flag of New Party
1970–present Flag of World United Formosans for Independence
1921–1949 Flag of the Communist Party of China Communist hammer and sickle. Used by the CPC during the Republic of China era.
1923–present Flag of Chinese Youth Party
2006–present Flag of Hakka Party
2006–present Flag of Sovereign State for Formosa & Pescadores Partyzh
2014–present Flag of Alliance of military personnel, officials and teacherszh
2007–present Flag of Home Party
2003–present Flag of Taiwan Labor Partyzh
2021–present Flag of the Patriot Alliance Association
2021–present Flag of the Taiwan Military (Junta) Government, a self-declared government led by Gao Anguo.
?-present Flag used in a protest in Taiwan. Similar to the Home Party's flag, but it is used by another organization.
1991-2020 Flag of Chinese Social Democratic Partyzh
Link to file 1994-2020 Flag of Taiwan Communist Party
2009-2020 Flag of Taiwan Democratic Communist Party
1946–2020 China Democratic Socialist Party flag Stylized "井" in center
Link to file 2007–2019 Flag of Taiwan Farmers' Party
Link to file 1996-2020 Flag of Taiwan Independence Party
2018-2020 Flag of Congress Party Alliance
2015–2019 Flag of Minkuotang

1929-1931
1929		 Flag of Taiwanese People's Party Active in Japanese Taiwan
1925-? Flag of Guangdong Peasants' Association Chinese national flag charged with yellow plough in fly.
File:Former Flag of the Concentric Patriotism Association of China.jpg ?-2021 Flag of the Patriot Alliance Association
1925-1946 Flag of the Inner Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party

Cultural flags

Flag Duration Use Description
Link to file ?–present Flag of Amis people
2017–present Flag of Taiwanese indigenous peoples in Taichung

Proposed flags

Taiwan Independence Movement

Flag Duration Use Description
1955 Republic of Taiwan Provisional Government Proposal
1994 Donald Liu's Proposal
2005 908 Taiwan Republic Campaign's Proposal
2013 World Taiwanese Congress Proposal
2016 "Taiwan the Formosa" by Chih-Hao Chen

Republic of China

Flag Duration Use Description
1906 Teo Eng Hock and his wife's proposal 1 for the ROC flag
1906 Proposal 2 for the ROC flag
1906 Proposal 3 for the ROC flag, later adopted as the flag of the Republic of China Army

Railway flags

Flag Duration Use Description
Railways Ensign of the Republic of China Also the flag of the Taiwan Railways Administration.
1919-? Railways Ensign of China

House flags

Flag Duration Use Description
1942-1951 House flags of China Merchants Group
1873-1942 House flags of China Merchants Group Erroneously used on a collector card from a chocolate manufacturer featuring the palace of the Dalai Lama in Lhasa in the early 20th century.

Association flags

Flag Duration Use Description
1938–1947 Flag of Three Principles of the People Youth League
1952–present Flag of China Youth Corps
1937–present Flag of Red Swastika Society
Flag of China Sailor's Union

Warlords

Flag Duration Use Description
1950–1958 Flag probably used in the Kuomintang Islamic insurgency by Hui nationalists
1919-1928 Flag allegedly used by the Ma family in Ningxia, Qinghai and Gansu.
1942–1944 Flag of Xinjiang Used by Sheng Shicai's provincial government in Xinjiang until 1944.
1933–1942 Flag of Xinjiang Used by Sheng Shicai's provincial government in Xinjiang until 1942.

Qing dynasty and other pre-1912 states

National flags

Flag Duration Use Description
1862–90 Flag of the Qing Dynasty Naval flag and quasi-national flag on international occasions.
1862–1890 Used on Qing Dynasty naval ships for identification Same as national flag

Standards

Flag Duration Use Description
1862–1912 Standard of the Qing Emperor Azure Dragon on a plain right triangle yellow field with the red sun of the three-legged crow in the upper left corner.

Military flags

Flag Duration Use Description
1890s–1901 Flag of the Yihetuan Flag used by the Yihetuan during the Boxer Rebellion. A red flag with a black square with a red inscribed 令 character, inspired by the flag of the Black Flag Army.
1860s–1885 Flag of the Black Flag Army Flag of the Black Flag Army, a Chinese-Vietnamese army and guerrilla force that fought against the French in the Sino-French War. A black flag with a white 令 character.
1644–1912 Flag of the Green Standard Army Flag of the Green Standard Army. A green recolouring of the Imperial Standard of the Qing Emperor.
1615–1911 Flag of the Bordered Yellow Banner of the Eight Banners The Eight Banners was created in the early 17th century by Nurhaci to unify the Jurchen people into the Manchu dynasty. The first three banners were under the direct command of the Emperor himself.
1615–1911 Flag of the Plain Yellow Banner of the Eight Banners
1615–1911 Flag of the Plain White Banner of the Eight Banners
1615–1911 Flag of the Plain Red Banner of the Eight Banners
1615–1911 Flag of the Bordered White Banner of the Eight Banners
1615–1911 Flag of the Bordered Red Banner of the Eight Banners
1615–1911 Flag of the Plain Blue Banner of the Eight Banners
1615–1911 Flag of the Bordered Blue Banner of the Eight Banners

Navy

Flag Duration Use Description
1890–1912 The flag of the Qing Imperial Chinese Navy Square version of above flag
1862–1890 Used on Qing Dynasty naval ships for identification Same as national flag
1909–1911 Flag for the Imperial Chinese Navy Secretary.
1909–1911 The flag of the Admiral of the Beiyang Fleet from 1909 to 1911.
1909–1911 Command flag for Imperial Chinese Navy Vice Admiral.
1909–1911 Command flag for Imperial Chinese Navy Rear Admiral
1909–1911 Command flag for Imperial Chinese Navy Commodore
1909–1911 Command flag for Imperial Chinese Navy Senior Officer's/Fleet Leader
1909–1911 Imperial Chinese Navy Duty Ship Pennant
1909–1911 Imperial Chinese Navy Commission Pennant
1890–1909 The flag of the Admiral of the Beiyang Fleet from 1890 to 1909.
1874–1890 The flag of the Admiral of the Beiyang Fleet from 1874 to 1890.
1890–1909 Flag of the Commander (Tongling) of Torpedo Boats
1905–1909 Flag of High-ranking Official of Beiyang Fleet
1905–1909 Officer (Junguan) of the Beiyang Fleet
1905–1909 Flag of Minister of the Navy, or Admiral (de jure, probably not used)
1905–1909 Flag of the Admiral and Fleet Commander, or Vice Admiral (de jure, probably not used)
1905–1909 Flag of the Admiral and Squadron Commander, or Rear Admiral (de jure, probably not used)
1905–1909 Flag of the Commodore, or Commodore First Class (de jure, probably not used)
1890–1909 Flag of the Leader (Duizhang), or Commodore Second Class
Proposed in 1863 Proposed in 1863 ensign of Qing Navy
Proposed in 1863 Proposed in 1863 Commission Pennant of Qing Navy

Chinese Maritime Customs Service

Flag Duration Use Description
1860s–1931 Ensign of Chinese Customs

Other

Flag Duration Use Description
618-842 Flag of The Tibetan Empire Used during the reign of Songtsen Gampo.
1895 Flag of the Republic of Formosa Tiger on a plain blue filed with azure clouds below it.
1851–1864 Flag of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Used by the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom until 1864.
1865–1873 Flag of Yettishar Used by Yettishar until 1873.
1873–1877 Flag of Yettishar Used by Yettishar until 1877.
1856–1873 Flag of Pingnan Guo
1626–1642 Flag of the Spanish Formosa Cross of Burgundy
1624–1668 Flag of the Dutch Formosa
1661–1683 Flag of the Kingdom of Tungning The Chinese character "鄭" in a red circle outline on a plain white field.

Banners described by Wujing Zongyao​

Banners described by Jixiao Xinshu​​

Banners described by Wubei Zhi​

Banners present in old paintings

Manchukuo

Main article: Flag of Manchukuo

National flag

Flag Duration Use Description
1932–1945 Flag of Manchukuo A yellow field with the red, blue, white, and black stripes of the first flag of the Republic of China (see above) in the canton.

Standards

Flag Duration Use Description
1935–1945 Imperial standard of the Emperor of Manchukuo. Used by the Emperor of Manchukuo.

Manchukuo Imperial Army and Navy

Flag Duration Use Description
1935–1945 War ensign of Manchukuo. Used by the Manchukuo Imperial Army.
1935–1945 Flag of Navy Minister of Manchukuo
1932–1935 Flag of admiral of the Navy
1935–1945 Flag of admiral of the Navy
1932–1945 Flag of vice admiral of the Navy
1935–1941 Flag of vice admiral of the Navy
1932–1945 Flag of rear admiral of the Navy
1935–1945 Flag of rear admiral of the Navy
1932–1935 Flag of 1st class commodore of the Navy
1935–1945 Flag of 1st class commodore of the Navy
1935–1945 Flag of commander (2nd class commodore) of the Navy
1935–1945 Flag of superior commander of the Navy

Government flags

Flag Duration Use Description
1935–1945 Flag of the Manchukuo Shipping Office. Used by the Manchukuo Shipping Office.
1935–1945 Flag of the Manchukuo Coast Guard. Used by the Manchukuo Coast Guard.
1935–1945 Flag of Manchukuo Marine Transport.

Police flags

Flag Duration Use Description
1932–1945 Flag of the Manchukuo Marine Police Used by the Manchukuo Marine Police.
1932–1945 Flag of the Chief of Civil Administration
1932–1945 Flag of the Chief of Police Civil Administration Used by the Manchukuo Marine Police.
1932–1945 Flag of the Chief of Marine Police
1932–1945 Flag of the Marine Police Senior Officer at Present Afloat

Political flags

Flag Duration Use Description
1931–1945 Flag of the Concordia Association. Used by the Concordia Association of Manchukuo. Contains the Chinese characters 協和.
1931–1945 Flag of the Concordia Association. Used by the Concordia Association of Manchukuo. Contains the Manchu text ᠰᡳᡝᡥᠣᡥᡠᡳ.
1931–1943 Flag of the Russian Fascist Party. Minor Russian émigré movement that was based in Manchukuo.

Other

Flag Duration Use Description
1932–1945 Flag of the Manchukuo Post Postal flag of Manchukuo.
1932–1945 Flag of the Boy Scouts of Manchukuo. Used by the Boy Scouts of Manchukuo.
1906–1945 Flag of the South Manchuria Railway.

Other Japanese puppet states

Flag Duration Use Description
1932 Flag of the Northeast Supreme Administrative Council.
1937–1938 Flag of the Great Way Government.
1943 Flag of the New Peoples' Society. New People's Society (新民會, "Xinminhui"), a collaborationist, quasi-political-party organization in northern China under Japanese occupation. [1]

1938–1940 Flag of the Reformed Government of the Republic of China.
1936–1939 Flag of the Mongol Military Government, which became the Flag of the Mongol United Autonomous Government in 1937. A vertical pattern of red, yellow, white as a canton on a blue field.
1938–1939 Flag of the South Chahar Autonomous Government, also known as Chanan. Later merged with the Mongol United Autonomous Government and Jinbei to create Mengjiang A vertical pattern of red, white, blue as a canton on a yellow field.
1938–1939 Flag of the North Shanxi Autonomous Government, also known as Jinbei. Later merged with the Mongol United Autonomous Government and Chanan to create Mengjiang A vertical pattern of red, blue, white as a canton on a yellow field.
1939–1945 Flag of Mengjiang A horizontal pattern of yellow, blue, white, red, white, blue, and yellow again.
1939–1945 Cavalry flag of Inner Mongolian Army White circle on a red background.

Taiwan

Flag Duration Use Description

1898-1916
1916-1945		 Postal Flags of Japanese Taiwan

1897-1901
1901-1945		 Police flags of Japanese Taiwan
1929-1945 Ensign of Export-import Plant Inspection Vessel of Japanese Taiwan
1936-1945 Ensign of Traffic Bureau Maritime Office Vessel of Japanese Taiwan
?-1945 Flag of Japanese Taiwan Power Company

Foreign concessions and colonies

Dalian

Flag Duration Use Description
1905–1945 Kwantung Leased Territory Flag of Japan
1898–1905 Russian Dalian Flag of Russia

Tianjin

Flag Duration Use Description
1901–1917 Austro-Hungarian concession of Tianjin Flag of the Habsburg Monarchy
1902–1931 Belgian concession of Tianjin Flag of Belgium
1860–1943 British concession of Tianjin Union Jack
1901–1943 Italian concession of Tianjin Flag of Italy
1900–1924 Russian concession of Tianjin Flag of Russia

Chinese Eastern Railway

Flag Duration Use Description
1897–1915 A combination of the triangular version of the flag of the Qing dynasty and the flag of Russia, with the text "East Provinces' Railway of Great Qing" in Chinese.
1915–1925 A combination of the triangular version of the Five Races Under One Union flag and the flag of Russia, with the text "East Provinces' Railway Company of China" in Chinese.
1925–1928 A combination with the Five Races Under One Union flag at the top and the flag of Soviet Union at the bottom.
1928–1932 A combination with the Flag of the Republic of China at the top and the flag of Soviet Union at the bottom.
1932–1935 A combination with the flag of Manchukuo at the top and the flag of Soviet Union at the bottom.

Hong Kong

Main article: List of Hong Kong flags

Macau

Main article: List of Macanese flags

Qingdao

Flag Duration Use Description
1898–1914 Kiautschou Bay Leased Territory Flag of Germany (1867–1918)

Shanghai

Flag Duration Use Description
1863–c. 1917 Shanghai International Settlement
c. 1917–1941 Shanghai International Settlement
1849–1943 Shanghai French Concession Flag of France
1845–1863 British Concession in Shanghai Union Jack
1848–1863 American Concession in Shanghai Flag of the United States

Weihai

Flag Duration Use Description
1903–1930 British Weihaiwei A British Blue Ensign with two Mandarin ducks standing on a beach. Flag of Weihaiwei
1899–1903 Flag of the Commissioner of Weihaiwei
1903–1930 Flag of the Commissioner of Weihaiwei

Zhanjiang

Flag Duration Use Description
1898–1945 Guangzhouwan Flag of France

Secessionist states

East Turkestan

Flag Duration Use Description
1944–1949 Flag of the Second East Turkestan Republic Used by the Second East Turkestan Republic until 1949.
1933–1934 Flag of the First East Turkestan Republic Used by the First East Turkestan Republic until 1934.
1933–1934 Flag of the Young Kashgar Party

Tibet

Flag Duration Use Description
1916–1951 Flag of Tibet. Used by Tibet until 1951. Currently used by the Tibetan Government in Exile located in Dharamshala, India
1920-1925 Flag of Tibet Used during the reign of the 13th Dalai Lama
1958–1974 Flag of Chushi Gangdruk. Used by Chushi Gangdruk, a Tibetan guerrilla group, until 1974.

Mongolia and Tuva

Flag Duration Use Description
1911–1919 Flag of the Bogd Khanate of Mongolia Used by the Bogd Khanate of Mongolia
1914–1921 Flag of Uryankhay Krai Used by the Uryankhay Krai government in Tuva

Fictional flags

This is a list of incorrect or fictitious flags which have been reported on as being factual and/or historical flags by contemporary or otherwise reputable sources or popularized on the Internet.

Flag Date Use Description
19 century Incorrect image of the Qing flag in the Western publication. The dragon bears a resemblance to the one on the Flag of Wales.
20 century Fictitious flag appearing on a collector card from a chocolate manufacturer featuring the palace of the Dalai Lama in Lhasa in the early 20th century.
21 century Flag allegedly representing the Tang Dynasty on the internet. Similar flags are attributed to other dynasties.
21 century Flag allegedly representing the Yuan Dynasty on the internet.
?–present Proposed tricolour flag for East Cantonia, China, to be used by autonomist activists
21 century The flag of Chinese Federation in Code Geass. It has never been used by any political movement or historical state.
20-21 century Xiang separatist movement flag. Used by the Hunan independence movement.
from 2019 Alternative separatist flag of Hong Kong.
around 2012 [2] Flag of the Zhuang people. The project has created by User:Leonardo Piccioni de Almeida and gained some popularity among Internet users criticizing the PRC. PRC law does not allow the use of cultural flags. Some websites use this flag to represent the Zhuang language.
around 2012 Flag of the Yi people. The project has created by User:Leonardo Piccioni de Almeida and gained some popularity among Internet users criticizing the PRC. PRC law does not allow the use of cultural flags. Some websites use this flag to represent the Yi language.

21 century Flag of the Salar people. Tamga of the Salur tribe is actually used, but there is no evidence that it is used as a flag. PRC law does not allow the use of cultural flags. Some websites use this flag to represent the Salar language.
21 century Flag of the Li people. In fact, this flag has nothing to do with Li people. A similar flag is used by the Kachin Independence Army in Myanmar

See also

References

  1. ^ 哈尔滨市市旗市徽制作和使用管理暂行办法 Archived 21 March 2005 at the Wayback Machine
  2. ^ "CONSTITUTION OF THE COMMUNIST PARTY OF CHINA". Retrieved 18 April 2022.
  3. ^ "一面旗帜 一个历史进程". Archived from the original on 4 February 2022. Retrieved 4 February 2022. {{cite web}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; 6 January 2021 suggested (help)
  4. ^ "民革昌平区总支部赴内蒙古自治区太仆寺旗开展调研和交流". Archived from the original on 31 January 2022. Retrieved 18 April 2022.
  5. ^ 《中华人民共和国国旗国徽国歌档案》,中央档案馆编，中国档案出版社出版, 2009。
  6. ^ 国旗、领袖像:中共根据地的象征(1937-1949), 丸田孝志, 刘晖, 中国社会历史评论, Chinese Social History Review, 2009年
  7. ^ “统一”与“独立”的双重思虑:中共根据地节庆中的国旗和党旗, 李军全, 江苏社会科学, 2014-01
  8. ^ "山东人民抗日救国军第三军军旗 ｜ 红色百宝云上展". Archived from the original on 4 February 2022. Retrieved 4 February 2022.
  9. ^ 中共中央办公厅、国务院办公厅关于禁止自行制作和使用地方旗、徽的通知 (Chinese Communist Central Governmental Notice to Ban Making and Using Local Flags and Emblems)
  10. ^ "市徽市旗". 高雄市政府 (in Chinese (Taiwan)). 30 September 2016. Retrieved 13 May 2021.
  11. ^ ""昆明"的由来与释义" (in Chinese (China)). 26 April 2020.

External links

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