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Not to be confused with Ozawkie.
For other uses, see Osaka (disambiguation).

Template:Infobox City Japan

Osaka (大阪市, Ōsaka-shi) listenⓘ is a city in Japan, located at the mouth of the Yodo River on Osaka Bay, in the Kansai region of the main island of Honshū.

Osaka is a designated city under the Local Autonomy Law and the capital city of Osaka Prefecture. Osaka was historically the commercial capital of Japan, and to date the heart of Japan's second largest metropolitan area of Keihanshin (Osaka-Kobe-Kyoto), whose population is 18,643,915.[1]

A unique record that the city of Osaka holds in Japan is the largest difference between daytime and nighttime population—141%[2]—a depiction of Osaka's economic– and commerce–centric character. While at night time the population ranks third in the country at 2.6 million, in daytime it surges to 3.7 million, second only after Tokyo.[3]

Osaka is traditionally considered the "nation's kitchen" (天下の台所, tenka no daidokoro) or the gourmet food capital of Japan.[4][5][6][7]

History

Prehistory to the Kofun period

Some of the earliest signs of habitation in the area of Osaka were found at the Morinomiya remains (森の宮遺跡, Morinomiya iseki), with its shell mounds, including sea oysters and buried human skeletons from the 5th–6th centuries BC. It is believed that what is today the Uehonmachi area consisted of a peninsular land, with an inland sea in the east. During the Yayoi period, permanent habitation on the plains grew as rice farming became popular.[4]

By the Kofun period, Osaka developed into a hub port connecting the region to the western part of Japan. The large numbers, and the increasing size, of tomb mounds found in the plains of Osaka are seen as evidence of political-power concentration, leading to the formation of a state.[4][8]

Asuka and Nara periods

In 645, Emperor Kōtoku built his palace, the Naniwa Nagara-Toyosaki Palace in Osaka[9], making this area the capital (Naniwa-kyō). The place that became the modern city was by this time called Naniwa. This name, and derived forms, are still in use for districts in central Osaka such as Naniwa (浪速) and Namba (難波).[10] Although the capital was moved to Asuka (in Nara Prefecture today) in 655, Naniwa remained a vital connection, by land and sea, between Yamato (modern day Nara Prefecture), Korea, and China.[4][11]

In 744, Naniwa once again became the capital by order of Emperor Shōmu. Naniwa ceased to be the capital in 745, when the Imperial Court moved back to Heijō-kyō (now Nara). The seaport function was gradually taken over by neighboring lands by the end of Nara period, but it remained a lively center of river, channel, and land transportation between Heian-kyō (Kyoto today) and other destinations.

Heian – Edo period

Osaka Castle
File:梅田の夜景.jpg
Osaka at night.
Skyline in Umeda.

In 1496, the Jōdo Shinshū Buddhist sect set up their headquarters in the heavily fortified Ishiyama Hongan-ji on the site of the old Naniwa imperial palace. Oda Nobunaga started a siege of the temple in 1570. After a decade, the monks finally surrendered, the temple was razed, and Toyotomi Hideyoshi constructed Osaka Castle in its place.

Osaka was, for a long time, Japan's most important [12] economic center, with a large percentage of the population belonging to the merchant class (see Four divisions of society). Over the course of the Edo period (1603–1867), Osaka grew into one of Japan's major cities and returned to its ancient role as a lively and important port. Its popular culture[13] was closely related to ukiyo-e depictions of life in Edo. Developing in parallel with the urban culture of Kyoto and Edo, Osaka likewise featured bunraku and grand kabuki productions, pleasure quarters, and a lively artistic community.

In 1837, Ōshio Heihachirō, a low-ranking samurai, led a peasant insurrection in response to the city's unwillingness to support the many poor and suffering families in the area. Approximately one-quarter of the city was razed before shogunal officials put down the rebellion, after which Ōshio killed himself.[14]

Modern Osaka

The modern municipality was established[15] in 1889 by government ordinance, with an initial area of 15 km², overlapping today's Chūō and Nishi wards. Later, the city went through three major expansions to reach its current size of 222 km².

Derivation of name

Osaka literally means "large hill" or "large slope."

It is unclear when this name gained prominence over Naniwa, but the oldest usage of the name dates back to a 1496 text. Osaka, now written 大阪, was formerly written using a different second kanji as 大坂. The old writing is still in very limited use to emphasize history.

Geography

The city of Osaka has its west side open to Osaka Bay. It is otherwise completely surrounded by more than ten smaller cities, all of them in Osaka Prefecture, with one exception: the city of Amagasaki, belonging to Hyōgo Prefecture, in the northwest. The city occupies a larger area (about 12%) than any other city or village within Osaka Prefecture. When the city was established in 1889, the city occupied roughly what today are the wards of Chuo and Nishi, with only 15.27 square kilometres (3,773 acres) size, and grew to today's 222.30 square kilometres (54,932 acres) over several expantions. The biggest leap was in 1925, when 126.01 square kilometres (31,138 acres) was claimed through an expantion. The highest point in Osaka is in Tsurumi-ku at 37.5 metres (123.0 ft) Tokyo Peil, and the lowest point is in Nishiyodogawa-ku at −2.2 metres (−7.2 ft) Tokyo Peil[16].

Climate

Climate data for Osaka (2008)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Source: Japan Meteorological Association[17][18]

Cityscape

A panoramic view over the city from Umeda Sky Building

Neighborhoods

Umeda Sky Building
A crowd in Namba

For the ease of orientation, Central Osaka is often split in to two areas that are referred to as Kita (キタ, lit. north) and Minami (ミナミ, lit. south), at either end of the major thoroughfare Midōsuji[19] . Kita is roughly the area including or surrounding the business and retail district of Umeda. On the other hand, Minami is home to the Namba, Shinsaibashi, and Dōtonbori shopping districts. The entertainment area around Dōtonbori Bridge with its famous giant mechanical crab, Triangle Park, and Amerikamura ("America Village") is in Minami. The traditional business district, including the courts and regional headquarters of major banks, is primarily located in Yodoyabashi and Honmachi, between Kita and Minami. The newer business district is the OBP, Osaka Business Park, located in the neighborhood of Osaka Castle. Business districts have also formed around the city's secondary rail termini, such as Tennoji Station and Kyobashi Station.

“The 808 bridges of Naniwa” was a famous expression for awe and wonder in old Japan, an almost proverbial adage that was known all across the land. “808” is a large number that in Japan symbolizes the concept “uncountable”—Osaka is crossed by a number of rivers and canals, necessitating many bridges, all of them with specific names (and often lending their name to the surrounding area as well). Although some of the waterways, such as the Nagahori canal, are now filled in, the bridges remain as part of this legacy.[20]

Wards

Osaka has 24 wards (ku), one more than Tokyo:

Demographics

Osaka City Hall

According to the 2005 Census of Japan[21], there were 2,628,811 people, which is an increase of 30,037 or 1.2%, over the previous Census in 2000. There were 1,280,325 households in the city with an average of approximately 2.1 members per household. The population density was 11,836 persons per km². Due to the Great Kanto Earthquake causing a mass migration to Osaka between 1920 and 1930, the city was Japan's largest city with 2,453,573 people, beating out Tokyo with 2,070,913 in the 1930 Census. The population peaked to 3,252,340 in 1940 Census (or postwar peak of 3,156,222 in 1965), but continued to decrease since, as more people moved out to its suburbs[22].

There were 99,775 Registered Foreigners, with the two largest group being Korean (71,015 people) and Chinese (11,848 people). The largest number of registered Zainichi Koreans are the 27,466 people residing in Ikuno, concentrating in Tsuruhashi district of the ward[23][24]

Dialect

See also: Kansai-ben

The commonly spoken dialect of this area is Osaka-ben. Of the many other particularities that characterize Osaka-ben, an example is the use of the suffix hen instead of nai in the negative of verbs.

Local government

See also: Local Autonomy Law
See also: Municipalities of Japan

The Osaka City Council is the city's local government formed under the Local Autonomy Law. The Council has 89 seats, allocated to the 24 wards proportional to their population and re-elected by the citizens every four years. The Council elects its President and Vice President. The Mayor of the city is directly elected by the citizens every four years as well, in accordance with the Local Autonomy Law. Kunio Hiramatsu, a former Mainichi Broadcasting System announcer is the mayor of Osaka since 2007. He is supported by two Vice Mayors who are appointed by himself in accordance of the city bylaw.[25]

Economy

Greater Osaka Area has 7th largest metroplitan economy in the world after Tokyo, New York, Los Angeles, Chicago, Paris, London

The gross city product of Osaka for fiscal year 2004 was ¥21.3 trillion, an increase of 1.2% over the previous year. This amount is about 55% of the Osaka Prefecture and 26.5% of the Kinki region. As of 2004, commerce, services, and manufacturing have been the three major industries with a respective share of 30%, 26%, and 11% of total industry. The per capita income was about ¥3.3 million, 10% higher than that of the Osaka Prefecture.[26] MasterCard Worldwide reported that Osaka ranks 19th among the world's leading global cities and has an instrumental role in driving the global economy.[6]

The GDP in the greater Osaka area (Osaka and Kobe) is $341 billion. Osaka has one of the most-productive hinterlands in the world, making it a match even for Paris and London. [7] This GDP has kept fairly constant for the past 15 years, when the GDP compared with other cities worldwide was that much larger.

Historically, Osaka was the center of Japanese commerce, especially in the middle and pre-modern ages. Nomura Securities, the first brokerage firm in Japan, was founded in the city in 1925, and Osaka still houses the leading futures exchange in the country. Today, many major companies have since moved their main offices to Tokyo, principally in the 1970s. However, several major companies—such as Panasonic, Sharp, and Sanyo—are still headquartered in Osaka. Recently, the city began a program, headed by Mayor Junichi Seki, to try to attract domestic and foreign investment. [8]

Major companies based in Osaka

See Companies headquartered in Osaka

Major factories and research institutes

See Hanshin Industrial Region.

Transport

Kansai International Airport
Osaka subway map
See also: Transport in Greater Osaka

Air

Kansai International Airport is the main airport: it is a rectangular artificial island that sits off-shore in Osaka Bay and services Osaka and its surrounding cities of Nara, Kobe, and Kyoto. Kansai is the geographical term for the area of western Honshū surrounding Osaka. The airport is linked by a bus and train service into the centre of the city and major suburbs.

Osaka International Airport, laid over the border between the cities of Itami and Toyonaka, still houses most of the domestic service from the metropolitan region.

Rail and bus

The Osaka Municipal Subway system is a part of Osaka's extensive rapid transit system. The Metro system alone ranks 8th in the world by annual passenger ridership, serving over 912 million people annually (a quarter of Greater Osaka Rail System's 4 billion annual riders), despite being only 8 of more than 70 lines in the metro area ((see map) Besides this, there is a network of both JR and private lines connecting the suburbs of the city and Osaka to its neighbours. Keihan and Hankyu lines connect to Kyoto; Hanshin and Hankyu lines connect to Kobe; the Kintetsu line connects to Nara and Nagoya; and the Nankai line connects to Wakayama. Many lines in Greater Osaka accept either ICOCA or PiTaPa contactless smart cards for payment.[27]

Regular bus services are provided by Osaka Municipal Transportation Bureau (the City Bus), as well as by group companies of Hankyu, Hanshin and Kintetsu. The City runs a dense network covering much parts of the city[28]. The fare for the regular buses is a flat rate of 200 Yen, or 100 Yen for the smaller "Red Bus" looplines operated within segmented areas of the city. The other bus companies provide their services in supplement to their railway networks.

Culture and lifestyle

Glico man in Dōtonbori
The Festival Hall plans to re-open in a new building in 2013
The National Museum of Art is a subterranean museum for Japanese arts

Shopping and culinary

Osaka has a large number of wholesalers and retail shops: 25,228 and 34,707 respectively in 2004, according to the city statistics[29]. A lot of them are concentrated in the wards of Chuō (10,468 shops) and Kita (6,335 shops). Types of shops varies from malls to conventional type of shōtengai shopping arcades, built both above and undergrounds[30]. Shōtengai are seen across Japan, but Osaka has the longest one in the country[31]. The Tenjinbashi-suji arcade stretches from the road approaching the Temmangu shrine and continues for 2.6 km going north to south. The type of stores along the arcade includes commodities, clothing, and catering outlets.

Other shopping areas are Den Den Town, the electronic and manga/anime district, which is comparable to Akihabara; and the Umeda district, which has the Hankyu Sanbangai shopping mall and Yodobashi Camera, which is a huge electrical appliance store that offers a vast range of fashion stores, restaurants, and a Shonen Jump store.

Osaka is also known for its food, as supported by the saying "Dress (in kimonos) 'til you drop in Kyoto, eat 'til you drop in Osaka" (京の着倒れ、大阪の食い倒れ).[32] Regional cuisine includes okonomiyaki (pan-fried batter cake), takoyaki (octopus dumplings), udon (a noodle dish), as well as the traditional battera (バッテラ) sushi.

Other shopping districts includes:

Entertainment and perfoming arts

Osaka is home to the National Bunraku Theatre[9], where traditional puppet theatres, bunraku, are performed. At Osaka Shouchiku-za located close to Namba station, kabuki can be enjoyed as well as manzai. Also nearby is the Shin-kabuki-za, where enka concerts and Japanese dramas are on. Yoshimoto, a Japanese entertainment conglomarate operates two halls in the city, for mainzai and other comedy shows: the Namba Grand Kagetsu and the Kyōbashi Kagetsu halls. The Hanjō-tei is a newly opened theatre in 2006, dedicated to rakugo. The theatre is in the Temmangū area.

Umeda Arts Theater was newly opened in 2005, relocating from its former 46-years old Umeda Koma Theater. The theater has a main hall with 1,905 seats, and a smaller theater-drama hall with 898 seats. Umeda Arts Theatre stages various type of performances including musicals, music concerts, dramas, rakugo and others. The Symphony Hall, built in 1982, is the first hall in Japan designed specially for classical music concerts. The Hall was opened with a concert by the Osaka Philharmonic Orchestra, who is based in the city. Orchestras such as the Berlin Philharmonic and Vienna Philharmonic have played here during their world tours as well. Osaka-jō Hall is a multi-purpose arena located in Osaka-jō park with a capacity for upto 16,000 people. The hall has hosted numerous events and concerts including both Japanese and international artists. Close to the City Hall in Nakanoshima, is Osaka Central Public Hall, a Neo-Renaissance style architecture first opened in 1918. Re-opened in 2002 after major restoration, it serves as a multi-purpose rental facility hall for citizen events. The Osaka Shiki Theater[33] is one of the nine private halls opearted nationwide by the Shiki Theatre, staging straigt plays and musicals. The Festival Hall was a hall hosting various performances including noh, kyogen, kabuki, ballets as well as classic concerts. The Bolshoi Ballet and the Philharmonia are among the many that were welcomed on stage in the past. The hall has closed at the end of 2008, planned to re-open in 2013 in a new facility.

Museum and galleries

See also: Museums in Osaka

The National Museum of Art (NMAO) is a subterranean Japanese art museum, housing mainly collections from the post-war era. Osaka Science Museum is in a five storied building next to the National Museum of Art, with a planetarium and an omnimax theatre. The Museum of Oriental Ceramics holds more than 2,000 pieces of Ceramics, from China, Korea, Japan and Vietnam, featuring displays of some of their Korean celadon under natural light. Osaka Municipal Museum of Art is located inside Tennōji park, housing over 8,000 pieces of Japanese and Chinese paintings and sculptures. The Osaka Museum of History is a museum opened in 2001, located in a thirteen-storied modern building providing a viewing spot over Osaka castle from inside. Its exhibits cover the history of Osaka from pre-history to present days. Osaka Museum of Natural History houses collection related to natural history and life.

Sports

The Osaka Dome hosts home games of Orix Buffaloes and Hanshin Tigers

Osaka hosts two professional sport teams: one of them are the Orix Buffaloes, a Nippon Professional Baseball team, playing its home games at Kyocera Dome Osaka. Another baseball team, the Hanshin Tigers, although based in Nishinomiya, Hyōgo, plays a part of its home games in Kyocera Dome Osaka as well, when their homeground Kōshien Stadium is occupied with the annual National High School Baseball Championship games during summer season.

The other professional team based in Osaka is Cerezo Osaka, a J.League soccer team, which plays its home games at Nagai Stadium. The team plays in the 2nd division league since the 2007 season, after finishing second to last in the previous year.

The Sangatsubasho (三月場所 sangatsu basho, lit. March ring), one out of the six regular tournaments of the professional Sumo is held annualy in Osaka at the Osaka Prefectural Gymnasium. Another major annual sporting event that takes place is Osaka is Osaka International Ladies Marathon. Held usually at the end of January every year, the 42.195 km race starts from Nagai Stadium, runs through Nakanoshima, Midōsuji and Osaka castle park, and returns to the stadium. Yet another yearly event held at Nagai Stadium is the Osaka Gran Prix Athletics games operated by the International Association of Athletics Federations (IAAF) in May. The Osaka GP is the only IAAF games annually held in Japan.

Media

Newspapers

All the five nationwide newspaper majors of Japan, the Asahi Shimbun, the Mainichi Shimbun, the Nihon Keizai Shimbun, the Sankei Shimbun and the Yomiuri Shimbun[34], have their regional headquarters in Osaka and issues their regional editions.[35]

Television and radio

The five TV networks are represented by the Asahi Broadcasting Corporation (ANN), the Kansai Telecasting Corporation (FNN), the Mainichi Broadcasting System (JNN), the Television Osaka (TXN) and the Yomiuri Telecasting Corporation (NNN), headquartered in Osaka. NHK has also its regional station based in the city. AM Radio services are provided by NHK as well as the ABC Radio (Asahi Broadcasting Corporation), MBS Radio (Mainichi Broadcasting System) and Radio Osaka (Osaka Broadcasting Corporation) and headquartered in the city. FM services are available from NHK, FM Osaka, FM802 and FM Cocolo, the last providing programs in multiple languages including English.

As of February 2009, the city is fully covered by terrestrial digital TV broadcasts[36]

Places of interest

Universal Studios Japan
Osaka Aquarium Kaiyukan


Tourist attractions include:

Amusement parks

  • Expoland
  • Festival Gate (now closed)
  • Osaka Aquarium Kaiyukan (海遊館) – an aquarium located in Osaka Bay, containing 35,000 aquatic animals in 14 tanks, the largest of which holds 5,400 tons of water and houses a variety of sea animals including whale sharks. This tank is the world's second-largest aquarium tank, behind the Georgia Aquarium, whose largest tank holds approximately 29,000 tons of water.
  • Tempozan Harbor Village Ferris wheel, located next to the aquarium
  • Tennōji Zoo
  • Universal Studios Japan
  • Umeda Joypolis Sega
  • Shin-Umeda city – an innovative structure that has the floating garden observatory 170 m from the ground, which offers a 360-degree panoramic view of Osaka, popular for photographs, a structure that also houses an underground mall with restaurants and is styled in the early Showa period in the 1920s.

Parks

Temples, shrines, and other historical sites

Entertainment

Education

Kansai University
Osaka City University

Public elementary and junior high schools in Osaka are operated by the city of Osaka. Its supervisory organization on educational matters is Osaka City Board of Education [10]. Likewise, public high schools are operated by Osaka Prefectural Board of Education.

Osaka city once had a large number of universities high schools, but because of growing campuses and the need for larger area, many chose to move to the suburbs, including Osaka University[37] .

Libraries

Sister cities

Tsūtenkaku is a symbol of Osaka's post-WWII rebuilding.

Osaka has eight sister cities and relationships of various sorts with several others[38]

Sister cities:

Friendship and cooperation cities:

Osaka also has a number of sister ports, and several business partner cities including Manila.

See also




References

  1. ^ Table 92, Final Report of The 2000 Population Census
  2. ^ "Population Census: I Daytime Population". Statistics Bureau, Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications. 2002-03-29. Retrieved 2007-03-28.
  3. ^ Totalling the Special wards of Tokyo, which is not a single incorporated city, for statistical purposes. See the Tokyo article for more information on the definition and makeup of Tokyo.
  4. ^ a b c d "Historical Overview, the City of Osaka official homepage". Retrieved 2007-03-22. Navigate to the equivalent Japanese page (大阪市の歴史 タイムトリップ20,000年 (History of Osaka, A timetrip back 20,000 years))[1] for additional information.
  5. ^ Aprodicio A. Laquian (2005). Beyond metropolis: the planning and governance of Asia's mega-urban regions. Washington, D.C: Woodrow Wilson Center Press. p. 27. ISBN 0-8018-8176-5. {{cite book}}: line feed character in |title= at position 37 (help)
  6. ^ edited by James L. McClain and Wakita Osamu (1999). Osaka, the merchants' capital of early modern Japan. Ithaca, N.Y: Cornell University Press. p. 67. ISBN 0-8014-3630-3. {{cite book}}: |author= has generic name (help); line feed character in |title= at position 12 (help)
  7. ^ Robert C. Hsu (1999). The MIT encyclopedia of the Japanese economy. Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press. p. 327. ISBN 0-262-08280-2.
  8. ^ "Tsuneko S. Sadao, Stephanie Wada, Discovering the Arts of Japan: A Historical Overview". Retrieved 2007-03-25.
  9. ^ "史跡　難波宮跡, 財団法人 大阪都市協会 (Naniwa Palace Site, by Osaka Toshi Kyokai)" (in Japanese). Retrieved 2007-03-25.
  10. ^ The name was also historically written 浪華 or 浪花, with the same pronunciation. These are uncommon today but still used sometimes.
  11. ^ edited by Peter G. Stone and Philippe G. Planel (1999). The constructed past: experimental archaeology, education, and the public. London: Routledge in association with English Heritage. p. 68. ISBN 0-415-11768-2. {{cite book}}: |author= has generic name (help)
  12. ^ Osaka city
  13. ^ A Guide to the Ukiyo-eTokyo national museum[2]
  14. ^ Ebrey, Patricia Buckley; Walthall, Anne; Palais, James B. (2006), East Asia: A Cultural, Social, and Political History, Houghton Mifflin Company, p. 400, ISBN 0 618 13384 4{{citation}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  15. ^ http://www.city.osaka.jp/minato/english/about/history.html Osaka city]
  16. ^ http://www.city.osaka.jp/keikakuchousei/toukei/G000/Gyh19/Gb00/Gb00.html
  17. ^ Monthly Values. Template:Ja icon Japan Meteorological Agency. Accessed February 23, 2009.
  18. ^ Yearly Values. Template:Ja icon Japan Meteorological Agency. Accessed February 23, 2009.
  19. ^ a b Dodd, Jan (2001). The Rough Guide to Japan. Rough Guides. p. 439. ISBN 1858286999. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help) Cite error: The named reference "RGJO" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  20. ^ More About Osaka, Osaka City Government[3]
  21. ^ "2005 Population Census". Statistics Bureau, Director-General for Policy Planning (Statistical Standards) and Statistical Research and Training Institute, Japan. Retrieved 2009-02-18.
  22. ^ Prasad Karan, Pradyumna. The Japanese City. University Press of Kentucky. pp. 79–81. ISBN 0813120357. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  23. ^ JOHNSTON, ERIC (Saturday, June 29, 2002). "Tsuruhashi, home of 'exotic' Korea in Osaka". The Japan Times Online. The Japan Times. Retrieved 2009-02-18. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  24. ^ Karan, Pradyumna Prasad. The Japanese City. University Press of Kentucky. p. 124. ISBN 0813120357. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  25. ^ Osaka City Council homepage
  26. ^ "大阪市データネット　市民経済計算 (Osaka City Datanet: Osaka City Economy)" (in Japanese). Retrieved 2007-03-25.
  27. ^ JR West. "JRおでかけネット - きっぷ・サービス案内 - ご利用可能エリア　近畿圏エリア" (in Japanese). Retrieved 2008-02-25.
  28. ^ the City Bus network
  29. ^ [4]
  30. ^ Reiber, Beth (2008). Frommer's Japan. Frommer's. p. 388. ISBN 0470181001. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  31. ^ http://www.kansai.gr.jp/KansaiWindowhtml/Collection/English/000232.html
  32. ^ "Japan Quarterly, Asahi Shinbunsha 1954". Retrieved 2007-03-25.
  33. ^ [5]
  34. ^ The five largest newspapers by number of circulation in Japan in alphabetical order. Mooney, Sean (2000). 5,110 Days in Tokyo and Everything's Hunky-dory. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 99–104. ISBN 1567203612. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  35. ^ [http://www.pressnet.or.jp/english/index.htm Nihon Shimbun Kyokai - The Japan Newspaper Publishers & Editors Association
  36. ^ See the Association for Promotion of Digital Broadcasting web page for the coverage map.
  37. ^ "History of Education in Osaka 大阪市の教育史 osaka-shi no kyōikushi" (in Japanese). Retrieved 2009-02-18.
  38. ^ "Osaka and the World, the official website of the Osaka city". Retrieved 2007-03-28.
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