Jeddah

This article is about the Saudi Arabian city. For the Australian movie, see Jedda. For the Bahraini island, see Jidda Island. For the steamship, see SS Jeddah.

Jeddah جدّة Jidda
City
Jeddah skyline
Nickname:  The Bride of the Red Sea
Country	Saudi Arabia
Province	Makkah (Mecca)
Established	From the 6th century BC
Joined Saudi Arabia	1925
Government
• City Mayor	Hani Abu Ras
• City Governor	Mish'al Al-Saud
• Provincial Governor	Mishaal bin Abdullah Al Saud
Area
• Urban	1,686 km2 (651 sq mi)
• Metro	3,000 km2 (1,000 sq mi)
Elevation	12 m (39 ft)
Population  (2010)
• City	3,456,259
Time zone	UTC+3 (AST)
• Summer (DST)	UTC+3 (AST)
Postal Code	(5 digit codes beginning with 21; eg 21453)
Area code	+966-12
Website	Jeddah Municipality

Jeddah (sometimes spelled Jiddah or Jedda ; English: /ˈdʒɛdə/; Arabic: جدة Jiddah or Jaddah, IPA: [ˈdʒɪddæ, ˈdʒæddæ]) is a city in the Hijaz Tihamah region on the coast of the Red Sea and is the major urban center of western Saudi Arabia. It is the largest city in Makkah Province, the largest sea port on the Red Sea, and the second-largest city in Saudi Arabia after the capital city, Riyadh. With a population currently at 5.1 million, Jeddah is an important commercial hub in Saudi Arabia. It was devastated by floods in early 2011.

Jeddah is the principal gateway to Mecca, Islam's holiest city, which able-bodied Muslims are required to visit at least once in their lifetime. It is also a gateway to Medina, the second holiest place in Islam.

Economically, Jeddah is focusing on further developing capital investment in scientific and engineering leadership within Saudi Arabia, and the Middle East. Jeddah was independently ranked fourth in the Africa – Mid-East region in terms of innovation in 2009 in the Innovation Cities Index.

Jeddah is one of Saudi Arabia's primary resort cities and was named a Gamma world city by the Globalization and World Cities Study Group and Network (GaWC).

Historically, Jeddah has been well known for its legendary money changers. The largest of said money changers at the time (the late Sheikh Salem Bin Mahfouz) eventually founded Saudi Arabia's first bank, the National Commercial Bank (NCB).

Etymology and spelling

There are at least two explanations for the etymology of the name Jeddah, according to Jeddah Ibn Helwaan Al-Qudaa'iy, the chief of the Quda'a clan. The more common account has it that the name is derived from جدة Jaddah, the Arabic word for "grandmother". According to eastern folk belief, the tomb of Eve (21°29′31″N 39°11′24″E), considered the grandmother of humanity, is located in Jeddah. The Tomb was sealed with concrete by the religious authorities in 1975 as a result of some Muslims praying at the site.

Ibn Battuta(1304–1368), the Berber traveler, visited Jeddah during his world trip. He wrote the name of the city into his diary as "Juddah".

The British Foreign Office and other branches of the British government used to use the older spelling of "Jedda", contrary to other English-speaking usage, but in 2007 changed to the spelling "Jeddah".

T. E. Lawrence felt that any transcription of Arabic names into English was arbitrary. In his book Revolt in the Desert, Jeddah is spelled three different ways on the first page alone.

On official Saudi maps and documents, the city name is transcribed "Jeddah", which is now the prevailing usage.

History

See also: Timeline of Jeddah history

Jeddah, mid-1800s

Jeddah in 1938

Pre-Islam

Excavations in the old city suggest that Jeddah was founded as a fishing hamlet in 500 BC by the Yemeni Quda'a tribe (بني قضاعة), who left central Yemen to settle in Makkah after the destruction of the Marib Dam in Yemen.

Other archaeological studies have shown that the area was settled earlier by people in the Stone Age, as some Thamudi scripts were excavated in Wadi Briman (وادي بريمان), west of the city, and Wadi Boweb (وادي بويب), northwest of the city. It was visited by Alexander The Great (356 BC - 323 BC).

Rashidun Caliphate

Jeddah first achieved prominence around 647 AD, when the third Muslim Caliph, Uthman Ibn Affan (عثمان بن عفان), turned it into a port making it the port of Makkah instead of Al Shoaiba port south west of Mecca. Since then, Jeddah has been established as the main city of the historic Hijaz province and a historic port for pilgrims arriving by sea to perform their Hajj pilgrimage in Mecca. The city's strategic location as the gates of the Holy City and a port on the Red Sea has caused it to be conquered many times throughout its history.

Fatimid Caliphate

In the 969 AD the Fatimids from Algeria took control in Egypt from the Ikhshidid dynasty and expanded their empire to the surrounding regions, including The Hijaz and Jeddah. The Fatimids developed an extensive trade network in both the Mediterranean and the Indian Ocean through the Red Sea. Their trade and diplomatic ties extended all the way to China and its Song Dynasty, which eventually determined the economic course of Tihamah during the High Middle Ages.

Ayyubid Empire

After Saladin's conquest of Jerusalem, in 1171 he proclaimed himself sultan of Egypt, after dissolving the Fatimid Caliphate upon the death of al-Adid, thus establishing the Ayyubid dynasty, which set conquests throughout the region Hejaz—including Jeddah—became a part of the Ayyubid Empire in 1177 during the leadership of Sharif Ibn Abul-Hashim Al-Thalab (1094–1201). During their relatively short-lived tenure, the Ayyubids ushered in an era of economic prosperity in the lands they ruled and the facilities and patronage provided by the Ayyubids led to a resurgence in intellectual activity in the Islamic world. This period was also marked by an Ayyubid process of vigorously strengthening Sunni Muslim dominance in the region by constructing numerous madrasas (Islamic schools) in their major cities. Jeddah attracted Muslim sailors and merchants from Sindh, Southeast Asia and East Africa, and other distant regions.

Mamluk Sultanate

In 1254, following events in Cairo and the dissolution of the Ayyubid Empire, Hijaz became a part of the Mamluk Sultanate. The Portuguese explorer Vasco da Gama, having found his way around the Cape and obtained pilots from the coast of Zanzibar in 1497 CE, pushed his way across the Indian Ocean to the shores of Malabar and Calicut, attacked the fleets that carried freight and Muslim pilgrims from India to the Red Sea, and struck terror into the potentates all around. The Princes of Gujarat and Yemen turned for help to Egypt. Sultan Al-Ashraf Qansuh al-Ghawri accordingly fitted out a fleet of 50 vessels under his Admiral, Hussein the Kurd. Jeddah was soon fortified with forced labor as a harbor of refuge from the Portuguese, allowing Arabia and the Red Sea to be protected, parts of the city wall still survives today in the old city. Even though the Portuguese were successfully repelled from the city, the fleets in the Indian Ocean were at their mercy. This was evidenced by the Battle of Diu between the Portuguese and the Arab Mamluks. The Portuguese soldiers' cemetery is still found within the old city today and is referred to as the Christian Graves.

Ottoman Empire

Hejaz Vilayet

The Ottoman admiral Selman Reis defended Jeddah against a Portuguese attack in 1517.

In 1517, the Ottoman Turks conquered the Mamluk Sultanate in Egypt and Syria, during the reign of Selim I. As territories of the Mamluk Sultanate, the Hijaz, including Jeddah and the holy city of Mecca, passed into Ottoman possession. The Ottomans rebuilt the weak walls of Jeddah in 1525 following their victory over the Lopo Soares de Albergaria's Armada in the Red Sea. The new Turkish wall included six watchtowers and six city gates. They were constructed to defend against the Portuguese attack. Of the six gates, the Gate of Mecca was the eastern gate and the Gate of Al-Magharibah, facing the port, was the western gate. The Gate of Sharif faced south. The other gates were the Gate of Al-Bunt, Gate of Al-Sham (also called Gate of Al-Sharaf) and Gate of Medina, facing north. The Turks also built The Qishla of Jeddah, a small castle for the city soldiers. In the 19th century these seven gates were minimized into four giant gates with four towers. These giant gates were the Gate of Sham to the north, the Gate of Mecca to the east, the Gate of Sharif to the south, and the Gate of Al-Magharibah on the sea side.

Ahmed Al-Jazzar, the Ottoman military man mainly known for his role in the Siege of Acre, spent the earlier part of his career at Jeddah—where in 1750 he killed some seventy rioting nomads in retaliation for the killing of his commander, Abdullah Beg. It was this act which reportedly earned him the nickname "Jezzar" (butcher).

First Saudi State and Ottoman–Saudi War

Main article: Ottoman-Saudi War

In 1802, Nejdi forces conquered both Mecca and Jeddah from the Ottomans. When Sharif Ghalib Efendi informed Sultan Mahmud II of this, the Sultan ordered his Egyptian viceroy Muhammad Ali Pasha to retake the city. Muhammad Ali successfully regained the city in the Battle of Jeddah in 1813.

World War I and the Hashemite Kingdom

Mohammed Abu Zenada, one of the Chiefs of Jeddah and the advisor to the Sharif during the surrender to King Abdulaziz Ibn Saud in 1925

Main articles: Arab Revolt and Kingdom of Hejaz

During World War I, Sharif Hussein bin Ali declared a revolt against the Ottoman Empire, seeking independence from the Ottoman Turks and the creation of a single unified Arab state spanning from Aleppo in Syria to Aden in Yemen.

King Hussein declared the Kingdom of Hejaz. Later, Hussein was involved in war with Ibn Saud, who was the Sultan of Nejd. Hussein resigned following the fall of Mecca, in December 1924, and his son Ali bin Hussein became the new king.

Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

King Abdulaziz setting with Abdullah Ali Reda on the day he entered Jeddah in 1925

Jeddah, seen from the International Space Station

A few months later, Ibn Saud, whose clan originated in the central Nejd province, conquered Medina and Jeddah via an agreement with Jeddans following the Second Battle of Jeddah. He deposed Ali bin Hussein, who fled to Baghdad, eventually settling in Amman, Jordan, where his descendants became part of its Hashemite royalty.

As a result, Jeddah came under the sway of the Al-Saud dynasty in December 1925. In 1926, Ibn Saud added the title King of Hejaz to his position of Sultan of Nejd. Today, Jeddah has lost its historical role in peninsular politics after Jeddah fell within the new province of Makkah, whose provincial capital is the city of Mecca.

From 1928 to 1932, the new Khuzam Palace was built as the new residence of King Abdul Aziz in Jeddah. The palace lies south of the old walled city and was constructed under the supervision of the engineer Muhammad bin Laden. After 1963 the palace was used as a royal guest house; since 1995 it has housed the Regional Museum of Archaeology and Ethnography.

What was left of the walls and gates of the old city was taken down in 1947. A fire in 1982 destroyed some ancient buildings in the old town center, called Al-Balad, but much is still preserved despite the commercial interest to tear down old houses (Naseef House, Gabil House) and build modern high-rise buildings. A house-by-house survey of the old districts was made in 1979, showing that some 1000 traditional buildings still existed, though the number of structures with great historic value was far less. In 1990 a Jeddah Historical Area Preservation Department was founded.

The modern city has expanded wildly beyond its old boundaries. The built-up area expanded mainly to the north along the Red Sea coastline, reaching the new airport during the 1990s and since edging its way around it toward the Ob'hur Creek some 27 km (17 mi) from the old city center.

Geography

Most of Saudi Arabia is desert. The central region consists of an eroded plateau, mostly arid and hot in the summer and mild in the winter. The western region is mountainous except on the coastal plain bordering the Red Sea called Tihamah, which includes the Jeddah area.

Jeddah is Geographicly in the Hijazi Tihama (Arabic: تهامة الحجاز) the region that lies in the lower the Hijaz mountains separated regionally from the Asir Tihama, and Yeman Tihama. However, in Historical political and cultural, allegiance, such as territories, Vilayet, or Kingdoms, Jeddah was a major city of the Hejaz as it was described in most of Hijazi History Books.

Climate

Jeddah features an arid climate (BWh) under Koppen's climate classification. Unlike other Saudi Arabian cities, Jeddah retains its warm temperature in winter, which can range from 15 °C (59 °F) at dawn to 28 °C (82 °F) in the afternoon. Summer temperatures are extremely hot, often breaking the 43 °C (109 °F) mark in the afternoon and dropping to 30 °C (86 °F) in the evening. Rainfall in Jeddah is generally sparse, and usually occurs in small amounts in November and December. There have also been several notable incidents of hail. Heavy thunderstorms are common in winter. The thunderstorm of December 2008 was the largest in recent memory, with rain reaching around 3 inches (7.6 cm). The lowest temperature ever recorded in Jeddah was 11.0 °C (51.8 °F) in March 1983. The highest temperature ever recorded in Jeddah was 49.0 °C (120.2 °F) on June 9, 1961.

Dust storms happen in summer and sometimes in winter, coming from the Arabian Peninsula's deserts or from North Africa.

Climate data for Jeddah
Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Record high °C (°F)	34.5 (94.1)	36.0 (96.8)	40.2 (104.4)	44.5 (112.1)	48.2 (118.8)	49.0 (120.2)	45.0 (113.0)	44.0 (111.2)	48.0 (118.4)	44.5 (112.1)	39.0 (102.2)	36.0 (96.8)	49.0 (120.2)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)	29.0 (84.2)	28.8 (83.8)	31.1 (88.0)	33.4 (92.1)	35.4 (95.7)	36.9 (98.4)	37.6 (99.7)	37.2 (99.0)	36.1 (97.0)	35.0 (95.0)	32.3 (90.1)	29.8 (85.6)	33.6 (92.4)
Daily mean °C (°F)	25.0 (77.0)	23.5 (74.3)	25.1 (77.2)	27.6 (81.7)	29.6 (85.3)	30.3 (86.5)	32.4 (90.3)	32.1 (89.8)	30.7 (87.3)	29.1 (84.4)	27.0 (80.6)	24.7 (76.5)	28.1 (82.6)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)	21.0 (69.8)	18.4 (65.1)	20.1 (68.2)	22.1 (71.8)	24.1 (75.4)	24.9 (76.8)	26.3 (79.3)	27.1 (80.8)	25.9 (78.6)	23.8 (74.8)	22.2 (72.0)	19.9 (67.8)	23.0 (73.4)
Record low °C (°F)	11.4 (52.5)	11.5 (52.7)	11.0 (51.8)	13.5 (56.3)	16.4 (61.5)	20.0 (68.0)	20.5 (68.9)	22.0 (71.6)	17.0 (62.6)	15.6 (60.1)	15.0 (59.0)	11.4 (52.5)	11.0 (51.8)
Average rainfall mm (inches)	13.9 (0.55)	5.6 (0.22)	1 (0.0)	5.1 (0.20)	1.5 (0.06)	0 (0)	0.2 (0.01)	0 (0)	0 (0)	2.4 (0.09)	11.9 (0.47)	11.9 (0.47)	53.5 (2.07)
Average relative humidity (%)	73	61	60	60	60	61	57	62	69	67	64	59	63
Source: NOAA (1961-1990)

Economy

Historically, and due to its proximity to the Red Sea, Jeddah functioned as a port city. Even before being designated port city for Mecca, the city of Jeddah had rooted itself in the local economy as an integral trading hub for the region. In the 19th century goods such as mother-of-pearl, tortoise shells, frankincense and various other spices and items were routinely exported from the city. Apart from this, many imports into the city were destined for further export to the Suez, Africa, or the European continent. As a result of this "re-export" of goods, many items exported from Jeddah were things that could not even be found in the city or even in Arabia.

The city's geographical location places it at the heart of the region covered by the Middle East and North Africa, with all their capitals within two hours flying distance, defining Jeddah as the second commercial center of the Middle East after Dubai.

Also, Jeddah's industrial district is the fourth largest industrial city in Saudi Arabia after Riyadh, Jubail and Yanbu.

King Abdullah Street

King Abdullah Street is one of the most important streets in Jeddah that starts at King Fahd road by the waterfront in the west of Jeddah and ends all the way at the eastern end of the city. It is famous for hosting numerous corporate offices and commercial developments. Due to the economic boom in this region, there is a central business district planned, which would be one of the biggest CBDs in the Middle East.

Tahaliyah Street

Main article: Tahlia Street

Tahaliyah Street is an important fashion and shopping street in the mid-town of Jeddah. It contains many upscale department shops and boutiques, such as Dolce & Gabbana, Gucci, Burberry, Chanel, Giorgio Armani, Versace, Massimo Dutti, and Tod's. It has been renamed to " Prince Mohammad bin Abdul Aziz Road". The street also has famous shops like Centre point.Home centre, and Pizza Hut.

Culture

Religious significance

A woman from Jeddah in traditional clothing, 1873.

Most citizens are Muslim, most of them being Sunni Muslims. The Government, Courts, Civil and Criminal law enforce a moral code established by Shari'ah. A very small minority of Saudi citizens are Shia Muslims, and there is also a large foreign workforce who are allowed to follow their non-Islamic religion in a private manner.

The city has over 1,300 mosques, and the law does not allow for other religions to erect faith based buildings or to express their faith publicly. Religious books, icons and other materials not of the Islamic faith are also banned. However, private religious observance, which does not involve Muslims or offend public order or morality are sometimes tolerated.

Since the 7th century, Jeddah has hosted millions of Muslim pilgrims from all over the world on their way to Hajj. This merge with pilgrims has a major impact on the society, religion, and economy of Jeddah. It also brings an annual risk of illness, known by locals as the 'hajji disease', a general term for various viral maladies.

Cultural projects and foundations with a branch in Jeddah

• Encyclopaedia of Makkah and Madinah
• Saqifat al-Safa Trust

Cuisine

Saudi Kabsa

Jeddah residents are a multi-ethnic mixture and this has had a major impact on Jeddah's traditional cuisine.

As in other Saudi cities, the Nejdi dish Kabsa is popular among the people of Jeddah, often made with chicken instead of lamb meat. The Yemeni dish Mandi is also popular as a lunch meal. Jeddah cuisine is popular as well and dishes like Mabshoor, Mitabbak, Foul, Areika, Hareisa, Kabab Meiroo, Shorabah Hareira (Hareira soup), Migalgal, Madhbi (chicken grilled on stone), Madfun (literally meaning "buried"), Magloobah, Kibdah, Manzalah (usually eaten at Eid ul-Fitr), Ma'asoob, Magliya (a local version of falafel), Saleeig (a local dish made of milk rice), hummus, Biryani, Ruz Kabli, Ruz Bukhari, and Saiyadyia can be acquired in many traditional restaurants around the city, such as Althamrat, Abo-Zaid, Al-Quarmooshi, Ayaz, and Hejaziyat.

Grilled meat dishes such as shawarma, kofta and kebab have a good market in Jeddah. During Ramadan, sambousak and ful are especially popular at the evening iftar meal. These dishes are found in Lebanese, Syrian, and Turkish restaurants.

Fast food is popular in the city. American fast-food chains such as McDonald's, Burger King, Domino's Pizza and KFC are widely distributed in Jeddah, as are more upscale chains like Fuddruckers and Chili's. The most popular local fast food chain, begun in 1986, is Al Baik, with branches in Jeddah and the neighbouring cities of Makkah, Madinah and Yanbu. Their main dish is broasted (broiled and roasted) chicken, commonly known by Jeddans as "Brost", and a variety of seafood. Other local fast food restaurants have sprung up, like Al Tazaj, which serves seasoned grilled chicken (called Farooj) and a side of Tahina with onion and spices. Foultameez serves Foul and Tameez as fast food; Kudu and Herfy serve Western fast food; Halawani serves local variants of Shawerma; and Shawermatak has pioneered drive-through sales of Shawerma. Another popular fast-food chain is Hot and Crispy, an Arabic franchise popular for their spiced curly fries.

Indian, Chinese, Japanese, and other Asian foods are also popular. Italian, French, and other European restaurants are found throughout the city.

Open-air art

During the oil boom in the late 1970s and 1980s, there was a focused civic effort to bring art to Jeddah's public areas. As a result, Jeddah contains a large number of modern open-air sculptures and works of art, typically situated in roundabouts, making the city one of the largest open-air art galleries in the world. Sculptures include works by a variety of artists, ranging from the obscure to international stars such as Jean/Hans Arp, César Baldaccini, Alexander Calder, Henry Moore, Joan Miró and Victor Vasarely. They often depict elements of traditional Saudi culture such as coffee pots, incense burners, palm trees, etc. The fact that Islamic tradition prohibits the depiction of living creatures, notably the human form, has made for some very creative, as well as bizarre, modern art. These include a mounted defunct propeller plane (which has been removed to make way for an underpass), a giant geometry set, a giant bicycle, and a huge block of concrete with several cars protruding from it at odd angles. A monumental sculpture by Aref Rayess is devoted to Allah (God).

Museums and collections

There may be about a dozen museums or collections in Jeddah, with a wide variety of educational aim and professionalism. Some of these are the Jeddah Regional Museum of Archaeology and Ethnography run by the Deputy Ministry of Antiquities and Museums, the Jeddah Municipal Museum, the Nasseef House, the Humane Heritage Museum, the private Abdul Rauf Hasan Khalil Museum and the private Arts Heritage Museum.

Media

Jeddah is served by four major Arabic-language newspapers, Asharq Al-Awsat, Al Madina, Okaz, and Al Bilad, as well as two major English-language newspapers, the Saudi Gazette and Arab News. Okaz and Al-Madina are the primary newspapers of Jeddah and some other Saudi cities, with over a million readers; they focus mainly on issues that affect the city.

Jeddah represents the largest radio and television market in Saudi Arabia. Television stations serving the city area include Saudi TV1, Saudi TV2, Saudi TV Sports, Al Ekhbariya, the ART channels network and hundreds of cable, satellite and other specialty television providers.

Television stations now on digital format include:

• Sindo TV, B Channel - 21 UHF (DVB-T)
• O Channel, Kompas TV - 23 UHF (DVB-T)
• MBC 1, MBC 4, MBC Action - 25 UHF (DVB-T2)
• Fox - 29 UHF (DVB-T2)
• LBC Sat - 31 UHF (DVB-T2)
• Al Jazeera - 35 UHF (DVB-T2)
• ITV 1, ITV 2 - 41 UHF (DVB-T2)
• OSN First, OSN News, Al Yawm, Series Channel - 43 UHF (DVB-T2)
• ABP News, ABP Majha, ABP Ananda - 45 UHF (DVB-T)

The Jeddah TV Tower is a 250 m (820 ft) high television tower with an observation deck.

KAU Football Stadium

Sport

File:KING123.jpg

King Abdullah Stadium

Jeddah hosts the oldest sport clubs in Saudi Arabia. Football is the most popular sport in Jeddah. Al-Ittihad and Al-Ahli are well-known football clubs. They are major competitors in both the Saudi Premier League and the AFC Champions League. Al-Ittihad won the FIBA Asia Champions Cup.

Al-Ittihad was the first club in the country, established in 1927. Fans endowed Al-Ittihad with the nickname of "Tigers," showing the team's strength. Al-Ahli was established in 1937, and used to be called Al-Thagor club. Prince Sultan bin Abdulaziz would change the name to Al-Ahli. The club's nickname is "Alrage" which means "Upscale".

There are several public football stadiums in Jeddah:

• Prince Abdullah al-Faisal Stadium
• Prince Sultan bin Fahd Stadium
• KAU Stadium
• Air-Defense Forces Stadium
• Schools League Stadium
• King Abdullah Sports City Stadium is under construction, 8 km (5 mi) north of King Abdulaziz International Airport

Jeddah is also home of Saudi Arabia's leading rugby club started and developed since 1979, mainly run by a group of expat members of the local community over the years. The club has taken part in both regional and international matches and incites players from Jeddah to come and play. The last five years has shown a heavier interest from Saudi nationals who have also begun to bring rise to some local talents.

Accent

Main article: Hejazi Arabic

The Jeddah city area has a distinctive regional speech pattern called the Hejazi dialect, even though Jeddah is located in the Tihamah region and not the Hejaz region. It is often considered to be one of the most recognizable accents within the Arabic language.

Cityscape

Old Jeddah

Main article: Al-Balad, Jeddah

The Old City with its traditional multistory buildings and merchant houses has lost ground to more modern developments. Nonetheless, the Old City continues to shape the identity of the Saudi culture, preserving such areas as the old heritage buildings

Resorts and hotels

The city has many popular resorts, including Durrat Al-Arus, Al-Nawras Movenpick resort at the Red Sea Corniche, Crystal Resort, The Signature Al Murjan Beach Resort, Al Nakheel Village, Sands, and Sheraton Abhur. Many are renowned for their preserved Red Sea marine life and offshore coral reefs.

The increasing occupancy rates of hotels every year depends on the number of tourists and hajj pilgrims. In the last few years, Jeddah received more than 2.5 millions pilgrims per year.

Consulates

One of three consulates of the United States of America in Saudi Arabia is located in Jeddah, along with consulates for 67 other countries such as Afghanistan, the United Kingdom, Indonesia, France, Germany, Greece, Turkey, Philippines, India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Italy, Russia and People's Republic of China, as well as countries of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation and the Arab League states.

Landmarks

King Fahd's Fountain

Main article: King Fahd's Fountain

King Fahd's Fountain in Jeddah.

Jeddah's King Fahd's Fountain is a major landmark built in the 1980s and listed by the Guinness World Records organization as the highest water jet in the world at 312 metres (1,024 ft). It can be seen from a great distance. The fountain was donated to the City of Jeddah by the late King Fahd bin Abdul Aziz, after whom it was named.

NCB Tower

Main article: National Commercial Bank

National Commercial Bank as seen in night.

Built in 1983 and believed to be the highest tower in Saudi Arabia during the 1980s, with a height of over 235 m (771 ft), the National Commercial Bank was Saudi Arabia's first bank.

IDB Tower

Main article: Islamic Development Bank

The Islamic Development Bank is a multilateral development financing institution. It was founded by the first conference of Finance Ministers of the Organisation of the Islamic Conference (OIC, now the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation), convened 18 December 1973. The bank officially began its activities on 20 October 1975.

Jeddah Municipality Tower

Main article: Jeddah Municipality

This is the headquarters of the metropolitan area of Jeddah. The new building of the Municipality is one of Jeddah's highest towers.

Kingdom Tower

Main article: Kingdom Tower

File:Kingdom Tower, Jeddah, render.jpg

Kingdom Tower, a proposed skyscraper in Jeddah

This proposed tower is said to be built in Jeddah by Prince Al-Waleed bin Talal and will stand 1-kilometre (0.62 mi) tall. Upon its completion, this would make this skyscraper the tallest in the world. The building has been scaled down from its initial 1.6 km (1 mi) proposal, since the ground proved unsuitable for a building that tall, to a height of at least 1,000 metres (3,280.84 ft) (the exact height is being kept private while in development, similar to the Burj Khalifa), which, at about one kilometre (0.62 miles), would still make it by far the tallest building or structure in the world to date, standing at least 173 m (568 ft) taller than the Burj Khalifa in Dubai.

King Road Tower

Main article: King Road Tower

King Road Tower is a commercial and office building, the external walls of which are used to show commercials. The building also has a helipad on its roof.

Al Jawharah Tower

Main article: Al Jawharah Tower

Al Jawharah Tower is a residential high-rise under construction. It will be the third-tallest structure in Jeddah once completed in 2014.

Education

Schools, colleges and universities

See also: List of universities and colleges in Saudi Arabia

As of 2005, Jeddah had 849 public and private schools for male students and another 1,179 public and private schools for female students. The medium of instruction in both public and private schools is typically Arabic, with emphasis on English as a second language. However, some private schools administered by foreign entities use the English language as the medium of instruction.

For higher education, the city has several universities and colleges, including the following:

• King Abdulaziz University
• King Abdullah University of Science and Technology
• Arab Open University
• Dar Al-Hekma College
• Effat University
• College of Business Administration (CBA)
• Teacher's College
• Jeddah College of Technology
• Jeddah Private College
• College of Health Care
• College of Telecom & Electronics
• College of Community
• Private College of Business
• Ibn Sina National College for Medical Studies
• Batterjee Medical College
• Prince Sultan College of Tourism
• Prince Sultan Aviation Academy
• Islamic Fiqh Academy
• Jeddah Institute for Speech and Hearing
• Saudi German Institute for Nursing

Jeddah is also home to several primary, intermediate and secondary schools such as:

• Zahrat Al-Sahraa International School (ZSIS)
• Nobles International School
• Al-Thaghr Schools
• al-aqsa private schools
• Dar Al-Fikr Schools (DAF)
• Al-Fanar School Jeddah
• Dar Al-Thikr Schools
• Jeddah International Turkish School (JITS)
• Jeddah Prep and Grammar School (JPGS)
• British International School of Jeddah (Continental, BISJ)
• American International School of Jeddah (AISJ)
• Al Hamraa Girls' School
• Building Blocks (private school)
• Dar Jana International School (DJIS)
• International Indian School Jeddah (IISJ)
• Pakistan International School Jeddah (PISJ)
• Al Mawarid International School Jeddah [AMIS]
• Manarat Jeddah Schools
• Al Wurood International School Jeddah [AWIS]
• pioneer international school
• Duaa International School Jeddah (DISJ)
• Nhaond School
• Number 18 High School
• Number 25 Secondary School
• Tuletelah High school
• Bangladesh International School(English Section) Jeddah (BISES)

Libraries

King Abdul Aziz Public Library is a philanthropic institution which was founded and supported by the Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques King Abdullah Bin Abdulaziz, Chairman of its Board of Directors. Established in 1985, the library was officially opened by the King on 27 February 1987. It emphasises Islamic and Arabic heritage and history of the Kingdom. The library is divided into three branches (men's, women's, and children's).

The limited number of libraries is criticized by the public. As a result, King Abdullah, Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques, has approved the King Abdullah Project for the Development of Public Libraries, and approximately SAR150 million is budgeted to be spent.

Transport

Jeddah Seaport

Airport

Main article: King Abdulaziz International Airport

Jeddah is served by King Abdulaziz International Airport. The airport has four passenger terminals. One is the Hajj Terminal, a special outdoor terminal covered by large white tents, which was constructed to handle the more than two million pilgrims who pass through the airport during the Hajj season. The Southern Terminal is used for Saudia flights, while the Northern Terminal serves foreign and other national airlines. A plan for the extension of airport is being developed. The Royal Terminal is a special terminal reserved for VIPs, foreign kings and presidents, and the Saudi Royal Family. A portion of the airport, King Abdullah Air Base, was used by Coalition B-52 heavy bombers during Operation Desert Storm in 1991.

Seaport

Main article: Jeddah Seaport

The Jeddah Seaport is the 32nd busiest seaport in the world as of 2008. It handles the majority of Saudi Arabia's commercial movement.

Roads and rails

Highway 40, which begins in Jeddah, connects the city to Mecca, Riyadh and Dammam on the east coast. Jeddah does not have any rapid transit system, but a rail system connecting the city to Riyadh is now under construction. The Haramain High Speed Rail Project will provide a high-speed rail connection to Mecca and Medina.

Modern streets connect the different areas of the city to each other. Jeddah's main highways run parallel to each other.

Heavy traffic on Medina Road

Issues and challenges

The city faces many challenges, such as pollution, Islamic extremism, terrorist activities, weak sewage systems, heavy traffic, epidemics, water shortages, and pollution issues.

Pollution and environment
Air pollution is a problem for Jeddah, particularly on hot summer days. The city has experienced bush fires, landfill fires, and pollution from the two industrial zones in the north and the south of the metropolitan area. A water treatment factory and the seaport also contribute to water pollution. Much of the coast of the city, however, is considered to have a safe and relatively clean quality.

Terrorism
On 6 December 2004, a group of five men associated with the terrorist group Al-Qaeda (Al-Qaeda Organization in the Arabian Peninsula) conducted a daring, mid-day attack on the U.S. consulate. The group was led by Fayez ibn Awwad Al-Jeheni, a former member of Saudi religious police. Two other members were subsequently identified by the Saudi authorities as young men in their twenties, and residents of Jeddah's Al-Jamia suburb and other slums on Saudi Arabia's increasingly urbanised west coast. Buildings were attacked, hostages taken and used as human shields, and the U.S. and non-U.S. staff were under siege, although the chancery building itself was never penetrated. Closed circuit video feeds documented that the Saudi security personnel assigned to protect the facility fled when the vehicle holding the terrorists pulled up to the front gate. Inside the compound, however, an armed Saudi security guard employed by the embassy shot and killed one terrorist before being immediately killed by small-arms fire himself.

After more than an hour, Saudi special forces made it through traffic and, along with others from their unit who arrived in a helicopter, began a fight to retake the compound. Two of the terrorists were killed in the final fight, with another dying later in hospital and the final militant being captured alive. Four Saudi special forces and a further 10 hostages were wounded in the crossfire.

While unsuccessful, the attack underscores the ongoing vulnerabilities of Westerners to threats and terrorist actions in Jeddah and environs. In a communiqué posted in online publications such as Sawt al-Jihad (Voice of Jihad) and Mu'askar al-Battar (Al-Battar Training Camp), Al-Qaeda hinted at the symbolic nature of the U.S. Consulate attack, stating: "Know that the Mujahideen are determined to continue on their path, and they will not be weakened by what has happened to them."

The period from 2004 to the present indicates a persistence of terrorist activities. These events include two in 2004: an unsuccessful shooting attack on a US Marine visiting the Saudi American Bank, and an attempt to simultaneously explode car bombs at Saudi American Bank and Saudi British Bank branches in Jeddah on the anniversary of the 2001 "9-11" terrorist attacks on the U.S. On 26 August 2012, a spokesman for the Interior Ministry announced that terrorists were arrested in Jeddah who had been preparing explosives for attacks within the kingdom.

Traffic
While the congested traffic is cause for concern in Jeddah, the Saudi Gazette reports that there is a plan in the works to tackle the traffic issue. A reported 3 billion Saudi Riyals will be put into constructing flyovers and underpasses in an effort to reduce traffic. The plan is scheduled to take about five years from its start to finish.

Sewage
Prior to the construction of a waste treatment plant, Jeddah's waste water was disposed of by either discharge into the sea or via absorption into deep underground pits. As the city grew, a proper waste management plant was created and the built up part of the city was connected with a sewer system by the 1970s. However, even with the ever increasing population, there has not been much development to this original sewer system. The original plant cannot cope with the amount of waste inundating it daily. As a result, some untreated sewage is discharged directly into the sea and the entire northern part of the city remains unconnected to the sewage system at all, instead relying on septic tanks. This has been responsible for the large number of sewage tankers.

In late 2011, a storm drainage system has been built in the south Jeddah area (similar to that of the Los Angeles storm drain) to reduce the risk of floods.

2009 Jeddah floods

A tunnel in King Abdullah St. was filled with water during the 2009 floods.

Main article: 2009 Jeddah floods

On 25 November 2009, heavy floods affected the city and other areas of Makkah Province. The floods were described by civil defence officials as the worst in 27 years. As of 26 November 2009, 77 people were reported to have been killed, and more than 350 were missing. Some roads were under a metre (three feet) of water on 26 November, and many of the victims were believed to have drowned in their cars. At least 3,000 vehicles were swept away or damaged. The death toll was expected to rise as flood waters receded, allowing rescuers to reach stranded vehicles.

A tunnel in King Abdullah St. was filled with water during the 2011 floods.

2011 Jeddah floods

On 26 January 2011, again, heavy floods affected the city and other areas of Makkah Province. The cumulative rainfall exceeded the 90 mm (3.5 in) recorded in four hours during the 25 November 2009 flash floods. Streets including Palestine Street, Madinah Road and Wali Al-Ahad Street were either flooded or jammed with traffic. Cars were seen floating in some places. Meanwhile, eyewitnesses told local newspaper Arab News that East Jeddah was swamped and floodwater was rushing west towards the Red Sea, turning streets into rivers once again.

Districts

There are in total 135 districts comprising metropolitan Jeddah: (transliterated from Arabic)

1. Al-Murjan

2. Al-Basateen

3. Al-Mohamadiya

4. Ash-Shati

5. An-Nahda

6. An-Naeem

7. An-Nozha

8. Az-Zahraa

9. As-Salamah

10. Al-Bawadi

11. Ar-Rabwa

12. As-Safa

13. Al-Khalidiya

14. Ar-Rawdha

15. Al-Faysaliya

16. Al-Andalus

17. Al-Aziziya

18. Ar-Rihab

19. Al-Hamraa

20. Al-Mosharafa

21. Ar-Roweis

22. Ash-Sharafiya

23. Bani Malik

24. Al-Woroud

25. An-Naseem

26. Al-Baghdadiya Ash-Sharqiya

27. Al-Amariya

28. Al-Hindawiya

29. As-Saheifa

30. Al-Kandra

31. As-Sulaimaniya

32. Al-Thaalba

33. As-Sabeel

34. Al-Qurayat

35. Gholail

36. An-Nozla Al-Yamaniya

37. Al-Nozla Ash-Sharqiya

38. Al-Taghr

39. Al-Jamaa

40. Madayin Al-Fahad

41. Ar-Rawabi

42. Al-Wazeeriya

43. Petromin

44. Al-Mahjar

45. Prince Abdel Majeed

46. Obhour Al-Janobiya

47. Al-Marwa

48. AL-Fayhaa

49. King Abdul Al-Aziz University

50. Al-Baghdadiya Al-Gharbiya

51. Al-Balad

52. Al-Ajwad

53. Al-Manar

54. As-Samer

55. Abruq Ar-Roghama

56. Madinat As-Sultan

57. Um Hablain

58. Al-Hamdaniya

59. Al-Salhiya

60. Mokhatat Al-Aziziya

61. Mokhatat Shamal Al-Matar

62. Mokhatat Ar-Riyadh

63. Mokhatat Al-Huda

64. Braiman

65. Al-Salam

66. Al-Mostawdaat

67. Al-Montazahat

68. Kilo 14

69. Al-Harazat

70. Um As-Salam

71. Mokhtat Zahrat Ash-Shamal

72. Al-Majid

73. Gowieza

74. Al-Gozain

75. Al-Kuwait

76. Al-Mahrogat

77. Al-Masfa

78. Al-Matar Al-Gadeem (old airport)

79. Al-Bokhariya

80. An-Nour

81. Bab Shareif

82. Bab Makkah

83. Bahra

84. Al-Amir Fawaz

85. Wadi Fatma

86. Obhour Shamaliya

87. At-Tarhil (deportation)

88. Al-Iskan Al-janoubi

89. At-Tawfeeq

90. Al-Goaid

91. Al-Jawhara

92. Al-Jamoum

93. Al-Khumra

94. Ad-Difaa Al-Jawi (Air Defense)

95. Ad-Dageeg

96. Ar-Robou

97. Ar-Rabie

98. Ar-Rehaily

99. As-Salmiya

100. As-Sanabil

101. As-Sinaiya (Bawadi)

102. Industrial City (Mahjar)

103. Al-Adl

104. Al-Olayia

105. Al-Faihaa

106. Al-Karanteena

107. Al-Ajaweed

108. Al-Ahmadiya

109. Al-Mosadiya

110. East Al-Khat As-Sarei

111. Kilo 10

112. King Faisal Navy Base

113. Kilo 7

114. Kilo 3

115. King Faisal Guard City

116. Kilo 11

117. Thowal

118. Kilo 13

119. Al-Makarona

120. Al-Layth

121. Al-Gonfoda

122. Rabegh

123. Kilo 8

124. Kilo 5

125. Kilo 2

126. Al-Mokhwa

127. National Guard Residence

128. As-Showag

129. Air Defense Residence

130. Al-Morsalat

131. Ash-Shoola

132. Al-Corniche

133. Al-Waha

134. Mokhatat Al-Haramain

135. Kholais

136. Al-Rhmanya

137. Al-Belly

Major organizations headquartered in Jeddah

File:Jeddah Chamber of Commerce and Industry.jpg

Jeddah Chamber of Commerce & Industry

The city serves as headquarters for several global and major organizations, including:

• Saudi Geological Survey
• Saudia
• The Saudi Civil and Political Rights Association
• Organisation of Islamic Cooperation
• Islamic Development Bank
• Jeddah Economic Forum
• Saudi Binladin Group
• Saudi Arabia's Human Rights Organization
• Jeddah Chamber of Commerce & Industry
• Jeddah Marketing Board
• International Association of Islamic Banks
• International Islamic News Agency
• Islamic Shipowners Association
• Islamic States Broadcasting Organization
• The National Commercial Bank
• State Bank of India, Jeddah operations Headquarters
• Al Baik, Fast food chain, Sarafi Mall Jeddah

Twin towns – Sister cities

Jeddah has 25 sister cities (or "twin towns") which are selected based on economic, cultural and political criteria.

• Gorzów Wielkopolski, Poland
• Los Angeles, USA
• Adana, Turkey
• Tunis, Tunisia
• Alexandria, Egypt
• Almaty, Kazakhstan
• Amman, Jordan

• Tabriz, Iran
• Chittagong, Bangladesh
• Baku, Azerbaijan
• Cairo, Egypt
• Casablanca, Morocco
• Dubai, United Arab Emirates
• Istanbul, Turkey

• Jakarta, Indonesia

• Surabaya, Indonesia
• Pekanbaru, Indonesia
• Medan, Indonesia
• Johor Bahru, Malaysia
• Kuching, Malaysia
• Karachi, Pakistan
• Kazan, Russia

• Marbella, Spain
• Mary, Turkmenistan
• Naples, Italy
• Odessa, Ukraine
• Oran, Algeria
• Osh, Kyrgyzstan
• Plovdiv, Bulgaria

• Shimonoseki, Japan
• Saint Petersburg, Russia
• Stuttgart, Germany
• Makati, Philippines
• Taipei, Taiwan
• Xi'an, People's Republic of China

See also

• List of cities and towns in Saudi Arabia

References

• Farsi, Hani M.S. (Mohamed Said). Jeddah: city of art: the sculptures and monuments. London: Stacey International, 1991. ISBN 0-905743-66-0
• Facey, William & Grant, Gillian. Saudi Arabia by the First Photographers. ISBN 0-905743-74-1
• Tarabulsi, Mohammed Yosuf. Jeddah: A Story of a City. Riyadh: King Fahd National Library, 2006. ISBN 9960-52-413-2
• John F. Keane. Six months in the Hejaz : journeys to Makkah and Madinah 1877-1989. Manchester: Barzan Publishing, 2006. ISBN 0-9549701-1-X
• Al-Khaldi, Ibrahim. The Bedouin Photographer - Al-Mosawwir Al-Badawi. Kuwait, 2004.
• Badr El-Hage. Saudi Arabia : caught in time 1861-1939. Published by Garnet, Reading, 1997. ISBN 1-85964-090-7
• Captain G. S. Froster. A trip Across the Peninsula - Rehla Abr Al-Jazeera. Mombai, India, 1866.
• From Bullard to Mr Chamberlain. Jeddah, 1925 Feb. (No.# secrets) - Archived Post.
• Al-Rehani. Nejd and Its Followers.
• Al-Turki, Thuraya. Jeddah: Um Al-Rakha wal Sheddah. Published by Dar Al-Shrooq.
• Al-Harbi, Dalal. King Abdulaziz and his Strategies to deal with events : Events of Jeddah. King Abdulaziz National Library, 2003. ISBN 9960-624-88-9
• Didier, Charles. Séjour Chez Le Grand-Cherif De La Mekke. Librairie De L. Hachette et, Rue Pierre.
• Didier, Charles. Rehla Ela Al-Hejaz: A trip to Hejaz. Translated from "Séjour Chez Le Grand-Cherif De La Mekke" into Arabic. Paris, 1854. ISBN 9960-677-14-1

External links

• Municipality of Jeddah Official municipality website (in Arabic)
• Principality of Jeddah Official Jeddah principality website (in Arabic)
• City of Jeddah Official website (in English)
• About Jeddah Informational website about Jeddah (in English)