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European Green Party

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European Green Party
PresidentEvelyne Huytebroeck and Thomas Waitz
Secretary-GeneralMar Garcia
Founded21 February 2004; 20 years ago (2004-02-21)
Preceded byEuropean Federation of Green Parties
HeadquartersRue du Taciturne 34, 1000 Brussels, Belgium
Think tankGreen European Foundation
IdeologyGreen politics[1]
Pro-Europeanism
Political positionCentre-left to left-wing
European Parliament groupGreens–European Free Alliance
International affiliationGlobal Greens
Colours  Green
European Parliament
67 / 705
European Lower Houses
221 / 9,874
European Upper Houses
48 / 2,714
Website
europeangreens.eu
Part of a series on
Green politics
Sunflower symbol
Core topics
Four pillars
Perspectives
Organizations
Related topics

The European Green Party (EGP), sometimes referred to as European Greens, is the European political party that operates as a federation of political parties across Europe supporting green politics. The EGP cooperates with the European Free Alliance (EFA) to form the Greens–European Free Alliance (Greens/EFA) parliamentary group in the European parliament.

History

The European Green Party was founded on 22 February 2004 at the Fourth Congress of the European Federation of Green Parties (EFGP) in Rome attended by over 1,000 delegates. Thirty-four Green parties from all over Europe have joined this new pan-European party. The Greens were the first to form a political party at European level. The other European political federations followed suit in the period 2004–06. For the Greens this was the culmination of a process which had started with the formation of a loose co-ordination 1979–93 and the EFGP 1993–2004.[2]

1979 to 1993

Petra Kelly and Bram van der Lek
In 1979, Daniel Brélaz became the world first green member of a national parliament (Switzerland).

In 1979 the Coordination of European Green and Radical Parties (CEGRP) was set up to co-ordinate the participation of Green and Radical parties in the 1979 European Parliament election: There were considerable differences between the Green and Radical groups and the parties were unable to form a common pan-European electoral platform.[3] Although some parties polled well, no Green entered the European Parliament.

In the 1984 election the Greens participated again. They held a congress in the spring of 1984 in Liège and set up a restructured European Green Coordination (EGC), with a secretariat provided by the Dutch Political Party of Radicals. They also issued a Joint Declaration of the European Green Parties. Furthermore, overall the member parties had grown stronger. Eleven MEPs of member parties were elected to the European Parliament.[a] They formed the Green Alternative European Link (GRAEL) in the European Parliament. The group was too small to be recognised by the Parliament for funds and committees and therefore it joined the Rainbow Group, which also encompassed regionalists, the Danish People's Movement against the European Community and some radicals and socialists.

The European Greens formed a loose confederal triangular structure with the autonomous GRAEL in parliament, the weak EGC as a supra-national co-ordinating body and the member parties. The position of the European Greens was also weakened by the principle of rotation which some member parties (Germany and the Netherlands) used, with their MEPs being replaced by another after serving half their term. This rotation technique originated with the German Greens to prevent their members being co-opted by the informal negotiation system within the Bundestag,[4] but it served them badly within the European Parliament.

For the Dutch parties, the choice for rotation was a compromise between three parties which had only two seats in parliament: one seat was kept by the top candidate while the second seat rotated between the second and the third candidate. This way each party would have a representative in the EP. Finally, there still was considerable diversity in the opinions of the Greens, especially between pro-European and Eurosceptic tendencies. These factors weakened the position of the Greens in Parliament.

In the 1989 election the Green parties won 26 seats.[b] Because of political conflicts with the continuing Rainbow Group, the European Greens formed a separate parliamentary group, The Green Group in the European Parliament. During this period, the Greens became more entrenched in parliament.

1993 to 2004

Dominique Voynet, Joschka Fischer and Pekka Haavisto. France, Germany and Finland had the first green ministers in a European government

In June 1993 the European Federation of Green Parties was formed by the members of the EGC in Kirkkonummi, Finland. The organisation became more structured, it now had a triennial Congress, a Council and a Federation Committee (executive). It strengthened its ties with the Green Group in the European parliament.

In the 1994 European elections Green parties won a total of 20 seats.[c] They were joined by a member of the Danish Socialist People's Party and one member of both the Italian South Tyrolean People's Party and The Network. Again the Greens formed a separate group from Rainbow Group, now renamed the European Radical Alliance.

In the 1999 European elections the European Greens performed particularly well winning 38 seats.[d] They formed a combined group with the European Free Alliance, which represented regionalist parties and independence movements, which previously participated in the European Radical Alliance. The relationship between the Greens and these parties was different from before, as the Greens were stronger both numerically and politically.

Since 2004

Winfried Kretschmann, Minister-President of Baden-Württemberg; Femke Halsema, mayor of Amsterdam and Alexander Van der Bellen, President of Austria
File:Hazel Chu Poster Photo.jpg
Hazel Chu, Mayor of Dublin; Michèle Rubirola, Mayor of Marseille and Pierre Hurmic, Mayor of Bordeaux

The European Green Party was founded at the Fourth Congress of the European Federation of Green Parties on 20–22 February 2004 in Rome, a party convention with over 1,000 delegates. Thirty-two Green parties from all over Europe joined this new pan-European party. The foundation of the new party was finalised with the signing of the treaty constituting the party in the Capitol of Rome. As such the Greens were the first to form a political party at European level, the other European federations followed suit between 2004 and 2006.

In the 2004 European Parliament election the member parties won 35 Seats. In the 2009 European Parliament election, even though the European Parliament was reduced in size, the EGP member parties won 46 seats, the best result of the Green Parties in 30 years.

In the 2014 European Parliament election the green candidates were José Bové and Ska Keller. The campaign was at a European level, Ska Keller participating in broadcast debates with the other candidates for the European Commission presidency.

After the economic crisis, the green parties have consolidated its presence in the local and regional level. Green mayors as Éric Piolle in Grenoble or Fritz Kuhn in Stuttgart are good examples. Femke Halsema became the second green mayor of a European capital city, Amsterdam, after Francesco Rutelli (Rome). At the regional level, Winfried Kretschmann became President of Baden-Württemberg.

Inés Sabanés and Célia Blauel are respectively members of the local governments of Madrid and Paris, being both responsible of the environment portfolio.

Alexander Van der Bellen became the first green head of state in the world, representing Austria.

The candidates for the 2019 European Parliament election, are Ska Keller and Bas Eickhout.

In the year 2020 the European Greens achieves big gains in local elections throughout Europe, being elected green mayors in Lyon, Strasbourg, Besançon, Marseille or Bourdeaux among others in France and in capital city Dublin in Ireland.

Ideology and issues

José Bové, spokesman of Via Campesina; Isabelle Durant, Deputy Secretary-General of the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development and member of the Spinelli Group and Tim Jackson, professor and author of Prosperity Without Growth
In 2017, the climate law is signed by Isabella Lövin, Deputy Prime Minister of Sweden

The European Greens have always been committed to basic tenets of Green politics, such as environmental responsibility, individual freedom, inclusive democracy, diversity, social justice, gender equality, global sustainable development and non-violence.[5]

However, its relationship to the European Union and its institutions has changed dramatically and is still the subject of a lively debate. In the 1970s and 1980s the European Greens were generally sceptical of European political and economic integration, which was seen as contrary to environmental and social interests. In its 1984 program, the European Greens advocated the formation of an alternative Europe, which would be neutral and decentralised. In 1989, some member parties adopted a more parliamentary course and became more supportive of European integration. The program advocates the democratisation of Europe's institutions. In their 1994 program, the Greens abandoned their principled opposition of European integration and began to propose pragmatic alternatives for the European Union's policies and institutions. The 1999 and 2004 programs also reflect this.[citation needed]

In the area of Internet politics, the Greens–European Free Alliance (Greens/EFA) parliamentary group became famous for the strong support of a proposed Free Information Infrastructure, especially in their work on the directive against software patents in 2003.[citation needed]

Nowadays the majority of the party is European federalist. Its former leader, Daniel Cohn-Bendit, is a member of the federalist The Spinelli Group, and has written with Guy Verhofstadt a book with a federalist manifesto purpose. The European Green Party affiliated to the European Movement International in February 2014.[6]

Other prominent green members of The Spinelli Group are Monica Frassoni, Isabelle Durant and Joschka Fischer, a former Vice-Chancellor of Germany and Minister for Foreign Affairs (Germany).

Representation

In this table one can see the results of the Greens for the six direct elections to the European Parliament, in terms of seats and votes. It also shows how many European Commissioners the European Greens have, who led the parliamentary group. It also lists how the Green parliamentary group and supra-national organisations was named and what European parliamentary group they joined.[7]

Year MEPs MEPs % Votes % EC Leaders EP Subgroup EP group Organization
1979 0 0 2.4% 0 none none none Coordination of European Green and Radical Parties
1984 11 2.5% 4.2% 0 Friedrich-Wilhelm Graefe zu Baringdorf (1984–86),
Bram van der Lek (1984–86),
Brigitte Heinrich (1986),
François Roelants du Vivier (1986),
Frank Schwalba-Hoth (1986–87),
Paul Staes (1987–88),
Wilfried Telkämper (1987–89) 		Green Alternative European Link Rainbow Group European Green Coordination
1989 25 4.8% 7.4% 0 Maria Amelia Santos (1989–90),
Alexander Langer (1990),
Adelaide Aglietta (1990–94),
Paul Lannoye (1990–94) 		Green Group in the European Parliament European Green Coordination
1994 21 3.7% 7.4% 0 Claudia Roth (1994–98),
Alexander Langer (1994–95),
Magda Aelvoet (1997–99) 		Green Group in the European Parliament European Federation of Green Parties
1999 38 6.1% 7.7% 1[e] Heidi Hautala (1999–2002),
Paul Lannoye (1999–2002),
Monica Frassoni (2002–04),
Daniel Cohn-Bendit (2002–04) 		European Greens Greens–European Free Alliance European Federation of Green Parties
2004 35 4.8% 7.3% 0 Monica Frassoni (2004–09),
Daniel Cohn-Bendit (2004–09) 		European Greens Greens–European Free Alliance European Green Party
2009 48[f] 6.2% 7.3% 0 Rebecca Harms (2009–14),
Daniel Cohn-Bendit (2009–14) 		European Greens Greens–European Free Alliance European Green Party
2014 50[8][g] 6.7% 0 Rebecca Harms (2014–2016),
Ska Keller (2017– ),
Philippe Lamberts (2014– ) 		European Greens Greens–European Free Alliance European Green Party
2019

Organisational structure

Ulrike Lunacek, ex vice-president of the European Parliament and Michaele Schreyer, only green European Commission cabinet member so far

The European Green Party is an international association without lucrative purpose constituted out of political parties from European countries (although not necessarily from European Union member states). Parties can also become associate member. Members of the Green Group not belonging to a member party can be admitted as a special member with speaking rights but no vote.

Alice Bah Kuhnke, Deputy chairwoman of the Greens–European Free Alliance (Greens/EFA) group in the European Parliament.

The governing bodies of the EGP are the Council and the Committee.[9]

  • The Council consists of delegates of member parties. These are allotted on the basis of their most recent European or national election results. Each party has at least two delegates. The council is responsible for political affairs between congresses and it decides over organizational matters, such as the election of committee, the application of members and observers and the statutes of the EGP.[10]
  • The Committee consists of nine members, including two spokespersons (one man and one woman), a secretary-general and a treasurer. They are responsible for daily political affairs, execution of the council's decisions and the activities of the EGP office and staff.
  • The Congress is an enlarged meeting of the Council which is convened by the Council at least once every 5 years.

The European Greens are organised in several regional networks. These are organised around seas, creating somewhat of a bioregional structure: such as the Green Islands Network ("a network for Green Parties in Britain, Ireland and associated islands"), the Baltic Sea Greens, the Green Mediterranean Network, Green Adriatic Network and the North Sea Greens.

Membership

  States in which member (and possibly candidate/associate) parties exist
  States in which associate parties exist
  States in which candidate parties exist

As of May 2018, the EGP comprises 37 (full) member parties, 4 associate member parties and 3 candidate member parties. These are listed in Annex B (pp. 22–23) of the respective Rule Book.[11]

Werner Kogler, Vice-Chancellor of Austria.
Eamon Ryan Minister for Climate Action, Communication Networks and Transport of Ireland
File:Carlo Ripa di Meana.jpg
Carlo Ripa di Meana was European Commissioner for the Environment and Italian Minister of the Environment

Full members

Country Region/Sub-division Name MEPs National MPs
 Albania - Green Party of Albania Not in EU –
 Andorra - Greens of Andorra Not in EU –
 Austria - The Greens – The Green Alternative
3 / 18
26 / 183
 Belgium  Flemish Groen
1 / 12
[h]
6 / 102
[i]
13 / 213
 [j]
 French Ecolo
2 / 9
[k]
6 / 63
[l]
15 / 289
 [m]
 German
 Bulgaria - Green Party of Bulgaria[12] – –
The Greens – –
 Cyprus  Greek Cypriot Movement of Ecologists — Citizens' Cooperation –
2 / 56
 Czech Republic - Green Party – –
 Denmark - Socialist People's Party
2 / 13
14 / 179
 Estonia - Estonian Greens – –
 Finland - Green League
3 / 13
20 / 200
 France - Europe Ecology – The Greens
10 / 74
0 / 577
 Georgia - Green Party of Georgia Not in EU
6 / 150
 Germany - Alliance '90/The Greens
21 / 96
67 / 709
 Greece - Ecologist Greens –
0 / 300
 Hungary - Politics Can Be Different
1 / 21
8 / 199
 Ireland - Green Party/Comhaontas Glas[n]
2 / 13
12 / 160
 Italy - Federation of the Greens –
 South Tyrol Greens –
3 / 35
[o]
 Lithuania - Lithuanian Green Party[citation needed] –
1 / 141
 Luxembourg - The Greens
1 / 6
6 / 60
 Malta - Democratic Alternative – –
 Moldova - Ecologist Green Party Not in EU –
 Netherlands - GreenLeft
3 / 26
14 / 150
 North Macedonia - Democratic Renewal of Macedonia Not in EU
1 / 123
 Norway - Environmental Party The Greens Not in EU
1 / 169
 Poland - The Greens –
3 / 460
 Portugal - LIVRE –
0 / 230
People–Animals–Nature[citation needed]
0 / 21
4 / 230
Ecologist Party "The Greens" –
2 / 230
 Romania - Green Party – –
 Slovakia - Green Party[13] – –
 Slovenia - Youth Party – European Greens – –
 Spain - EQUO
0 / 54
1 / 350
 Catalonia Iniciativa per Catalunya Verds
1 / 54
2 / 350
 Sweden - Green Party
3 / 20
16 / 349
  Switzerland - Green Party of Switzerland Not in EU
28 / 200
 Ukraine - Party of Greens of Ukraine Not in EU –
 United Kingdom  England Green Party of England and Wales Not in EU
1 / 650
[p]
0 / 60
[q]
 Wales
Northern Ireland Green Party in Northern Ireland [r]
0 / 18
[s]
2 / 90
[t]
 Scotland Scottish Green Party
0 / 59
[u]
6 / 129
 [v]

Candidate members

Country Name MEPs National MPs
 Croatia Sustainable Development of Croatia – –
 Montenegro United Reform Action Not in EU
2 / 81
 Turkey Green Left Party Not in EU –
sources[14][15]

Associate members

Country Name MEPs National MPs
 Azerbaijan Green Party of Azerbaijan Not in EU –
 Belarus Belarusian Party "The Greens" Not in EU –
 Russia Green Russia Not in EU –
Green Alternative[16] Not in EU –
sources[14]

Applicants

Country or region Name (in English) MEPs National MPs
 Serbia Greens of Serbia Not in EU
2 / 250

Former members

Green Pro-European demonstration in Rome, 2017
Federation of Young European Greens demonstration in Copenhagen during the Climate Summit 2009

De Grønne from Denmark were expelled from the EGP in 2008. The reason was that De Grønne intended to co-operate with the People's Movement against the EU in the upcoming 2009 European elections, a national party which sits with the European United Left–Nordic Green Left parliamentary group instead of the Greens–European Free Alliance. The party was disbanded in 2014.

On 13 May 2012, the Council of the EGP withdrew the membership of Confederation of the Greens (Los Verdes) from Spain,[17] after several months of negotiations, and mainly because 13 out of 16 parties (formerly within the Confederation of the Greens) decided to join EQUO.

The Green Left from Hungary withdrew its membership on 7 September 2015 because of financial reasons. They disbanded in 2018.

On 10 November 2019, the Latvian Green Party was expelled from the EGP, due to its nationalist, anti-LGBT and anti-immigration views.[18]

The Greens from the Netherlands withdrew the EGP in 2017.[19]

Country Year left Name MEPs (current) National MPs (current)
 Denmark 2012 De Grønne n/a - defunct
 Hungary 2015 Green Left n/a - defunct
 Latvia 2019 Latvian Green Party -
6 / 100
 Netherlands 2017 The Greens - -
 Spain 2012 Confederation of the Greens - -

Networks

The EGP hosts a collection of networks that have specific special interest focus, including:

Elected representatives of member parties

François Bausch, Ministry of Sustainable Development and Infrastructure of Luxembourg and member of ATTAC

European institutions

Organisation Institution Number of seats
 European Union European Commission
0 / 28
European Council
(Heads of Government)
0 / 28
Council of the European Union
(Participation in Government)
5 / 27
European Parliament
55 / 751
{{COE profile}} template missing ID and not present in Wikidata. Parliamentary Assembly
3 / 318

See also

Notes

  1. ^ 7 for the German Greens, 1 for the Dutch Political Party of Radicals, 1 for the Dutch Pacifist Socialist Party, an ally of the PPR, 1 for Ecolo and 1 for Agalev
  2. ^ 7 for the German Greens, 8 for French Greens, 2 for the Dutch GreenLeft, 2 for Ecolo and 1 for Agalev, 1 for the Spanish IP, 2 for the Italian Rainbow Greens and 2 for the Italian Green Lists
  3. ^ 12 for the German Greens, 1 for the Dutch GreenLeft, 1 for Ecolo and 1 for Agalev, 1 for the Luxembourgish The Greens IP, 2 for the Italian Federation of the Greens and 2 for the Green Party
  4. ^ 7 for the German Alliance '90/The Greens, 4 for the Dutch GreenLeft, 3 for Ecolo and 2 for Agalev, 1 for the Luxembourgish The Greens, 2 for the Italian Federation of the Greens, 2 for the Green Party, 9 for The Greens of France, 2 for the Austrian Greens, 2 for the Finnish Green League, 2 for the Swedish Green Party and 2 for the Green Party of England and Wales
  5. ^ Michaele Schreyer for Alliance '90/The Greens
  6. ^ includes 6 independent MEPs elected for the Europe Écologie group
  7. ^ Includes 14 MEPs, from 8 countries, NOT affiliated with EGP member parties.
  8. ^ Dutch-speaking electoral college
  9. ^ Flemish seats in the Belgian Chamber of Representatives, including seats for bilingual Brussels.
  10. ^ All seats in Flemish Parliament, a legislature for both the Flanders region and the Flemish Community, and the bilingual Parliament of the Brussels-Capital Region.
  11. ^ All seats for the French- and German-speaking electoral colleges.
  12. ^ All seats for French and German-speaking Communities in the Belgian Chamber of Representatives, including seats for bilingual Brussels.
  13. ^ All seats in the parliaments of the Brussels, Walloon Region, and the French and German-speaking Communities plus the seats for Brussels in the Flemish Parliament.
  14. ^ The Irish Green Party operates also in Northern Ireland, United Kingdom as "Green Party in Northern Ireland". The Northern Irish party is separately listed in this table although it does not have separate membership in the EGP.
  15. ^ Landtag of South Tyrol
  16. ^ English and Welsh seats in the House of Commons of the United Kingdom.
  17. ^ National Assembly for Wales
  18. ^ It does not have separate membership in the EGP because it is a part of the Irish Green Party.
  19. ^ Northern Irish seats in the House of Commons of the United Kingdom.
  20. ^ Northern Ireland Assembly
  21. ^ Scottish seats in the House of Commons of the United Kingdom.
  22. ^ Scottish Parliament.

References

  1. ^ Nordsieck, Wolfram (2019). "European Union". Parties and Elections in Europe. Archived from the original on 8 June 2017. Retrieved 30 May 2019.
  2. ^ history of the European Green Party at EuropeanGreens.eu
  3. ^ Elizabeth Bomberg (2 August 2005). Green Parties and Politics in the European Union. Routledge. p. 70. ISBN 978-1-134-85145-4.
  4. ^ Hines, Eric (2003). "The European Parliament and the Europeanization of Green Parties" (PDF). University of Iowa. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 May 2008. Retrieved 1 March 2008.
  5. ^ "Charter of the European Greens". europeangreens.eu. 13–14 October 2006. Archived from the original on 4 February 2007.
  6. ^ "Greens join pro-European parties' network". Retrieved 26 August 2015.
  7. ^ "Directory". Retrieved 26 August 2015.
  8. ^ "Results of the 2014 European elections – European Parliament". results-elections2014.eu. Retrieved 16 October 2016.
  9. ^ "Statutes of the European Green Party" (PDF). europeangreens.eu. 20 May 2018. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 January 2019. Retrieved 24 January 2019.
  10. ^ "Learn about the EGP". europeangreens.eu.
  11. ^ "Statutes of the European Green Party" (PDF). 20 May 2018. pp. 23–24. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 January 2019. Retrieved 24 January 2019.
  12. ^ "European Greens". European Greens.
  13. ^ Although the Nov 2015 EGP register lists the Green Party of Slovakia (GPS) as a full member since 1995, the March 2017 register of EGP, omits GPS as a member within any membership category
  14. ^ a b "Member Parties". European Greens.
  15. ^ "Search". Retrieved 26 August 2015.
  16. ^ Full member from 1994 to 2016. Downgraded to associate member in 2016.
  17. ^ "Confederación de Los Verdes" no longer part of the European Green family (retrieved on 13 May 2012)
  18. ^ "Latvian Green Party expelled from European Green Party". eng.lsm.lv. Retrieved 17 March 2020.
  19. ^ https://europeangreens.eu/karlstad2017/proposal-membership-withdrawal-de-groenen-nl-0
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