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Dnipropetrovsk Oblast

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Template:Infobox Ukrainian oblast

Dnipropetrovsk Oblast (Template:Lang-uk, Dnipropetrovs'ka oblast or Дніпропетровщина, Dnipropetrovshchyna, Template:Lang-ru [dʲnʲɪprəpʲɪˈtrofskəjə ˈobləstʲ]) is an oblast (province) of central Ukraine, the most important industrial region of the country. It was created on February 27, 1932. Dnipropetrovsk has a population of about 3,307,795 (2013 est.)[1], approximately 80% of whom live centering on administrative center of Dnipropetrovsk, Kryvyi Rih, Dniprodzerzhynsk, Nikopol. The Dnieper River runs through the oblast.

Geography

The Dnipropetrovsk Oblast is located in southeastern Ukraine. The area of the oblast (31,974 km²), comprises about 5.3% of the total area of the country. Its longitude from north to south is 130 km, from east to west – 300 km. The oblast borders the Poltava and Kharkiv Oblasts on the north, the Donetsk Oblast on the east, the Zaporizhzhia and Kherson Oblasts on the south, and the Mykolayiv and Kirovohrad Oblasts on the west.

Black Sea Lowland almost completely within the south oblast, covering half of its territory. In Ternivka located meteorite crater. It is 11 km in diameter and the age is estimated to be 280 ± 10 million years (Permian). The crater is not exposed at the surface.[2] The Dnieper Upland contains a number of minerals including iron, manganese, granite, graphite, brown coal, kaolin etc. Kryvbas is an important economic region, specializing in iron ore mining and the steel industry. It is arguably the main iron ore region of Eastern Europe. Named after the city of Kryvyi Rih, the region occupies the southwestern part of the Dnipropetrovsk, as well as a small neighbouring part of the Kirovohrad Oblast.

The region possesses major deposits of iron ore and some other metallurgical ores. To exploit them, several large mining companies were founded here in the middle of the 20th century. Most of them are located in Kryvyi Rih itself, which is the longest city in Europe.

History

1648 map of Beauplan where Dzikie Pole identified in upper portion of the map.

At the beginning of the 15th century, Tatar tribes inhabiting the right bank of the Dnieper were driven away by the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. However, by the mid-15th century, the Nogai (who lived north of the Sea of Azov) and the Crimean Khanate invaded these lands. [citation needed] The Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Crimean Khanate agreed to a border along the Dnieper, and farther east along the Samara River, i.e. through what is today the city of Dnipropetrovsk. It was in this time that there appeared a new force–the Cossacks, armed freemen not subject to any feudal lord– who were to soon dominate the region . They later became known as Zaporozhian Cossacks, from Zaporizhia–the lands south of Prydniprovye– which translates as "the Land Beyond the Weirs [Rapids]"). This was a period of raids and fighting causing considerable devastation and depopulation in that area; the area became known as the 'Wilderness'.

In 1635, the Polish Government built the Kodak fortress above the Dnieper Rapids at Kodaky , partly as a result of rivalry in the region between Poland, Turkey and the Crimean Khanate,[3] and partly to maintain control over Cossack activity (i.e. to suppress the Cossack raiders and to prevent peasants moving out of the area).[4] On the night of 3 or 4 August 1635, the Cossacks of Ivan Sulyma captured the fort by surprise, burning it down and butchering the garrison of about 200 West European mercenaries under Jean Marion.[4] The fort was rebuilt by French engineer Guillaume Le Vasseur de Beauplan[5] for the Polish Government in 1638, and had a mercenary garrison.[4] Kodak was captured by Zaporozhian Cossacks on 1 October 1648, and was garrisoned by the Cossacks until its demolition in accordance with the Treaty of the Pruth in 1711.[6]

Under the Treaty of Pereyaslav of 1654, the territory became part of the Russian Empire. In 1774 Prince Grigori Potemkin was appointed governor of Novorossiysk Governorate, and after the destruction of the Zaporozhian Sich, he started founding cities in the region and encouraging foreign settlers. The city of Yekaterinoslav was founded in 1776, not in the current location, but at the confluence of the River Samara with the River Kil'chen' at Loshakivka, north of the Dnieper. On May 8, 1775, after the end of the Russian-Turkish War, Russian authorities opened a postal station and track which linked Kremenchuk, Kinburn foreland and Ochakov, all locations of the Imperial Russian Army.

In December 1796, Paul I reestablished the Novorossiysk Governorate, mostly with land from the former Yekaterinoslav Viceroyalty. In 1802, this province was divided into the Nikolayev Governorate (known as the Kherson Governorate from 1803), Yekaterinoslav Governorate, and the Taurida Governorate. Its capital was the city of Yekaterinoslav (modern Dnipropetrovsk) created in 1802 out the Yekaterinoslav Vice-regency. It was located within the former lands of Zaporizhian Sich. The government bordered to the north with the Kharkov Governorate and Poltava Governorate, to the west and southwest with the Kherson Governorate, to the south with the Taurida Governorate and Sea of Azov, and to the east with Don Host Oblast.

Olexander Paul discovered and initiated iron ore investigation and production,[7][8] and this in turn caused the formation of a mining district.[9] In 1874 Alexander II initiated the founding project of a railway,[10] running 505 kilometres (314 mi). This enabled transportation directly to the nearest factories and greatly sped up the development of the region.

On 1 August 1925, the Yekaterinoslav Governorate administration was discontinued. Before the introduction of oblasts in 1932, Ukraine comprised 40 okrugs, which had replaced the former Russian Imperial guberniya (governorate) subdivisions. In 1932 the territory of the Ukrainian SSR was re-established based on oblasts. The first oblasts were Vinnytsia Oblast, Kiev Oblast, Odessa Oblast, Kharkiv Oblast, and Dnipropetrovsk Oblast. Soon after that in the summer of 1932 Donetsk Oblast was formed out of eastern parts of Kharkiv and Dnipropetrovsk.

During the 1991 referendum, 90.36% of votes in Dnipropetrovsk Oblast were in favor of the Declaration of Independence of Ukraine. A survey conducted in December 2014 by the Kyiv International Institute of Sociology found 2.2% of the oblast's population supported their region joining Russia, 89.9% did not support the idea, and the rest were undecided or did not respond.[11]

Administrative sudivisions

Main article: Administrative divisions of Dnipropetrovsk Oblast
Building of Dnipropetrovsk Regional Administration

The following data incorporates the number of each type of administrative divisions of the Dnipropetrovsk Oblast:

  1. Apostolove
  2. Vasylkivka
  3. Verkhnodniprovsk
  4. Dnipropetrovsk
  5. Kryvyi Rih
  6. Krynychky
  7. Mahdalynivka
  8. Mezhova
  9. Nikopol
  10. Novomoskovsk
  11. Pavlohrad
  12. Petrykivka
  13. Petropavlivka
  14. Pokrovske
  15. Piatykhatky
  16. Synelnykove
  17. Solone
  18. Sofiivka
  19. Tomakivka
  20. Tsarychanka
  21. Shyroke
  22. Yurivka
  • City raions – 18 (Dnipropetrovsk - 8, Kryvyi Rih - 7, Dniprodzerzhynsk -3);
  • Settlements – 1504, including:
    • Villages – 1438;
    • Cities/Towns – 66, including:
      • Urban-type settlement – 46;
      • Cities – 20, including:
        • Cities of oblast subordinance — 13;
        • Cities of raion subordinance — 8;
  • Silradas – 288.

The local administration of the oblast is controlled by the Dnipropetrovsk Oblast Rada. The governor of the oblast is the Dnipropetrovsk Oblast Rada speaker, appointed by the President of Ukraine.

Demographics

Detailed map of Dnipropetrovsk Oblast.

Its population in 2004 was 3,493,062, which constituted 5.3% of the overall Ukrainian population.

Dnipropetrovsk
Kryvyi Rih
5

At the 2001 census, the ethnic groups within the Dnipropetrovsk Oblast were:[20]

the groups by native language:

  • Ukrainian 67%,
  • Russian 32%,
  • other languages 1%.

Age structure

0–14 years: 14.1% Increase (male 241,006/female 226,216)
15–64 years: 70.2% Decrease (male 1,100,602/female 1,219,668)
65 years and over: 15.7% Steady (male 168,447/female 348,547) (2013 official)

Median age

total: 40.3 years Increase
male: 36.6 years Increase
female: 43.9 years Increase (2013 official)

Religion

Bryansk Church (Dnepropetrovsk House of Organ and Chamber Music)

A Pew survey of Dnipropetrovsk residents' religious self-identification showed the following distribution of affiliations: Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate) 47.5%, Ukrainian Orthodox Church of the Kyivan Patriarchate 10.7%, Roman Catholic 1.3%, Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church 0.8%, Protestantism 32.3%.

Dnipropetrovsk has one of the most balanced percentage of religious people in the nation mainly due to large number of ethnic groups. The Jewish community is centered in the Dnipropetrovsk (Golden Rose Synagogue) and Kryvyi Rih area, and emerged during a wave of Jewish immigration.

Cities and towns

There are 20 cities and towns in Dnipropetrovsk. Major population centers today result from historical factors — with the advent of the iron development took place predominantly along the Kryvyi Rih, Dnipropetrovsk located on Dnipro River. Kryvyi Rih is the base of a large metropolitan area.

Ranked by population, the state's[clarification needed] 12 largest municipalities are:

  1. Dnipropetrovsk (1,080,846)
  2. Kryvyi Rih (662,507)
  3. Dniprodzerzhynsk (262,704)
  4. Nikopol (136,280)
  5. Pavlohrad (118,816)
  6. Novomoskovsk (72,439)
  7. Zhovti Vody (54,370)
  8. Ordzhonikidze (46,532)
  9. Synelnykove (32,302)
  10. Ternivka (29,253)
  11. Pershotravensk (29,140)
  12. Vilnohirsk (23,782)

Transport

Kryvyi Rih Metro

There are 8 over-Dnieper bridges and dozens of grade-separated intersections. Several new intersections are under construction. European route E105 cross Left-bank Dnipropetrovsk from North to South. Highway M04 (Ukraine) and Highway M18 (Ukraine) cross Dnipro and Dnipropetrovsk from West to East, entering Kryvyi Rih. Overall, roads are in poor technical condition and maintained inadequately.

Near-Dnipro Railway (NDZ), headquartered in Dnipropetrovsk, is a component part of the Ukrzaliznytsia (UZ) company. NDR's route map includes all the railroads in the Dnipropetrovsk, Zaporizhya, Kharkiv, Kherson and Crimea oblasts (provinces of Ukraine). As of 2008, NDR's rail system included 3,275 km (2,035 mi) of track, of which 93,3% were electrified. The PDR consists of five sections (directions), the Dnipropetrovsk, Zaporizhya, Kryvyi Rih, and Crimea directions. There are 244 railway stations in the NDR system. More than a dozens of elektrichka stops are located within the city allowing residents of different neighborhoods to use the suburban trains.

The cities of Dnipropetrovsk and Kryvyi Rih are served by a local sales-tax-funded bus, tram, metro and trolleybus systems.

Dnipropetrovsk International Airport is the only international airport in the state and serves as one of the hubs for Dniproavia. The airport has non-stop service to over 20 destinations throughout Ukraine, Russia, and Turkey, as well as to Vienna and Tel Aviv. Kryvyi Rih International Airport provide limited commercial air service.

Environment

Dnipro River in Dnipropetrovsk
Pryorilskyi Landscape Reserve

The oblast is situated in the steppe region. Forests in the oblast occupy about 3.9% of the oblast's total territory. The average temperature in the winter balances from −5 to −7 °C and in the summer from 22 to 23 °C. The average annual rainfall is 400–490 mm. During the summer, Dnipropetrovsk is very warm (average day temperature in July is 24 to 28 °C (75 to 82 °F), even hot sometimes 32 to 36 °C (90 to 97 °F). Temperatures as high as 36 °C (97 °F) have been recorded in May. Winter is not so cold (average day temperature in January is −4 to 0 °C (25 to 32 °F), but when there is no snow and the wind blows hard, it feels extremely cold. A mix of snow and rain happens usually in December.

The tender climate, mineral sources, and the curative mud allow opportunities for rest and cure within the region. Here there are 21 health-centers and medicated pensions, 10 rest homes, recreation departments and rest camps for children.

The Dnipropetrovsk Oblast has splendid flora and fauna. Here, there are more than 1700 kinds of vegetation, 7500 kinds of animals (including elk, wild boar, dappled deer, roe, hare, fox, wolf, etc.) There are also 114 park and nature objects, including 15 state reserves; 3 nature memorials, 24 local parks; 7 landscape parks; 3 park tracts, which altogether make up approximately 260 square kilometres.

217 rivers flow within the area, including 55 rivers which are longer than 25 km, the major one being the Dnieper, which crosses through the center of the oblast. Also flowing through the region are three major reservoirs, the Dniprodzerzhynsk, Dnieper and Kakhovka, and the Dnieper-Kryvyi Rih Canal.

Economy

The Dnipropetrovsk Oblast has a high industry potential. There are 712 basic industrial organizations, including 20 different types of economic activity with about 473,4 thousand workers. The area also produces about 16.9% of the total industry production of Ukraine. This places the Dnipropetrovsk Oblast second in Ukraine (after the neighbouring Donetsk Oblast).

File:АрселорМіттал.jpg
ArcelorMittal Kryvyi Rih

Dnipropetrovsk is a major industrial centre of Ukraine. It has several facilities devoted to heavy industry that produce a wide range of products, including cast-iron, rolled metal, pipes, machinery, different mining combines, agricultural equipment, tractors, trolleybuses, refrigerators, different chemicals and many others. [citation needed] The most famous and the oldest (founded in the 19th century) is the Metallurgical Plant named after Petrovsky. The city also has big food processing and light industry factories. Many sewing and dress-making factories work for France, Canada, Germany and Great Britain [citation needed], using the most advanced technologies, materials and design. Dnipropetrovsk has also dominated in the aerospace industry since the 1950s; construction department Yuzhnoye Design Bureau and Yuzhmash are well known to the specialists[which?] all over the world.[citation needed]

Yuzhmash is a manufacturer of space rockets, agricultural equipment, buses, trolley buses, trams, wind turbines, and satellites that was inherited from the Soviet Union. It is a large state-owned[by whom?] company located in Dnipropetrovsk.

Dniproavia, an airline, has its head office on the grounds of Dnipropetrovsk International Airport.[21] The region possesses major deposits of iron ore and some other metallurgical ores. To exploit them, several large mining companies were founded here in the middle of the 20th century. Most of them are located in Kryvyi Rih itself, which is the longest city in Europe. Steel companies of the region (except Mittal Steel-owned Kryvorizhstal) are controlled by either the Privat Group or the SCM. From the 1990s until 2004, these once united and state-owned industries went through a hard and scandal-ridden process of privatization. Being a business oligarch entity, Privat Group controls some prominent Ukrainian media, maintains close relations with politicians and sponsors professional sports. Key businesses of the group (including the Privatbank itself) are based in Dnipropetrovsk Oblast, which is regarded as its “homeland”. Group's founding owners are natives of Dnipropetrovsk and made their entire career there.

ArcelorMittal Kryvyi Rih, owned by ArcelorMittal since 2005 is the largest private company by revenue in Ukraine,[22] producing over 7 million tonnes of crude steel, and mined over 17 million tonnes of iron ore. As of 2011, the company employed about 37,000 people. 4 Iron Ore Enrichment Works of Metinvest are a large contributors to the UA's balance of payments. The third giant - Evraz mining company.

Education

Colleges and universities

Kryvyi Rih National University
Main article: List of universities in Ukraine

Dnipropetrovsk has several colleges and universities:

  1. Dnipropetrovsk State Medical Academy
  2. Dnipropetrovsk University of Economics and Law
  3. Dnipropetrovsk National University
  4. National Mining University of Ukraine
  5. State Chemical Technology University of Ukraine
  6. Dnipropetrovsk State Technical University of Railway Transport
  7. Prednieper State Academy of Construction and Architecture
  8. Dnipropetrovsk State University of Internal Affairs
  9. National Metallurgical Academy of Ukraine
  10. Dnipropetrovsk Medical Institute of Traditional & Nontraditional Medicine
  11. Dneprodzerzhinsk State Technical University
  12. Kryvyi Rih University
  13. Kryvyi Rih Pedagogical Institute

Sport

File:Panoramio - V&A Dudush - Днепр Арена 2009.jpg
Dnipro Arena

Region houses the Ukrainian Premier League football club, FC Dnipro Dnipropetrovsk. This club, commonly seen as representing the city at large, holds a record for being the only Soviet team to win the USSR Federation Cup twice; since independence they have gone on to win the Ukrainian Championship once and the Ukrainian League Cup three times. Kryvyi Rih was home to the football team Kryvbas Kryvyi Rih. FC Hirnyk Kryvyi Rih is a club based in Kryvyi Rih. The club currently competes in the Ukrainian First League. It is part of the Sports Club Hirnyk which combines several other sections. The club's owner is the Kryvyi Rih Iron Ore Combine (KZRK), the biggest subterranean mining public company in Ukraine. SC Kryvbas is a professional basketball club. Achievements of the team are winning the Ukrainian Basketball League in 2009, and winning the Higher League in 2003 and 2004. Since 2010 the team is active in the Ukrainian Basketball SuperLeague.

Recently built Dnipro-Arena has a capacity of 31,003 people. The Dnipro-Arena hosted the 2010 FIFA World Cup qualification game between Ukraine and England on 10 October 2009. The Dnipro Arena was initially chosen as one of the Ukrainian venues for their joint Euro 2012 bid with Poland. However it was dropped from the list in May 2009 as the capacity fell short of the minimum 33,000 seats required by UEFA.[23][24]

Dnipropetrovsk has a regional federation within Ukrainian Bandy and Rink bandy Federation.

Culture

File:Painting by Galyna Nazarenko.jpg
Petrykivsky Painting

Historically, Dnieper Ukraine comprised territory that roughly corresponded to the area of Ukraine within the expanding Russian Empire. Ukrainians sometimes call it Great Ukraine (Velyka Ukrayina). Historically, this region is tightly entwined with the history of Ukraine and is considered as the heart of the country.

Ukrainian (Middle Dnieprian dialect, 67,0%) and Russian (31,9%) language are both equally used officially, with Russian being more common in cities, while Ukrainian is the dominant language in rural communities. These details result in a significant difference across different survey results, as even a small restating of a question switches responses of a significant group of people. The speaking of Surzhyk instead of Russian or Ukrainian is wide and viewed negatively by nationalist language activists. Because it is neither the one nor the other, they regard Surzhyk as a threat to the uniqueness of Ukrainian culture.

The oblast was renamed after the Communist leader of Ukraine Grigory Petrovsky

Petrykivsky Painting originates from Petrykivka village. The distinctive features of this handicraft are the patterns, unusual technique and white background. It was included to the UNESCO Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity.

People from Dnipropetrovsk Oblast

Landmarks

The Saviour's Transfiguration Cathedral

The following historical-cultural sites were nominated to the Seven Wonders of Ukraine.

Symbols

Cossack with musket
Cossack with musket of the Zaporizhian Host
Yekaterinoslav Governorate
Coat of Arms of Yekaterinoslav Governorate
Main article: Cossack with musket

A Cossack with a musket was an emblem of the Zaporizhian Host and later the state emblem of the Hetmanate and the Ukrainian State. The origin of the emblem is uncertain, while its first records date back to 1592. On the initiative of Pyotr Rumyantsev the emblem was phased out and replaced by the Russian double-headed eagle in 1767.

A Cossack with a rifle was restored by the Hetman of Ukraine Pavlo Skoropadsky in 1918. However, later the emblem disappeared again until in 2005 it reappeared on the proposed Great Seal of Ukraine. In 2002 was adopted flag and identical coat of arms of Oblast, which consists of cossack with musket and nine yellow eight-pointed stars. Stars represent coat of arms of Yekaterinoslav Governorate which also consisted of imperial monogram of Catherine the Great.

Other symbols

See also

References

  1. ^ Чисельність наявного населення України [Actual population of Ukraine] (in Ukrainian). State Statistics Service of Ukraine. Archived from the original on 2 February 2014. Retrieved 21 January 2015.
  2. ^ "Ternovka". Earth Impact Database. Planetary and Space Science Centre University of New Brunswick Fredericton. Retrieved 16 August 2009.
  3. ^ "Go2Kiev Dnepropetrovsk". Go2kiev.com. Retrieved 28 November 2014.
  4. ^ a b c Plokhy, Serhii, The Cossacks and Religion in Early Modern Ukraine, pub Oxford University Press, 2001, ISBN 0-19-924739-0, pages 26, 37, 40, 51, 60–1, 142, 245, and 268.
  5. ^ Guillaume le Vasseur de Beauplan wrote a book Description d'Ukrainie, published in 1651 and 1660.
  6. ^ www.day.kiev.ua Above Kodak, this year the unique fortress marks its 375th anniversary, by Mykola Chaban, 2010.
  7. ^ Sudrussland Mageteisen und Sisenglantztatten
  8. ^ Рубін П.Криворожский бассейн и его железные руды. Горный журнал, 1888 г., т. 1
  9. ^ Конткевич С. Геологічний опис околиць Кривого Рогу, Херсонської губернії
  10. ^ Записки капитан-лейтенанта Семечкина», Вид. Об-ва горных инженеров, 1900 р
  11. ^ Лише 3% українців хочуть приєднання їх області до Росії. Dzerkalo Tyzhnia (in Ukrainian). 3 January 2015. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)
  12. ^ Всесоюзная перепись населения 1939а
  13. ^ Всесоюзная перепись населения 1959а
  14. ^ Всесоюзная перепись населения 1970а
  15. ^ Всесоюзная перепись населения 1979а
  16. ^ Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989а
  17. ^ a b c d e Статистика населения Украины
  18. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s Население 1995 — 2013а
  19. ^ Численность населения на 1 января 2014а и средняя за 2013
  20. ^ Всеукраїнський перепис населення 2001 | English version | Regions of Ukraine | Dnipropetrovs'k region:
  21. ^ "Contacts." Dniproavia. Retrieved on 21 June 2010.
  22. ^ http://www.kyivpost.com/media/images/data/images/01-32_KyivPost_38-9/original.jpg
  23. ^ "Kiev and Donetsk likely for Euro 2012, others uncertain". Guardian.co.uk. Retrieved 28 November 2014.
  24. ^ [1] [dead link‍]
  25. ^ David W. Anthony, The Horse, The Wheel and Language: How Bronze-Age Riders from the Eurasian Steppes Shaped the Modern World (2007).
  26. ^ Above Kodak, by Mykola Chaban, THE DAY WEEKLY DIGEST, #28, Thursday, 20 May 2010
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