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Jharkhand
ঝাড়খন্ড
झारखंड
State
Jharkhand Montage:
Dassam Falls, Ranchi
Katri River, G.E.L.Church, Ranchi
Bokaro Steel Plant Main Gate, Kabir gyan mandir, Giridih, View of Ranchi
Jamshedpur City
Seal of Bihar & Jharkhand
Seal
Location of Jharkhand
Location of Jharkhand
Map of Jharkhand
Map of Jharkhand
CountryIndia
RegionEast India
Formation15 November 2000†
CapitalRanchi
Largest cityJamshedpur
Districts24
Government
 • GovernorDraupadi Murmu
 • Chief MinisterRaghubar Das (BJP)
 • LegislatureUnicameral (81 seats)
 • Parliamentary constituency14
 • High CourtJharkhand High Court
Area
 • Total79,714 km2 (30,778 sq mi)
 • Rank16th
Population
 (2011)
 • Total32,988,134
 • Rank14th
 • Density414/km2 (1,070/sq mi)
Time zoneUTC+05:30 (IST)
ISO 3166 codeIN-JH
HDIIncrease 0.376 (low)
HDI rank19th (2007–08)
Literacy67.6% (25th)
Official language[1]Hindi, Urdu
Second languagesBengali, Oriya, Santhali, Ho, Kurukh, Mundari, Kharia, Nagpuri, Panchpargania, Khortha and Kurmali. [2]
Websitehttp://www.jharkhand.gov.in/
†Formed by the Constitutional Amendment Act, 2000 by dividing Bihar on 15 November 2000

Jharkhand (lit. "Bushland") is a state in eastern India carved out of the southern part of Bihar on 15 November 2000.[3] The state shares its border with the states of Bihar to the north, Uttar Pradesh to the north-west, Chhattisgarh to the west, Odisha to the south, and West Bengal to the east. It has an area of 79,710 km2 (30,778 sq mi). The city of Ranchi is its capital while the industrial city of Jamshedpur is the most populous city of the state.

History

Main article: History of Jharkhand

According to writers including Gautam Kumar Bera,[4] there was already a distinct geo-political, cultural entity called Jharkhand even before the Magadha Empire. Bera's book (page 33) also refers to the Hindu epic Bhavishya Purana. The tribal rulers, some of whom continue to thrive till today were known as the Munda Rajas,[5][6] who basically had ownership rights to large farmlands.[7] Many scholars now believe that the language used by tribes in the state of Jharkhand is identical to the one used by Harappan people[citation needed]. This has led to interest in deciphering Harappa inscriptions using rock paintings and language used by these tribes. For a greater part of the Vedic period, Jharkhand remained unnoticed. During the age of Mahajanpadas around 500 BC, India saw the emergence of 16 large states that controlled the entire Indian subcontinent. In those days the northern portion of Jharkhand state was a tributary state of Magadha (ancient Bihar) Empire and southern part was a tributary of Kalinga (ancient Odisha) Empire.

Post-independence

After the last Assembly election in the state threw up a hung Assembly, RJD's dependence on the Congress extended support on the precondition that RJD will not pose a hurdle to the passage of the Bihar Reorganization Bill (Jharkhand Bill). Finally, with the support from both RJD and Congress, the ruling coalition at the Centre led by the BJP which has made statehood its mail poll plank in the region in successive polls earlier, cleared the Jharkhand Bill in the monsoon session of the Parliament this year, thus paving the way for the creation of a separate Jharkhand state.[8]

Geography

At 1366 m Parasnath is the highest point in the state of Jharkhand.[9] It is easily accessible from Parasnath railway station.[10] At present 29.61% of the state's total landmass is covered by forest.[11]

Flora and fauna

Part of the reason for the variety and diversity of flora and fauna found in Jharkhand state may be accredited to the Palamau Tiger Reserves under the Project Tiger. This reserve is abode to hundreds of species of flora and fauna,[12] as indicated within brackets: mammals (39), snakes (8), lizards (4), fish (6), insects (21), birds (170), seed bearing plants and trees (97), shrubs and herbs (46), climbers, parasites and semi-parasites (25), and grasses and bamboos (17).

Demography

State symbols of Jharkhand[13]
State animal Elephant
State bird Koel
State tree Saal
State flower Palash
Main article: Tribes of Jharkhand

Template:IndiaCensusPop Jharkhand has a population of 32.96 million, consisting of 16.93 million males and 16.03 million females. The sex ratio is 947 females to 1000 males. The population consists of 28% tribal peoples, 12% Scheduled Castes and 60% others. The population density of the state is 414 persons per square kilometre of land; it varies from as low as 148 per square kilometre in Gumla district to as high as 1167 per square kilometre in Dhanbad district.

Census data since 1881 has shown a gradual decline of tribal population in Jharkhand as against the gradual increase of non-tribal population in the region. The reasons given for this are the low birth rate and high death rate among the tribes; immigration of non-tribal peoples; emigration of tribal peoples; and the adverse effects of industrialisation and urbanisation in the region.[citation needed] Tribal leaders assert, however, that their numbers are not as low as recorded by the census, that they are still in the majority, and that they remain a demographic force to reckon with.[citation needed]

From the first regular Indian census of 1872, tribal denominations of the population have been regularly recorded in some form or the other.[citation needed] The Schedules tribes have been last notified under the Government of India, Ministry of Home Affairs Notification issued under Article 341 (i) and 342 (ii) of the constitution in 1956.

During the first census of 1872[citation needed] the following 18 tribal communities were listed as the Aboriginal Tribes: (1)Khorta (2) Binjhia, (3) Gond, (4) Ho, (5) Kharia, (6) Kharwar, (7) Khond, (8) Kisan, (9) Korwa, (10) Mal Paharia, (11) Munda, (12) Oraon, (13) Santhal, (14) Sauria Paharia, (15) Savar, (16) Bhumij, (17) Birhor Chero.

According to the 2001 census[14] Jharkhand had 26,945,829 inhabitants.

Religion

Main article: Sarnaism

Religion in Jharkhand (2011)[15]

  Hinduism (67.8%)
  Islam (14.5%)
  Sarnaism (12.8%)
  Christianity (4.3%)
  Irreligious or others (0.6%)

As per 2011 Census of India, Hinduism is the major religion in the state with 67.8% adherents followed by Islam (14.5%) and Christianity (4.3%).[16] Other religions constitute 12.8% of state population, which is primarily Sarnaism. The total population of Jharkhand is 3.2 crore, of which Hindus are 2.2 crore (67.8%).

Administration

Divisions and Districts

Palamu Division North Chotanagpur Division South Chotanagpur Division Kolhan Division Santhal Pargana Division

Major Cities

Largest Cities in Jharkhand
(2011 Census of India estimate)[17]
Rank City District Population Rank City District Population
Jamshedpur
Bokaro
01 Jamshedpur East Singbhum, Seraikela Kharsawan 1,339,438 06 Phusro Bokaro 185,555
02 Dhanbad Dhanbad 1,196,214 07 Hazaribagh Hazaribagh 153,595
03 Ranchi Ranchi 1,120,374 08 Giridih Giridh 143,630
04 Bokaro Steel City Bokaro 564,319 09 Ramgarh Ramgarh 132,425
05 Deoghar Deoghar 203,123 10 Medininagar Palamu 120,325

Government and politics

Main articles: Government of Jharkhand and Jharkhand Legislative Assembly

Jharkhand is represented by 14 seats in the Lok Sabha and 6 in the Rajya Sabha. The State Legislative Assembly consists of 81 seats. Jharkhand was under the Chief Minister Raghubar Das after, Hemant Soren of the JMM, resigned as the eighth Chief Minister of Jharkhand, from 13 July 2013. On 28 December 2014, Raghubar Das of the Bhartiya Janata Party, was sworn-in as the tenth CM of the state, after his party emerged as the biggest party in assembly elections.

Jagannathpur Temple

Jharkhand has many political parties like national and regional e.g., INC, BJP, JMM, JVM, AJSU, RJD, JD(U), CPI(M),etc. are the major parties.

Naxal insurgency

Jharkhand has been at the centre of the Naxalite-Maoist insurgency. Since the uprising of the Naxalites in 1967, 6,000 people have been killed in fighting between the Naxalites and counter-insurgency operations by the police, and its paramilitary forces .[18]

Despite having a presence in almost 7.80% of India's geographical area[19] (home to 5.50% of India's population), the state of Jharkhand is part of the "Naxal Belt" comprising 92,000 square kilometres,[19] where the highest concentrations of the groups estimated 20,000 combatants[20] fight. Part of this is due to the fact that the state harbours a rich abundance of natural resources, while its people live in abject poverty and destitution.[21] The impoverished state provides ample recruits for the communist insurgents, who argue that they are fighting on behalf of the landless poor that see few benefits from the resource extractions.[21] As the federal government holds a monopoly on sub-surface resources in the state, the tribal population is prevented from staking any claim on the resources extracted from their land.[21] In response, the insurgents have recently begun a campaign of targeting infrastructure related to the extraction of resources vital for Indian energy needs, such as coal.[19]

A crocodile at Muta crocodile breeding centre at Ormanjhi, Ranchi

On 5 March 2007, Sunil Mahato, a member of the national parliament, was shot dead by Naxalite rebels while watching a football match on the Hindu festival of Holi near Kishanpur, 160 km (99 mi) east of the state capital, Ranchi .[18]

Economy

Open-cast mining in the Jharia coalfield

Jharkhand has several towns and innumerable villages with civic amenities. Urbanization ratio is 24.1% and the per capita annual income is US$726.8.[22] Jharkhand also has immense mineral resources: minerals ranging from (ranking in the country within bracket) from iron ore (1st), coal(3rd), copper ore (1st), mica (1st), bauxite (3rd), Manganese, limestone, china clay, fire clay, graphite (8th), kainite (1st), chromite (2nd), thorium (3rd), sillimanite, uranium (Jaduguda mines, Narwa Pahar) (1st), gold (Rakha Mines) (6th), silver and several other minerals. Large deposits of coal and iron ore support concentrations of industries, in centres like Jamshedpur, Dhanbad, Bokaro and Ranchi. Tata Steel, a S&P CNX 500 conglomerate, has its corporate office in Jharkhand. NTPC has started coal production from its captive mine in state in 2011–12, for which the company will be investing about Rs 1,800 crore.[23]

Education

See also: List of institutions of higher education in Jharkhand

As per the 2011 census conducted by Government of India the official literacy rate for the state was 67.63% (Male: 78.45%; Female: 56.21%) with 9 districts above the average literacy rate:[24][25]

  1. Ranchi: 77.13% (Male: 85.53%; Female: 68.20%)
  2. East Singhbhum (Jamshedpur): 76.13% (Male: 84.51%; Female: 67.33%)
  3. Dhanbad: 75.71% (Male: 85.68%; Female: 64.70%)
  4. Ramgarh: 73.92% (Male: 83.51%; Female: 63.49%)
  5. Bokaro: 72.48% (Male: 84.50%; Female: 61.46%)
  6. Hazaribagh: 70.48% (Male: 81.15%; Female: 59.25%)
  7. Saraikela Khasawan: 68.85% (Male: 81.01%; Female: 56.19%)
  8. Kodarma: 68.35% (Male: 81.25%; Female: 54.77%)
  9. Lohardaga: 68.29% (Male: 78.62%; Female: 57.86%)
  10. Deoghar: 66.34% (Male: 79.13%; Female: 53.39%)

Jharkhand has a network of government and privately run schools, although standards of teaching vary considerably from place to place, as also from school to school.

After formation of new state, Jharkhand Education Project Council (JEPC) has been implementing four projects for spread of elementary education namely DPEP, SSA, NPEGEL, KGBV. Hence works have been accomplished in the state towards achieving the goal of UEE but due to slow pace, the target of hundred percent enrolment and retention of children in schools is not yet attained.[26]

Jharkhand has made primary education so accessible that 95% of children of ages 6–11 are enrolled in school, as opposed to 56% in 1993–94, so this will likely to improve literacy a great deal. Some of the better known schools which operate chain of school nationally and regionally are Holy Cross School, Vikas Vidyalaya, Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya,Dav School, St. Thomas School, Delhi Public School, Oxford Public School, De Nobili School, Kendriya Vidyalaya, Chinmaya Public School, Loyola school, Sacred Heart School, St. Xavier's, Shishu Mandir, Surendranath centenary School,Dav Bariatu, etc. Students from Jharkhand have proved themselves on national as well as international level. Students from the state have always ranked well in almost all the national level competitive exams.[27]

Schools

Guru Nanak Hr Sec School, Ranchi

Students can begin school when they turn five years old, with free and compulsory primary education available for all children up to age 14. Every school is affiliated to the state board of secondary education, the CBSE, or with the ICSE. State schools use Hindi as their medium of instruction. Schools affiliated to CBSE or ICSE, instead use English. One notable national educational scheme, Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan attempts to universalise elementary education through district-based, decentralised planning stressing community ownership of the school system.

The medium of instruction in schools is Hindi/English with English/Hindi/Sanskrit/Bengali/Odia as second language. After 10 years of schooling, students can join 2 years of Intermediate course (or +2 courses) in Arts, Science and Commerce. This is followed by 3 years of degree courses (graduation) or 4 years of Engineering/Agriculture/Medicine degree. On May 2008, Jharkhand became the first in India to introduce free haircuts for poor students. 40,000 barbers will be employed with a monthly salary of 1000 rupees (25 US dollars) which will cost the state government 40 million rupees (1 million US dollars).[28]

High drop-out rates and wasted primary education projects are serious concerns.[29]

Loyola School, Jamshedpur is one of the oldest schools in Jharkhand. The institution was established in 1947 by the Society of Jesus (Jesuits), a Roman Catholic religious order founded by St. Ignatius Loyola in 1540. The network of around 21,386 government and private schools includes:

Universities and colleges

Government and private groups operate colleges. Several institutes and research centres are located in this state. Together, these offer a wide range of courses in Undergraduate, Post-Graduate and PhD levels in science, medicine, engineering and commerce. The Jharkhand Combined Entrance Competitive Examination Board caters to 3 Medical (Degree) stream colleges, 1 Agriculture University, 10 Diploma to Degree stream colleges, 16 Engineering (Diploma) stream colleges, 1 Hotel Management and Catering stream college, 2 Post-Graduate Medical (Diploma/Degree) stream colleges, and to 10 Engineering Degree stream colleges in the state.[clarification needed][30]

The colleges in Jharkhand are affiliated with the state's universities, namely Ranchi University, Birsa Agricultural University, and Vinoba Bhave University, offering degrees in computer applications, information science, bio-medical instrumentation, biotechnology, pharmaceutical sciences, business and hotel Management. The most notable legal and technological institutes in Jharkhand are the National University of Study and Research in Law[NUSRL(NLU Ranchi)], Ranchi,[31] Indian Institute of Technology (ISM) Dhanbad, BIT Mesra, National Institute Of Foundry and Forge Technology (NIFFT), Ranchi, and the NIT Jamshedpur, which offer engineering and technology degrees at the undergraduate, post-graduate and doctoral level.

XLRI, in Jamshedpur.

Engineering and Management Institutes

Jharkhand has a number of engineering and management colleges:

File:BIT Main Building.jpg
Birla Institute of Technology Main Building

Medical colleges

Health

Chandrapura hospital

On account of salubrious climate, Jharkhand, particularly its capital Ranchi, has been like a health resort. As far back as 1918, facilities were set up for treatment of mentally challenged.[33][better source needed][failed verification] European Mental Hospital was established along with Indian Mental Hospital. Today they are called Central Institute of Psychiatry and Ranchi Institute of Neuro-psychiatry and Allied Sciences respectively. In certain areas of Jharkhand, poverty and consequent malnutrition have given rise to diseases like tuberculosis (TB). In fact, TB has assumed epidemic proportions in certain areas of the state. For management and treatment of such TB, Itki TB Sanatorium, Ranchi, established in 1928 has been doing exemplary work as a premier institute for clinical and programmatic management of TB. The Itki TB Sanatorium is well equipped and accredited by Government of India for quality assurance and Culture and Drug Sensitivity Testing for M.TB. It provides free of cost treatment for TB as well as Drug resistant TB. Likewise, in the field of treatment of cancer, Tata Main Hospital, Jamshedpur,[34][better source needed] is rendering pioneering work. In the same way Bokaro General Hospital equipped with modern facilities for the treatment Cancer and heart related problems with capacity of 1100 beds one of the largest in eastern India.

Fluoride in groundwater presents a public health problem in Jharkhand. A recent survey led by the Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi in collaboration with UNICEF in the northwest districts of Palamau and Garhwa found fluoride levels above the drinking WHO drinking water guidelines.[35] Excessive amounts of fluoride in drinking water can lead to dental fluorosis, prevalent bone fractures, and skeletal fluorosis, an irreversible disabling condition.[36] Some work has focused on combating fluorosis through increased calcium intake by consuming local plants.[37] Researchers at Princeton University and the Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi are currently investigating defluoridation options, while performing an epidemiological survey to assess the extent of fluoride linked health problems and the impact of future interventions.[38][39]

Almost 80% of Jharkhand's people are farmers, although it contains 40% of India's mineral reserves it has some of India's poorest people, in Summer 2009 the state was threatened by drought, with people criticising the government for not providing food aid or assistance.[40]

Sports

Cricketer Mahendra Singh Dhoni is from Ranchi in Jharkhand

An International Cricket stadium with an indoor stadium and a practice ground has been constructed. This international stadium has hosted an International Match between India and England on 19 January 2013.[41] Apart from that, this stadium has hosted two IPL 6 matches for KKR and qualifier 2 of IPL 8 between CSK and RCB and Celebrity Cricket League Matches for Bhojpuri Dabanggs. A Tennis Academy, which was inaugurated by Sania Mirza and Shoaib Malik, also runs besides the Cricket stadium.[42] Ranchi is among six cities in Hockey India League to be played in January 2013. Ranchi franchise was bought by Patel-Uniexcel Group and the team named Ranchi Rhinos which is now being co-hosted by Mahendra Singh Dhoni and named as Ranchi Rays.[43] Ranchi is also famous for being the hometown of World Cup winning Captain of Indian Cricket team, Mahendra Singh Dhoni. India's ace archer Deepika Kumari, gold medal winner of Commonwealth Games 2010, also hails from Ranchi.

Media

Actress Priyanka Chopra was born in Jamshedpur in Jharkhand
  • Print media include the Hindi newspapers, namely, Prabhat Khabar, Hindustan and Dainik Jagran, Dainik Bhaskar and Jharkhand Jagran published from the state capital, Ranchi and available in almost all parts of the state. English newspapers like The Pioneer,[44] the Times of India and the Hindustan Times are published from Ranchi and are available across Jharkhand. "Hindi Hain Hum" Hindi news paper is published from New Delhi available all over Jharkhand, Other important Indian newspapers in Hindi, English and local languages are also available in bigger cities by the afternoon and after a day’s delay in smaller towns. Most of the national magazines in Hindi and English are regularly available in bigger cities and at other places where supply may be arranged through newspaper vendors. The internet media like jharkhandmirror[45] and newswings[46] are also available.
  • Johar Disum Khabar[47] is only fortnightly newspaper published in local tribal & regional language from Ranchi. A monthly magazine "Johar Sahiya" is also published in the state's popular regional language Nagpuri-Sadri."Jharkhandi Bhasha Sahitya Sanskriti Akhra"[48] also a multilingual quarterly magazine in tribal & Regional languages of Jharkhand.
  • There are also many lesser known news website like BiharAndJharkhand.com[49] ranchiexpress.com[50] and a more recent news website JHnews.co.in.[51] These websites have been made exclusively keeping in mind the needs of Jharkhand.
  • Landline telephone connectivity is provided by BSNL, Tata Indicom and Reliance Communications and covers almost all parts of the state. Cellular service, covering all major centres of the state, is provided by Vodafone, Airtel (GSM Service), Aircel, BSNL, Idea Cellular and Reliance Communications and also by Tata Indicom and Reliance Infocomm (CDMA Service). Internet connectivity is available in all the districts.
  • ETV News is one of the round-the-clock electronic media being aired from Jharkhand.[52] www.bhaskar.com/jharkhand/
  • Naxatra News Hindi is another round the clock regional channel of Jharkhand.[53] www.naxatranewshindi.com
  • FinalJustice.in is the news portal running from Ranchi, Jharkhand serves news in Hindi from all over the world.
  • Dainik Bhaskar News[54]
  • Jamshedpur Research Review is a multi-disciplinary English Quarterly Research Journal(ISSN 2320-2750 & RNI-JHA/ENG/2013/53159) published in Jamshedpur city.[55]

See also

References

  1. ^ "Report of the Commissioner for linguistic minorities: 50th report (July 2012 to June 2013)" (PDF). Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities, Ministry of Minority Affairs, Government of India. Retrieved 26 December 2014.
  2. ^ http://www.bihardays.com/jharkhands-11-second-languages-will-create-new-jobs-enrich-national-culture/
  3. ^ "Jharkhand – At a Glance".
  4. ^ Gautam Kumar Bera (2008). The unrest axle: ethno-social movements in Eastern India. Mittal Publications. pp. 32–35. ISBN 978-81-8324-145-8.
  5. ^ "Munda Rajas". Retrieved 10 October 2013.
  6. ^ jharkhandstatenews http://www.jharkhandstatenews.com/arjun-munda-unveils-ancient-tribal-rajas-statue-in-pithoria/. Retrieved 10 October 2013. {{cite news}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  7. ^ J.B. Hoffmann (1984). A missionary social worker in India. Editrice Pontificia Università Gregoriana. p. 54. ISBN 978-88-7652-539-1.
  8. ^ gigisoftsolutions. "History of Jharkhand, Jharkhand History". traveljharkhand.com. Retrieved 20 July 2015.
  9. ^ Parasnath Hill
  10. ^ Giridih - Jharkhand Tourism
  11. ^ [1]
  12. ^ "Birds and animals found in the forest of the Palamau district". Official website of the Palamau district. Archived from the original on 12 January 2009. Retrieved 5 April 2009. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  13. ^ "State animals, birds, trees and flowers" (PDF). Wildlife Institute of India. Retrieved 5 March 2012.[dead link]
  14. ^ Part A and B
  15. ^ "Population by religion community - 2011". Census of India, 2011. The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. Archived from the original on 25 August 2015.
  16. ^ "In Jharkhand's Singhbhum, religion census deepens divide among tribals". The Times of India. Retrieved 20 July 2015.
  17. ^ "Jharkhand". Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner. 18 March 2007. Retrieved 23 July 2008.
  18. ^ a b Bhaumik, Subir (5 February 2009). "Cell phones to fight India rebels". BBC News. Retrieved 6 May 2010.
  19. ^ a b c "Rising Maoists Insurgency in India". Global Politician. 15 January 2007. Archived from the original on 11 April 2010. Retrieved 18 July 2010. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  20. ^ Maoists who menace India, New York Times, 17 April 2006
  21. ^ a b c "Hidden civil war drains India's energy". Asia Times Online. 9 August 2006. Retrieved 18 July 2010.
  22. ^ "Jharkhand" (PDF). India Brand Equity Foundation. Retrieved 28 January 2014.
  23. ^ "NTPC eyes 20K crore thermal plant in MP". business.rediff.com. Retrieved 27 October 2010.
  24. ^ Dr. Arun C. Mehta. "District-specific Literates and Literacy Rates, 2001". Educationforallinindia.com. Retrieved 12 November 2011.
  25. ^ "National Family Health Survey, 1998–99: Fact Sheet, Jharkhand, Section: Basic Socio-Demographic Features of Jharkhand" (PDF). p. 3.
  26. ^ Sanjay Pandey (16 October 2007). "The poor state of girl child education in Jharkhand State". MyNews.in.
  27. ^ Sanjiv Shekhar (26 May 2009). "Many clear IIT-JEE in Jharkhand". TNN.
  28. ^ Tewary, Amarnath (13 May 2008). "South Asia | Free haircuts for India students". BBC News. Retrieved 12 November 2011.
  29. ^ "Maoist attack on schools affecting Jharkhand primary education". Deccan Herald. 19 July 2010.
  30. ^ "Jharkhand Combined Entrance Competitive Examination Board". Official Website of Government of Jharkhand.
  31. ^ "Home". National University of Study & Research in Law.
  32. ^ "Xavier Institute of Social Service, Ranchi – 834001, Jharkhand, India". Xiss.ac.in. Retrieved 12 November 2011.
  33. ^ Central Institute of Psychiatry, Ranchi.
  34. ^ "Welcome to Tata Memorial Centre". Tatamemorialcentre.com. 1 January 2004. Retrieved 18 July 2010.
  35. ^ "Fluoride alert for groundwater" The Telegraph, Calcutta, Friday 11 January 2008
  36. ^ Khandare, AL; Harikumar, R; Sivakumar, B (2005). "Severe bone deformities in young children from vitamin D deficiency and fluorosis in Bihar-India". Calcified tissue international. 76 (6): 412–8. doi:10.1007/s00223-005-0233-2. PMID 15895280.
  37. ^ "Fluoride Toxicity in Jharkhand State of India," Disability News India Archived 2008-09-29 at the Wayback Machine
  38. ^ "Fluoride alert for groundwater," The Telegraph, Calcutta, Friday 11 January 2008.[2]
  39. ^ MacDonald, L. "Water and Health:An effective, sustainable treatment strategy to halt the fluorosis endemic in rural villages of Jharkhand State, India" Archived 2008-12-01 at the Wayback Machine
  40. ^ Pandey, Geeta (1 August 2009). "Jharkhand farmers despair at drought". BBC News. Retrieved 12 November 2011.
  41. ^ "Ranchi's new stadium set to host maiden One-Day International on January 19". The Times Of India. 19 October 2012.
  42. ^ http://www.ndtv.com/album/listing/news/tennis-takes-sania-shoaib-to-ranchi-7204. {{cite news}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  43. ^ "Ranchi franchise becomes third team in Hockey India League". The Times Of India. 14 September 2012.
  44. ^ The Pioneer
  45. ^ "Chicago Now: The Online Magazine Dedicated To Chicago". Chicago Now. Retrieved 20 July 2015.
  46. ^ "NewSwings.com". newswings.com. Retrieved 20 July 2015.
  47. ^ "Johar Disum Khabar". Johardisum.in. 15 November 2010. Retrieved 12 November 2011.
  48. ^ "Jharkhandi Bhasha Sahitya Sanskriti Akhra". Akhra.org.in. Retrieved 12 November 2011.
  49. ^ "ネットの有効活用". biharandjharkhandnews.com. Retrieved 20 July 2015.
  50. ^ ranchiexpress
  51. ^ "JHnews.co.in". JHnews.co.in. Retrieved 12 November 2011.
  52. ^ Etv Bihar-Channel Home. Etv.co.in. Retrieved on 28 July 2013.
  53. ^ [3].
  54. ^ Jharkhand News – Jharkhand Hindi News – Jharkhand Daily News Paper – Jharkhand Local News Headlines – Dainik Bhaskar. Bhaskar.com. Retrieved on 28 July 2013.
  55. ^ jamshedpurresearchreview.blogspot.com/

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