List of languages by time of extinction
Appearance
This is a list of extinct languages sorted by their time of extinction. When the exact time of death of the last remaining speaker is not known, either an approximate time or the date when the language was last being recorded is given. However, the list is not complete.
List
21st century
Date | Language | Language family | Region | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
9 December 2016 | Mandan | Siouan | North Dakota, United States | with the death of Edwin Benson[1] |
30 August 2016 | Wichita | Caddoan | Oklahoma, United States | with the death of Doris McLemore[2] |
29 July 2016 | Gugu Thaypan | Pama-Nyungan | Queensland, Australia | with the death of Tommy George[3] |
February 2016 | Nuchatlaht dialect of Nuu-chah-nulth | Wakashan | British Columbia, Canada | with the death of Alban Michael[4] |
4 February 2014 | Klallam | Salishan | Washington, United States | with the death of Hazel Sampson[5] |
5 June 2013 | Livonian | Uralic > Finnic | Latvia | with the death of Grizelda Kristina[6] |
26 March 2013 | Yurok | Algic | California, United States | with the death of Archie Thompson[7] |
2 October 2012 | Cromarty dialect of Scots | Germanic | Northern Scotland, United Kingdom | with the death of Bobby Hogg [8] |
ca. 2012 | Dhungaloo | Pama-Nyungan | Queensland, Australia | with the death of Roy Hatfield[9] |
11 July 2012 | Upper Chinook | Chinookan | Oregon, United States | with the death of Gladys Thompson[10] |
10 March 2012 | Holikachuk | Na-Dene | Alaska, United States | with the death of Wilson "Tiny" Deacon[11] |
2011 | Lower Arrernte | Pama-Nyungan | Northern Territory, Australia | with the death of Brownie Doolan Perrurle[12] |
24 October 2010 | Pazeh | Austronesian | Taiwan | with the death of Pan Jin-yu[13] |
20 August 2010 | Cochin Indo-Portuguese Creole | Portuguese-based Creole | Southern India | with the death of William Rozario[13] |
26 January 2010 | Aka-Bo | Andamanese | Andaman Islands, India | with the death of Boa Sr.[14] |
November 2009 | Aka-Kora | Andamanese | Andaman Islands, India | with the death of Ms. Boro[15] |
2009 | Aka-Jeru | Andamanese | Andaman Islands, India | [16] |
2009 | Nyawaygi | Pama-Nyungan | Queensland, Australia | with the death of Willie Seaton[17] |
by 2009 | Gugu Badhun | Pama-Nyungan | Queensland, Australia | |
by 2009 | Muruwari | Pama-Nyungan | Queensland and New South Wales, Australia | [18] |
by 2009 | Agavotaguerra | Arawakan | Brazil | [19] |
by 2009 | Arikem | Tupian | Brazil | [20] |
by 2009 | Karipúna | Tupian | Brazil | [21] |
by 2009 [22] | Pataxó Hã-Ha-Hãe | unclassified | Brazil | |
by 2009 | Aribwatsa | Malayo-Polynesian | Papua New Guinea | [23] |
by 2009 | Lelak | Malayo-Polynesian | Sarawak, Malaysia | [4] |
by 2009 | Papora-Hoanya | Austronesian | Taiwan | [24] |
2008 | Plains Apache | Na-Dene > Athabaskan | Oklahoma, United States | with the death of Alfred Chalepah, Jr. |
after April 2008 | Dura | Sino-Tibetan | Nepal | with the death of Soma Devi Dura[25] |
21 January 2008 | Eyak | Na-Dene | Alaska, United States | with the death of Marie Smith Jones[26] |
10 August 2007 | Gros Ventre | Algic > Algonquian | Montana, United States | [27] with the death of Theresa Lamebull[28] |
ca. 2007 | Javindo | Dutch-based creole | Java, Indonesia | [29] |
11 July 2006 | Wasco dialect of Upper Chinook | Chinookan | Oregon, United States | with the death of Madeline Brunoe McInturff[30] |
ca. 2006 (?) | A-Pucikwar | Andamanese | Andaman Islands, India | |
after 2005 | Whulshootseed | Salishan | Washington, United States | with the death of Ellen Williams [32][33] |
2005 | Berbice Creole Dutch | Dutch-based creole | Guyana | with the death of Bertha Bell[34] |
2005 | Osage | Siouan | Oklahoma, United States | with the death of Lucille Roubedeaux[35] |
by 2005 | Barrow Point | Pama-Nyungan | Queensland, Australia | [36] |
ca. 2004 (?) | Duli | Niger-Congo > Adamawa | Cameroon | [37] |
29 December 2003 | Akkala Sami | Uralic > Sami | Kola Peninsula, Russia | with the death of Marja Sergina[38][39] |
2003 | Klamath-Modoc | Penutian | Oregon, United States | [40] |
2003 | Garig Ilgar | Pama-Nyungan | Northern Territory, Australia | [41] |
by 2003 | Alngith | Pama-Nyungan | Queensland, Australia | |
by 2003 | Areba | Pama-Nyungan | Queensland, Australia | [42] |
by 2003 | Atampaya | Pama-Nyungan | Queensland, Australia | [43] |
by 2003 | Umbindhamu | Pama-Nyungan | Queensland, Australia | [44] |
31 August 2002 | Unami | Algic > Algonquian | Delaware, United States | with the death of Edward Thompson[45] |
23 May 2002 | Gaagudju | Arnhem Land languages | Northern Territory, Australia | with the death of Big Bill Neidjie[46] |
2002 | Serrano | Uto-Aztecan | California, United States | with the death of Dorothy Ramon |
by 2001 | Amanayé | Tupian | Brazil | [47] |
20th century | |Xam | Tuu | South Africa | |
2000 | Sowa | Malayo-Polynesian | Pentecost Island, Vanuatu | with the death of Maurice Tabi |
ca. 2000 | Mesmes | Semitic | Ethiopia | with the death of Abegaz[48][49] |
20th century
19th century
18th century
17th century
Date | Language | Language family | Region | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
late 17th to early 18th century | Cacán | unclassified | northern Argentina; Chile | |
by 1700 | Pidgen Delaware | Delaware-based pidgen | Delaware, United States | [189] |
after 1666 | Old Kentish Sign Language | Village sign language | Kent, England | [190] |
late 17th century | Sudovian | Baltic | Lithuania | |
after 1643 | Narragansett | Algic > Algonquian | New England, United States | [191] |
17th century | Jassic | Iranian | Hungary | |
17th century | Coptic | Afro-Asiatic | Egypt | used as a liturgical language nowadays |
17th century | Curonian | Baltic | Latvia | |
ca. 1635 | Jurchen | Tungusic | Manchuria, China | [192] |
after 1618 | Lumbee | Algic > Algonquian | North Carolina and Maryland, United States | [193] |
after 1618 | Carolina Algonquian | Algic > Algonquian | North Carolina, United States | [193] |
16th century
Date | Language | Language family | Region | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
late 16th century | Knaanic | Slavic | Czech Republic; Poland | |
late 16th century | Laurentian | Iroquoian | Quebec/Ontario, Canada | |
after 1548 | Taino | Arawakan | The Bahamas and Puerto Rico | |
16th century | Semigallian | Baltic | Latvia; Lithuania | |
16th century | Guanche | unclassified, maybe Berber | Canary Islands, Spain | [194] |
after 1502 | Tangut | Sino-Tibetan | northwestern China; southern Mongolia |
15th century
Date | Language | Language family | Region | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
end of 15th century | Mozarabic | Romance | Spain; Portugal | [195] |
late 15th century | Greenlandic Norse | Germanic | Greenland | |
late 15th century | Selonian | Baltic | Latvia; Lithuania |
14th century
Date | Language | Language family | Region | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
14th century | Galindian | Baltic | northern Poland; Russia | |
14th century | Zarphatic | Romance | northern France; west-central Germany | |
ca. 1300 | Old Norse | Germanic | Nordic countries, England, Wales, Isle of Man, Normandy, Vinland, the Volga and places in-between | during the Viking Age |
13th century
Date | Language | Language family | Region | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
13th – 14th century | Bulgar | Turkic | Volga and Danube, Europe; Central Asia | |
13th century | Pyu | Sino-Tibetan | central Myanmar | |
1243 | Khitan | Mongolic | Central Asia | with the death of Yelü Chucai[196] |
11th and 12th centuries
Date | Language | Language family | Region | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
11th – 12th century | Cumbric | Celtic | England/Scotland, United Kingdom | |
11th – 12th century | Jewish Babylonian Aramaic | Semitic | Iraq | [197] |
11th century | Old Church Slavonic | Slavic | Eastern Europe | still used as a liturgical language |
between 1000 and 1300 | Khazar | Turkic | northern Caucasus; Central Asia | |
ca. 1000 | Lombardic | Germanic | central Europe; northern Italy | |
ca. 1000 | Merya | Uralic | Yaroslavl Oblast, Russia | |
ca. 1000 | Muromian | Uralic | Vladimir Oblast, Russia | |
ca. 1000 | Alanic | Iranian | Pontic-Caspian steppe, Central Asia | evolved into Ossetian |
10th century
Date | Language | Language family | Region | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
10th – 12th century | Syriac | Semitic | Turkey; Iraq; Syria | still used as a literary secular language[198] |
10th – 12th century | Samaritan Aramaic | Semitic | West Bank, Palestine; Israel | now only used as liturgical language[199] |
10th century | Sakan | Iranian | Xinjiang, China | |
10th century | Zhang-Zhung | Sino-Tibetan | western Tibet (Central Asia) |
9th century
Date | Language | Language family | Region | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
9th century or later | Pictish | Celtic | Scotland, United Kingdom | |
9th century | Gothic | Germanic | Spain; Portugal; Italy | with the exception of Crimean Gothic |
9th century | Frankish | Germanic | France; Germany | |
9th century | Sogdian | Iranian | Uzbekistan; Tajikistan | evolved partly into Yaghnobi |
after 840 | Tocharian | Indo-European | Tarim Basin (Central Asia) |
7th century
Date | Language | Language family | Region | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
ca. 600 | Avestan | Iranian | Iran | [200] |
6th century
Date | Language | Language family | Region | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
6th century | Ancient Cappadocian | Indo-European | Anatolia | |
6th century | Dacian | Indo-European | Balkans | |
6th century | Illyrian | Indo-European | western Balkans | disputed |
6th century | Sabaean | Semitic | Horn of Africa; Arabic Peninsula | |
6th century | Vandalic | Germanic | Spain; North Africa | |
6th century | Gaulish | Celtic | Gaul: France, Belgium, Germany and elsewhere |
5th century
Date | Language | Language family | Region | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
5th – 7th century | Phrygian | Indo-European | southeastern Bulgaria; Anatolia | |
before 6th century | Ligurian | unclassified, possibly Celtic or Indo-European | northwestern Italy; southeastern France | [201] |
after 453 | Hunnic | unclassified, possibly Oghuric | from the Eurasian steppe into Europe | |
5th century | Thracian | Indo-European | eastern and central Balkans | |
5th century | Isaurian | Indo-European | Anatolia | |
early 5th century | Punic | Semitic | North Africa | |
ca. 400 | Meroitic | unclassified, maybe Nilo-Saharan | Sudan | |
ca. 400 | Sarmatian | Iranian | Pontic-Caspian steppe, Central Asia | evolved into Alanic |
4th century
Date | Language | Language family | Region | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
4th century CE | Galatian | Celtic | central Anatolia | |
4th century CE | Ge'ez | Semitic | Ethiopia; Eritrea | ;[202] still used as a liturgical language |
4th century CE | Biblical Hebrew | Semitic | Palestine | revived in the 1880s |
after 300 CE | Parthian | Iranian | Iran |
3rd century
Date | Language | Language family | Region | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
3rd century CE | Raetic | unclassified, maybe Tyrsenian | eastern Alps |
2nd century
Date | Language | Language family | Region | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
after 2nd century CE | Noric | Celtic | Austria; Slovenia | |
after 2nd century CE | Pisidian | Indo-European | southwestern Anatolia | |
ca. 2nd century CE | Celtiberian | Celtic | Spain | |
2nd century CE | Lusitanian | Indo-European | Portugal; Spain | |
after 150 | Bactrian | Iranian | Afghanistan | |
100 CE | Etruscan | Tyrsenian | central Italy | |
ca. 100 CE | Akkadian | Semitic | Mesopotamia | [203] |
1st – 2nd century CE | Paeonian | Indo-European | Macedonia; Greece; Bulgaria | |
1st – 2nd century CE | Iberian | unclassified | Spain; France |
1st century
Date | Language | Language family | Region | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
1st century CE | Liburnian | Indo-European | western Croatia | |
1st century CE | Venetic | Indo-European | northeastern Italy |
1st century BCE
Date | Language | Language family | Region | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
1st century BCE | Elymian | unclassified | western Sicily | |
1st century BCE | Lycian | Indo-European | southwestern Anatolia | |
1st century BCE | Lydian | Indo-European | western Anatolia | |
1st century BCE | Messapian | Indo-European | Apulia, Italy | |
1st century BCE | Mysian | Indo-European | northwestern Anatolia | |
1st century BCE | Oscan | Italic | southern Italy | |
1st century BCE | Sabine | Italic | central Italy | |
1st century BCE | Sicanian | unclassified | central Sicily | |
1st century BCE | Sicel | Indo-European | eastern Sicily | |
1st century BCE | Umbrian | Italic | central Italy | |
1st millennium BCE | Milyan | Indo-European | Anatolia |
2nd century BCE
Date | Language | Language family | Region | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
100 BC | Vestinian | Italic | east-central Italy | |
ca. 150 BCE | Faliscan | Italic | Tuscany/Latium, Italy |
3rd century BCE
Date | Language | Language family | Region | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
ca. 3rd century BCE | Volscian | Italic | Italy; Latium | |
ca. 3rd century BCE | Aequian | Italic | Latium, east-central Italy | |
ca. 3rd century BCE | Sidetic | Indo-European | southwestern Anatolia | |
3rd century BCE | Carian | Indo-European | southwestern Anatolia |
4th century BCE
Date | Language | Language family | Region | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
ca. 300 BCE | Philistine | unclassified, maybe Indo-European | Israel; Lebanon | |
ca. 300 BCE | Scythian | Iranian | Pontic-Caspian steppe, Central Asia | evolved into Sarmatian |
4th century BCE | Ancient Macedonian | Indo-European | northeastern Greece | |
ca. 350 BCE | Elamite | isolate | Persia; southern Mesopotamia | |
early 4th century BCE | Eteocypriot | isolate/unclassified | Cyprus |
5th century BCE
Date | Language | Language family | Region | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
ca. 400 BCE | Lepontic | Celtic | northern Italy | |
after 5th century BCE | Tartessian | unclassified | Spain | |
5th century BCE | Ammonite | Semitic | northwestern Jordan | |
5th century BCE | Moabite | Semitic | northwestern Jordan | |
maybe 5th century BCE | Phoenician | Semitic | Lebanon; Palestine; Mediterranean coast | evolved into Punic |
6th century BCE
Date | Language | Language family | Region | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
after 6th century BCE | Lemnian | Tyrsenian | Lemnos, Greece | [204] |
6th century BCE | Edomite | Semitic | southwestern Jordan |
7th century BCE
Date | Language | Language family | Region | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
ca. 600 BCE | Luwian | Indo-European | Anatolia; northern Syria | |
ca. 600 BCE | Egyptian | Afroasiatic | Ancient Egypt | evolved into Demotic by 600 BCE |
7th century BCE | Urartian | Hurro-Urartian | Armenia; Georgia; Iraq; Anatolia | |
early 1st millennium BCE | Eteocretan | isolate/unclassified | Crete, Greece |
2nd millennium BCE
Date | Language | Language family | Region | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
ca. 1550-1050 BCE | Cypro-Minoan | unclassified | Cyprus | |
ca. 1100 BCE | Hittite | Indo-European | Anatolia | |
after 1170 BCE | Ugaritic | Semitic | Syria | following the destruction of Ugarit |
ca. 1200 BCE | Hurrian | Hurro-Urartian | Anatolia; Syria; Mesopotamia | |
ca. 1300 BCE | Palaic | Indo-European | northwest Anatolia | |
ca. 1500 BCE | Hattic | isolate | Anatolia | |
2nd millennium BCE | Eblaite | Semitic | Syria | |
early 2nd millennium BCE | Sumerian | isolate | Mesopotamia | used as a literary and liturgical language until about 100 CE [205] |
See also
References
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{{cite web}}
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She is probably best known for her cylinder recordings of Aboriginal songs, recorded in 1899, which are the only audio recordings of an indigenous Tasmanian language.
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