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List of modafinil analogues and derivatives

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Chemical structure of modafinil.

This page lists chemical compounds similar to modafinil, known as modafinil analogues and derivatives. These are structural analogues and derivatives of modafinil, a drug that affects dopamine levels in the brain in an unusual way (atypical dopamine reuptake inhibitor or DRI). Modafinil is a drug that helps keep people awake and alert (wakefulness-promoting agent or "eugeroic").[1][2]

Most of the listed modafinil analogues are drugs that specifically target dopamine reuptake (reabsorption of a neurotransmitter by a neurotransmitter transporter) with stronger effects (selective DRIs with improved potency) compared to modafinil.[3][2][4] The modafinil analogues are of interest in the potential treatment of a condition involving the misuse of stimulant drugs (psychostimulant use disorder or PSUD), as drugs that help increase motivation (pro-motivational agents) to treat motivational disorders,[4][5][6] and for treatment of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease.[3][2][7][8]

Modafinil analogues acting as DRIs include both drugs similar to modafinil that affect dopamine without causing stimulant effects (atypical modafinil-like non-psychostimulant DRIs) such as flmodafinil and JJC8-016 and drugs that affect dopamine in a way similar to cocaine (classical or typical cocaine-like DRIs) such as JJC8-088. Besides their potential medical use, modafinil analogues, including adrafinil, flmodafinil, fladrafinil, and modafiendz, are also sold online as substances that are believed to improve cognitive functions such as memory and focus (nootropics or "cognitive enhancers").[1][9][10][11]

A limitation of some modafinil analogues such as JJC8-016 is blocking a specific protein (hERG) that can lead to heart problems (potent inhibition of the hERG antitarget and predicted cardiotoxicity).[8][2][12][13][14]

List of modafinil analogues and derivatives

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In addition to the above, further modafinil analogues have also been described.[43][44][45][46][47][48][49][50][51][52][53][54][15][55]

References

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  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Sousa A, Dinis-Oliveira RJ (2020). "Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic of the cognitive enhancer modafinil: Relevant clinical and forensic aspects". Subst Abus. 41 (2): 155–173. doi:10.1080/08897077.2019.1700584. PMID 31951804.
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  4. ^ a b c d e f Salamone JD, Correa M (January 2024). "The Neurobiology of Activational Aspects of Motivation: Exertion of Effort, Effort-Based Decision Making, and the Role of Dopamine". Annual Review of Psychology. 75 (1): 1–32. doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-020223-012208. hdl:10234/207207. PMID 37788571.
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  7. ^ Hersey M, Bacon AK, Bailey LG, Coggiano MA, Newman AH, Leggio L, et al. (2021). "Psychostimulant Use Disorder, an Unmet Therapeutic Goal: Can Modafinil Narrow the Gap?". Front Neurosci. 15: 656475. doi:10.3389/fnins.2021.656475. PMC 8187604. PMID 34121988.
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  9. ^ a b c d Schifano F, Catalani V, Sharif S, Napoletano F, Corkery JM, Arillotta D, et al. (April 2022). "Benefits and Harms of 'Smart Drugs' (Nootropics) in Healthy Individuals". Drugs. 82 (6): 633–647. doi:10.1007/s40265-022-01701-7. PMID 35366192. [Modafinil] is widely available for online purchase [105] and it is of interest that a range of modafinil derivatives are actively being discussed on web fora, including: adrafinil, fladrafinil, flmodafinil, and N-methyl-4,4′-difluoro-modafinil [8]. Finally, the modafinil R-enantiomer armodafinil, which is being used to improve wakefulness in patients with excessive sleepiness [106], is currently the subject of an anecdotal debate relating to its properties as a [cognitive enhancer] [107].
  10. ^ a b Napoletano F, Schifano F, Corkery JM, Guirguis A, Arillotta D, Zangani C, et al. (2020). "The Psychonauts' World of Cognitive Enhancers". Frontiers in Psychiatry. 11: 546796. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2020.546796. PMC 7516264. PMID 33024436. 2-{[bis(4-fluorophenyl)methyl]sulfinyl}-N-methylacetamide is the bis-fluoro-N-methyl analogue of the substance modafinil and is currently marketed by online sellers as a nootropic substance called 'modafiendz'.
  11. ^ a b Dowling G, Kavanagh PV, Talbot B, O'Brien J, Hessman G, McLaughlin G, et al. (March 2017). "Outsmarted by nootropics? An investigation into the thermal degradation of modafinil, modafinic acid, adrafinil, CRL-40,940 and CRL-40,941 in the GC injector: formation of 1,1,2,2-tetraphenylethane and its tetra fluoro analogue" (PDF). Drug Testing and Analysis. 9 (3): 518–528. doi:10.1002/dta.2142. PMID 27928893. 2-[(Diphenylmethyl)sulfinyl]acetamide (modafinil) is commonly prescribed for the treatment of narcolepsy and increasing popularity and off-label use as a cognitive enhancer resulted in a reputation as an intelligence boosting 'wonder drug'. Common alternatives available from online shops and other retail outlets include 2-[(diphenylmethyl)sulfinyl]-N-hydroxyacetamide (adrafinil), 2-([bis(4-fluorophenyl)methyl]sulfinyl)acetamide (CRL-40,940), 2-([bis(4-fluorophenyl)methyl]sulfinyl)-N-hydroxyacetamide (CRL-40,941) and N-methyl-4,4-difluoro-modafinil (modafiendz), respectively. [...] CRL-40,941 and modafiendz are also wakefulness promoting agents and related to modafinil and adrafinil (Figure 1).
  12. ^ Rahimi O, Cao J, Lam J, Childers SR, Rais R, Porrino LJ, et al. (March 2023). "The Effects of the Dopamine Transporter Ligands JJC8-088 and JJC8-091 on Cocaine versus Food Choice in Rhesus Monkeys". J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 384 (3): 372–381. doi:10.1124/jpet.122.001363. PMC 9976790. PMID 36507847. However, JJC8-016 failed cardiac safety tests by exhibiting relatively high affinity at hERG channels; thus, this analogue was abandoned from further development.
  13. ^ Lee KH, Fant AD, Guo J, Guan A, Jung J, Kudaibergenova M, et al. (September 2021). "Toward Reducing hERG Affinities for DAT Inhibitors with a Combined Machine Learning and Molecular Modeling Approach". J Chem Inf Model. 61 (9): 4266–4279. doi:10.1021/acs.jcim.1c00856. PMC 9593962. PMID 34420294. From this validation set of DAT inhibitors, we noticed that a pair of analogues with similar chemical structures, JJC8-01646 and JJC8-08813 (Tanimoto similarity = 0.62, Figure S6), have opposite trends of affinities at DAT and hERG. JJC8-088 has ~90-fold higher affinity than JJC8-016 at DAT (Ki = 2.6 and 234.4 nM, respectively), but has ~2-fold lower affinity than JJC8-016 at hERG (IC50 = 0.13 and 0.06 μM, respectively).
  14. ^ a b Ku TC, Cao J, Won SJ, Guo J, Camacho-Hernandez GA, Okorom AV, et al. (February 2024). "Series of (([1,1'-Biphenyl]-2-yl)methyl)sulfinylalkyl Alicyclic Amines as Novel and High Affinity Atypical Dopamine Transporter Inhibitors with Reduced hERG Activity". ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci. 7 (2): 515–532. doi:10.1021/acsptsci.3c00322. PMC 10863442. PMID 38357284.
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  21. ^ Hussein AM, Aher YD, Kalaba P, Aher NY, Dragačević V, Radoman B, et al. (August 2017). "A novel heterocyclic compound improves working memory in the radial arm maze and modulates the dopamine receptor D1R in frontal cortex of the Sprague-Dawley rat". Behav Brain Res. 332: 308–315. doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2017.06.023. PMID 28629964.
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