List of universities and colleges in China
This article is a list of universities in mainland China, Hong Kong and Macau (of P.R.C.).
By the end of 2004, there were 2,236 colleges and universities, with over 20 million students enrolled in mainland China.[1] More than 6 million Chinese students graduated from university in 2008.[2] The "Project 211" for creating 100 universities began in the mid-1990s, and has merged more than 700 institutions of higher learning into about 300 universities. Corresponding with the merging of many public universities, has been the rapid expansion of the private sector in mainland China since 1999. As of 2006, private universities accounted for around 6 percent of student enrolments, or about 1.3 million of the 20 million students enrolled in formal higher education.[3] [dubious – discuss]
List of universities by provincial-level divisions
The following notation is used:
- National (Direct): Directly administered by the Chinese Ministry of Education (MOE)
- National (Other): Administered by other ministries
- Ω (National Key Universities): Universities with high regards from the MOE and the Chinese government
- Provincial: Public university administered by the province (or the autonomous region)
- Municipal: Public university administered by the municipality
- Private: Privately owned and funded university, or independent institution
- Mainland-HMT: Mainland China-Hong Kong or Macao or Taiwan joint venture university
- Sino-foreign: Sino-foreign joint venture university
The default list should follow the neutral order provided by MOE, namely the numerical order of identification codes.
Municipalities
Provinces
Autonomous regions
Special administrative regions
Leading and time-honored universities in China
Peking University is the first formally established modern national university of China. It was founded as Imperial Capital University (京師大學堂) in 1898 in Beijing as a replacement of the ancient Guozijian, the national central institute of learning in China's traditional educational system in the past thousands of years. Three years earlier, Sheng Xuanhuai submitted a memorial to Guangxu Emperor to request for approval to set up a modern higher education institution in Tianjin. After approval on 2 October 1895, Peiyang Western Study School (天津北洋西學學堂) was founded by him and American educator Charles Daniel Tenney (丁家立) and later developed to Peiyang University (北洋大學堂). In 1896, Sheng Xuanhuai delivered his new memorials to Guangxu Emperor to make suggestion that two official modern higher education institutions should be established in Beijing/Tangshan and Shanghai. In the same year, he founded Nanyang Public School (南洋公學) in Shanghai by an imperial edict issued by Guangxu Emperor. The institution initially included elementary school, secondary school, college, and a normal school. Later the institution changed its name to Jiao Tong University (also known as Chiao Tung University). In the 1930s, the university often referred itself as "MIT in the East"[4][5][6] due to its reputation of nurturing top engineers and scientists. In the 1950s, part of this university was moved to Xi'an, Shaanxi, and was established as Xi'an Jiaotong University; the part of the university remaining in Shanghai was renamed Shanghai Jiao Tong University. These two universities have developed independently since then, along with the original Beijing Jiaotong University.
Meanwhile, Wuhan University also claimed that its predecessor Ziqiang Institute (自強學堂) was the first modern higher education institution in China. On 29 November 1893, Zhang Zhidong submitted his memorial to Guangxu Emperor to request for approval to set up an institution designed for training students specializing in foreign languages, mathematics, science and business. After Ziqiang was founded in Wuchang, not only courses in foreign languages was taught, courses in science (chemical and mining courses starting from 1896) and business (business course starting from the very beginning) were also developed at the school.[7] Later, although the school officially changed its name to Foreign Languages Institute (方言學堂) in 1902, the school still offered courses in science and business.[7] In China, there had been some earlier schools specializing in foreign languages learning, such as Schools of Combined Learning in Beijing (京師同文館, founded in 1862[remark 1]), in Shanghai (上海同文館/上海廣方言館, founded in 1863), and in Guangzhou (廣州同文館), founded in 1864, but few provided courses in other fields, which hardly qualified as modern education institutions. Some argued that Wuhan University can only traced its history back to 1913, when the National Wuchang Higher Normal College (國立武昌高等師範學校) was established, but Wuhan University officially recognized its establishment as in 1893, relying on the abundance of historical documentation and the experts' endorsement.[8]
Besides, Tianjin University celebrated its 100th anniversary in 1995, which would predate the establishment of Peking University. Jiao Tong University (in all Beijing Jiaotong University, Shanghai and Xi'an) followed in 1996. Other leading universities, such as Zhejiang University (1897), Peking University (1898), Nanjing University (1902), Fudan University (1905)，Tongji University (1907) and Tsinghua University (1911) also recently celebrated their hundredth anniversaries, one after another.
After Chinese Civil War, part of the famous universities in mainland China were transferred to Taiwan, such as National Central University and National Tsing Hua University. As a result, some universities on both sides of the Taiwan Strait share the same names.
Remark:
- ^ In 1902, School of Combined Learning in Beijing was merged with Imperial Capital University, now Peking University. However, Peking University never claims 1862 as its year founded. Neither does Peking University claim the year of establishing the Guozijian, which can date back more than one thousand years. Hunan University, with a similar history with Peking, often traced its history back to a school established in 976 A.D, thus giving this university a thousand years of history. See [1].
People's Republic of China
C9 League
The C9 League is an alliance of nine most prestigious universities in mainland China, including Tsinghua University, Peking University, Fudan University, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Zhejiang University, University of Science and Technology of China, Nanjing University, Xi'an Jiaotong University and Harbin Institute of Technology. These nine universities made up the C9 League in 2009,[9] which is referred to as the Chinese equivalent of the US Ivy League.[10] According to QS World University Rankings 2015/16,[11] the first seven are considered as among the top 200 universities in the world, with the ranks 25, 41, 51, 70, 110, 113, and 130. For more details about this university alliance, see C9 League.
36 leading universities in mainland China (by geographical regions)
This is a table of Project 985 institutions.
Leading universities in Hong Kong and Macau
Rankings
Some established rankings in Wikipedia:
Other rankings in external links:
- QS World University Rankings 2011/12 by QS World University Rankings
- 2008 Chinese University Rankings (in Chinese) by Chinese University Rankings
- Leading Universities in China by China Internet Information Center
- 2009 Evaluation of Chinese Universities 《2009中国大学评价》 [2] Template:En icon by China Academy of Management Science
- 2009 Chinese University Ranking- Sohu Education
- Ranking of 1183 Universities websites of China, 2012
- Academic Ranking of World Universities by Shanghai Jiaotong University
- China College and University Rankings 2005 , 2004, 2003 by Chinese Universities Alumni Association
- Historical rankings by different criteria
See also
- Project 211
- Project 985
- C9 League
- Law schools in China
- Education in the People's Republic of China
- National Higher Education Entrance Examination
- OpenCourseWare in China
- China Open Resources for Education
- Association of East Asian Research Universities
- Association of Pacific Rim Universities
- BESETOHA
- Global U8 Consortium
- International Alliance of Research Universities
- Universitas 21
- Workshop on building top-class universities
- Worldwide Universities Network
Related lists
References
- ^ CIS: China - The Educational System
- ^ Millions of Chinese graduates out of work after fivefold rise in university places
- ^ CHINA: Private universities enrol millions Date: 4 May 2008
- ^ http://zhiyuan.sjtu.edu.cn/History.aspx
- ^ http://zhiyuan.sjtu.edu.cn/Pages.aspx?Index=10
- ^ http://www.qstheory.cn/kj/jy/201112/t20111212_129227.htm
- ^ a b "自强学堂（简介）". Retrieved 12 February 2013.
- ^ "武大回应120年校史有史实依据 校庆活动不会改". 武汉晚报. 7 December 2012.
- ^ "九校签订《一流大学人才培养合作与交流协议书》 2009-10-09".
- ^ Sainsbury, Michael (4 November 2009). "China establishes group of Ivy League universities". The Australian.
- ^ "QS World University Rankings 2015/16".
Further reading
- Template:Zh icon National Colleges and Universities List (1909 institutions in total as of 18-May-2007, Location, authority and level are also given)
- Template:En icon List of Chinese Higher Education Institutions — Ministry of Education
External links
- List of Chinese universities, including official links
