Protein phosphatase 2
| protein phosphatase 2, catalytic subunit, alpha isoform | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Identifiers | |||||||
| Symbol | PPP2CA | ||||||
| NCBI gene | 5515 | ||||||
| HGNC | 9299 | ||||||
| OMIM | 176915 | ||||||
| RefSeq | NM_002715 | ||||||
| UniProt | P67775 | ||||||
| Other data | |||||||
| EC number | 3.1.3.16 | ||||||
| Locus | Chr. 5 q23-q31 | ||||||
| |||||||
| protein phosphatase 2, catalytic subunit, beta isozyme | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Identifiers | |||||||
| Symbol | PPP2CB | ||||||
| NCBI gene | 5516 | ||||||
| HGNC | 9300 | ||||||
| OMIM | 176916 | ||||||
| RefSeq | NM_001009552 | ||||||
| UniProt | P62714 | ||||||
| Other data | |||||||
| EC number | 3.1.3.16 | ||||||
| Locus | Chr. 8 p12 | ||||||
| |||||||
Protein phosphatase 2 (PP2), also known as PP2A, is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PPP2CA gene.[1] The PP2A heterotrimeric protein phosphatase, is a ubiquitous and conserved serine/threonine phosphatase with broad substrate specificity and diverse cellular functions. Among the targets of PP2A are proteins of oncogenic signaling cascades, such as Raf, MEK, and AKT.
Structure and function
PP2A consists of a dimeric core enzyme composed of the structural A and catalytic C subunits, and a regulatory B subunit. When the PP2A catalytic C subunit associates with the A and B subunits several species of holoenzymes are produced with distinct functions and characteristics. The A subunit, a founding member of the HEAT repeat protein family (huntington-elongation-A subunit-TOR), is the scaffold required for the formation of the heterotrimeric complex. When the A subunit binds it alters the enzymatic activity of the catalytic subunit, even if the B subunit is absent. While C and A subunit sequences show remarkable sequence conservation throughout eukaryotes, regulatory B subunits are more heterogeneous and are believed to play key roles in controlling the localization and specific activity of different holoenzymes. Multicellular eukaryotes express four classes of variable regulatory subunits: B (PR55), B′ (B56 or PR61), B″ (PR72), and B‴ (PR93/PR110), with at least 16 members in these subfamilies. In addition, accessory proteins and posttranslational modifications (such as methylation) control PP2A subunit associations and activities.
The two catalytic metal ions located at bottom of PP2A's active site have been recently identified as manganese.
| Function | Protein | Description | Note |
|---|---|---|---|
| Structural subunit A | PPP2R1A | PP2A 65 kDa regulatory subunit A alpha isoform | subunit A, PR65-alpha isoform |
| PPP2R1B | PP2A 65 kDa regulatory subunit A beta isoform | subunit A, PR65-beta isoform | |
| Regulatory subunit B | PPP2R2B | PP2A 55 kDa regulatory subunit B beta isoform | subunit B, B-beta isoform |
| PPP2R2C | PP2A 55 kDa regulatory subunit B gamma isoform | subunit B, B-gamma isoform | |
| PPP2R2D | PP2A 55 kDa regulatory subunit B delta isoform | subunit B, B-delta isoform | |
| PPP2R3A | PP2A 72/130 kDa regulatory subunit B | subunit B, B''-PR72/PR130 | |
| PPP2R3B | PP2A 48 kDa regulatory subunit B | subunit B, PR48 isoform | |
| PPP2R3C | PP2A regulatory subunit B'' subunit gamma | subunit G5PR | |
| PPP2R4 | PP2A regulatory subunit B' | subunit B', PR53 isoform | |
| PPP2R5A | PP2A 56 kDa regulatory subunit alpha isoform | subunit B, B' alpha isoform | |
| PPP2R5B | PP2A 56 kDa regulatory subunit beta isoform | subunit B, B' beta isoform | |
| PPP2R5C | PP2A 56 kDa regulatory subunit gamma isoform | subunit B, B' gamma isoform | |
| PPP2R5D | PP2A 56 kDa regulatory subunit delta isoform | subunit B, B' delta isoform | |
| PPP2R5E | PP2A 56 kDa regulatory subunit epsilon isoform | subunit B, B' epsilon isoform | |
| Catalytic subunit C | PPP2CA | catalytic subunit alpha isoform | |
| PPP2CB | catalytic subunit beta isoform |
Drug discovery
PP2 has been identified as a potential biological target to discover drugs to treat Parkinsons disease and Alzheimers disease, however as of 2014 it was unclear which isoforms would be most beneficial to target, and also whether activation or inhibition would be most therapeutic.[2][3]
PP2 has also been identified as a tumor suppressor for blood cancers, and as of 2015 programs were underway to identify compounds that could either directly activate it, or that could inhibit other proteins that suppress its activity.[4]
References
- ^ Jones TA, Barker HM, da Cruz e Silva EF, Mayer-Jaekel RE, Hemmings BA, Spurr NK, Sheer D, Cohen PT (1993). "Localization of the genes encoding the catalytic subunits of protein phosphatase 2A to human chromosome bands 5q23→q31 and 8p12→p11.2, respectively". Cytogenet. Cell Genet. 63 (1): 35–41. doi:10.1159/000133497. PMID 8383590.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Braithwaite SP et al. Targeting phosphatases as the next generation of disease modifying therapeutics for Parkinson's disease. Neurochem Int. 2012 Nov;61(6):899-906. doi 10.1016/j.neuint.2012.01.031. PMID 22342821
- ^ Sontag JM, Sontag E. Protein phosphatase 2A dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease. Front Mol Neurosci. 2014 Mar 11;7:16. doi 10.3389/fnmol.2014.00016. eCollection 2014. Review. PMID 24653673 PMC 3949405
- ^ Ciccone M, Calin GA, Perrotti D. From the Biology of PP2A to the PADs for Therapy of Hematologic Malignancies. Front Oncol. 2015 Feb 16;5:21. doi 10.3389/fonc.2015.00021. PMID 25763353 PMC 4329809
Further reading
- Xu Y, Xing Y, Chen Y, Chao Y, Lin Z, Fan E, Yu JW, Strack S, Jeffrey PD, Shi Y (December 2006). "Structure of the protein phosphatase 2A holoenzyme". Cell. 127 (6): 1239–51. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2006.11.033. PMID 17174897.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - Xing Y, Xu Y, Chen Y, Jeffrey PD, Chao Y, Lin Z, Li Z, Strack S, Stock JB, Shi Y (October 2006). "Structure of protein phosphatase 2A core enzyme bound to tumor-inducing toxins". Cell. 127 (2): 341–53. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2006.09.025. PMID 17055435.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - Ory S, Zhou M, Conrads TP, Veenstra TD, Morrison DK (August 2003). "Protein phosphatase 2A positively regulates Ras signaling by dephosphorylating KSR1 and Raf-1 on critical 14-3-3 binding sites". Curr. Biol. 13 (16): 1356–64. doi:10.1016/S0960-9822(03)00535-9. PMID 12932319.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
External links
- PPP2CA+protein,+human at the U.S. National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)