Solar eclipse of October 24, 1995
| Solar eclipse of October 24, 1995 | |
|---|---|
 | |
 Map | |
| Type of eclipse | |
| Nature | Total |
| Gamma | 0.3518 |
| Magnitude | 1.0213 |
| Maximum eclipse | |
| Duration | 130 s (2 min 10 s) |
| Coordinates | 8°24′N 113°12′E / 8.4°N 113.2°E |
| Max. width of band | 78 km (48 mi) |
| Times (UTC) | |
| Greatest eclipse | 4:33:30 |
| References | |
| Saros | 143 (22 of 72) |
| Catalog # (SE5000) | 9498 |
A total solar eclipse occurred at the Moon's ascending node of orbit on Tuesday, October 24, 1995,[1] with a magnitude of 1.0213. A solar eclipse occurs when the Moon passes between Earth and the Sun, thereby totally or partly obscuring the image of the Sun for a viewer on Earth. A total solar eclipse occurs when the Moon's apparent diameter is larger than the Sun's, blocking all direct sunlight, turning day into darkness. Totality occurs in a narrow path across Earth's surface, with the partial solar eclipse visible over a surrounding region thousands of kilometres wide. Occurring about 2.7 days before perigee (on October 26, 1995, at 21:00 UTC), the Moon's apparent diameter was larger.[2]
The path of totality went through Iran, Afghanistan, Pakistan, India, southwestern tip of Bangladesh, Burma, Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam, Spratly Islands, northeastern tip of Sabah of Malaysia, Philippines and Indonesia. A partial eclipse was visible for parts of Northeast Africa, Asia, Australia, and northern Oceania.
Observation
[edit]India
[edit]An aerial observation of this eclipse was done over India,[3] when a MiG-25 reconnaissance aircraft of the Indian Air Force was used to take images of this eclipse at an altitude of 25 km.[4]
The Indian Institute of Astrophysics established camps along the path of totality in Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Iradatganj and Diamond Harbour near Kolkata. Astronomers from other institutions and abroad from the Slovakia, Brazil, Russia, Japan and Germany joined IIA at its camps. An IIA team also photographed the eclipse by chasing the Moon’s shadow in an Indian Air Force plane AN-32 from the crew escape hatch on the roof of the cockpit at an altitude of 10,000 feet (3,000 m) above the sea level, which was the first time efforts made by the institute. Doordarshan and All India Radio made live coverages of the eclipse. The eclipse happened to occur on the day of the Diwali.[5]
China
[edit]Within the Spratly Islands claimed by China, only Cuarteron Reef was controlled by China and lay in the path of totality. Instead of going to the faraway island, The Popular Science Committee of the Chinese Astronomical Society, Beijing Astronomical Society, Beijing Planetarium and Beijing Astronomical Observatory (now incorporated into the National Astronomical Observatories of China) jointly organized observations abroad for the first time. A team of 4 was sent to Sikhio district, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand by the Beijing Planetarium, and successfully photographed the whole process of the eclipse, the corona at the greatest eclipse, and the Baily's beads at the 2nd and 3rd contact.[6]
In addition, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ministry of Electronics Industry, China Earthquake Administration, State Education Commission (now Ministry of Education) and departments in charge of water conservancy and meteorology conducted joint observations on changes of solar radiation, ionosphere, geomagnetic field, radio and acoustic heavy waves, mainly in the Paracel Islands, Sanya, Haikou and Zhengzhou. From all these places, only a partial solar eclipse was visible instead of a total solar eclipse.[7]
List of major cities in the path of totality
[edit]- Birjand, Iran
- Lashkargah, Afghanistan
- Bahawalpur, Pakistan
- Sikar, Rajasthan, India
- Alwar, Rajasthan, India
- Mathura, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Bharatpur, Rajasthan, India
- Dholpur, Rajasthan, India
- Auraiya, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Manjhanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Mirzapur, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Robertsganj, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Daltonganj, Jharkhand, India
- Purulia, West Bengal, India
- Panskura, West Bengal, India
- Tamluk, West Bengal, India
- Batanagar, West Bengal, India
- Nakhon Sawan, Thailand
- Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand
- Siem Reap, Cambodia
- Kratié, Cambodia
- Phan Thiết, Vietnam[8]
In popular culture
[edit]Phil Whitaker's prize-winning debut novel Eclipse of the Sun published in 1997 and set in India has at its centre a dramatic attempt to organize a public viewing of the eclipse.
Images
[edit]
Eclipse details
[edit]Shown below are two tables displaying details about this particular solar eclipse. The first table outlines times at which the moon's penumbra or umbra attains the specific parameter, and the second table describes various other parameters pertaining to this eclipse.[9]
| Event | Time (UTC) |
|---|---|
| First Penumbral External Contact | 1995 October 24 at 01:52:54.3 UTC |
| First Umbral External Contact | 1995 October 24 at 02:53:31.6 UTC |
| First Central Line | 1995 October 24 at 02:53:39.8 UTC |
| First Umbral Internal Contact | 1995 October 24 at 02:53:47.9 UTC |
| First Penumbral Internal Contact | 1995 October 24 at 04:03:07.3 UTC |
| Equatorial Conjunction | 1995 October 24 at 04:23:32.2 UTC |
| Greatest Eclipse | 1995 October 24 at 04:33:30.5 UTC |
| Ecliptic Conjunction | 1995 October 24 at 04:37:13.7 UTC |
| Greatest Duration | 1995 October 24 at 04:37:39.5 UTC |
| Last Penumbral Internal Contact | 1995 October 24 at 05:04:10.7 UTC |
| Last Umbral Internal Contact | 1995 October 24 at 06:13:17.4 UTC |
| Last Central Line | 1995 October 24 at 06:13:27.9 UTC |
| Last Umbral External Contact | 1995 October 24 at 06:13:38.5 UTC |
| Last Penumbral External Contact | 1995 October 24 at 07:14:06.3 UTC |
| Parameter | Value |
|---|---|
| Eclipse Magnitude | 1.02135 |
| Eclipse Obscuration | 1.04315 |
| Gamma | 0.35176 |
| Sun Right Ascension | 13h52m45.4s |
| Sun Declination | -11°34'24.4" |
| Sun Semi-Diameter | 16'04.7" |
| Sun Equatorial Horizontal Parallax | 08.8" |
| Moon Right Ascension | 13h53m07.2s |
| Moon Declination | -11°14'17.0" |
| Moon Semi-Diameter | 16'10.1" |
| Moon Equatorial Horizontal Parallax | 0°59'20.4" |
| ΔT | 61.4 s |
Eclipse season
[edit]This eclipse is part of an eclipse season, a period, roughly every six months, when eclipses occur. Only two (or occasionally three) eclipse seasons occur each year, and each season lasts about 35 days and repeats just short of six months (173 days) later; thus two full eclipse seasons always occur each year. Either two or three eclipses happen each eclipse season. In the sequence below, each eclipse is separated by a fortnight.
| October 8 Descending node (full moon) |
October 24 Ascending node (new moon) |
|---|---|
 |
|
| Penumbral lunar eclipse Lunar Saros 117 |
Total solar eclipse Solar Saros 143 |
Related eclipses
[edit]Eclipses in 1995
[edit]- A partial lunar eclipse on April 15.
- An annular solar eclipse on April 29.
- A penumbral lunar eclipse on October 8.
- A total solar eclipse on October 24.
Metonic
[edit]- Preceded by: Solar eclipse of January 4, 1992
- Followed by: Solar eclipse of August 11, 1999
Tzolkinex
[edit]- Preceded by: Solar eclipse of September 11, 1988
- Followed by: Solar eclipse of December 4, 2002
Half-Saros
[edit]- Preceded by: Lunar eclipse of October 17, 1986
- Followed by: Lunar eclipse of October 28, 2004
Tritos
[edit]- Preceded by: Solar eclipse of November 22, 1984
- Followed by: Solar eclipse of September 22, 2006
Solar Saros 143
[edit]- Preceded by: Solar eclipse of October 12, 1977
- Followed by: Solar eclipse of November 3, 2013
Inex
[edit]- Preceded by: Solar eclipse of November 12, 1966
- Followed by: Solar eclipse of October 2, 2024
Triad
[edit]- Preceded by: Solar eclipse of December 23, 1908
- Followed by: Solar eclipse of August 24, 2082
Solar eclipses of 1993–1996
[edit]This eclipse is a member of a semester series. An eclipse in a semester series of solar eclipses repeats approximately every 177 days and 4 hours (a semester) at alternating nodes of the Moon's orbit.[10]
| Solar eclipse series sets from 1993 to 1996 | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Descending node | Ascending node | |||||
| Saros | Map | Gamma | Saros | Map | Gamma | |
| 118 | May 21, 1993 Partial |
1.1372 | 123 | November 13, 1993 Partial |
−1.0411 | |
128.jpg) Partial in Bismarck, ND, USA |
May 10, 1994 Annular |
0.4077 | 133.jpg) Totality in Bolivia |
November 3, 1994 Total |
−0.3522 | |
| 138 | April 29, 1995 Annular |
−0.3382 | 143 Totality in Dundlod, India |
October 24, 1995 Total |
0.3518 | |
| 148 | April 17, 1996 Partial |
−1.058 | 153 | October 12, 1996 Partial |
1.1227 | |
Saros 143
[edit]This eclipse is a part of Saros series 143, repeating every 18 years, 11 days, and containing 72 events. The series started with a partial solar eclipse on March 7, 1617. It contains total eclipses from June 24, 1797 through October 24, 1995; hybrid eclipses from November 3, 2013 through December 6, 2067; and annular eclipses from December 16, 2085 through September 16, 2536. The series ends at member 72 as a partial eclipse on April 23, 2897. Its eclipses are tabulated in three columns; every third eclipse in the same column is one exeligmos apart, so they all cast shadows over approximately the same parts of the Earth.
The longest duration of totality was produced by member 16 at 3 minutes, 50 seconds on August 19, 1887, and the longest duration of annularity will be produced by member 51 at 4 minutes, 54 seconds on September 6, 2518. All eclipses in this series occur at the Moon’s ascending node of orbit.[11]
| Series members 12–33 occur between 1801 and 2200: | ||
|---|---|---|
| 12 | 13 | 14 |
 July 6, 1815 |
 July 17, 1833 |
 July 28, 1851 |
| 15 | 16 | 17 |
 August 7, 1869 |
 August 19, 1887 |
 August 30, 1905 |
| 18 | 19 | 20 |
 September 10, 1923 |
 September 21, 1941 |
 October 2, 1959 |
| 21 | 22 | 23 |
 October 12, 1977 |
October 24, 1995 |
 November 3, 2013 |
| 24 | 25 | 26 |
 November 14, 2031 |
 November 25, 2049 |
 December 6, 2067 |
| 27 | 28 | 29 |
 December 16, 2085 |
 December 29, 2103 |
 January 8, 2122 |
| 30 | 31 | 32 |
 January 20, 2140 |
 January 30, 2158 |
 February 10, 2176 |
| 33 | ||
 February 21, 2194 | ||
Metonic series
[edit]The metonic series repeats eclipses every 19 years (6939.69 days), lasting about 5 cycles. Eclipses occur in nearly the same calendar date. In addition, the octon subseries repeats 1/5 of that or every 3.8 years (1387.94 days). All eclipses in this table occur at the Moon's ascending node.
| 22 eclipse events between January 5, 1935 and August 11, 2018 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| January 4–5 | October 23–24 | August 10–12 | May 30–31 | March 18–19 |
| 111 | 113 | 115 | 117 | 119 |
 January 5, 1935 |
 August 12, 1942 |
 May 30, 1946 |
 March 18, 1950 | |
| 121 | 123 | 125 | 127 | 129 |
 January 5, 1954 |
 October 23, 1957 |
 August 11, 1961 |
 May 30, 1965 |
 March 18, 1969 |
| 131 | 133 | 135 | 137 | 139 |
 January 4, 1973 |
 October 23, 1976 |
 August 10, 1980 |
 May 30, 1984 |
 March 18, 1988 |
| 141 | 143 | 145 | 147 | 149 |
 January 4, 1992 |
October 24, 1995 |
 August 11, 1999 |
 May 31, 2003 |
 March 19, 2007 |
| 151 | 153 | 155 | ||
 January 4, 2011 |
 October 23, 2014 |
 August 11, 2018 | ||
Tritos series
[edit]This eclipse is a part of a tritos cycle, repeating at alternating nodes every 135 synodic months (≈ 3986.63 days, or 11 years minus 1 month). Their appearance and longitude are irregular due to a lack of synchronization with the anomalistic month (period of perigee), but groupings of 3 tritos cycles (≈ 33 years minus 3 months) come close (≈ 434.044 anomalistic months), so eclipses are similar in these groupings.
| Series members between 1801 and 2200 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
 April 4, 1810 (Saros 126) |
 March 4, 1821 (Saros 127) |
 February 1, 1832 (Saros 128) |
 December 31, 1842 (Saros 129) |
 November 30, 1853 (Saros 130) |
 October 30, 1864 (Saros 131) |
 September 29, 1875 (Saros 132) |
 August 29, 1886 (Saros 133) |
 July 29, 1897 (Saros 134) |
 June 28, 1908 (Saros 135) |
 May 29, 1919 (Saros 136) |
 April 28, 1930 (Saros 137) |
 March 27, 1941 (Saros 138) |
 February 25, 1952 (Saros 139) |
 January 25, 1963 (Saros 140) |
 December 24, 1973 (Saros 141) |
 November 22, 1984 (Saros 142) |
October 24, 1995 (Saros 143) |
 September 22, 2006 (Saros 144) |
 August 21, 2017 (Saros 145) |
 July 22, 2028 (Saros 146) |
 June 21, 2039 (Saros 147) |
 May 20, 2050 (Saros 148) |
 April 20, 2061 (Saros 149) |
 March 19, 2072 (Saros 150) |
 February 16, 2083 (Saros 151) |
 January 16, 2094 (Saros 152) |
 December 17, 2104 (Saros 153) |
 November 16, 2115 (Saros 154) |
 October 16, 2126 (Saros 155) |
 September 15, 2137 (Saros 156) |
 August 14, 2148 (Saros 157) |
 July 15, 2159 (Saros 158) |
 June 14, 2170 (Saros 159) |
 May 13, 2181 (Saros 160) |
 April 12, 2192 (Saros 161) | ||||
Inex series
[edit]This eclipse is a part of the long period inex cycle, repeating at alternating nodes, every 358 synodic months (≈ 10,571.95 days, or 29 years minus 20 days). Their appearance and longitude are irregular due to a lack of synchronization with the anomalistic month (period of perigee). However, groupings of 3 inex cycles (≈ 87 years minus 2 months) comes close (≈ 1,151.02 anomalistic months), so eclipses are similar in these groupings.
| Series members between 1801 and 2200 | ||
|---|---|---|
 February 21, 1822 (Saros 137) |
 February 1, 1851 (Saros 138) |
 January 11, 1880 (Saros 139) |
 December 23, 1908 (Saros 140) |
 December 2, 1937 (Saros 141) |
 November 12, 1966 (Saros 142) |
October 24, 1995 (Saros 143) |
 October 2, 2024 (Saros 144) |
 September 12, 2053 (Saros 145) |
 August 24, 2082 (Saros 146) |
 August 4, 2111 (Saros 147) |
 July 14, 2140 (Saros 148) |
 June 25, 2169 (Saros 149) |
 June 4, 2198 (Saros 150) |
|
Notes
[edit]- ^ "October 24, 1995 Total Solar Eclipse". timeanddate. Retrieved 10 August 2024.
- ^ "Moon Distances for London, United Kingdom, England". timeanddate. Retrieved 10 August 2024.
- ^ The MIGnificient Flying Machines - MiG-25R Archived 2019-05-05 at the Wayback Machine Bharat Rakshak.com 22 August 2017
- ^ Bhatnagar, A; Livingston, William Charles (2005). Fundamentals of Solar Astronomy. World Scientific. p. 157. ISBN 9812382445.
- ^ R. C. Kapoor. "SOME TOTAL SOLAR ECLIPSES OBSERVED FROM INDIA". Indian Institute of Astrophysics. Archived from the original on 28 November 2012.
- ^ "1995年10月24日泰国日全食". 21 July 2008. Archived from the original on 19 May 2020.
- ^ 1995年10月24日日全食观测. 河南省郑州集邮公司.
- ^ "October 24, 1995 Total Solar Eclipse". timeanddate. Retrieved 11 April 2024.
- ^ "Total Solar Eclipse of 1995 Oct 24". EclipseWise.com. Retrieved 10 August 2024.
- ^ van Gent, R.H. "Solar- and Lunar-Eclipse Predictions from Antiquity to the Present". A Catalogue of Eclipse Cycles. Utrecht University. Retrieved 6 October 2018.
- ^ "NASA - Catalog of Solar Eclipses of Saros 143". eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov.
References
[edit]- Earth visibility chart and eclipse statistics Eclipse Predictions by Fred Espenak, NASA/GSFC
Photos:
- Prof. Druckmüller's eclipse photography site
- Rušin from Nim Ka Thana, India
- Russian scientist had no successful observation of the eclipse
- Russian scientist had no successful observation of the eclipse (2) Archived 2009-12-10 at the Wayback Machine
- The 1995 Eclipse in India
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