Jump to content

Oxandrolone

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Anavar)

Oxandrolone
Clinical data
Trade namesOxandrin, Anavar, others[1]
Other namesVar; CB-8075; NSC-67068; SC-11585; Protivar; 17α-Methyl-2-oxa-4,5α-dihydrotestosterone; 17α-Methyl-2-oxa-DHT; 17α-Methyl-2-oxa-5α-androstan-17β-ol-3-one
AHFS/Drugs.comMonograph
MedlinePlusa604024
Pregnancy
category
  • X
Routes of
administration		By mouth
Drug classAndrogen; Anabolic steroid
ATC code
Legal status
Legal status
Pharmacokinetic data
Bioavailability97%[4]
Protein binding94–97%[4]
MetabolismKidneys (primarily), liver[6][4]
Elimination half-lifeAdults: 9.4–10.4 hours[4][5]
Elderly: 13.3 hours[5]
ExcretionUrine: 28% (unchanged)[5]
Feces: 3%[5]
Identifiers
  • (1S,3aS,3bR,5aS,9aS,9bS,11aS)-1-hydroxy-1,9a,11a-trimethyl-2,3,3a,3b,4,5,5a,6,9,9b,10,11-dodecahydroindeno[4,5-h]isoch
CAS Number
PubChem CID
IUPHAR/BPS
DrugBank
ChemSpider
UNII
KEGG
ChEBI
ChEMBL
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)
ECHA InfoCard100.000.158 Edit this at Wikidata
Chemical and physical data
FormulaC19H30O3
Molar mass306.446 g·mol−1
3D model (JSmol)
  • C[C@]12CC[C@H]3[C@H]([C@@H]1CC[C@]2(C)O)CC[C@@H]4[C@@]3(COC(=O)C4)C
  • InChI=1S/C19H30O3/c1-17-11-22-16(20)10-12(17)4-5-13-14(17)6-8-18(2)15(13)7-9-19(18,3)21/h12-15,21H,4-11H2,1-3H3/t12-,13+,14-,15-,17-,18-,19-/m0/s1 checkY
  • Key:QSLJIVKCVHQPLV-PEMPUTJUSA-N checkY
  (verify)

Oxandrolone is an androgen and synthetic anabolic steroid (AAS) medication to help promote weight gain in various situations, to help offset protein catabolism caused by long-term corticosteroid therapy, to support recovery from severe burns, to treat bone pain associated with osteoporosis, to aid in the development of girls with Turner syndrome, and for other indications.[7][8][9] It is taken by mouth.[7] It was sold under the brand names Oxandrin and Anavar, among others.[1]

The drug is a synthetic androgen and anabolic steroid, hence is an agonist of the androgen receptor (AR), the biological target of androgens such as testosterone and dihydrotestosterone.[7][10] Side effects of oxandrolone include severe cases of peliosis hepatis, sometimes associated with liver failure and intra-abdominal hemorrhage; liver tumors, sometimes fatal; and blood lipid changes associated with increased risk of atherosclerosis. Additional warnings include the risks associated with cholestatic hepatitis, hypercalcemia in patients with breast cancer, and increased risk for the development of prostatic hypertrophy and prostatic carcinoma in older patients.[11] It has strong anabolic effects and weak androgenic effects, which gave it a mild side effect profile in that regard and made it especially suitable for use in women.[7] Milder side effects in women were increased sexual desire, symptoms of hyperandrogenism such as acne, and symptoms of masculinization such as increased hair growth and voice changes.[7]

Oxandrolone was first described in 1962 and introduced for medical use in 1964.[7] The drug was a controlled substance in many countries, so non-medical use for purposes such as improving physique and performance it has been generally illicit.[7][12][13][14][15] In the United States, the FDA withdrew in 2023 the approval for the drug for reasons of safety or effectiveness, following a 2019 letter from Gemini, a drug manufacturer, stating that the product was no longer being marketed.[11]

Medical uses

[edit]

Oxandrolone has been researched and prescribed as a treatment for a wide variety of conditions. It was FDA-approved for treating bone pain associated with osteoporosis, aiding weight gain following surgery or physical trauma, during chronic infection, or in the context of unexplained weight loss, and counteracting the catabolic effect of long-term corticosteroid therapy.[16][17] Oxandrolone is used to quicken recovery from severe burns.[8][18][19]

In the management of severe burn injuries, clinical trials have demonstrated the therapeutic advantages of oxandrolone, and it was widely adopted as a standard treatment protocol in burn centers globally. Meta-analyses of clinical trials substantiate the efficacy of oxandrolone in severe burn cases: the benefits are manifold and significant, and include a reduction in catabolic weight loss, augmentation of lean body mass, enhancement of donor-site wound healing, and a decrease in the duration of both intensive care unit (ICU) and overall hospital stay. These benefits do not appear to be accompanied by an increased risk of infection, hyperglycemia, or hepatic dysfunction, which underscores the safety profile of oxandrolone in severe burn patient population.[18] Data analysis confirms oxandrolone's advantage in promoting skin healing as an adjunct therapy for adult burn patients.[20] Oxandrolone improves weight regain, bone mineral density, lean body mass, and accelerates wound healing for donor graft sites.[21] Oxandrolone was recommended as an adjunctive therapy, alongside insulin, metformin, and closely monitored propranolol, in severe burn patients, for metabolic and nutritional support.[22][23] Oxandrolone improves both short-term and long-term outcomes in people recovering from severe burns and was well-established as a safe treatment for this indication.[8][9] One of the underlying mechanisms in burn management is that oxandrolone helps reduce hypermetabolic response, which is characterized by increased energy expenditure, elevated stress hormones levels such as cortisol, insulin resistance, muscle wasting, and impaired wound healing; this response is reduced by improving whole-body nitrogen balance as well as preserving lean body mass during recovery.[24]

As of 2019, oxandrolone was prescribed off-label for the development of girls with Turner syndrome,[25] and counteract wasting of diverse origin.[25]

As of 2012, oxandrolone was used in the treatment of idiopathic short stature, anemia, hereditary angioedema,[26] hypogonadism and alcoholic hepatitis.[27][needs update]

Medical research established the effectiveness of oxandrolone in aiding the development of girls with Turner syndrome. Although oxandrolone had long been used to accelerate growth in children with idiopathic short stature, it is unlikely to increase adult height, and in some cases may even decrease it;[citation needed] as such, as of 2015, oxandrolone has largely been replaced by growth hormone for this use.[28][needs update] However, a 2019 Cochrane review comparing effects of adding oxandrolone to growth hormone treatment to growth hormone alone found moderate-quality evidence that the addition of oxandrolone led to an increase in final adult height of girls with Turner syndrome, and low-quality evidence showed no increase in adverse effects.[25] When the same review assessed the effects of adding oxandrolone to growth hormone treatment on speech, cognition and psychological status, the results were inconclusive due to very-low quality evidence.[25] Children with idiopathic short stature or Turner syndrome were given doses of oxandrolone far smaller than those given to people with burns to minimize the likelihood of virilization and premature maturation.[28][29][incomprehensible]

Oxandrolone shows positive effects on cardiometabolic health and visual, motor, and psychosocial functions in adolescent males with preserved testosterone production, such as those with Klinefelter syndrome.[23]

Non-medical uses

[edit]
See also: List of doping in sport cases § Oxandrolone

Oxandrolone has been used illicitly by bodybuilders and athletes for its muscle-building effects as a doping agent in sports. Cases of doping with oxandrolone by professional athletes have been reported.[7] Because it is more anabolic than androgenic, women and those seeking less intense steroid regimens used it particularly often.[7] In the past[when?] many[who?] valued oxandrolone's supposed[clarification needed] low hepatotoxicity relative to most other orally active AASs.[7]

Contraindications

[edit]

Like other AASs, oxandrolone may worsen hypercalcemia by increasing osteolytic bone resorption.[16] When taken by pregnant women, oxandrolone may have unintended effects such as masculinization on the fetus.[16]

Side effects

[edit]
See also: Anabolic steroid § Adverse effects

As of 2004 it was thought that "uniquely" among 17α-alkylated AASs, oxandrolone showed little to no hepatotoxicity, even at high doses.[30] However, elevated liver enzymes have been observed in some people, particularly with high doses and/or prolonged treatment, although sometimes returning to normal ranges following discontinuation.[30] The lack of hepatotoxicity turned out not to be true in the long run. There were documented severe cases of peliosis hepatis, sometimes associated with liver failure and intra-abdominal hemorrhage; liver tumors, sometimes fatal; and blood lipid changes associated with increased risk of atherosclerosis led FDA to remove approval in June 2023. Additional warnings include the risks associated with cholestatic hepatitis, hypercalcemia in patients with breast cancer, and increased risk for the development of prostatic hypertrophy and prostatic carcinoma in older patients.[11]

Women who are administered oxandrolone may experience virilization, irreversible development of masculine features such as voice deepening, hirsutism, menstruation abnormalities, male-pattern hair loss, and clitoral enlargement.[28][16][29] Because of these side effects, doses given to women and children are minimized and people are usually monitored for virilization and growth abnormalities.[28][29] Like other androgens, oxandrolone can cause or worsen acne and priapism (unwanted or prolonged erections).[16][31] Oxandrolone can also reduce males' fertility, another side effect common among androgens.[31] In an attempt to compensate for the exogenous increase in androgens, the body may reduce testosterone production via testicular atrophy and inhibition of gonadotropic activity.[16]

Unlike some AASs, oxandrolone does not generally cause gynecomastia because it is not aromatized into estrogenic metabolites.[32] However, although no reports of gynecomastia were made in spite of widespread use, oxandrolone was reported in a publication in 1991 to have been associated with 33 cases of gynecomastia in adolescent boys treated with it for short stature.[33][34] The gynecomastia developed during oxandrolone therapy in 19 of the boys and after the therapy was completed in 14 of the boys, and 10 of the boys had transient gynecomastia, while 23 had persistent gynecomastia that necessitated mastectomy.[33][34] Though transient gynecomastia is a natural and common occurrence in pubertal boys, the gynecomastia associated with oxandrolone was of a late/delayed onset and was persistent in a high percentage of the cases.[33][34] As such, the researchers stated, "although oxandrolone cannot be implicated as stimulatory [in] gynecomastia", a possible relationship should be considered in clinicians using oxandrolone in adolescents for growth stimulation.[33][34]

Interactions

[edit]

As of 2004 it was known that oxandrolone greatly increases warfarin's blood-thinning effect, sometimes dangerously so.[35] In April 2004, Savient Pharmaceuticals published a safety alert through the FDA warning healthcare professionals of this.[36] Oxandrolone also inhibits the metabolism of oral hypoglycemic agents.[16] It may worsen edema when taken alongside corticosteroids or adrenocorticotropic hormone.[16]

Pharmacology

[edit]

Pharmacodynamics

[edit]
Androgenic vs. anabolic activity ratio
of androgens/anabolic steroids
Medication Ratioa
Testosterone ~1:1
Androstanolone (DHT) ~1:1
Methyltestosterone ~1:1
Methandriol ~1:1
Fluoxymesterone 1:1–1:15
Metandienone 1:1–1:8
Drostanolone 1:3–1:4
Metenolone 1:2–1:30
Oxymetholone 1:2–1:9
Oxandrolone 1:3–1:13
Stanozolol 1:1–1:30
Nandrolone 1:3–1:16
Ethylestrenol 1:2–1:19
Norethandrolone 1:1–1:20
Notes: In rodents. Footnotes: a = Ratio of androgenic to anabolic activity. Sources: See template.

Like other AASs, oxandrolone is an agonist of the androgen receptor, similar to androgens such as testosterone and DHT.[7] The relative binding affinity of oxandrolone for the androgen receptor is about 0.3% of that of metribolone.[37] Activation of the androgen receptor stimulates protein synthesis, which increases muscle growth, lean body mass, and bone mineral density.[9]

Compared to testosterone and many other AASs, oxandrolone is less androgenic relative to its strength as an anabolic.[7][38] Oxandrolone has as much as six times the anabolic potency of testosterone[7] and has significantly reduced androgenic potency in comparison:[7] oxandrolone exhibits significantly lower virilizing androgenic properties compared to testosterone, with a relative androgenic potency of only 5%.[39]

Compared to methyltestosterone, oxandrolone has about 322 to 633% of the anabolic potency and 24% of the androgenic potency.[7]

The reduced ratio of anabolic to androgenic activity of oxandrolone motivated its medical use in children and women because less androgenic effect implies less risk of virilization.[7] The bodybuilding community also considers this fact when choosing between AASs.[7]

As of 2003 and 2011 Oxandrolone was thought to be "uniquely" far less hepatotoxic than other 17α-alkylated AASs, which was thought to be due to differences in metabolism.[30][7][6][5] This turned out not to be the case in the long run, which is why it was taken off the US market in 2023.[11][improper synthesis?][speculation?]

Steroid configuration

[edit]
See also: Steroid
Numbering of carbon atoms up to position 17 in a hypothetical steroid nucleus
Oxandrolone chemical formula structure

Oxandrolone is based on the tetracyclic steroid framework, which consists of three cyclohexane rings (A, B, and C) and one cyclopentane ring (D). This is a common structure shared by all steroids.[40]

The oxygen atom in the lactone bridge replaces a carbon atom at position 2 of the steroid nucleus, classifying oxandrolone as an 2-oxa-steroid. There is a hydroxyl group (-OH) attached at stereo-direction β to carbon 17, which is a characteristic of 17β-hydroxy-steroids.[41]

The overall structure of oxandrolone is distinguished by these modifications to the standard steroid nucleus, which contribute to its unique properties as an anabolic steroid. The presence of the lactone bridge, i.e., the 2-oxa-steroid classification, is particularly noteworthy, as it is not commonly found in the steroid family. This structural element is what gives oxandrolone its distinctive chemical identity within the class of anabolic steroids.[42][41] Due to its lactone bridge, oxandrolone is resistant to inactivation by 3α-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase in skeletal muscle.[7] This resistance, in contrast to DHT, is believed to underlie oxandrolone's preserved anabolic potency[7]

As oxandrolone is already a 5α-reduced steroid (has a single bond between carbons 4 and 5), it is not a substrate for the 5α-reductase enzyme, hence is not potentiated in androgenic tissues such as the skin, hair follicles, and prostate gland.[7] In addition, the 5α-reduced state preserves oxandrolone from being a substrate for the aromatase enzyme; therefore, oxandrolone cannot be aromatized into metabolites with estrogenic activity.[7] Oxandrolone similarly possesses no progestogenic activity.[7]

Pharmacokinetics

[edit]

The oral bioavailability of oxandrolone is 97%.[4] Its plasma protein binding is 94 to 97%.[4] The drug is metabolized primarily by the kidneys and to a lesser extent by the liver.[6][4] Oxandrolone is the only AAS that is not primarily or extensively metabolized by the liver, and this is thought to be related to its diminished hepatotoxicity relative to other AASs.[6][5] Its elimination half-life is reported as 9.4 to 10.4 hours, but is extended to 13.3 hours in the elderly.[4][5] About 28% of an oral dose of oxandrolone is eliminated unchanged in the urine and 3% is excreted in the feces.[5]

Chemistry

[edit]
See also: List of androgens/anabolic steroids

Oxandrolone is a synthetic androstane steroid and a 17α-alkylated derivative of DHT.[43][44][7] It is also known as 2-oxa-17α-methyl-5α-dihydrotestosterone (2-oxa-17α-methyl-DHT) or as 2-oxa-17α-methyl-5α-androstan-17β-ol-3-one, and is DHT with a methyl group at the C17α position and the C2 carbon replaced with an oxygen atom.[43][44][7] Closely related AASs include the marketed AAS mestanolone (17α-methyl-DHT), oxymetholone (2-hydroxymethylene-17α-methyl-DHT), and stanozolol (a 2,3-pyrazole A ring-fused derivative of 17α-methyl-DHT) and the never-marketed/designer AAS desoxymethyltestosterone (3-deketo-17α-methyl-δ2-DHT), methasterone (2α,17α-dimethyl-DHT), methyl-1-testosterone (17α-methyl-δ1-DHT), and methylstenbolone (2,17α-dimethyl-δ1-DHT).[43][44][7]

History

[edit]

Oxandrolone was first made by Raphael Pappo and Christopher J. Jung while at Searle Laboratories, now part of Pfizer and they first described the drug in 1962.[45][46] They were immediately interested in oxandrolone's very weak androgenic effects relative to its anabolic effects.[45] It was introduced as a pharmaceutical drug in the United States in 1964.[7]

It was prescribed to promote muscle regrowth in disorders which cause involuntary weight loss, and is used as part of treatment for HIV/AIDS.[7] It had also been shown to be partially successful in treating cases of osteoporosis.[7] However, in 1989, in part due to bad publicity from its illicit use by bodybuilders, production of Anavar was discontinued by Searle Laboratories.[7] It was picked up by Bio-Technology General Corporation, which changed its name to Savient Pharmaceuticals. In 1995, following successful clinical trials, Savient released it under the brand name Oxandrin.[7] As of 2011 BTG subsequently had won approvals for orphan drug status by the Food and Drug Administration for treating alcoholic hepatitis, Turner syndrome, and HIV-induced weight loss and as an offset to protein catabolism caused by long-term administration of corticosteroids.[7]

Society and culture

[edit]

Generic names

[edit]

Oxandrolone is the generic name of the drug and its INNTooltip International Nonproprietary Name, USANTooltip United States Adopted Name, USPTooltip United States Pharmacopeia, BANTooltip British Approved Name, DCFTooltip Dénomination Commune Française, DCITTooltip Denominazione Comune Italiana, and JANTooltip Japanese Accepted Name, while ossandrolone is or was formerly the DCITTooltip Denominazione Comune Italiana.[43][44][47][48][49]

Brand names

[edit]

The original brand name of oxandrolone was Anavar, which was marketed in the United States and the Netherlands.[7][50] This product was eventually discontinued and replaced in the United States with a new name of Oxandrin, which as of 2011 was the sole remaining brand name for oxandrolone in the United States.[7][51] Oxandrolone has also been sold under the brand names Antitriol (Spain), Anatrophill (France), Lipidex (Brazil), Lonavar (Argentina, Australia, Italy), Protivar, and Vasorome (Japan), among others.[44][50][52][7] As of 2016, among those using oxandrolone for nonmedical purposes, it has been referred to colloquially as "Var", a shortened form of the old brand name Anavar.[53][54] Additional brand names existed for products that were manufactured for the steroid black market.[7]

Availability

[edit]

United States

[edit]
See also: List of androgens/anabolic steroids available in the United States

As of 2017, Oxandrolone was one of the few AASs that remained available for medical use in the United States.[51]

In June 2023, the FDA formally withdrew approval for oxandrolone for all indications, stating that possible adverse effects of the drug were sufficiently serious to warrant removal from the US market. The FDA decision was for reasons of safety or effectiveness, following a 2019 letter from Gemini, a drug manufacturer, stating that the product was no longer being marketed.[11]

As of August 2023, the AASs that remained available for medical use in the US were testosterone, testosterone cypionate, testosterone enanthate, testosterone undecanoate, methyltestosterone, fluoxymesterone, and oxymetholone.[51]

Other countries

[edit]

Outside of the United States, the availability of oxandrolone is also quite limited.[7][48] It is no longer available in Europe.[7][55] Oxandrolone is available in some less-regulated markets in Asia such as Malaysia and in Mexico.[7]

Historically, oxandrolone has been marketed in Argentina, Australia, Brazil, France, Italy, Japan, and Spain,[7][44][50] but it appears to no longer be available in these countries.[48]

[edit]
See also: Anabolic steroid § Legal status

In the United States, oxandrolone was categorized as a Schedule III controlled substance under the Controlled Substances Act along with many other AASs.[13] In 2017, it was a Schedule IV controlled substance in Canada,[14] and a Schedule 4 controlled drug in the United Kingdom.[15]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b Mavros Y, O'Neill E, Connerty M, Bean JF, Broe K, Kiel DP, et al. (November 2015). "Oxandrolone Augmentation of Resistance Training in Older Women: A Randomized Trial". Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 47 (11): 2257–2267. doi:10.1249/MSS.0000000000000690. PMID 25899102. Oxandrolone (trade name Anavar or Oxandrin)
  2. ^ "FDA-sourced list of all drugs with black box warnings (Use Download Full Results and View Query links.)". nctr-crs.fda.gov. FDA. Retrieved 22 Oct 2023.
  3. ^ Anvisa (2023-03-31). "RDC Nº 784 - Listas de Substâncias Entorpecentes, Psicotrópicas, Precursoras e Outras sob Controle Especial" [Collegiate Board Resolution No. 784 - Lists of Narcotic, Psychotropic, Precursor, and Other Substances under Special Control] (in Brazilian Portuguese). Diário Oficial da União (published 2023-04-04). Archived from the original on 2023-08-03. Retrieved 2023-08-15.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h Mozayani A, Raymon L (15 October 2003). Handbook of Drug Interactions: A Clinical and Forensic Guide. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 513–. ISBN 978-1-59259-654-6. Archived from the original on 14 January 2023. Retrieved 6 November 2017.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h Miller JT, Btaiche IF (February 2009). "Oxandrolone treatment in adults with severe thermal injury". Pharmacotherapy. 29 (2): 213–226. doi:10.1592/phco.29.2.213. hdl:2027.42/90285. PMID 19170590. S2CID 25780591.
  6. ^ a b c d Hemat RA (2 March 2003). Andropathy. Urotext. pp. 108–. ISBN 978-1-903737-08-8. Archived from the original on 2023-01-14. Retrieved 2017-11-06.
  7. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an Llewellyn W (2011). Anabolics. Molecular Nutrition Llc. pp. 342–352. ISBN 978-0-9828280-1-4. Archived from the original on 2024-04-07. Retrieved 2017-11-06.
  8. ^ a b c Li H, Guo Y, Yang Z, Roy M, Guo Q (June 2016). "The efficacy and safety of oxandrolone treatment for patients with severe burns: A systematic review and meta-analysis". Burns. 42 (4): 717–727. doi:10.1016/j.burns.2015.08.023. PMID 26454425. S2CID 24139354.
  9. ^ a b c Rojas Y, Finnerty CC, Radhakrishnan RS, Herndon DN (December 2012). "Burns: an update on current pharmacotherapy". Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy. 13 (17): 2485–2494. doi:10.1517/14656566.2012.738195. PMC 3576016. PMID 23121414.
  10. ^ Kicman AT (June 2008). "Pharmacology of anabolic steroids". British Journal of Pharmacology. 154 (3): 502–521. doi:10.1038/bjp.2008.165. PMC 2439524. PMID 18500378.
  11. ^ a b c d e FDA (2023-09-13). "Determination That Oxandrin (Oxandrolone) Tablets, 2.5 Milligrams and 10 Milligrams, Were Withdrawn From Sale for Reasons of Safety or Effectiveness" (PDF). federalregister.gov. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2024-03-18. Retrieved 2024-03-18.
  12. ^ Korkia P, Stimson GV (October 1997). "Indications of prevalence, practice and effects of anabolic steroid use in Great Britain". International Journal of Sports Medicine. 18 (7): 557–562. doi:10.1055/s-2007-972681. PMID 9414081. S2CID 260169851. Low dose 28 +/- 18; High dose 80 +/- 13
  13. ^ a b "Controlled Substances Act". United States Food and Drug Administration. 11 June 2009. Archived from the original on 2 March 2017. Retrieved 17 June 2016.
  14. ^ a b Legislative Services Branch. "Consolidated federal laws of Canada, Controlled Drugs and Substances Act=". laws-lois.justice.gc.ca. Archived from the original on 2017-02-05. Retrieved 2017-01-14.
  15. ^ a b "List of most commonly encountered drugs currently controlled under the misuse of drugs legislation - GOV.UK". www.gov.uk. Archived from the original on 2019-12-08. Retrieved 2017-01-14.
  16. ^ a b c d e f g h "Oxandrolone Tablets, USP - Rx only" (PDF). Drugs@FDA. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. 1 December 2006. Archived (PDF) from the original on 26 August 2016. Retrieved 21 June 2016.
  17. ^ "Oxandrin (oxandrolone tablets, USP)" (PDF). Drugs@FDA. BTG Pharmaceuticals, U.S. Food and Drug Administration. 21 April 2003. Archived (PDF) from the original on 1 March 2017. Retrieved 21 June 2016.
  18. ^ a b Wischmeyer PE, Bear DE, Berger MM, De Waele E, Gunst J, McClave SA, et al. (July 2023). "Personalized nutrition therapy in critical care: 10 expert recommendations". Crit Care. 27 (1): 261. doi:10.1186/s13054-023-04539-x. PMC 10318839. PMID 37403125.
  19. ^ Mrazek AA, Simpson P, Lee JO (May 2024). "Nutrition in Pediatric Burns". Semin Plast Surg. 38 (2): 125–132. doi:10.1055/s-0044-1782648. PMID 38746694.
  20. ^ Jalkh AP, Eastmond AK, Shetty C, Rizvi SM, Sharaf J, Williams KD, et al. (August 2022). "Oxandrolone Efficacy in Wound Healing in Burned and Decubitus Ulcer Patients: A Systematic Review". Cureus. 14 (8): e28079. doi:10.7759/cureus.28079. PMC 9477554. PMID 36127967.
  21. ^ Ring J, Heinelt M, Sharma S, Letourneau S, Jeschke MG (January 2020). "Oxandrolone in the Treatment of Burn Injuries: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis". J Burn Care Res. 41 (1): 190–199. doi:10.1093/jbcr/irz155. PMID 31504621.
  22. ^ Wang L, Chen R, Dong J, Guo Z (March 2021). "[Nutrition support in the chronic critically ill patients]". Zhonghua Wei Zhong Bing Ji Jiu Yi Xue (in Chinese). 33 (3): 381–384. doi:10.3760/cma.j.cn121430-20201010-00665. PMID 33834987.
  23. ^ a b Shahrokhi S, Jeschke MG (June 2023). "Metabolic and Nutritional Support". Surg Clin North Am. 103 (3): 473–482. doi:10.1016/j.suc.2023.01.009. PMID 37149383.
  24. ^ Kopel J, Sorensen G, Griswold J (August 2022). "A Reappraisal of Oxandrolone in Burn Management". J Pharm Technol. 38 (4): 232–238. doi:10.1177/87551225221091115. PMC 9272491. PMID 35832568.
  25. ^ a b c d Mohamed S, Alkofide H, Adi YA, Amer YS, AlFaleh K, et al. (Cochrane Metabolic and Endocrine Disorders Group) (October 2019). "Oxandrolone for growth hormone-treated girls aged up to 18 years with Turner syndrome". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2019 (10). doi:10.1002/14651858.CD010736.pub2. PMC 6820693. PMID 31684688.
  26. ^ Bork K (August 2012). "Current management options for hereditary angioedema". Current Allergy and Asthma Reports. 12 (4): 273–280. doi:10.1007/s11882-012-0273-4. PMID 22729959. S2CID 207323793.
  27. ^ Choi G, Runyon BA (May 2012). "Alcoholic hepatitis: a clinician's guide". Clinics in Liver Disease. 16 (2): 371–385. doi:10.1016/j.cld.2012.03.015. PMID 22541704.
  28. ^ a b c d Wit JM, Oostdijk W (June 2015). "Novel approaches to short stature therapy". Best Practice & Research. Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 29 (3): 353–366. doi:10.1016/j.beem.2015.01.003. PMID 26051296.
  29. ^ a b c Sas TC, Gault EJ, Bardsley MZ, Menke LA, Freriks K, Perry RJ, et al. (2014). "Safety and efficacy of oxandrolone in growth hormone-treated girls with Turner syndrome: evidence from recent studies and recommendations for use". Hormone Research in Paediatrics. 81 (5): 289–297. doi:10.1159/000358195. PMID 24776783.
  30. ^ a b c Orr R, Fiatarone Singh M (2004). "The anabolic androgenic steroid oxandrolone in the treatment of wasting and catabolic disorders: review of efficacy and safety". Drugs. 64 (7): 725–750. doi:10.2165/00003495-200464070-00004. PMID 15025546. S2CID 32262454.
  31. ^ a b "Oxandrolone". MedlinePlus. The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists, Inc. 15 May 2016. Archived from the original on 5 July 2016. Retrieved 21 June 2016.
  32. ^ Corona G, Rastrelli G, Vignozzi L, Maggi M (June 2012). "Emerging medication for the treatment of male hypogonadism". Expert Opinion on Emerging Drugs. 17 (2): 239–259. doi:10.1517/14728214.2012.683411. PMID 22612692. S2CID 22068249.
  33. ^ a b c d Aronson JK (21 February 2009). Meyler's Side Effects of Endocrine and Metabolic Drugs. Elsevier. pp. 142–. ISBN 978-0-08-093292-7.
  34. ^ a b c d Saygin D, Tabib T, Bittar HE, Valenzi E, Sembrat J, Chan SY, et al. (1991). "Transcriptional profiling of lung cell populations in idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension". Pulmonary Circulation. 10 (1). doi:10.1515/JPEM.1991.4.4.249. PMC 7052475. PMID 32166015. S2CID 56669464.
  35. ^ Demling RH (September 2004). "Oxandrolone (Oxandrin) use and the interaction with warfarin" (PDF). U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Archived (PDF) from the original on 15 February 2017. Retrieved 20 June 2016.
  36. ^ Ottery FD (20 April 2004). "Oxandrin (oxandrolone) Dear Healthcare Professional Letter". Safety Alerts for Human Medical Products. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Archived from the original on 21 August 2016. Retrieved 20 June 2016.
  37. ^ Dalton JT, Gao W (2010). "Androgen Receptor". Nuclear Receptors. Proteins and Cell Regulation. Springer. pp. 143–182. doi:10.1007/978-90-481-3303-1_6. ISBN 978-90-481-3302-4.
  38. ^ Chrousos GP (2012). "The Gonadal Hormones & Inhibitors". In Katzung BG (ed.). Basic & Clinical Pharmacology. New York London: McGraw-Hill Medical McGraw-Hill distributor. p. 735. ISBN 978-0-07-176401-8.
  39. ^ Knuth CM, Auger C, Jeschke MG (July 2021). "Burn-induced hypermetabolism and skeletal muscle dysfunction". Am J Physiol Cell Physiol. 321 (1): C58–C71. doi:10.1152/ajpcell.00106.2021. PMC 8321793. PMID 33909503.
  40. ^ Moss GP, the Working Party of the IUPAC-IUB Joint Commission on Biochemical Nomenclature (1989). "Nomenclature of steroids, recommendations 1989" (PDF). Pure Appl. Chem. 61 (10): 1783–1822. doi:10.1351/pac198961101783. S2CID 97612891. Archived (PDF) from the original on 30 November 2012. Retrieved 21 February 2012.
  41. ^ a b Anthony A, Jaskólski M, Nangia A (June 2000). "Crystal chemistry of some synthetic 2-oxa-steroids: conformation, packing motifs and isostructurality". Acta Crystallogr B. 56 (3): 512–25. doi:10.1107/s0108768199015542. PMID 10877360.
  42. ^ Ginotra SK, Chhikara BS, Singh M, Chandra R, Tandon V (August 2004). "Efficient oxidizing methods for the synthesis of oxandrolone intermediates". Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo). 52 (8): 989–91. doi:10.1248/cpb.52.989. PMID 15304998.
  43. ^ a b c d Elks J (14 November 2014). The Dictionary of Drugs: Chemical Data: Chemical Data, Structures and Bibliographies. Springer. pp. 911–. ISBN 978-1-4757-2085-3.
  44. ^ a b c d e f Index Nominum 2000: International Drug Directory. Taylor & Francis. 2000. pp. 767–. ISBN 978-3-88763-075-1.
  45. ^ a b Pappo R, Jung CJ (1962). "2-oxasteroids: A new class of biologically active compounds". Tetrahedron Letters. 3 (9): 365–371. doi:10.1016/S0040-4039(00)70883-5. ISSN 0040-4039.
  46. ^ Fox M, Minot AS, Liddle GW (September 1962). "Oxandrolone: a potent anabolic steroid of novel chemical configuration". The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 22 (9): 921–924. doi:10.1210/jcem-22-9-921. PMID 13894381.
  47. ^ Morton IK, Hall JM (6 December 2012). Concise Dictionary of Pharmacological Agents: Properties and Synonyms. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 211–. ISBN 978-94-011-4439-1.
  48. ^ a b c Cerner Multum. (2023-06-08). "Oxandrolone". drugs.com. Archived from the original on 2017-11-12. Retrieved 2017-11-12.
  49. ^ World Health Organization (1982). International Nonproprietary Names (INN) for Pharmaceutical Substances: Cumulative List: Dénominations Communes Internationales (DCI) Pour Les Substances Pharmaceutiques: Liste Récapitulative. p. 225. ISBN 978-92-4-056013-0.
  50. ^ a b c William Andrew Publishing (22 October 2013). Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Encyclopedia, 3rd Edition. Elsevier. pp. 2935–. ISBN 978-0-8155-1856-3.
  51. ^ a b c "Drugs@FDA: FDA Approved Drug Products". United States Food and Drug Administration. Archived from the original on 16 November 2016. Retrieved 11 November 2017.
  52. ^ Drugs of Abuse (PDF). United States Drug Enforcement Administration. 2011. p. 22. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2016-08-22. Retrieved 2016-06-19.
  53. ^ Levounis P, Zerbo E, Aggarwal R (3 May 2016). Pocket Guide to Addiction Assessment and Treatment. American Psychiatric Pub. pp. 69–. ISBN 978-1-61537-072-6.
  54. ^ Benavidez EJ (26 February 2013). Getting High: The Effects of Drugs. Xlibris Corporation. pp. 39–. ISBN 978-1-4797-9450-8.
  55. ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20210908183057/https://amdm.gov.md/ro/page/nomenclatorul_de_stat_amed [bare URL]
[edit]
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oxandrolone&oldid=1250837655"