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Telegram provides [[End-to-end encryption|end-to-end encrypted]] calls<ref>{{cite web|url=https://core.telegram.org/techfaq#q-how-are-voice-calls-authenticated|title=FAQ for the Technically Inclined|website=core.telegram.org|access-date=1 October 2017}}</ref> and optional end-to-end encrypted "secret" chats between two online users on smartphone clients, whereas cloud chats use client-server/ server-client encryption.
Telegram provides [[End-to-end encryption|end-to-end encrypted]] calls<ref>{{cite web|url=https://core.telegram.org/techfaq#q-how-are-voice-calls-authenticated|title=FAQ for the Technically Inclined|website=core.telegram.org|access-date=1 October 2017}}</ref> and optional end-to-end encrypted "secret" chats between two online users on smartphone clients, whereas cloud chats use client-server/ server-client encryption.
Users can send text and voice messages, animated stickers, make voice and video calls, and share an unlimited number of images, documents(2GB per file), user locations, contacts, music, links etc...
Users can send text and voice messages, animated stickers, make voice and video calls, and share an unlimited number of images, documents(2GB per file), user locations, contacts, music, links etc...
===GroupMe===
GroupMe works by downloading the [[Mobile app|app]] or accessing the service online, and then forming an account by providing your name, cell phone number and a password, or you can connect through your [[Facebook]] or [[Twitter]] account.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://groupme.com/|title=GroupMe - Group text messaging with GroupMe}}</ref> The service then syncs with your contacts and from that point forward the user can make groups, limited to 500 members. An individual who is part of an active group has the ability to turn off notifications for the app; users will still receive the message, but will not be notified about it. Each group is given a label and assigned a unique number. Some of the features of the app include the ability to share photos, videos, locations, create events, and [[emojis]] from various packs.

GroupMe has a web client as well as apps for [[iOS]], [[Android (operating system)|Android]], [[Windows Phone]], and [[Windows 10]].
Those who do not wish to use the app can still send and receive GroupMe messages through [[Short Message Service|SMS]] (only available in the United States).<ref>{{Cite web|title=Do I need a smartphone to use GroupMe?|url=http://help.groupme.com/hc/en-us/articles/217104147|access-date=2020-08-06|website=GroupMe Support|language=en-US}}</ref>
Users begin by creating a “group” and adding contacts. When someone sends a message, everyone in the group can see and respond to it. The app allows users to easily attach and send pictures, documents, videos and web-links as well. Users can also send private messages, but only to users who are also active on the GroupMe app.<ref>{{cite web|last=Jacobsson |first=Sarah |url=http://www.pcworld.com/article/250439/groupme_app_review_perfect_for_coordinating_with_friends.html |title=GroupMe App Review: Perfect for Coordinating With Friends &#124; TechHive |publisher=Pcworld.com |date=2012-02-26 |accessdate=2013-07-08}}</ref>

GroupMe has been used been used as a means for studying the usage of messaging clients in educational settings. Use cases include facilitating online course discussions, small group work, and other course communications for both in-person and online sections.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Gronseth|first1=Susie|last2=Hebert|first2=Waneta|date=2019-01-01|title=GroupMe: Investigating Use of Mobile Instant Messaging in Higher Education Courses|journal=TechTrends|language=en|volume=63|issue=1|pages=15–22|doi=10.1007/s11528-018-0361-y|s2cid=69857201|issn=1559-7075}}</ref> Though unconventional, using GroupMe to facilitate discussion in an environment where students already interact has been found to encourage rhetorical thinking and overall engagement. Researchers have found alternatives for literacy learning as a "legitimate academic genre", given a student population that communicates in variety of modes. Research around GroupMe furthers the argument that computer-mediated communication is a valuable space for learning in an increasingly globalized society. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Quang|first=Ly|date=Spring 2020|title=The Case for GroupMe: Rhetorical Thinking Thrives Among Students Using App|url=http://www.literacyandtechnology.org/uploads/1/3/6/8/136889/jlt_v21_1_ly.pdf|journal=Journal of Literacy and Technology|volume=Volume 21, Number 1: Spring / Summer 2020}}</ref>

===KakaoTalk===
===KakaoTalk===
[[KakaoTalk]] commonly referred to as '''KaTalk''' in South Korea, is a free mobile [[instant messaging]] [[Application software|application]] for [[smartphone]]s with free text and free call features, operated by [[Kakao]] Corporation. It was launched on March 18, 2010 and is currently available on [[iOS]], [[Android (operating system)|Android]], [[Bada OS]], [[BlackBerry]], [[Windows Phone]], [[Nokia Asha]], [[Windows]] and [[macOS]].
[[KakaoTalk]] commonly referred to as '''KaTalk''' in South Korea, is a free mobile [[instant messaging]] [[Application software|application]] for [[smartphone]]s with free text and free call features, operated by [[Kakao]] Corporation. It was launched on March 18, 2010 and is currently available on [[iOS]], [[Android (operating system)|Android]], [[Bada OS]], [[BlackBerry]], [[Windows Phone]], [[Nokia Asha]], [[Windows]] and [[macOS]].

Revision as of 16:21, 10 December 2020

Comparison of user features of messaging platforms refers to a comparison of all the various user features of various electronic instant messaging platforms. this includes a wide variety of resources; it includes standalone apps, platforms within websites, computer software, and various internal functions available on specific devices, such as iMessage for iPhones.

this entry includes only the features and functions that shape the user experience for such apps. A comparison of the underlying system components, programming aspects, and other internal technical information, is outside the scope of this entry.

Overview and background

Main article: Instant messaging

Instant messaging technology is a type of online chat that offers real-time text transmission over the Internet. A LAN messenger operates in a similar way over a local area network. Short messages are typically transmitted between two parties, when each user chooses to complete a thought and select "send". Some IM applications can use push technology to provide real-time text, which transmits messages character by character, as they are composed. More advanced instant messaging can add file transfer, clickable hyperlinks, Voice over IP, or video chat.

Non-IM types of chat include multicast transmission, usually referred to as "chat rooms", where participants might be anonymous or might be previously known to each other (for example collaborators on a project that is using chat to facilitate communication). Instant messaging systems tend to facilitate connections between specified known users (often using a contact list also known as a "buddy list" or "friend list"). Depending on the IM protocol, the technical architecture can be peer-to-peer (direct point-to-point transmission) or client-server (an Instant message service center retransmits messages from the sender to the communication device).

By 2010, instant messaging over the Web was in sharp decline,[1] in favor of messaging features on social networks. The most popular IM platforms were terminated, such as AIM which closed down[2] and Windows Live Messenger which merged into Skype.[3] Instant messaging has since seen a revival in popularity in the form of "messaging apps" (usually on mobile devices) which by 2014 had more users than social networks.[4]


As of 2010, social networking providers often offer IM abilities. Facebook Chat is a form of instant messaging, and Twitter can be thought of as a Web 2.0 instant messaging system. Similar server-side chat features are part of most dating websites, such as OKCupid or PlentyofFish. The spread of smartphones and similar devices in the late 2000s also caused increased competition with conventional instant messaging, by making text messaging services still more ubiquitous.

Many instant messaging services offer video calling features, voice over IP and web conferencing services. Web conferencing services can integrate both video calling and instant messaging abilities. Some instant messaging companies are also offering desktop sharing, IP radio, and IPTV to the voice and video features.

The term "Instant Messenger" is a service mark of Time Warner[5] and may not be used in software not affiliated with AOL in the United States. For this reason, in April 2007, the instant messaging client formerly named Gaim (or gaim) announced that they would be renamed "Pidgin".[6]

In the 2010s, more people started to use messaging apps on modern computers and devices like WhatsApp, WeChat, Viber, Facebook Messenger, Telegram, Signal and Line rather than instant messaging on computers like AIM and Windows Live Messenger. For example, WhatsApp was founded in 2009, and Facebook acquired in 2014, by which time it already had half a billion users.[7]

Stand-alone platforms

WhatsApp

WhatsApp provides the following features, as detailed below.

  • Group threads: up to 250 members
  • Groups and channels: no built-in search function to find official groups and channels. anyone can join groups, if they have the link.
  • Video calls: up to 3 members.

WhatsApp Messenger or simply WhatsApp, is an American freeware, cross-platform messaging and Voice over IP (VoIP) service owned by Facebook, Inc.[8] It allows users to send text messages and voice messages,[9] make voice and video calls, and share images, documents, user locations, and other media.[10][11] WhatsApp's client application runs on mobile devices but is also accessible from desktop computers, as long as the user's mobile device remains connected to the Internet while they use the desktop app.[12] The service requires users to provide a standard cellular mobile number for registering with the service.[13] In January 2018, WhatsApp released a standalone business app targeted at small business owners, called WhatsApp Business, to allow companies to communicate with customers who use the standard WhatsApp client.[14][15]

Telegram

Telegram provides the following features, as detailed below. [16] [17] [18] [19] [20] [21] [22]

  • Group threads: up to 200,000 members [23]
  • Groups and channels: provides numerous official channels for various organizations. has internal search feature to enable searches to find various official outlets.

Telegram is a cross-platform cloud-based instant messaging, video calling,[24] and VoIP service. It was initially launched for iOS on 14 August 2013 in Russia, and is currently based in Dubai.[25][26][27] Telegram client apps are available for Android, iOS, Windows Phone, Windows, macOS and GNU/Linux, web interface is also available.[28] As of April 2020, Telegram reached 400 million monthly active users.[29][30]

Telegram provides end-to-end encrypted calls[31] and optional end-to-end encrypted "secret" chats between two online users on smartphone clients, whereas cloud chats use client-server/ server-client encryption. Users can send text and voice messages, animated stickers, make voice and video calls, and share an unlimited number of images, documents(2GB per file), user locations, contacts, music, links etc...

GroupMe

GroupMe works by downloading the app or accessing the service online, and then forming an account by providing your name, cell phone number and a password, or you can connect through your Facebook or Twitter account.[32] The service then syncs with your contacts and from that point forward the user can make groups, limited to 500 members. An individual who is part of an active group has the ability to turn off notifications for the app; users will still receive the message, but will not be notified about it. Each group is given a label and assigned a unique number. Some of the features of the app include the ability to share photos, videos, locations, create events, and emojis from various packs.

GroupMe has a web client as well as apps for iOS, Android, Windows Phone, and Windows 10. Those who do not wish to use the app can still send and receive GroupMe messages through SMS (only available in the United States).[33] Users begin by creating a “group” and adding contacts. When someone sends a message, everyone in the group can see and respond to it. The app allows users to easily attach and send pictures, documents, videos and web-links as well. Users can also send private messages, but only to users who are also active on the GroupMe app.[34]

GroupMe has been used been used as a means for studying the usage of messaging clients in educational settings. Use cases include facilitating online course discussions, small group work, and other course communications for both in-person and online sections.[35] Though unconventional, using GroupMe to facilitate discussion in an environment where students already interact has been found to encourage rhetorical thinking and overall engagement. Researchers have found alternatives for literacy learning as a "legitimate academic genre", given a student population that communicates in variety of modes. Research around GroupMe furthers the argument that computer-mediated communication is a valuable space for learning in an increasingly globalized society. [36]

KakaoTalk

KakaoTalk commonly referred to as KaTalk in South Korea, is a free mobile instant messaging application for smartphones with free text and free call features, operated by Kakao Corporation. It was launched on March 18, 2010 and is currently available on iOS, Android, Bada OS, BlackBerry, Windows Phone, Nokia Asha, Windows and macOS.

As of May 2017, KakaoTalk had 220 million registered and 49 million monthly active users. It is available in 15 languages.[37] The app is also used by 93% of smartphone owners in South Korea, where it is the number one messaging app.[38]

In addition to free calls and messages, users can share photos, videos, voice messages, location, URL links as well as contact information. Both one-on-one and group chats are available over WiFi, 3G or LTE, and there are no limits to the number of people on a group chat.

Airlines such as Southwest which allow free WhatsApp in flight also have functionality for KaTalk, even though their literature omits to mention same.

The app automatically synchronizes the user’s contact list on their smartphones with the contact list on the app to find friends who are on the service. Users can also search for friends by KakaoTalk ID without having to know their phone numbers. The KakaoTalk service also allows its users to export their messages and save them.[39]

KakaoTalk began as a messenger service but has become a platform for the distribution of various third-party content and apps, including hundreds of games, which users can download and play with their friends through the messaging platform.[40] Through the "Plus Friend" feature, users can follow brands, media and celebrities to receive exclusive messages, coupons and other real-time information through KakaoTalk chatrooms. Users can also purchase real-life goods through the messenger's "Gifting" platform.[41]

Besides those listed above, the app has these additional features:

  • VoiceTalk, free calls and conference calls (with support for up to five people)
  • Photo, video, location, and contact information sharing
  • Polling and scheduling feature for members in the chatroom
  • K-pop & Local Star Friends (Plus Friends)
  • Walkie-talkie
  • Customizable themes (for iOS and Android)
  • Game platform
  • Stickers and animated emoticons
  • Plus Mate: You can add your favorite brand, star, or media as your friend to receive a variety of content and benefits.[42]

Line

Line (styled in all caps as LINE) is a freeware app for instant communications on electronic devices such as smartphones, tablet computers, and personal computers. Line users exchange texts, images, video and audio, and conduct free VoIP conversations and video conferences. In addition, Line is a platform providing various services including digital wallet as Line Pay, news stream as Line Today, video on demand as Line TV, and digital comic distribution as Line Manga and Line Webtoon. The service is operated by Line Corporation, a Tokyo-based subsidiary of South Korean internet search engine company Naver Corporation.

Line is an application that works on multiple platforms and has access via multiple personal computers (Windows or macOS). The application will also give an option of address book syncing. This application also has a feature to add friends through the use of QR codes, by Line ID, and by shaking phones simultaneously. The application has a direct pop-out message box for reading and replying to make it easy for users to communicate. It also can share photos, videos and music with other users, send the current or any specific location, voice audio, emojis, stickers and emoticons to friends. Users can see a real-time confirmation when messages are sent and received or use a hidden chat feature, which can hide and delete a chat history (from both involved devices and Line servers) after a time set by the user.[43] The application also makes free voice and video calls.

Users can also chat and share media in a group by creating and joining groups that have up to 500 people. Chats also provide bulletin boards on which users can post, like, and comment. This application also has timeline and homepage features that allow users to post pictures, text and stickers on their homepages. Users can also change their Line theme to the theme Line provides in the theme shop for free or users can buy other famous cartoon characters they like. Line also has a feature, called a Snap movie, that users can use to record a stop-motion video and add in provided background music.

In January 2015, Line Taxi was released in Tokyo as a competitor to Uber.[44][45][46] Line launched a new android app called "Popcorn buzz" in June 2015. The app facilitates group calls with up to 200 members.[47] In June a new Emoji keyboard was also released for iOS devices, which provides a Line-like experience with the possibility to add stickers.[48] In September 2015 a new Android launcher was released on the Play Store, helping the company to promote its own services through the new user interface.[49]

Signal

Signal is a cross-platform encrypted messaging service developed by the Signal Foundation and Signal Messenger LLC. It uses the Internet to send one-to-one and group messages, which can include files, voice notes, images and videos.[50] It can also be used to make one-to-one voice and video calls, and the Android version can optionally function as an SMS app.[51]

Signal uses standard cellular telephone numbers as identifiers and secures all communications to other Signal users with end-to-end encryption. The apps include mechanisms by which users can independently verify the identity of their contacts and the integrity of the data channel.

Snapchat

Snapchat is primarily used for creating multimedia messages referred to as "snaps"; snaps can consist of a photo or a short video, and can be edited to include filters and effects, text captions, and drawings.[52][53] Snaps can be directed privately to selected contacts, or to a semi-public "Story" or a public "Story" called "Our Story."[54] The ability to send video snaps was added as a feature option in December 2012. By holding down on the photo button while inside the app, a video of up to ten seconds in length can be captured. Spiegel explained that this process allowed the video data to be compressed into the size of a photo.[55] A later update allowed the ability to record up to 60 seconds, but are still segmented into 10 second intervals. After a single viewing, the video disappears by default. On May 1, 2014, the ability to communicate via video chat was added. Direct messaging features were also included in the update, allowing users to send ephemeral text messages to friends and family while saving any needed information by clicking on it.[56][57] According to CIO, Snapchat uses real-time marketing concepts and temporality to make the app appealing to users.[58] According to Marketing Pro, Snapchat attracts interest and potential customers by combining the AIDA (marketing) model with modern digital technology.[59]

Private message photo snaps can be viewed for a user-specified length of time (1 to 10 seconds as determined by the sender) before they become inaccessible. Users were previously required to hold down on the screen in order to view a snap; this behavior was removed in July 2015[60] The requirement to hold on the screen was intended to frustrate the ability to take screenshots of snaps; the Snapchat app does not prevent screenshots from being taken but can notify the sender if it detects that it has been saved. However, these notifications can be bypassed through either unauthorized modifications to the app or by obtaining the image through external means.[61][62][63] One snap per day can be replayed for free.[64] In September 2015, Snapchat introduced the option to purchase additional replays through in-app purchases.[65][64][66] The ability to purchase extra replays was removed in April 2016.[67][68]

Friends can be added via usernames and phone contacts, using customizable "Snapcodes," or through the "Add Nearby" function, which scans for users near their location who are also in the Add Nearby menu.[60][69] Spiegel explained that Snapchat is intended to counteract the trend of users being compelled to manage an idealized online identity of themselves, which he says has "taken all of the fun out of communicating."[61]

Special-use platforms

U-Report

U-Report is a social messaging tool and data collection system developed by UNICEF to improve citizen engagement, inform leaders, and foster positive change.[70][71] The program sends SMS polls and alerts to its participants, collecting real-time responses, and subsequently publishes gathered data. Issues polled include health, education, water, sanitation and hygiene, youth unemployment, HIV/AIDS, and disease outbreaks.[72] The program currently has three million participants in forty-one countries.[73]

Platforms that are part of major websites

Google Voice

Google Voice is a telephone service that provides call forwarding and voicemail services, voice and text messaging, as well as U.S. and international call termination[when defined as?] for Google Account customers[74] in the U.S., and for Google Workspace (formerly G Suite until October 2020[75]) customers in Canada, Denmark, France, Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, and the UK.[76] The service was launched by Google[77] on March 11, 2009, after the company had acquired the service GrandCentral.

Google Voice provides a U.S. telephone number, chosen by the user from available numbers in selected area codes, free of charge to each user account. Calls to this number are forwarded to telephone numbers that each user must configure in the account web portal. Multiple destinations may be specified that ring simultaneously for incoming calls. Service establishment requires a United States telephone number. A user may answer and receive calls on any of the ringing phones as configured in the web portal. During a received call the user may switch between the configured telephones.[78]

Users in the U.S. may place outbound calls to domestic and international destinations. Calls may be initiated from any of the configured telephones, as well as from a mobile device app, or from the account portal.[78] As of August 2011, users in many other countries also may place outbound calls from the web-based application to domestic and international phone numbers.[79]

Many other Google Voice services—such as voicemail, free text messaging, call history, call screening, blocking of unwanted calls, and voice transcription to text of voicemail messages—are also available to U.S. residents.[80] In terms of product integration, transcribed and audio voicemails, missed call notifications, and/or text messages can optionally be forwarded to an email account of the user's choice. Additionally, text messages can be sent and received via the familiar email or IM interface by reading and writing text messages in numbers in Google Talk respectively (PC-to-Phone texting). Google Voice multi-way videoconferencing (with support for document sharing) is now integrated with Google Hangouts.[81]

The service is configured and maintained by the user in a web-based application, styled after Google's e-mail service, Gmail, or with Android and iOS apps on smart phones or tablets. Google Voice currently provides free PC-to-phone calling within the United States and Canada, and PC-to-PC voice and video calling worldwide between users of the Google+ Hangouts browser plugin (available for Windows, Intel-based Mac OS X, and Linux).[82]

Facebook

Main article: Facebook Messenger

Facebook Messenger is an instant messaging service and software application. It began as Facebook Chat in 2008,[83] was revamped in 2010[84] and eventually became a standalone mobile app in August 2011, while remaining part of the user page on browsers.[85]

Complementing regular conversations, Messenger lets users make one-to-one[86] and group[87] voice[88] and video calls.[89] Its Android app has integrated support for SMS[90] and "Chat Heads", which are round profile photo icons appearing on-screen regardless of what app is open,[91] while both apps support multiple accounts,[92] conversations with optional end-to-end encryption[93] and "Instant Games".[94] Some features, including sending money[95] and requesting transportation,[96] are limited to the United States.[95] In 2017, Facebook added "Messenger Day", a feature that lets users share photos and videos in a story-format with all their friends with the content disappearing after 24 hours;[97] Reactions, which lets users tap and hold a message to add a reaction through an emoji;[98] and Mentions, which lets users in group conversations type @ to give a particular user a notification.[98]

Businesses and users can interact through Messenger with features such as tracking purchases and receiving notifications, and interacting with customer service representatives. Third-party developers can integrate apps into Messenger, letting users enter an app while inside Messenger and optionally share details from the app into a chat.[99] Developers can build chatbots into Messenger, for uses such as news publishers building bots to distribute news.[100] The M virtual assistant (U.S.) scans chats for keywords and suggests relevant actions, such as its payments system for users mentioning money.[101][102] Group chatbots appear in Messenger as "Chat Extensions". A "Discovery" tab allows finding bots, and enabling special, branded QR codes that, when scanned, take the user to a specific bot.[103]

Instagram

In December 2013, Instagram announced Instagram Direct, a feature that lets users interact through private messaging. Users who follow each other can send private messages with photos and videos, in contrast to the public-only requirement that was previously in place. When users receive a private message from someone they don't follow, the message is marked as pending and the user must accept to see it. Users can send a photo to a maximum of 15 people.[104][105][106] The feature received a major update in September 2015, adding conversation threading and making it possible for users to share locations, hashtag pages, and profiles through private messages directly from the news feed. Additionally, users can now reply to private messages with text, emoji or by clicking on a heart icon. A camera inside Direct lets users take a photo and send it to the recipient without leaving the conversation.[107][108][109] A new update in November 2016 let users make their private messages "disappear" after being viewed by the recipient, with the sender receiving a notification if the recipient takes a screenshot.[110][111]

In April 2017, Instagram redesigned Direct to combine all private messages, both permanent and ephemeral, into the same message threads.[112][113][114] In May, Instagram made it possible to send website links in messages, and also added support for sending photos in their original portrait or landscape orientation without cropping.[115][116]

In April 2020, Direct became accessible from the Instagram website.[117]

In August 2020, Facebook started merging Instagram Direct into Facebook Messenger. After the update (which is rolled out to a segment of the user base) the Instagram Direct icon transforms into Facebook Messenger icon.[118]

LinkedIn

The LinkedIn website includes a feature that allows direct messaging by a user to any other user who is on their list of Connections. Additionally, users with Premium membership can send messages to anyone on LinkedIn. [119] [120] [121] [122]

Reddit

In 2017, Reddit developed its own real-time chat software for the site.[123] While some established subreddits have used third-party software to chat about their communities, the company built chat functions that it hopes will become an integral part of Reddit.[123] Individual chat rooms were rolled out in 2017 and community chat rooms for members of a given subreddit were rolled out in 2018.[123][124][125]

Twitter

The Twitter account page for Wikipedia, demonstrating the account-customized timeline view which shows tweets in reverse chronological order

Tweets are publicly visible by default, but senders can restrict message delivery to only their followers. Users can mute users they do not wish to interact with and block accounts from viewing their tweets.[126][127] Users can tweet via the Twitter website, compatible external applications (such as for smartphones), or by Short Message Service (SMS) available in certain countries.[128] Users may subscribe to other users' tweets—this is known as "following" and subscribers are known as "followers"[129] or "tweeps", a portmanteau of Twitter and peeps.[130] Individual tweets can be forwarded by other users to their own feed, a process known as a "retweet". Users can also "like" (formerly "favorite") individual tweets.[131] Twitter allows users to update their profile via their mobile phone either by text messaging or by apps released for certain smartphones and tablets.[132] Twitter has been compared to a web-based Internet Relay Chat (IRC) client.[133] In a 2009 Time magazine essay, technology author Steven Johnson described the basic mechanics of Twitter as "remarkably simple":

As a social network, Twitter revolves around the principle of followers. When you choose to follow another Twitter user, that user's tweets appear in reverse chronological order on your main Twitter page. If you follow 20 people, you'll see a mix of tweets scrolling down the page: breakfast-cereal updates, interesting new links, music recommendations, even musings on the future of education.[134]

Video platforms

Facetime

FaceTime is a proprietary videotelephony product developed by Apple Inc. FaceTime is available on supported iOS mobile devices running iOS 4 and later and Mac computers that run Mac OS X 10.6.6 and later. FaceTime supports any iOS device with a forward-facing camera and any Mac computer equipped with a FaceTime Camera. FaceTime Audio, an audio-only version, is available on any iOS device that supports iOS 7 or newer, and any Mac with a forward-facing camera running Mac OS X 10.9.2 and later. FaceTime is included for free in iOS and in macOS from Mac OS X Lion (10.7) onwards.[135]

Apple bought the "FaceTime" name from FaceTime Communications, which changed its name to Actiance in January 2011.[136][137] On June 7, 2010, Apple CEO Steve Jobs announced FaceTime in conjunction with the iPhone 4 in a keynote speech at the 2010 Apple Worldwide Developers Conference. Support for the fourth generation iPod Touch (the first model of iPod Touch equipped with cameras) was announced in conjunction with the device's release on September 8, 2010. FaceTime for Mac OS X was announced on October 20, 2010.

In May 2011, it was found that FaceTime would work seamlessly over 3G on all iPhone, iPad, and iPod Touch models that supported it. Even though FaceTime worked only over 3G at that time, it now supports 4G LTE calls on networks all over the world, availability being limited to operators' GSM plans.[138]

In 2018, Apple added group video and audio support to FaceTime which can support up to 32 people in iOS 12 and macOS Mojave.[139]

Zoom

Zoom is a videotelephony software program developed by Zoom Video Communications. The free version provides a video chatting service that allows up to 100 devices at once, with a 40-minute time restriction for free accounts having meetings of three or more participants. Users have the option to upgrade by subscribing to one of its plans, with the highest allowing up to 1,000 people concurrently, with no time restriction.[140]

Zoom is compatible with Windows, macOS, iOS, Android, Chrome OS, and Linux. It is noted for its simple interface and usability, specifically for non-tech people.[141][142] Features include one-on-one meetings, group video conferences, screen sharing, plugins, browser extensions, and the ability to record meetings and have them automatically transcribed.[143] On some computers and operating systems, users are able to select a virtual background, which can be downloaded from different sites, to use as a backdrop behind themselves.[144]

Use of the platform is free for video conferences of up to 100 participants at once, with a 40-minute time limit if there are more than two participants. For longer or larger conferences with more features, paid subscriptions are available, costing $15–20 per month. Features geared towards business conferences, such as Zoom Rooms, are available for $50–100 per month.[141][144][145] Up to 49 people can be seen on a screen at once.[146] Zoom has several tiers: Basic, Pro, Business, and Enterprise.[147] Participants do not have to download the app if they are using Google Chrome or Firefox; they can click on a link and join from the browser. Zoom is not compatible with Safari for Macs.[144]

Zoom security features include password-protected meetings, user authentication, waiting rooms, locked meetings, disabling participant screen sharing, randomly generated IDs, and the ability for the host to remove disruptive attendees.[148] As of June 2020, Zoom began offering end-to-end encryption to business and enterprise users, with AES 256 GCM encryption enabled for all users.[149] In October 2020, Zoom added end-to-end encryption for free and paid users. It's available on all platforms, except for the official Zoom web client.[150][151]

Zoom also offers a transcription service using Otter.ai software that allows businesses to store transcriptions of the Zoom meetings online and search them, including separating and labeling different speakers.[152]

As of July 2020, Zoom Rooms and Zoom Phone also became available as hardware as a service products.[153] Zoom Phone is available for domestic telephone service in 40 countries as of August 2020.[154] Zoom for Home, a category of products designed for home use, became available in August 2020.[155]

Google Duo

Google Duo is a video chat mobile app developed by Google, available on the Android and iOS operating systems. It was announced at Google's developer conference on May 18, 2016, and began its worldwide release on August 16, 2016. It is also available to use via Google's Chrome web browser on desktop and laptop computers.

Google Duo lets users make video calls in high definition. It is optimized for low-bandwidth networks. End-to-end encryption is enabled by default. Duo is based on phone numbers, allowing users to call someone from their contact list. The app automatically switches between Wi-Fi and cellular networks. A "Knock Knock" feature lets users see a live preview of the caller before answering. An update in April 2017 lets users worldwide make audio-only calls.

As of December 1, 2016, Google Duo replaced Hangouts within the suite of Google apps device manufacturers must install in order to gain access to the Google Play Store, with Hangouts instead becoming optional.[156]

In August 2020, it was reported that Google was planning to eventually replace Google Duo with Google Meet, but would continue to support Duo and "invest in building new features" in the long term.[157]

Google Chat

Google Chat is a communication software developed by Google built for teams that provides direct messages and team chat rooms, similar to competitors Slack and Microsoft Teams, along with a group messaging function that allows Google Drive content sharing. It is one of two apps that constitute the replacement for Google Hangouts, the other being Google Meet. Google planned to begin retiring Google Hangouts in October 2019.[158]

The current version is for Google Workspace, (formerly G Suite until October 2020[159]) customers only, with identical features in all packages except a lack of Vault data retention in the Basic package.[160] However, in October 2020, Google announced plans to open Google Chat up to consumers as early as 2021, once Hangouts has been officially retired.[161]

Google Hangouts

Google Hangouts is a cross-platform messaging app developed by Google. Originally a feature of Google+, Hangouts became a stand-alone product in 2013, when Google also began integrating features from Google+ Messenger and Google Talk into Hangouts. In 2017, Google began developing Hangouts into a product aimed at enterprise communication, splitting into two products: Google Meet and Google Chat.[162]

Google has also begun integrating features of Google Voice, its IP telephony product, into Hangouts, stating that Hangouts is designed to be "the future" of Voice. Google began transitioning users from the "classic" version of Hangouts to Meet and Chat in June 2020, and announced in October 2020 that Google Chat would eventually be made free to consumers and fully replace Hangouts,[163] shortly after Google Meet became free as well.[164][165] Google Hangouts will remain a consumer-level product for people using standard Google accounts.[166][167][168]

Google Meet

Google Meet (formerly known as Hangouts Meet) is a video-communication service developed by Google.[169] It is one of two apps that constitute the replacement for Google Hangouts, the other being Google Chat.[170]

User features of Google Meet include:

  • Two-way and multi-way audio and video calls with a resolution up to 720p
  • An accompanying chat
  • Call encryption between all users[171]
  • Noise cancelling audio filter
  • Low-light mode for video
  • Ability to join meetings through a web browser or through Android or iOS apps
  • Integration with Google Calendar and Google Contacts for one-click meeting calls
  • Screen-sharing to present documents, spreadsheets, presentations, or (if using a browser) other browser tabs[171]
  • Ability to call into meetings using a dial-in number in the US
  • Hosts being able to deny entry and remove users during a call.[172]

Google Meet uses proprietary protocols for video, audio and data transcoding. However, Google has partnered with the company Pexip to provide interoperability between Google Meet and SIP/H.323-based conferencing equipment and software.[173]

Features for users who use Google Workspace accounts include:

  • Up to 100 members per call for Google Workspace Starter users, up to 150 for Google Workspace Business users, and up to 250 for Google Workspace Enterprise users[171][174][175][176]
  • Ability to call into meetings with a dial-in number from selected countries[171]
  • Password-protected dial-in numbers for Google Workspace Enterprise edition users
  • Real-time closed captioning based on speech recognition
  • Background blurring

In March 2020, Google temporarily extended advanced features present in the enterprise edition to anyone using Google Workspace or G Suite for Education[177] editions.

Free for Gmail accounts

In March 2020, Google rolled out Meet to personal (free) Google accounts.[178]

Free Meet calls can only have a single host and up to 100 participants, compared to the 250-caller limit for Google Workspace users[179][172] and the 25-participant limit for Hangouts.[180] Unlike business calls with Meet, consumer calls are not recorded and stored, and Google states that consumer data from Meet will not be used for advertisement targeting.[181] While call data is reportedly not being used for advertising purposes, based on an analysis of Meet's privacy policy, Google reserves the right to collect data on call duration, who is participating, and participants' IP addresses.[182]

Users need a Google account to initiate calls[183][184] and like Google Workspace users, anyone with a Google account is able to start a Meet call from within Gmail.[185][186]

Marco Polo

Marco Polo (app) is a video messaging and video hosting service mobile app. The app was created in 2014 by Joya Communications.[187] Joya Communications was founded by Vlada Bortnik and Michael Bortnik. The app markets itself as a video walkie talkie.[188]

Skype

Device-specific platforms

iMessage for iPhones

iMessage is an instant messaging service developed by Apple Inc. and launched in 2011. iMessage functions exclusively on Apple platforms: macOS, iOS, iPadOS, and watchOS.

Core features of iMessage, available on all supported platforms, include sending texts, images, videos, and documents; getting delivery and read statuses (read receipts); and end-to-end encryption (which means no one, including Apple itself, is able to intercept or tamper with sent messages). On all platforms except macOS, the service also allows sending location data and stickers. On iOS and iPadOS, third-party developers can extend iMessage capabilities with custom extensions (an example being quick sharing of recently played songs).

Launched on iOS in 2011,[189] iMessage arrived on macOS (then called OS X) in 2012.[190] In 2020, Apple announced an entirely redesigned version of the macOS Messages app which adds some of the features previously unavailable on the Mac, including location sharing and message effects.

Groupware

"Groupware" refers to a number of varied applications that are designed to enable communication amongst members of a team, either within a company, a project, or some other group effort. these applications may incorporate a vast range of features and functions, rather than a single specialized function. Such platforms may include instant messaging, document sharing, visual diagrams, voice conference, and many other team-oriented features.

Google Workspace

Google Workspace,[191] formerly known as G Suite, is a collection of cloud computing, productivity and collaboration tools, software and products developed and marketed by Google. It was first launched in 2006 as Google Apps for Your Domain[citation needed] and rebranded as G Suite in 2016. Google Workspace consists of Gmail, Contacts, Calendar, Meet and Chat for communication; Currents for employee engagement; Drive for storage; and the Google Docs suite for content creation. An Admin Panel is provided for managing users and services.[192][193] Depending on edition Google Workspace may also include the digital interactive whiteboard Jamboard and an option to purchase such add-ons as the telephony service Voice. The education edition adds a learning platform Google Classroom and as of October 2020 retains the name G Suite for Education.[194]

While most of these services are individually available at no cost to consumers who use their free Google (Gmail) accounts, Google Workspace adds enterprise features such as custom email addresses at a domain (e.g. @yourcompany.com), an option for unlimited Drive storage, additional administrative tools and advanced settings, as well as 24/7 phone and email support.[193]

Being based in Google's data centers, data and information are saved directly and then synchronized to other data centers for backup purposes. Unlike the free, consumer-facing services, Google Workspace users do not see advertisements while using the services, and information and data in Google Workspace accounts do not get used for advertisement purposes. Furthermore, Google Workspace administrators can fine-tune security and privacy settings.

Slack

Slack offers many IRC-style features, including persistent chat rooms (channels) organized by topic, private groups, and direct messaging.[195] Content, including files, conversations, and people, is all searchable within Slack. Users can add emoji buttons to their messages, on which other users can then click to express their reactions to messages.[196][197]

Slack's free plan allows only the 10,000 most recent messages to be viewed and searched.[198] On March 18, 2020, Slack redesigned its platform to simplify and customize the user experience.[199]

Slack teams allow communities, groups, or teams to join a "workspace" via a specific URL or invitation sent by a team admin or owner.[200] Although Slack was developed for professional and organizational communication, it has been adopted as a community platform, replacing message boards or social media groups.[201]

Public channels allow team members to communicate without the use of email or group SMS (texting). Public channels are open to everyone in the workspace.[202] Private channels allow for private conversation between smaller sub-groups. These private channels can be used to organize large teams.[202] Direct messages allow users to send private messages to specific users rather than a group of people. Direct messages can include up to nine people. Once started, a direct message group can be converted into a private channel.[citation needed]

Slack integrates with many third-party services and supports community-built integrations, including Google Drive, Trello, Dropbox, Box, Heroku, IBM Bluemix, Crashlytics, GitHub, Runscope, Zendesk[203][204] and Zapier.[205] In December 2015, Slack launched their software application ("app") directory, consisting of over 150 integrations that users can install.[206]

In March 2018, Slack announced a partnership with financial and human capital management firm Workday. This integration allows Workday customers to access Workday features directly from the Slack interface.[207][208]

Discord

Discord is built to create and manage private and public communities. It gives users access to tools focused around communication like voice and video calls, persistent chat rooms and integrations with other gamer-focused services.[209]

Discord communities are organized into discrete collections of channels called servers. A user can create servers for free, manage their public visibility and create one or more channels within that server.[210]

Starting October 2017, Discord allows game developers and publishers to verify their servers. Verified servers, like verified accounts on social media sites, have badge to mark them as official communities. Verified servers are moderated by the developer's or publisher's own moderation team. Verification was later extended in February 2018 to include esports teams and musical artists.[211][212][213]

By the end of 2017, about 450 servers were verified.[214]

Discord users can improve the quality of the servers they reside in via the "Server Boost" feature, which improves quality of audio channels, streaming channels, number of emoji slots and other perks in 3 levels. Users can buy boosts to support the servers they choose, for a monthly amount. Possession of "Discord Nitro", the platform's paid subscription, gives a user two extra boosts to use on any server they like.[215]

Channels may be either used for voice chat and streaming or for instant messaging and file sharing. The visibility and access to channels can be customized to limit access from certain users, for example marking a channel "NSFW" (Not Safe For Work) requires that first-time viewers confirm they are over 18 years old and willing to see such content.

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