Jump to content

Bandung

Coordinates: 6°54′43″S 107°36′35″E / 6.9120°S 107.6097°E / -6.9120; 107.6097
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Bandung, West Jawa)
For other uses, see Bandung (disambiguation).

Bandung
City
City of Bandung
Kota Bandung
Name transcription(s)
 • Sundaneseᮊᮧᮒ ᮘᮔ᮪ᮓᮥᮀ
Bandung Skyline
Merdeka Building
Al Jabbar Grand Mosque
Gedung Sate
Braga Street
Flag of Bandung
Flag
Coat of arms of Bandung
Coat of arms
Nicknames: 
Kota Kembang (City of Flowers)
Parijs van Java (Paris of Java)
Motto(s): 
Gemah Ripah Wibawa Mukti
ᮌᮨᮙᮂ ᮛᮤᮕᮂ ᮝᮤᮘᮝ ᮙᮥᮊ᮪ᮒᮤ
Prosperous, serene, prestigious, joyous
Location within West Java
Location within West Java
Map
Bandung is located in Java
Bandung
Bandung
Location in Java and Indonesia
Bandung is located in Indonesia
Bandung
Bandung
Bandung (Indonesia)
Coordinates: 6°54′43″S 107°36′35″E / 6.9120°S 107.6097°E / -6.9120; 107.6097
Country Indonesia
RegionJava
Province West Java
Founded25 September 1810[1]
Incorporated
(as gemeente)		1 April 1906[1]
Administrative division30 districts
153 urban villages
Government
 • BodyBandung City Government
 • MayorA. Koswara (acting)
 • Vice MayorVacant
Area
 • Total
167.31 km2 (64.60 sq mi)
 • Urban
487 km2 (188 sq mi)
 • Metro
1,876.8 km2 (724.6 sq mi)
Elevation
[2]
708 m (2,323 ft)
Highest elevation
892 m (2,927 ft)
Lowest elevation
666 m (2,185 ft)
Population
 (mid 2023 Estimate[3])
 • Total
2,506,603 (4th)
 • Density14,982/km2 (38,800/sq mi)
 • Urban
[4]
7,203,000 (2nd)
 • Urban density14,712.5/km2 (38,105/sq mi)
 • Metro
[5]
9,054,175 (3rd)
 • Metro density4,453/km2 (11,530/sq mi)
DemonymsBandungite
Demographics
 • Ethnic groups
(2000 estimates)[6]
List
 • Religion[7]
List
Time zoneUTC+07:00 (Western Indonesia Time/W.I.B)
Postcodes
401xx, 402xx, 406xx
Area code(+62) 22
Vehicle registrationD
Nominal GDP[8]2023
 - TotalIncreaseRp 351.285 trillion (3rd)
IncreaseUS$ 23.046 billion
IncreaseUS$ 73.810 billion (PPP)
 - Per capitaIncreaseRp 140,114 thousand (13th)
IncreaseUS$ 9,194
IncreaseUS$ 29,446 (PPP)
 - MetroIncreaseRp 646.006 trillion
IncreaseUS$ 42.383 billion
IncreaseInt$ 135.736 billion (PPP)
 - GrowthIncrease 6.0%
HDI (2023)Increase 0.833 (20th) Very High
Largest district by areaGedebage – 9.58 square kilometres (3.70 sq mi)
Largest district by populationBabakan Ciparay (142,500 – 2022 est)
Websitebandung.go.id
You may need rendering support to display the Sundanese script in this article correctly.

Bandung[a] is the capital city of the West Java province of Indonesia.[9] Located on the island of Java, Greater Bandung (Bandung Basin Metropolitan Area / BBMA) is the country's second-largest and second most populous metropolitan area, with over 11 million inhabitants.[10][5] Situated 768 meters (2,520 feet) above sea level (the highest point in the North area is at an altitude of 1,050 meters (3,445 feet), and the lowest in the South at 675 meters (2,215 feet) above sea level), approximately 140 kilometres (87 miles) southeast of Jakarta, Bandung has cooler year-round temperatures than most other Indonesian cities. The city lies in a river basin surrounded by volcanic mountains that provide a natural defense system, which was the primary reason for the Dutch East Indies government's plan to move the capital from Batavia (modern-day Jakarta) to Bandung.[11]

The Dutch first established tea plantations around the mountains in the 18th century, and a road was constructed to connect the plantation area to the colonial capital Batavia (180 kilometres (112 miles) to the northwest). In the early 20th century, the Dutch inhabitants of Bandung demanded the establishment of a municipality (gemeente), which was granted in 1906, and Bandung gradually developed into a resort city for plantation owners. Luxurious hotels, restaurants, cafés, and European boutiques were opened, leading the city to be nicknamed Paris van Java (Dutch: "The Paris of Java").

After Indonesia declared independence in 1945, the city experienced ongoing development and urbanization, transforming from an idyllic town into a dense 16,500 people/km2 (per square kilometer) metropolitan area with living space for over 8 million people. New skyscrapers, high-rise buildings, bridges, and gardens have been constructed. Natural resources have been heavily exploited, particularly by conversion of the protected upland area into highland villas and real estate. Although the city has encountered many problems (ranging from waste disposal and floods to a complicated traffic system resulting from a lack of road infrastructure), it still attracts large numbers of tourists, weekend sightseers, and migrants from other parts of Indonesia. In 2017 the city won a regional environmental sustainability award for having the cleanest air among major cities in ASEAN.[12] The city is also known as a Smart City, leveraging technology to improve government services and social media that alert residents to issues such as floods or traffic jams. The city is part of the UNESCO Creative Cities Network, which it joined in 2015.[13] Bandung is Indonesia's major technology centre.[14][15][16]

The first Asian-African Conference, the Bandung Conference, was hosted in Bandung by President Sukarno in 1955 and now decennial event. Redevelopment of the existing Husein Sastranegara International Airport (BDO) was completed in 2016. The new larger second airport for Greater Bandung Kertajati International Airport (KJT) opened in June 2018, just in time for the 2018 Asian Games.

History

[edit]
Main article: History of Bandung
Coat of Arms of Bandung during the Dutch colonial era, granted in 1928

The official name of the city during the colonial Dutch East Indies period was Bandoeng. The earliest reference to the area dates back to 1488, although archaeological findings suggest a type of Homo erectus species had long previously lived on the banks of the Cikapundung River and around the old lake of Bandung.[17] During the 17th and 18th centuries, the Dutch East Indies Company (VOC) established plantations in the Bandung area. In 1786, a supply road connecting Batavia (now Jakarta), Bogor, Cianjur, Bandung, Sumedang and Cirebon was constructed. In 1809, Napoleon ordered Governor Herman Willem Daendels to improve the defensive systems of Java to protect against a possible British invasion. Daendels ordered the construction of a road stretching approximately 1,000 km (620 mi) from the west to the east coast of Java, passing through Bandung.[18][19] In 1810, the road was laid down in Bandung and was named De Groote Postweg (or the 'Great Post Road'), the present-day location of Jalan Asia-Afrika. Under Daendels' orders, R. A. Wiranatakusumah II, the Chief Administrator of the Bandung regency at that time, moved the office from Krapyak, in the south, to a place near a pair of holy city wells (sumur Bandung), the present-day site of the city square (alun-alun). He built his dalem (palace), masjid agung (the grand mosque) and pendopo (public-official meeting place) in the classical Sundanese orientation,[20] with the pendopo facing Tangkuban Perahu mountain, which was believed to have a mystical ambience. In 1856, Bandung also became the capital of the Preanger Regencies Residency, which it would remain until 1925.

The first major railroad between Batavia and Bandung was completed in 1880,[21] boosting the light industry in Bandung. Chinese flocked into the city to help run facilities, services and vendors. The area adjacent to the train station is still recognizable as the old Chinatown district. In 1906, Bandung was given the status of gemeente (municipality), and then twenty years later, stadsgemeente (city municipality).

From the early 1920s, the Dutch East Indies government made plans to move their capital from Batavia to Bandung. Accordingly, during this decade, the Dutch colonial government commenced construction of military barracks, the building housing the colonial Department of State-Owned Enterprises (Department van Gouvernmentsbedrijven, the present-day Gedung Sate) and other government buildings. However, this plan was cut short by World War II, after which the Dutch were not able to re-establish their colony due to the Indonesian Declaration of Independence.

The fertile area of the Parahyangan Mountains surrounding Bandung supports productive tea plantations. In the nineteenth century, Franz Junghuhn introduced the cinchona (kina) plant.[22] With its cooler elevated landscape, surrounded by major plantations, Bandung became an exclusive European resort area.[23] Wealthy plantation owners visited the city on weekends, attracting ladies and business people from the capital, Batavia. Jalan Braga grew into a promenade street with cafés, restaurants and boutique shops. Two art-deco style hotels, Savoy Homann and Preanger, were built in the vicinity of the Concordia Society, a clubhouse for the wealthy with a large ballroom and a theatre.[21]

After Indonesian independence in 1945, Bandung was designated as the capital of West Java province. During the Indonesian National Revolution, some of the most massive battles occurred in and around Bandung. Dutch troops were virtually absent in Java at the end of World War II. To assist the restoration of Dutch sovereignty, British forces established a military presence in several of Java's largest cities, and issued an ultimatum to Indonesian forces in Bandung in an attempt to make leave the city. In response, on 24 March 1946, much of the southern part of Bandung was deliberately set alight by Indonesian forces as they withdrew.[24]

In 1955, the first Asian-African Conference, also known as the Bandung Conference, was hosted in Bandung by President Sukarno and attended by the heads of states representing twenty-nine independent countries from Asia and Africa.[25] The conference venue was at the Gedung Merdeka, the former Concordia Society building. The conference announced ten points of declaration for the promotion of world peace and opposition against colonialism and is known as the Declaration of Bandung. This was followed by a wave of nationalism and decolonization movements around the globe which remapped world politics.[26] The conference was also the first international conference of people of colour in history.[27] In his book The Color Curtain, Richard Wright claims that there was an epic meaning to the conference for people of colour around the world.[27]

In 1987, the city boundary was expanded by the 'Greater Bandung' (Bandung Raya) plan, with the relocation of higher concentration development zones outside the city in an attempt to dilute population density in the old city. During this development, the city core was often uprooted, with old buildings torn down, lot sizes regrouped and rezoned, changing idyllic residential areas to commercial zones with bustling chain supermarkets, malls, banks and upscale developments.[23]

In 2005, an Asian-African Conference was partly held in Bandung, attended by world leaders including Indonesian President Susilo B. Yudhoyono, President of China Hu Jintao, Prime Minister of India Manmohan Singh, President of South Africa Thabo Mbeki and President of Nigeria Obasanjo.[28]

Geography

[edit]

Bandung, the capital of West Java province, is located about 180 kilometres (110 mi) southeast of Jakarta. Its elevation is 768 metres (2,520 ft) above sea level and is surrounded by up to 2,400 metres (7,900 feet) high Late Tertiary and Quaternary volcanic terrain.[29] The 400 km2 (150 sq mi) flat of central Bandung plain is situated in the middle of 2,340.88 square kilometres (903.82 sq mi) wide of the Bandung Basin; the basin comprises Bandung, the Cimahi city, part of Bandung Regency, part of West Bandung Regency, and part of Sumedang Regency.[30] The basin's main river is the Citarum; one of its branches, the Cikapundung, divides Bandung from north to south before it merges with Citarum again in Dayeuhkolot. The Bandung Basin is an essential source of water for potable water, irrigation, and fisheries, with its 6,147 million m3 (217.1 billion cu ft) of groundwater being a significant reservoir for the city.[30]

The northern section of Bandung is hillier than other parts of the city, and the unique truncated flat-peak shape of the Tangkuban Perahu volcano (Tangkuban Perahu literally means 'upside-down boat') can be seen from the city to the north. Long-term volcanic activity has created fertile andisol soil in the north, suitable for intensive rice, fruit, tea, tobacco, and coffee plantations. In the south and east, alluvial soils deposited by the Cikapundung river predominate.[31]

Geological data show that the Bandung Basin is located on an ancient volcano, known as Mount Sunda, erected up to 3,000–4,000 metres (9,800–13,100 feet) during the Pleistocene age.[32] Two large-scale eruptions took place; the first formed the basin, and the second (est. 55,000 BCE) blocked the Citarum river, turning the basin into a lake known as "the Great Prehistoric Lake of Bandung".[33] The lake drained away; for reasons which are the subject of ongoing debate among geologists.[34][35]

Architecture

[edit]
See also: List of tallest buildings in Indonesia, Indonesian architecture, and List of colonial buildings in Bandung
The Savoy Homann Bidakara Hotel architectural design by Albert Aalbers in 1939 is one of the most significant examples of the Art Deco style for which Bandung is renowned.

Bandung is home to numerous examples of Dutch colonial architecture, most notably the tropical Art Deco, dubbed New Indies Style. Henri Maclaine Pont was among the first Dutch architects to recognize the importance of combining each architectural style with local cultural traditions. He stressed that modern architecture should interact with local history and native elements.[36] In 1920, Pont planned and designed buildings for the first technical university in the Dutch East Indies, Technische Hogeschool te Bandung (the present-day Bandung Institute of Technology). He was named a Professor of Architecture at the university. A striking local Sundanese roof style is seen adorning the top of the campus' ceremonial hall and is embedded in his artwork.[36]

In the same year, another Dutch architect J Gerber designed Gouverments Bedrijven (Government Companies) in line with the colonial government's plan to move the capital from Batavia to Bandung. The building is known as Gedung Sate, named after the distinguished small satay-shaped structure on the roof, and is today used as the head office of the West Java provincial government and House of Representatives. The building is an example of a harmonious mixture between West and East architectural styles, particularly the Italian Renaissance style of arch structures in the wings and pendopo-like structures commonly found in Java in the middle section.

Villa Isola, is an art-deco building in the northern part of Bandung, now it serves as the rectorate building of Indonesia University of Education.

Several Dutch architects who shaped the city landmarks the architectural blending of modern and native traditions. In the 1930s, Bandung became known as an architectural laboratory due to the many Dutch architects who experimented with new architectural designs. Albert Aalbers added the streamline moderne style to the Art Deco by designing the DENIS bank (1936) and renovating the Savoy Homann Hotel (1939). Charles Prosper Wolff Schoemaker was one of the architects who enormously added native elements in his artworks, including the Villa Isola (1932), Hotel Preanger (1929), the regional military headquarters (1918), Gedung Merdeka (1921) and ITB Rectorate Building (1925).[36]

Though Bandung is known for its many old Dutch architecture buildings, the city is recently going through a high-rise building boom. There are more than 100 high rise buildings in the city, and many more are under construction or planned.[37] The following list includes buildings in Bandung that are completed or topped off and above 300 ft (91 m).

Environmental problems

[edit]

The north of the city serves as a water reservoir for Bandung. However, the area has seen substantial residential development. Several attempts to protect this area have been made, including creating reserves such as the Juanda National Park and Punclut, but development continues. Regular flooding in Bandung's south also presents a real and dangerous ongoing problem.[38]

From mid-2005, Bandung faced another environmental disaster when the city's landfill site was re-evaluated after a garbage slide in 2005 which buried a village, Kampung Gajah, beneath it, killing over a hundred people.[39] The accumulation of 8,000 m3/d (3,300 cu ft/ks) of domestic garbage causes severe air pollution by local burning, the spread of disease, and water contamination. The provincial government has failed in its attempts to solve the garbage issue.[40][41] Nevertheless, it was awarded in 1997 and 2015 as the least polluted city in the country.[42][43] Further, a regional award in 2017 was also given from ASEAN for the cleanest air among other major cities in ASEAN countries.[44]

Climate

[edit]

Bandung experiences tropical monsoon climate (Köppen: Am) that closely borders a tropical rainforest climate (Köppen: Af) as the driest month precipitation total is below 60 millimetres (2.4 in). The wettest month is February, with a precipitation total of 255.0 millimetres (10.04 in), while the driest month is September, with a precipitation total of 50.0 millimetres (1.97 in). The average temperature throughout the year tends to be cooler than most cities in Indonesia due to the influence of altitude. The average temperature throughout the year only has little variation due to its location near the equator.

Climate data for Bandung (Husein Sastranegara International Airport) (elevation 740 m or 2,430 ft, 2013–2023, extremes 1957–1994)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 32.2
(90.0) 		31.1
(88.0) 		32.2
(90.0) 		30.6
(87.1) 		31.1
(88.0) 		30.6
(87.1) 		30.6
(87.1) 		31.1
(88.0) 		32.8
(91.0) 		34.4
(93.9) 		33.9
(93.0) 		31.1
(88.0) 		34.4
(93.9)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 28.0
(82.4) 		27.7
(81.9) 		28.7
(83.7) 		28.9
(84.0) 		28.9
(84.0) 		28.7
(83.7) 		28.6
(83.5) 		29.3
(84.7) 		30.0
(86.0) 		30.0
(86.0) 		29.1
(84.4) 		28.5
(83.3) 		28.9
(84.0)
Daily mean °C (°F) 24.2
(75.6) 		24.0
(75.2) 		24.5
(76.1) 		24.8
(76.6) 		24.6
(76.3) 		24.2
(75.6) 		23.8
(74.8) 		24.0
(75.2) 		24.6
(76.3) 		24.9
(76.8) 		24.7
(76.5) 		24.4
(75.9) 		24.4
(75.9)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 20.4
(68.7) 		20.3
(68.5) 		20.4
(68.7) 		20.7
(69.3) 		20.3
(68.5) 		19.7
(67.5) 		19.0
(66.2) 		18.6
(65.5) 		19.2
(66.6) 		19.9
(67.8) 		20.3
(68.5) 		20.3
(68.5) 		19.9
(67.9)
Record low °C (°F) 15.0
(59.0) 		15.6
(60.1) 		15.0
(59.0) 		13.9
(57.0) 		13.9
(57.0) 		11.7
(53.1) 		11.1
(52.0) 		11.7
(53.1) 		11.7
(53.1) 		13.9
(57.0) 		12.8
(55.0) 		15.0
(59.0) 		11.1
(52.0)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 174.8
(6.88) 		199.9
(7.87) 		343.2
(13.51) 		275.5
(10.85) 		212.5
(8.37) 		109.9
(4.33) 		77.0
(3.03) 		59.8
(2.35) 		85.3
(3.36) 		174.9
(6.89) 		329.5
(12.97) 		273.8
(10.78) 		2,316.1
(91.19)
Average precipitation days 14.4 15.3 19.3 18.3 13.9 9.2 7.0 6.0 7.0 13.0 18.5 18.1 160
Average relative humidity (%) 83 82 82 83 82 78 76 73 74 76 80 81 79.2
Source 1: Meteomanz[45]
Source 2: Sistema de Clasificación Bioclimática Mundial (extremes and humidity)[46]
Climate data for Bandung, Indonesia
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Mean monthly sunshine hours 155 168 186 210 217 240 248 248 210 217 180 186 2,465
Mean daily sunshine hours 5.0 6.0 6.0 7.0 7.0 8.0 8.0 8.0 7.0 7.0 6.0 6.0 6.8
Mean daily daylight hours 12.5 12.3 12.1 12.0 11.8 11.7 11.8 11.9 12.1 12.3 12.4 12.5 12.1
Percent possible sunshine 40 49 50 58 59 68 68 67 58 57 48 48 56
Average ultraviolet index 12 12 12 12 11 10 11 12 12 12 12 12 12
Source: Weather Atlas [47]

Bandung is also well known for its tornado hotspot. The first deadly tornado in the area occurred in Rancaekek (during the Dutch Occupation on 1933 where a tornado struck the town, killing 1 and injuring none, the funnel destroyed 17 homes and left 30 homes badly damaged, many trees were either snapped or downed.[48] Another deadly tornado to occur on Bandung was on December 18, 2014, in Gedebage, the tornado struck the area in the afternoon. It left 85 houses either unroofed or destroyed, a large factory building suffered significant damage, a warehouse levelled and a library suffered roof loss, one person died due to crushed by a collapsed wall.[49][50][51]

Government

[edit]

The city area in 1906 was 19.22 square kilometres (7.42 square miles), and by 1987, it had expanded to 167.2965 km2.[52] The city administration is divided into 30 districts (kecamatan) and 153 villages (kelurahan). For development purposes, the 30 districts are grouped into eight sub-city regions.[53] The sub-city regions of Bandung are Arcamanik, Cibeunying, Kerees, Kordon, Gedebage, Ujungberung, Bojonagara and Tegalega. The mayor (walikota) - Bambang Tirtoyuliono from 2023 - leads the city administration. Since 2008, city residents have directly voted for a mayor; previously, mayors were nominated and selected by the city council - the Bandung City Regional House of Representatives (DPRD Kota Bandung), which has 50 members. As of 2003, the total number of city administration personnel was 20,163.[52][54]

Administrative divisions

[edit]
Villages (kelurahan) of Bandung, with all villages in the same district (kecamatan) having the same color.

Bandung City is divided into 30 districts[55] (kecamatan), listed below with their areas and their populations at the 2010 Census[56] and 2020 Census,[57] together with the official estimates as at mid 2022.[58] The table also includes the locations of the district administrative centres, the numbers of administrative villages (totaling 151, all classed as urban kelurahan) in each district, and its postal codes.

Kode
Wilayah		 Name of
District
(kecamatan)		 Area
in
km2		 Pop'n
2010
Census		 Pop'n
2020
Census		 Pop'n
mid 2023
Estimate		 Admin
centre		 No.
of
kelurahan		 Post
codes
Arcamanik region
ᮃᮁᮎᮙᮔᮤᮊ᮪
32.73.24 Arcamanik

ᮃᮁᮎᮙᮔᮤᮊ᮪

5.87 65,607 77,214 82,025 Cisaranten Kulon

ᮎᮤᮞᮛᮔ᮪ᮒᮨᮔ᮪ ᮊᮥᮜᮧᮔ᮪

4 40293 - 40294
32.73.20 Antapani

ᮃᮔ᮪ᮒᮕᮔᮤ

3.79 72,006 79,260 82,578 Antapani Wetan

ᮃᮔ᮪ᮒᮤᮕᮒᮤ ᮝᮦᮒᮔ᮪

4 40291
32.73.30 Mandalajati

ᮙᮔ᮪ᮓᮜᮏᮒᮤ

6.67 60,825 71,422 73,821 Karang Pamulang

ᮊᮛᮀ ᮕᮙᮥᮜᮀ

4 40195
Bojonagara region
ᮘᮧᮏᮧᮔᮌᮛ
32.73.05 Andir

ᮃᮔ᮪ᮓᮤᮁ

3.71 94,361 96,262 98,102 Garuda

ᮌᮛᮥᮓ

6 40181 - 40184
32.73.06 Cicendo

ᮎᮤᮎᮦᮔ᮪ᮓᮧ

6.86 96,491 92,327 93,549 Arjuna

ᮃᮁᮏᮥᮔ

6 40171 - 40175
32.73.07 Sukajadi

ᮞᮥᮊᮏᮓᮤ

4.30 104,805 100,668 102,000 Sukagalih

ᮞᮥᮊᮌᮜᮤᮂ

5 40161 - 40164
32.73.01 Sukasari

ᮞᮥᮊᮞᮛᮤ

6.27 79,211 74,886 75,877 Sukarasa

ᮞᮥᮊᮛᮞ

4 40151 - 40154
Cibeunying region
ᮎᮤᮘᮩᮑᮤᮀ
32.73.09 Bandung Wétan

ᮘᮔ᮪ᮓᮥᮀ ᮝᮦᮒᮔ᮪

3.39 29,807 26,854 27,209 Tamansari

ᮒᮙᮔ᮪ᮞᮛᮤ

3 40114 - 40116
32.73.18 Cibeunying Kaler

ᮎᮤᮘᮩᮑᮤᮀ ᮊᮜᮦᮁ

4.50 68,807 67,104 67,992 Cigadung

ᮎᮤᮌᮓᮥᮀ

4 40122 - 40191
32.73.14 Cibeunying Kidul

ᮎᮤᮘᮩᮑᮤᮀ ᮊᮤᮓᮥᮜ᮪

5.25 104,575 107,389 109,652 Cikutra

ᮎᮤᮊᮥᮒᮢ

6 40121 - 40192
32.73.08 Cidadap

ᮎᮤᮓᮓᮕ᮪

6.11 56,325 52,702 53,399 Hegarmanah

ᮠᮦᮌᮁᮙᮔᮂ

3 40141 - 40143
32.73.02 Coblong

ᮎᮧᮘᮣᮧᮀ

7.35 127,588 110,205 111,663 Dago

ᮓᮌᮧ

6 40131 - 40135
32.73.19 Sumur Bandung

ᮞᮥᮙᮥᮁ ᮘᮔ᮪ᮓᮥᮀ

3.40 34,486 34,137 34,589 Merdeka

ᮙᮨᮁᮓᮦᮊ

4 40111 - 40117
Gedébagé region
ᮌᮨᮓᮦᮘᮌᮦ
32.73.23 Rancasari

ᮛᮔ᮪ᮎᮞᮛᮤ

7.33 72,406 83,655 88,391 Cipamokolan

ᮎᮤᮕᮙᮧᮊᮧᮜᮔ᮪

4 40292 - 40295
32.73.27 Gedébagé

ᮌᮨᮓᮦᮘᮌᮦ

9.58 34,299 41,653 44,653 Rancabolang

ᮛᮔ᮪ᮎᮘᮧᮜᮀ

4 40294
Karéés region
ᮊᮛᮦᮆᮞ᮪
32.73.12 Batununggal

ᮘᮒᮥᮔᮥᮀᮌᮜ᮪

5.03 116,935 115,501 117,030 Gumuruh

ᮌᮥᮙᮥᮛᮥᮂ

8 40271 - 40275
32.73.16 Kiaracondong

ᮊᮤᮃᮛᮎᮧᮔ᮪ᮓᮧᮀ

6.12 127,616 126,657 128,333 Babakan Sari

ᮘᮘᮊᮔ᮪ ᮞᮛᮤ

6 40281 - 40285
32.73.13 Lengkong

ᮜᮦᮀᮊᮧᮀ

5.90 69,307 66,231 67,108 Malabar

ᮙᮜᮘᮁ

7 40261 - 40265
32.73.11 Regol

ᮛᮦᮌᮧᮜ᮪

4.30 79,316 79,136 80,183 Ciseureuh

ᮎᮤᮞᮩᮛᮩᮂ

7 40251 - 40255
Kordon region
ᮊᮧᮁᮓᮧᮔ᮪
32.73.21 Bandung Kidul

ᮘᮔ᮪ᮓᮥᮀ ᮊᮤᮓᮥᮜ᮪

6.06 57,398 59,984 61.560 Mengger

ᮙᮦᮀᮌᮦᮁ

4 40256 - 40287
32.73.22 Buah Batu

ᮘᮥᮃᮂ ᮘᮒᮥ

7.93 92,140 100,360 104,255 Margasari

ᮙᮁᮌᮞᮛᮤ

4 40286 - 40287
Tegalega region
32.73.15 Bandung Kulon

ᮘᮔ᮪ᮓᮥᮀ ᮊᮥᮜᮧᮔ᮪

6.46 138,644 138,813 140,700 Caringin

ᮎᮛᮤᮍᮤᮔ᮪

8 40211 - 40215
32.73.03 Babakan Ciparay

ᮘᮘᮊᮔ᮪ ᮎᮤᮕᮛᮚ᮪

7.45 143,203 142,440 144,327 Babakan Ciparay

ᮘᮘᮊᮔ᮪ ᮎᮤᮕᮛᮚ᮪

6 40221 - 40227
32.73.04 Bojongloa Kaler

ᮘᮧᮏᮧᮀᮜᮧᮃ ᮊᮜᮦᮁ

3.03 117,218 119,193 121,358 Suka Asih

ᮞᮥᮊ ᮃᮞᮤᮂ

5 40231 - 40233
32.73.17 Bojongloa Kidul

ᮘᮧᮏᮧᮀᮜᮧᮃ ᮊᮤᮓᮥᮜ᮪

6.26 83,600 86,740 88,834 Situsaeur

ᮞᮤᮒᮥᮞᮉᮁ

6 40234 - 40239
32.73.10 Astana Anyar

ᮃᮞ᮪ᮒᮔ ᮃᮑᮁ

2.89 66,658 68,315 69,714 Panjunan

ᮕᮔ᮪ᮏᮩᮔᮔ᮪

6 40241 - 40243
Ujungberung region
ᮅᮏᮥᮀᮘᮨᮛᮥᮀ
32.73.25 Cibiru

ᮎᮤᮘᮤᮛᮥ

6.32 67,412 72,090 74,481 Cipadung

ᮎᮤᮕᮓᮥᮀ

4 40614 - 40615
32.73.28 Panyileukan

ᮕᮑᮤᮜᮩᮊᮔ᮪

5.10 37,691 39,892 41,091 Mekar Mulya

ᮙᮨᮊᮁ ᮙᮥᮜ᮪ᮚ

4 40614
32.73.26 Ujungberung

ᮅᮏᮥᮀᮘᮨᮛᮥᮀ

6.40 72,414 87,698 93,939 Cigending

ᮎᮤᮌᮨᮔ᮪ᮓᮤᮀ

5 40611 - 40619
32.73.29 Cinambo

ᮎᮤᮔᮙ᮪ᮘᮧ

3.68 23,762 25,363 26,190 Pakemitan

ᮕᮊᮨᮙᮤᮒᮔ᮪

4 40296

Economy

[edit]
Trans Studio Mall Bandung, is the second largest shopping mall in Bandung after Paris Van Java Mall.

The city's economy is mainly built upon tourism, business, creative industry, high-tech and manufacturing industries, educational institutions, technology, retail services, financial services, pharmaceutical companies, and food production.[28] The once quiet residential district of Dago has become an important business and entertainment centre with chic cafés and restaurants spread out along Jalan Dago. In the early 1990s, Jalan Cihampelas became a popular clothing store location and remains so today. Some important shopping malls of the city which are Trans Studio Mall Bandung, Summarecon Mall Bandung, Bandung Indah Plaza, Cihampelas Walk, Paris Van Java Mall, and 23 Paskal Shopping Center are among the popular shopping centres in Bandung.

Creative culture has shaped specific parts of the city's economy. Small businesses, known as "distro", sell non-trademarked products made by local designers. Typical distro products are books, indie label records, magazines, fashion products, and other accessories. Distros are popular with young people and distance themselves from factory outlets in terms of philosophy. They arise from individual designers and young entrepreneurs, while factory outlet products generally come from large-scale garment factories.[59]

The city administration has agreed to substantially develop seven industrial and trade areas for Bandung specialty products.[60] These include Binong Jati Knitting Industrial and Trade Center, Cigondewah Textile Trade Center, Cihampelas Jeans Trade Center, Suci (T and Oblong) Shirt Industrial Center, Cibaduyut Shoes Industrial Center, Cibuntu Tofu and Tempeh Industrial Center, Sukamulya Sukajadi Doll Industrial Center.

Tourism

[edit]
The Asian-African Street Tunnel is an iconic place in Bandung with quotes about the city's beauty.

Bandung is a popular weekend destination for residents of Jakarta. The colder climate of the highland plantation area, variety of food, less expensive fashion shops located in factory outlets and distros, golf courses, and the zoo, are some of the attractions of the city.[61] Bandung is also a popular shopping destination due to the cheap textile and fashion products, especially for Malaysian and Singaporean tourists.[62]

In the 1990s, local designers opened denim clothing stores along Jalan Cihampelas, which was transformed into a "jeans street". The city attracts people from other big cities to buy local fashion wares, as they are cheaper than branded items.[63] Beside Jalan Cihampelas, many factory outlets also opened at Jalan Riau, Jalan Braga, Jalan Setiabudi, and Jalan Djuanda (known as Dago). Textile factories on the outskirts of Bandung have opened factory outlets on site selling what is marketed as sisa export (rejected or over-produced export quality items).[64]

Significant tourist sites near Bandung include the Tangkuban Prahu volcano crater to the north, the Kawah Putih volcano lake, and Patenggang Lake, a lake surrounded by tea plantations about 50 kilometres (31 miles) to the south of the city.

To view the Bandung Basin clearly in its mountain surroundings, visitors travel to the Bongkor protected forest area (kawasan hutan lindung), Saung Daweung and Arcamanik; to the slopes of West Manglayang Mountain in an area known as Caringin Tilu, with entry from Padasuka and Cicaheum to the north. The forest is located in 1,500 metres (4,900 feet) above sea level and is covered with pine trees managed by a government corporation Perhutani and can be accessed with 30 minutes drive from downtown.[65][66] Visitors going to the north of the city also find Taman Hutan Raya Ir. H. Djuanda. The Cicaheum area also hosts Bukit Moko, a tourist spot famous for its views and its steel statue of a giant star called Puncak Bintang. Bandung has several museums that should be visited by tourists, such as the Geological Museum of Bandung, the Indonesia Postal Museum, Sri Baduga Museum, and the Asian-African Conference Museum.[67] The city government operates Bandros, a tourist bus, since 2014.[68]

Demographics

[edit]

Religion in Bandung 2021

  Islam (92.08%)
  Protestantism (5.22%)
  Catholicism (2.17%)
  Buddhism (0.45%)
  Hinduism (0.06%)
  Others (0.02%)

The majority of Bandung's population is of Sundanese descent. Javanese are the most significant minority and mostly come from the central and the eastern parts of Java. Other minorities include Minang, Minahasan, Chinese, Batak, Malay, Korean, Indian, and Japanese. Bandung also possesses significant international communities compared with other Indonesian cities.

Year 2005 2010 2015 2020 2023
Population 2,288,570 2,394,873 2,480,615 2,444,160 2,506,603
Population density (per km2) 13,679 14,314 14,826 14,609 14,982

In 2005, the population of Bandung was 2.29 million people with a density of 13,690/km2 (35,457/sq mi).[69] The May 2010 census enumerated 2.395 million people[70] and that of May 2020 enumerated 2.444 million.[57] Based on data from Statistics Indonesia, the population of Bandung in mid 2023 was 2,506,603 (comprising 1,259,236 males and 1,247,367 females),[3] making Bandung the third-most populous city in Indonesia.

Culture

[edit]

Bandung is a significant cultural hub in Indonesia. Most people in the surrounding province of West Java are ethnically Sundanese, with Sundanese often spoken as a first language, and the standard and informal language for communication in streets, school, work, and markets. As in the rest of the country, standard Indonesian serves as the lingua franca and primary language of government, business, media, and formal education.

Sports

[edit]
Opening National Paralympic Week 2016 (XV) in Siliwangi Stadium

Bandung is the home of Persib Bandung, a professional football club currently competing in the highest tier of Indonesian football, the Liga 1. Bandung is also home of Prawira Bandung (ex Garuda Bandung), a professional basketball club currently competes in the Indonesian Basketball League, with its home games in the GOR Citra Arena. The roads leading up to Lembang and Dago are popular routes for mountain cycling on weekends, as Jalan Ir. H. Djuanda and Jalan Buah Batu is zoned as car-free on Sunday mornings.[71]

Other popular sports in Bandung include badminton and golf, with several golf courses surrounding the city.

Media

[edit]
See also: List of radio stations in Bandung, Indonesia

Bandung has several local daily newspapers, including Pikiran Rakyat, Galamedia, and Tribun Jabar. Several local television stations operate in Bandung, including TVRI Jawa Barat (a public regional station serving West Java, which headquartered in the city), Bandung TV, MQTV and PJTV. Many radio stations, such as Ardan FM, KLCBS, MQFM and OZ Radio, also broadcast from Bandung.

The city of Bandung was featured in the 9th and 10th leg of the American reality series The Amazing Race 23.

Infrastructure

[edit]
Pasupati Bridge is the most famous bridge in Bandung and second-longest bridge in Indonesia.

Bandung can be accessed by highways from Jakarta. An intercity toll highway called Cipularang Toll Road, connecting Jakarta, Karawang, Purwakarta, Padalarang and Bandung, was completed in May 2005, and is the fastest way to reach Bandung from the capital by road. Driving time is about 1.5 hours on average. There are three other options: the Puncak route (Jakarta-Cianjur/Sukabumi-Bandung), Purwakarta route (Jakarta-Cikampek-Purwakarta-Cikalong Wetan-Padalarang-Cimahi-Bandung) and the Subang route (Jakarta-Cikampek-Subang-Lembang-Bandung). From cities further east (Cirebon, Tasikmalaya and Central Java province), Bandung can be accessed through the main provincial road. Indonesian National Route 3 links Bandung with the rest of Java towards Cilegon and Ketapang (Banyuwangi).

The Pasupati Bridge was built to relieve traffic congestion in the city for east–west transport. The 2.8-kilometre (1.7 mi) cable-stayed bridge lies through the Cikapundung Valley. It is 30 to 60 metres (98 to 197 feet) wide and, after extensive delays, it was finally completed in June 2005, following financial investment from Kuwait.[72] The bridge is part of Bandung's comprehensive inner-city highways plan.

Bandung has two intercity bus terminals: Leuwipanjang, serving buses from the west, and Cicaheum, serving buses from the east. Both are at full capacity and are to be replaced by a new terminal at Gedebage on 15 hectares (37 acres) land, after which the old terminals will function as inner-city terminals. The new terminal will be located next to the Gedebage railway station near Gedebage container dry port.[73]

Transportation

[edit]

Taxis and Online transport are widely available. The primary means of public transportation is by angkot minibuses (from angkutan, "transportation" and kota, "city"); angkot are privately operated and serve multiple routes throughout the city, and although cheap, they are considered basic and uncomfortable.[74] To find exact angkot routes, passengers may look for information available through the drivers or at terminals.

Due to the current extent of railway lines in Bandung, only two named regional railway services, Lokal Bandung Raya and Lokal Garut Cibatuan, are serving the city, serving a single line. It catered for the suburban areas east and west of the city such as Cimahi, Padalarang, Rancaekek, Cicalengka, as well as some other neighbouring towns such as Garut and Purwakarta. KAI Commuter took over the operations of both services from its mother company KAI in 2022, anticipating planned electrification of the route by Ministry of Transport.[75]

Boseh is a dock-based bicycle-sharing system provided by the Transport Service (Dinas Perhubungan) of Bandung.[76]

Trans Metro Pasundan corridor 2 bus stopping at Padalarang Station

Public buses in Bandung and its surrounding urban area are operated by various operators, with a total 16 bus lines currently operating. DAMRI buses used to dominate as the main bus operator serving the city and its surrounding metropolitan area, first operating in the 1970s, with at some point operating more than 10 routes. However, it collapsed in October 2021, leaving 5 routes still operating.[77][78] Following the example of TransJakarta, the city government introduced its own BRT system called Trans Metro Bandung on 24 September 2009. By 2022, it served 5 trunk corridors and 1 feeder routes.[79] Both DAMRI and Trans Metro Bandung buses uses higher deck buses similar to TransJakarta, but could be stopped anywhere along its route and do not run separately from traffic.

Trans Metro Bandung Corridor 5 Buses stopped at Gedebage Bus Garage

Provincial government of West Java also operates a bus route called as Safe and Healthy Bus Rapid Transit (shortened Buratas), serving only a single line.[80] As part of nationwide bus services modernization program called as Teman Bus, a more disciplined system branded as Trans Metro Pasundan was introduced by central government's Ministry of Transportation in December 2021. Two operators, Big Bird (part of Blue Bird Group) and DAMRI operated 5 routes inherited from former DAMRI routes under a contract with Ministry of Transport.[81] Introduction of new bus routes in Bandung often faced resistance from angkots and extortion attempts by so-called local patrons due to perception that their revenues being stolen, leading to blockades and verbal threats against bus drivers.[82][83] Due to fragmentation of brands and operators, passengers must pay again when transiting to other bus lines or to other modes such as trains. Only Trans Metro Pasundan has integrated tariff, enabling users not to pay again when transferring to other routes within the system.

An Angkot serving Sadang Serang to Caringin

A more comprehensive plan to revitalize the bus system will be implemented in 2024, extending from the Trans Metro Pasundan project. It would integrate all operators within a single system called Trans Bagja,[84] with proper Bus Rapid Transit features such as dedicated lanes, frequent bus availability and bus stops.[85] The planned system intended to use electric powered buses, both imported and locally produced.[86] Bandung city government also operated a fleet of city tour buses called as Bandung Tour on Bus (shortened Bandros).

Commuter rail
HSR
Various rail-based means of transport in Bandung; from up to down: Commuter rail, HSR

Bandung has two large railway stations, Bandung and Kiaracondong Stations. Other smaller stations are Cimindi, Andir, Ciroyom, Cikudapateuh, and Gedebage Stations. Railway lines connect Bandung to Cianjur, Jakarta, Purwakarta, Bekasi, Karawang, and Cikampek to the west, and Surabaya, Malang, Yogyakarta, and Solo to the east. The Whoosh high-speed rail line currently provides train service from nearby Padalarang and Tegalluar to Jakarta's Halim station. Due to constraints, stations serving Bandung are neither within Bandung city centre nor the limits of Bandung city. Instead, a feeder service will ply between Padalarang HSR station and the main Bandung station, using existing tracks.

Bandung's main airport, Husein Sastranegara Internasional Airport (BDO), serves direct domestic flights to Batam, Pekanbaru, Medan, Bandar Lampung, Surabaya, Yogyakarta, Semarang, Banjarmasin, Makassar, and also international services to/from Kuala Lumpur and Singapore. The airport is located near the Dirgantara aerospace complex and Dirgantara Fairground. The Kertajati International Airport in Majalengka Regency was built to replace the Husein Sastranegara Internasional Airport.[87][88] Redevelopment of the existing Husein Sastranegara Internasional Airport (BDO) was completed in 2016. The new and larger second airport for the Greater Bandung Area; Kertajati International Airport (KJT) opened in June 2018, just in time for the 2018 Asian Games. On 11 July 2023, Indonesian President Joko Widodo announced that Husein Sastranegara Internasional Airport will be retired and all commercial flights will be moved to Kertajati starting October 2023 when it is fully operational.[89]

Education

[edit]
Bandung Institute of Technology campus building

Bandung has nearly 50 higher educational institutions and is among the most popular destinations for education in Indonesia. There are hundreds of public and private schools in the city and several state-funded and administered Junior High Schools (SMP Negeri), State High Schools (SMA Negeri) and State Vocational School (SMK). At least sixteen universities—three of which are state-owned—and 45 professional schools are scattered across the city. Education from social sciences and technology to tourism education can be found at one of these universities.

Among the universities located in Bandung include Bandung Institute of Technology (Institut Teknologi Bandung, ITB), Universitas Padjadjaran (Padjadjaran University), Telkom University (Universitas Telkom), National Institute of Technology (Indonesia) (Institut Teknologi Nasional), Parahyangan Catholic University, Universitas Islam Bandung (Bandung Islamic University), Universitas Kristen Maranatha (Maranatha Christian University), Universitas Islam Nusantara (Nusantara Islamic University), Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia (Indonesia University of Education), Universitas Islam Negeri Sunan Gunung Djati (Sunan Gunung Djati Islamic State University), Universitas Pasundan (Pasundan University), Politeknik Negeri Bandung (Bandung State Polytechnic), and Sekolah Tinggi Pariwisata Bandung (Bandung Institute of Tourism), Institut Seni Budaya Indonesia (Art and culture institute Indonesia) all being considered among the best universities in their respective fields of speciality in Indonesia. Established in 1920, ITB is Indonesia's oldest and most prestigious technical university. Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia (formerly IKIP Bandung, established in 1954) is one of the first institutions of higher education established after Indonesian independence and is currently a leading education university in the country. Universitas Padjadjaran (established in 1956) is considered to be one of the best universities in the country in the fields of medicine, law, communication, and economics.

International schools are also available in the city. They include the Bandung Alliance Intercultural School, Bandung Independent School, Bandung Japanese School (バンドン日本人学校), Bina Bangsa School Bandung, Bina Persada School, and Stamford School. In the north of Bandung, Bosscha Observatory is the only observatory in Indonesia. Construction of the observatory began in 1923 and was completed in 1928. In 1922, the first international publication from Bosscha Observatory was published, and in 1959, the observatory was absorbed as a part of the Department of Astronomy at the Bandung Institute of Technology.

International relations

[edit]
Main article: List of twin town and sister cities in Indonesia
Monument to the sister-city relationship between Bandung and Liuzhou, China.

Several countries have set up their consulates in Bandung, including France, Netherlands, Poland, Latvia, Hungary, Austria, etc.

Bandung has sister relationships with a number of cities worldwide:

Notable people

[edit]
Main category: People from Bandung

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ Sundanese: ᮊᮧᮒ ᮘᮔ᮪ᮓᮥᮀ, romanized: Kota Bandung, pronounced [ˈbandʊŋ] ⓘ; /ˈbɑːndʊŋ/, Van Ophuijsen Spelling: Bandoeng

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b "Dinas Pendidikan Jawa Barat".
  2. ^ "Tentang Kota Bandung". bandung.go.id.
  3. ^ a b Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 28 February 2024, Kota Bandung Dalam Angka 2024 (Katalog-BPS 1102001.3273)
  4. ^ "Demographia World Urban Areas, 18th Annual Edition" (PDF). July 2022. Retrieved 29 March 2023.
  5. ^ a b "PU-net". perkotaan.bpiw.pu.go.id. Archived from the original on 31 March 2022. Retrieved 31 August 2020.
  6. ^ Badan Pusat Statistika Provinsi Jabar. "KARAKTERISTIK PENDUDUK JAWA BARAT HASIL SENSUS PENDUDUK 2000". bps.jabar.go.id. Archived from the original on 19 January 2023. Retrieved 6 July 2024.
  7. ^ Statistics Indonesia. "Population by Religion in Bandung Municipality, 2019". bandungkota.bps.go.id. Retrieved 1 April 2021.
  8. ^ Badan Pusat Statistik Jawa Barat (2024). "Provinsi Jawa Barat Dalam Angka 2024". jabar.bps.go.id. Bandung: Badan Pusat Statistik.
  9. ^ Badan Pusat Statistik 2020
  10. ^ "Indonesia: Provinces, Regencies, Cities, Districts, Communes, Settlements - Population Statistics in Maps and Charts".
  11. ^ TF-FES
  12. ^ "Bandung Wins Cleanest Air Award From Asean". Jakarta Globe. Retrieved 13 September 2017.
  13. ^ Rivers, Paul (13 December 2015). "Unesco names Singapore and Bandung as Creative Cities of Design - Asean Economist". Asean Economist.
  14. ^ Chandran, Nyshka (13 September 2017). "Architect-turned-mayor transforms his hometown into Indonesia's least bureaucratic city". CNBC.
  15. ^ Taslimson Foundation
  16. ^ Valentina, Jessicha (2 March 2017). "Bandung is Indonesia's leading smart city: Eco-architect". The Jakarta Post.
  17. ^ B. Brahmantyo; E. Yulianto and Sudjatmiko (2001). "On the geomorphological development of Pawon Cave, west of Bandung, and the evidence finding of prehistoric dwelling cave". JTM. Archived from the original on 8 April 2008. Retrieved 21 August 2008.
  18. ^ "Pramoedya sheds light on dark side of Daendels highway". The Jakarta Post. 8 January 2006.
  19. ^ Peter J.M. Nas; Pratiwo (2001). Java and De Groote Postweg, La Grande Route, The High Military Road (PDF). University of Leiden. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 March 2009. Retrieved 21 August 2006.
  20. ^ Kunto, Haryanto (1984). Wajah Bandung Tempoe Doeloe. Granesia.
  21. ^ a b "jasa izin bpom bandung: Bandung Experience". The eleventh International Planning History Conference 2023. 2022.[permanent dead link‍]
  22. ^ "If Only Junghuhn Knows How Cinchona in Indonesia Becomes..." (in Indonesian). Pikiran Rakyat. 7 June 2004. Archived from the original on 17 May 2006.
  23. ^ a b "An Extremely Brief Urban History of Bandung". Institute of Indonesian Architectural Historian. Archived from the original on 16 July 2006. Retrieved 20 August 2006.
  24. ^ Sitaresmi, Ratnayu. Social History of Bandung Lautan Api (Bandung Sea of Fire) 24 March 1946 (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 June 2017. Retrieved 22 August 2008.
  25. ^ Jamie Mackie, 'Bandung 1955: Non-Alignment and Afro-Asian Solidarity', Singapore, Editions Didier Millet, ISBN 981-4155-49-7
  26. ^ Jason Parker (2006). "Cold War II: The Eisenhower Administration, the Bandung Conference, and the Reperiodization of the Postwar Era". Diplomatic History. 30 (5): 867–892. doi:10.1111/j.1467-7709.2006.00582.x.
  27. ^ a b Richard Wright (1995). The Color Curtain: A Report on the Bandung Conference. University Press of Mississippi. ISBN 0-87805-748-X.
  28. ^ a b Discover Bandung Archived 7 March 2013 at the Wayback Machine
  29. ^ W.A. van der Kaars & M.A.C. Dam (1995). "A 135,000-year record of vegetational and climatic change from the Bandung area, West-Java, Indonesia". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 117 (1–2): 55–72. Bibcode:1995PPP...117...55V. doi:10.1016/0031-0182(94)00121-N.
  30. ^ a b Setiawan Wangsaatmaja, Arief D. Sutadian and Maria A.N. Prasetiati. "Groundwater Resource Management in Bandung". Sustainable Groundwater Management in Asian Cities. Institute for Global Environmental Strategies. Archived from the original on 2 September 2006. Retrieved 21 August 2006.
  31. ^ Nababan, M. H.; Pratama, N. A.; Farid, A. (2019). "Potensi Longsoran di Kecamatan Pangalengan, Kabupaten Bandung, Jawa Barat dengan Menggunakan Metode Analitycal Hierarchy Process (AHP) dan Sistem Informasi Geografi (SIG)". Geoscience Journal. Retrieved 1 September 2024.
  32. ^ M.N. Kartadinata; M. Okuno; T. Nakamura; T. Kobayashi (2002). "Eruptive History of Tangkuban Perahu Volcano, West Java, Indonesia: A Preliminary Report". Journal of Geography. 111 (3): 404–409. doi:10.5026/jgeography.111.3_404.
  33. ^ Dam, M.A.C. (1994), The Late Quaternary Evolution of the Bandung Basin, West Java, Indonesia, PhD Thesis, Universiteit van Amsterdam
  34. ^ van Bemmelen, R.W. (1949). The Geology of Indonesia, Vol. 1A, General Geology.
  35. ^ "Sangiangtikoro is not The Leaking Point of The Old Bandung Lake" (in Indonesian). Pikiran Rakyat. 27 October 2005. Archived from the original on 29 September 2007. Retrieved 20 July 2006.
  36. ^ a b c W. Wangsadinata & T.K. Djajasudarma (1995). "Architectural Design Consideration for Modern Buildings in Indonesia" (PDF). INDOBEX Conf. on Building Construction Technology for the Future: Construction Technology for Highrises & Intelligence Buildings. Jakarta. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 June 2007. Retrieved 18 January 2007.
  37. ^ "High-rise buildings in Bandung". Archived from the original on 15 August 2017.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  38. ^ Fahmudin, Agus; Wahyunto. "Evaluation of Flood Mitigation Function of Several Land Use Systems in Selected Areas of West Java, Indonesia" (PDF). Japan / OECD Expert Meeting on Land Conservation Indicators. OECD. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 April 2008. Retrieved 20 August 2006.
  39. ^ SP 18 May 2006 http://www.sp18.com/2006/05/
  40. ^ "Trash in Bandung Fears Uncollected" (in Indonesian). Pikiran Rakyat. 23 February 2005. Archived from the original on 1 January 2008. Retrieved 20 August 2006.
  41. ^ "From Bandung Ocean of Flame to the Ocean of Trash". Kompas (in Indonesian). 25 March 2005. Archived from the original on 25 June 2013.
  42. ^ "Pemkot Bandung Berupaya Raih Kembali Adipura". Pikiran Rakyat Online. Archived from the original on 17 June 2018. Retrieved 8 January 2016.
  43. ^ "Kota Bandung Raih Penghargaan Adipura :: Bandung.go.id | Portal Resmi Kota Bandung". portal.bandung.go.id. Archived from the original on 8 February 2016. Retrieved 8 January 2016.
  44. ^ "Bandung Wins Cleanest Air Award From Asean". 13 September 2017. Retrieved 19 September 2017.
  45. ^ "SYNOP/BUFR observations. Data by months". Meteomanz. Retrieved 22 March 2024.
  46. ^ "Indonesia - Husein Sastraneg". Centro de Investigaciones Fitosociológicas. Retrieved 26 June 2016. |
  47. ^ "Bandung, Indonesia - Monthly weather forecast and Climate data". Weather Atlas. Retrieved 25 July 2020.
  48. ^ "Sejarah Bandung - Ingat kejadian Puting Beliung di Rancaekek, tempo hari? Ternyata, kejadian tsb juga pernah terjadi di tahun 1933. Kejadian tsb menewaskan seorang penduduk dan membuat 17 rumah rusak berat. . . . . #Sejarah #sejarahbandung #Rancaekek #HindiaBelanda | Facebook". www.facebook.com. Retrieved 25 February 2023.
  49. ^ "Puting Beliung Hancurkan Atap Perpustakaan UIN Bandung". detiknews (in Indonesian). Retrieved 25 February 2023.
  50. ^ "Pudak Scientific - Produsen Alat Peraga Pendidikan dan Peralatan Laboratorium |". www.pudak-scientific.com. Retrieved 25 February 2023.
  51. ^ "Bandung Porak-poranda karena Puting Beliung, 1 Tewas". Dream.co.id. 18 December 2014. Retrieved 25 February 2023.
  52. ^ a b "Bandung Dalam Angka (Bandung in Numbers)" (Press release) (in Indonesian). Bureau of Statistics. 2003. Retrieved 15 January 2007.
  53. ^ Dinas Penataan Ruang Kota Bandung (10 February 2017). "Data Spasial Sub Wilayah Kota Bandung". Portal Data Bandung. Archived from the original on 11 August 2022. Retrieved 28 April 2017.
  54. ^ "Keanggotaan DPRD Kota Bandung Periode 2014-2019 – DPRD KOTA BANDUNG" (in Indonesian). Bandung City Council. Retrieved 26 March 2019.
  55. ^ "Data Kecamatan Di Lingkungan Pemerintah Kota Bandung: Berdasarkan Perda 2008" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 October 2017. Retrieved 1 February 2019.
  56. ^ Biro Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2011.
  57. ^ a b Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2021.
  58. ^ Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2023, Kota Bandung Dalam Angka 2023 (Katalog-BPS 1102001.3273)
  59. ^ "From Indie to Magic". Kompas (in Indonesian). 22 August 2003. Archived from the original on 29 September 2007.
  60. ^ "Tujuh Sentra Industri Jadi Ciri Bandung 2013". 6 March 2012. Archived from the original on 28 February 2018. Retrieved 6 March 2012.
  61. ^ Java Experience http://travel.ciao.co.uk/Java_Experience_5297272_5 Archived 8 May 2006 at the Wayback Machine
  62. ^ Malaysians flock to Bandung to shop
  63. ^ Asia Travel http://www.asiatravel.com/bandinfo.html Archived 28 August 2006 at the Wayback Machine
  64. ^ The Lively Pulse of Bandung "The Lively Pulse of Bandung -- ThingsAsian Article". Archived from the original on 27 April 2006. Retrieved 28 August 2006.
  65. ^ "Pinus yang Mengiurkan". 21 August 2014. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 1 September 2014.
  66. ^ "The Wind Breeze of Bongkor Forest". 1 September 2014.
  67. ^ Sopamena, Cornelis Jonathan. "21 Museum di Bandung, Waktu Operasional dan Harga Tiket". detikjabar (in Indonesian). Retrieved 10 June 2024.
  68. ^ "Kota Bandung Resmi Operasikan Bus Wisata "Bandros"". Antara. January 2014. Retrieved 7 May 2014.
  69. ^ Profil Daerah Jawa Barat Archived 30 December 2013 at the Wayback Machine
  70. ^ http://www.tempointeraktif.com/hg/bandung/2010/09/01/brk,20100901-275625,id.html Archived 31 May 2014 at the Wayback Machine TempoInteraktif: Bandung Kota Terpadat di Jawa Barat
  71. ^ "Dago and Buahbatu Car Free Day is Back, Residents Welcome it Enthusiastically". Retrieved 27 May 2024.
  72. ^ "Kuwait Investasikan 1,5 Milyar Dollar AS di Indonesia" [Kuwait invested USD 1.5 billion in Indonesia]. Kompas (in Indonesian). 14 October 2002. Archived from the original on 11 March 2007.
  73. ^ "Bappeda Targetkan Studi Kelaikan Terminal Gedebage Selesai Tahun Ini". Pikiran Rakyat. 2 June 2011. Archived from the original on 24 March 2012.
  74. ^ Bandung Transport and Car Rental: Bandung, West Java, Indonesia
  75. ^ Farozy, Ikko Haidar (28 March 2022). "KAI Commuter Ambil Alih Lokal Bandung dan Surabaya?". Railway Enthusiast Digest (in Indonesian). Retrieved 23 June 2022.
  76. ^ "Dishub Membuka Layanan 'Boseh', Berikut Daftar 23 tempat Peminjaman Sepeda di Kota Bandung - Pikiran-Rakyat.com". Pikiran Rakyat (in Indonesian). 21 June 2020. Retrieved 20 February 2022.
  77. ^ "Di Tengah Ancaman Bangkrut, Karyawan Damri Bandung Jadi Tersangka Korupsi Rp 1,2 M". Tribunjabar.id (in Indonesian). Retrieved 23 June 2022.
  78. ^ "DAMRI Tak Beroperasi, Dishub Siagakan 60 Armada Trans Metro Bandung". SINDOnews.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 23 June 2022.
  79. ^ Putra, Wisma. "TMB Jurusan St Hall-Gunung Batu Mulai Mengaspal di Jalanan Bandung". detiknews (in Indonesian). Retrieved 23 June 2022.
  80. ^ Nurulliah, Novianti. "Hore, Ada 10 Bus BRT Layani Leuwipanjang-Majalaya - Pikiran-Rakyat.com". www.pikiran-rakyat.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 23 June 2022.
  81. ^ Pratama, M. Bayu. "5 Rute Terbaru dan Tarif Bus Trans Metro Pasundan, Resmi Beroperasi untuk Warga Bandung Raya - Pikiran-Rakyat.com". www.pikiran-rakyat.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 23 June 2022.
  82. ^ Media, Kompas Cyber (22 December 2008). "Lima Bus Jadi Korban Amuk Massa". KOMPAS.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 23 June 2022.
  83. ^ "Bus Trans Metro Pasundan di Bandung Dicegat dan Diancam Oknum Sopir Angkot, Videonya Viral". suara.com (in Indonesian). 9 April 2022. Retrieved 23 June 2022.
  84. ^ disway.id. "Bus Listrik Resmi Beroperasi di Bandung, 27 Halte Untuk 455 Unit Bus". disway.id (in Indonesian). Retrieved 18 September 2023.
  85. ^ PRMN 03, Tim. "Ditargetkan 2023 Selesai, BRT Bandung Akan Lintasi 5 Daerah Bandung Raya - Pikiran-Rakyat.com". www.pikiran-rakyat.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 23 June 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  86. ^ "VKTR-BUMD Jasa Sarana Kerja Sama Elektrifikasi Bus | Neraca.co.id". www.neraca.co.id. Retrieved 23 June 2022.
  87. ^ "Angkasa Pura II Named Kertajati Airport Operator". Tempo. Retrieved 24 July 2017.
  88. ^ "Angkasa Pura II to Operate Kertajati, West Java's Biggest Airport". Jakarta Globe. Archived from the original on 25 July 2017. Retrieved 24 July 2017.
  89. ^ "Warga Bandung Harus Naik Pesawat Via Kertajati Mulai Oktober". www.cnbcindonesia.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 14 July 2023.
  90. ^ "Braunschweigs Partner und Freundschaftsstädte" [Braunschweig – Partner and Friendship Cities]. Stadt Braunschweig [City of Braunschweig] (in German). Archived from the original on 1 December 2012. Retrieved 7 August 2013.
  91. ^ "Fort Worth". Sister Cities International. Archived from the original on 13 April 2014. Retrieved 11 April 2014.
  92. ^ M Zezen Zainal M (21 September 2019). "Sarawak Malaysia Jajaki Kerjasama Sister City dengan Kota Bandung" [Sarawak Malaysia Establish Sister City Co-operation with Bandung City] (in Indonesian). Bandung Kita. Archived from the original on 26 September 2019.
  93. ^ Brilliant Awal (21 September 2019). "Sarawak Malaysia Ajak Kota Bandung Jadi Sister City" [Sarawak Malaysia Invites Bandung City To Become Sister City] (in Indonesian). Gala Media News. Archived from the original on 26 September 2019.
  94. ^ "Sutardja & TF Indonesia". sistercitiesaustralia.com. Retrieved 6 March 2023.
  95. ^ "DPRD Kota Bandung Restui Sister City Kota Bandung dan Melbourne". pojoksatu.id. Retrieved 6 April 2023.
  96. ^ "Namur, Bandung ink sister-city partnership"[permanent dead link‍]
  97. ^ "A second sister city for PJ". starproperty.my. Archived from the original on 11 August 2012. Retrieved 11 August 2012.
[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bandung.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bandung&oldid=1259514146"