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Coordinates: 35°26′39″N 139°38′17″E / 35.44417°N 139.63806°E / 35.44417; 139.63806
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This article is about the capital city of Kanagawa Prefecture. For other uses, see Yokohama (disambiguation).

Yokohama
横浜市
Designated city
City of Yokohama
Minato Mirai 21
Nippon Maru Memorial Park
Yokohama Chinatown
Motomachi Shopping Street
Sankei-en
Harbor View Park (Yokohama)
Yamashita Park and Yokohama Marine Tower
Ōsanbashi Pier
From top, left to right: Minato Mirai 21 at dusk, Nippon Maru Memorial Park, Yokohama Chinatown, Motomachi Shopping Street, Sankei-en, Harbor View Park, Yokohama Marine Tower viewed from Yamashita Park and Ōsanbashi Pier
Flag of Yokohama
Flag
Official logo of Yokohama
Emblem
Map
Interactive map outlining Yokohama
  Location of Yokohama in Kanagawa Prefecture
Yokohama is located in Japan
Yokohama
Yokohama
Coordinates: 35°26′39″N 139°38′17″E / 35.44417°N 139.63806°E / 35.44417; 139.63806
CountryJapan
RegionKantō
PrefectureKanagawa Prefecture
Government
 • MayorTakeharu Yamanaka
Area
 • Total437.38 km2 (168.87 sq mi)
Population
 (October 1, 2022)
 • Total3,771,961
 • Density8,600/km2 (22,000/sq mi)
Time zoneUTC+9 (Japan Standard Time)
– TreeCamellia, Chinquapin, Sangoju
Sasanqua, Ginkgo, Zelkova
– FlowerDahlia
Rose
Address1-1 Minato-chō, Naka-ku, Yokohama-shi, Kanagawa-ken
231-0017
Websitewww.city.yokohama.lg.jp
Yokohama
"Yokohama" in new-style (shinjitai) kanji
Japanese name
Hiraganaよこはま
Katakanaヨコハマ
Kyūjitai橫濱
Shinjitai横浜
Transcriptions
RomanizationYokohama

Yokohama (Japanese: 横浜, pronounced [jokohama] ⓘ) is the second-largest city in Japan by population[1] and the most populous municipality of Japan. It is the capital city and the most populous city in Kanagawa Prefecture, with a 2020 population of 3.8 million. It lies on Tokyo Bay, south of Tokyo, in the Kantō region of the main island of Honshu. Yokohama is also the major economic, cultural, and commercial hub of the Greater Tokyo Area along the Keihin Industrial Zone.

Yokohama was one of the cities to open for trade with the West following the 1859 end of the policy of seclusion and has since been known as a cosmopolitan port city, after Kobe opened in 1853. Yokohama is the home of many Japan's firsts in the Meiji period, including the first foreign trading port and Chinatown (1859), European-style sport venues (1860s), English-language newspaper (1861), confectionery and beer manufacturing (1865), daily newspaper (1870), gas-powered street lamps (1870s), railway station (1872), and power plant (1882). Yokohama developed rapidly as Japan's prominent port city following the end of Japan's relative isolation in the mid-19th century and is today one of its major ports along with Kobe, Osaka, Nagoya, Fukuoka, Tokyo and Chiba.

Yokohama is the largest port city and high tech industrial hub in the Greater Tokyo Area and the Kantō region. The city proper is headquarters to companies such as Isuzu, Nissan, JVCKenwood, Keikyu, Koei Tecmo, Sotetsu, Salesforce Japan and Bank of Yokohama. Famous landmarks in Yokohama include Minato Mirai 21, Nippon Maru Memorial Park, Yokohama Chinatown, Motomachi Shopping Street, Yokohama Marine Tower, Yamashita Park, and Ōsanbashi Pier.

Etymology

Yokohama (横浜) means "horizontal beach".[2] The current area surrounded by Maita Park, the Ōoka River and the Nakamura River have been a gulf divided by a sandbar from the open sea. This sandbar was the original Yokohama fishing village. Since the sandbar protruded perpendicularly from the land, or horizontally when viewed from the sea, it was called a "horizontal beach".[3]

History

For a chronological guide, see Timeline of Yokohama.

Opening of the Treaty Port (1859–1868)

Before the Western foreigners arrived, Yokohama was a small fishing village up to the end of the feudal Edo period, when Japan held a policy of national seclusion, having little contact with foreigners.[4] A major turning point in Japanese history happened in 1853–54, when Commodore Matthew Perry arrived just south of Yokohama with a fleet of American warships, demanding that Japan open several ports for commerce, and the Tokugawa shogunate agreed by signing the Treaty of Peace and Amity.[5]

It was initially agreed that one of the ports to be opened to foreign ships would be the bustling town of Kanagawa-juku (in what is now Kanagawa Ward) on the Tōkaidō, a strategic highway that linked Edo to Kyoto and Osaka. However, the Tokugawa shogunate decided that Kanagawa-juku was too close to the Tōkaidō for comfort, and port facilities were instead built across the inlet in the sleepy fishing village of Yokohama. The Port of Yokohama was officially opened on June 2, 1859.[6]

Yokohama quickly became the base of foreign trade in Japan. Foreigners initially occupied the low-lying district of the city called Kannai, residential districts later expanding as the settlement grew to incorporate much of the elevated Yamate district overlooking the city, commonly referred to by English speaking residents as The Bluff.

Kannai, the foreign trade and commercial district (literally, inside the barrier), was surrounded by a moat, foreign residents enjoying extraterritorial status both within and outside the compound. Interactions with the local population, particularly young samurai, outside the settlement inevitably caused problems; the Namamugi Incident, one of the events that preceded the downfall of the shogunate, took place in what is now Tsurumi Ward in 1862, and prompted the Bombardment of Kagoshima in 1863.

To protect British commercial and diplomatic interests in Yokohama a military garrison was established in 1862. With the growth in trade increasing numbers of Chinese also came to settle in the city.[7] Yokohama was the scene of many notable firsts for Japan including the growing acceptance of western fashion, photography by pioneers such as Felice Beato, Japan's first English language newspaper, the Japan Herald published in 1861 and in 1865 the first ice cream confectionery and beer to be produced in Japan.[8] Recreational sports introduced to Japan by foreign residents in Yokohama included European style horse racing in 1862, cricket in 1863[9] and rugby union in 1866. A great fire destroyed much of the foreign settlement on November 26, 1866, and smallpox was a recurrent public health hazard, but the city continued to grow rapidly – attracting foreigners and Japanese alike.

  • Gallery
  • Landing of Commodore Perry and men to meet the Imperial commissioners at Yokohama, 14 July 1853
    Landing of Commodore Perry and men to meet the Imperial commissioners at Yokohama, 14 July 1853
  • Foreign ships in Yokohama harbor in 1861
    Foreign ships in Yokohama harbor in 1861
  • A foreign trading house in Yokohama in 1861
    A foreign trading house in Yokohama in 1861

Meiji and Taisho Periods (1868–1923)

After the Meiji Restoration of 1868, the port was developed for trading silk, the main trading partner being Great Britain. Western influence and technological transfer contributed to the establishment of Japan's first daily newspaper (1870), first gas-powered street lamps (1872) and Japan's first railway constructed in the same year to connect Yokohama to Shinagawa and Shinbashi in Tokyo. In 1872 Jules Verne portrayed Yokohama, which he had never visited, in an episode of his widely read novel Around the World in Eighty Days, capturing the atmosphere of the fast-developing, internationally oriented Japanese city.

In 1887, a British merchant, Samuel Cocking, built the city's first power plant. At first for his own use, this coal power plant became the basis for the Yokohama Cooperative Electric Light Company. The city was officially incorporated on April 1, 1889.[10] By the time the extraterritoriality of foreigner areas was abolished in 1899, Yokohama was the most international city in Japan, with foreigner areas stretching from Kannai to the Bluff area and the large Yokohama Chinatown.

The early 20th century was marked by rapid growth of industry. Entrepreneurs built factories along reclaimed land to the north of the city toward Kawasaki, which eventually grew to be the Keihin Industrial Area. The growth of Japanese industry brought affluence, and many wealthy trading families constructed sprawling residences there, while the rapid influx of population from Japan and Korea also led to the formation of Kojiki-Yato, then the largest slum in Japan.

Great Kantō earthquake and the Second World War (1923–1945)

Much of Yokohama was destroyed on September 1, 1923, by the Great Kantō earthquake. The Yokohama police reported casualties at 30,771 dead and 47,908 injured, out of a pre-earthquake population of 434,170.[11] Fuelled by rumors of rebellion and sabotage, vigilante mobs thereupon murdered many Koreans in the Kojiki-yato slum.[12] Many people believed that Koreans used black magic to cause the earthquake. Martial law was in place until November 19. Rubble from the quake was used to reclaim land for parks, the most famous being the Yamashita Park on the waterfront which opened in 1930.

Yokohama was rebuilt, only to be destroyed again by U.S. air raids during World War II. The first bombing was in the April 18, 1942 Doolittle Raid. An estimated 7,000–8,000 people were killed in a single morning on May 29, 1945, in what is now known as the Great Yokohama Air Raid, when B-29s firebombed the city and in just one hour and nine minutes, reducing 42% of it to rubble.[10]

Postwar growth and development

During the American occupation, Yokohama was a major transshipment base for American supplies and personnel, especially during the Korean War. After the occupation, most local U.S. naval activity moved from Yokohama to an American base in nearby Yokosuka.

Four years after the Treaty of San Francisco signed, the city was designated by government ordinance on September 1, 1956.[citation needed] The city's tram and trolleybus system was abolished in 1972, the same year as the opening of the first line of Yokohama Municipal Subway. Construction of Minato Mirai 21 ("Port Future 21"), a major urban development project on reclaimed land started in 1983, nicknamed the "Philadelphia and Boston of the Orient" was compared to Center City, Philadelphia and Downtown Boston located in the East Coast of the United States. Minato Mirai 21 hosted the Yokohama Exotic Showcase in 1989, which saw the first public operation of maglev trains in Japan and the opening of Cosmo Clock 21, then the tallest Ferris wheel in the world. The 860-metre-long (2,820 ft) Yokohama Bay Bridge opened in the same year. In 1993, Minato Mirai 21 saw the opening of the Yokohama Landmark Tower, the second-tallest building in Japan.

The 2002 FIFA World Cup final was held in June at the International Stadium Yokohama. In 2009, the city marked the 150th anniversary of the opening of the port and the 120th anniversary of the commencement of the City Administration. An early part in the commemoration project incorporated the Fourth Tokyo International Conference on African Development (TICAD IV), which was held in Yokohama in May 2008. In November 2010, Yokohama hosted the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) meeting.

Geography

Sentinel-2 image of Yokohama (2020)

Topography

Yokohama has a total area of 437.38 km2 (168.87 sq mi) at an elevation of 5 metres (16 ft) above sea level. It is the capital of Kanagawa Prefecture, bordered to the east by Tokyo Bay and located in the middle of the Kantō plain. The city is surrounded by hills and the characteristic mountain system of the island of Honshū, so its growth has been limited and it has had to gain ground from the sea. This also affects the population density, one of the highest in Japan with 8,500 inhabitants per km2.

The highest points within the urban boundary are Omaruyama (156 m [512 ft]) and Mount Enkaizan (153 m [502 ft]). The main river is the Tsurumi River, which begins in the Tama Hills and empties into the Pacific Ocean.[13]

These municipalities surround Yokohama: Kawasaki, Yokosuka, Zushi, Kamakura, Fujisawa, Yamato, Machida.

Geology

The city is very prone to natural phenomena such as earthquakes and tropical cyclones because the island of Honshū has a high level of seismic activity, being in the middle of the Pacific Ring of Fire.

Most seismic movements are of low intensity and are generally not perceived by people. However, Yokohama has experienced two major tremors that reflect the evolution of Earthquake engineering: the 1923 Great Kantō earthquake devastated the city and caused more than 100,000 fatalities throughout the region,[14] while the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami, with its epicenter on the east coast, was felt in the locality but only material damage was lamented because most buildings were already prepared to withstand them.[15]

Climate

Yokohama features a humid subtropical climate (Köppen: Cfa) with hot, humid summers and chilly winters.[16] Weatherwise, Yokohama has a pattern of rain, clouds and sun, although in winter, it is surprisingly sunny, more so than Southern Spain. Winter temperatures rarely drop below freezing, while summer can seem quite warm, because of the effects of humidity.[17] The coldest temperature was on 24 January 1927 when −8.2 °C (17.2 °F) was reached, whilst the hottest day was 11 August 2013 at 37.4 °C (99.3 °F). The highest monthly rainfall was in October 2004 with 761.5 millimetres (30.0 in), closely followed by July 1941 with 753.4 millimetres (29.66 in), whilst December and January have recorded no measurable precipitation three times each.

Climate data for Yokohama (1991−2020 normals, extremes 1896−present)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 20.8
(69.4) 		24.8
(76.6) 		24.5
(76.1) 		28.7
(83.7) 		31.3
(88.3) 		36.1
(97.0) 		37.2
(99.0) 		37.4
(99.3) 		36.2
(97.2) 		32.4
(90.3) 		26.2
(79.2) 		23.7
(74.7) 		37.4
(99.3)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 10.2
(50.4) 		10.8
(51.4) 		14.0
(57.2) 		18.9
(66.0) 		23.1
(73.6) 		25.5
(77.9) 		29.4
(84.9) 		31.0
(87.8) 		27.3
(81.1) 		22.0
(71.6) 		17.1
(62.8) 		12.5
(54.5) 		20.2
(68.4)
Daily mean °C (°F) 6.1
(43.0) 		6.7
(44.1) 		9.7
(49.5) 		14.5
(58.1) 		18.8
(65.8) 		21.8
(71.2) 		25.6
(78.1) 		27.0
(80.6) 		23.7
(74.7) 		18.5
(65.3) 		13.4
(56.1) 		8.7
(47.7) 		16.2
(61.2)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 2.7
(36.9) 		3.1
(37.6) 		6.0
(42.8) 		10.7
(51.3) 		15.5
(59.9) 		19.1
(66.4) 		22.9
(73.2) 		24.3
(75.7) 		21.0
(69.8) 		15.7
(60.3) 		10.1
(50.2) 		5.2
(41.4) 		13.0
(55.4)
Record low °C (°F) −8.2
(17.2) 		−6.8
(19.8) 		−4.6
(23.7) 		−0.5
(31.1) 		3.6
(38.5) 		9.2
(48.6) 		13.3
(55.9) 		15.5
(59.9) 		11.2
(52.2) 		2.2
(36.0) 		−2.4
(27.7) 		−5.6
(21.9) 		−8.2
(17.2)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 64.7
(2.55) 		64.7
(2.55) 		139.5
(5.49) 		143.1
(5.63) 		152.6
(6.01) 		188.8
(7.43) 		182.5
(7.19) 		139.0
(5.47) 		241.5
(9.51) 		240.4
(9.46) 		107.6
(4.24) 		66.4
(2.61) 		1,730.8
(68.14)
Average snowfall cm (inches) 4
(1.6) 		4
(1.6) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		9
(3.5)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.5 mm) 5.7 6.3 11.0 10.7 11.1 13.5 12.0 8.8 12.7 12.1 8.6 6.2 118.8
Average relative humidity (%) 53 54 60 65 70 78 78 76 76 71 65 57 67
Mean monthly sunshine hours 192.7 167.2 168.8 181.2 187.4 135.9 170.9 206.4 141.2 137.3 151.1 178.1 2,018.3
Source: Japan Meteorological Agency[18]

Cityscape

Yokohama skyline from Grand Oriental Hotel rooftop (2015)

Demographics

Population

Historical population
YearPop.±%
187064,602[19]—    
188072,630+12.4%
1890132,627+82.6%
1900196,653+48.3%
1910403,303+105.1%
1920422,942+4.9%
1925405,888−4.0%
1930620,306+52.8%
1935704,290+13.5%
1940968,091+37.5%
1945814,379−15.9%
1950951,188+16.8%
19551,143,687+20.2%
19601,375,710+20.3%
19651,788,915+30.0%
19702,238,264+25.1%
19752,621,771+17.1%
19802,773,674+5.8%
19852,992,926+7.9%
19903,220,331+7.6%
19953,307,136+2.7%
20003,426,651+3.6%
20053,579,133+4.4%
20103,670,669+2.6%
20153,710,824+1.1%
20203,760,157+1.3%

Yokohama's foreign population of 92,139 includes Chinese, Koreans, Filipinos, and Vietnamese.[20]

Wards

Yokohama has 18 wards (ku):

Wards of Yokohama
Place Name Map of Yokohama
Rōmaji Kanji Population Land area in km2 Pop. density

per km2

1 Aoba-ku 青葉区 302,643 35.14 8,610
A map of Yokohama's Wards
2 Asahi-ku 旭区 249,045 32.77 7,600
3 Hodogaya-ku 保土ヶ谷区 205,887 21.81 9,400
4 Isogo-ku 磯子区 163,406 19.17 8,520
5 Izumi-ku 泉区 155,674 23.51 6,620
6 Kanagawa-ku 神奈川区 230,401 23.88 9,650
7 Kanazawa-ku 金沢区 209,565 31.01 6,760
8 Kōhoku-ku 港北区 332,488 31.40 10,588
9 Kōnan-ku 港南区 221,536 19.87 11,500
10 Midori-ku 緑区 176,038 25.42 6,900
11 Minami-ku 南区 197,019 12.67 15,500
12 Naka-ku (administrative center) 中区 146,563 20.86 7,030
13 Nishi-ku 西区 93,210 7.04 13,210
14 Sakae-ku 栄区 124,845 18.55 6,750
15 Seya-ku 瀬谷区 126,839 17.11 7,390
16 Totsuka-ku 戸塚区 274,783 35.70 7,697
17 Tsurumi-ku 鶴見区 270,433 33.23 8,140
18 Tsuzuki-ku 都筑区 211,455 27.93 7,535

Government and politics

Kanagawa Prefectural Office
Yokohama City Hall

The Yokohama City Council consists of 86 members elected from a total of 18 Wards. The LDP has minority control with 36 seats. The incumbent mayor is Takeharu Yamanaka, who defeated Fumiko Hayashi in the 2021 Yokohama mayoral election.

List of mayors (from 1889)

Culture and sights

Cherry blossoms on the Kisha-michi Promenade

Yokohama's cultural and tourist sights include:

Museums

Yokohama Triennale at Yamashita Pier venue

There are 42 museums in the city area, including.[22]

Excursion destinations

In 2016, 46,017,157 tourists visited the city, 13.1% of whom were overnight guests.[22]

  • Kodomo no kuni: Means "Children's country". A nice destination to spend an eventful day with the family. Lots of space for walking and playing. There is also a petting zoo.
  • Nogeyama Zoo: One of the few zoos that do not charge admission. It has a large number of animals and a petting zoo where children can play with small animals.
  • Zoorasia: Nice zoo with lots of play options for children. However, in this zoo admission costs.
  • Yokohama Hakkeijima Sea Paradise: A large park with an aquarium. Otherwise rides, shops, restaurants, etc.
  • Since 2020, after six years of development, a giant robot named Gundam, which is 18 meters high and weighs 25 tons, has been watching over the port area as a tourist attraction. The giant robot, in which there is a cockpit and whose hands are each two meters long, is based as a figure on a science fiction television series, can move and sink to its knees.[23] The giant robot was manufactured by the company "Gundam Factory Yokohama" under Managing Director Shin Sasaki.
  • Kamonyama Park

Sports

Economy and infrastructure

The city has a strong economic base, especially in the shipping, biotechnology, and semiconductor industries. Nissan moved its headquarters to Yokohama from Chūō, Tokyo in 2010.[25] Yokohama's GDP per capita (Nominal) was $30,625 ($1=¥120.13).[26][27]

As of 2016, the total production in Yokohama city reached ¥13.56 billion. It is located between Shizuoka and Hiroshima Prefectures compared to domestic prefectures.[28] It is located between Hungary, which ranks 26th, and New Zealand, which ranks 27th compared to OECD countries. Generally, the primary industry is 0.1%, the secondary industry is 21.7%, and the tertiary industry is 82.3%. The ratio of the primary industry is low, and the ratio of the secondary industry and the tertiary industry is high. Compared to other ordinance-designated cities, it is about 60% of the size of Osaka, which is almost the same as Nagoya. As shown in the attached table, there are not a few head office companies, but the major inferiority to Osaka is the traditional difference, the strong bed.[clarification needed] In connection with this, the absence of large block-type companies (JR, NTT, electric power, gas, major commercial broadcasters, etc.) has had an impact.

The breakdown is ¥11.9 million yen (0.1%) for the primary industry, ¥2.75 billion (21.7%) for the secondary industry, and ¥10.44 billion yen (82.3%) for the tertiary industry. Compared to other government-designated cities, the amount of the primary industry, the ratio of the construction industry of the secondary industry, and the ratio of the real estate industry of the tertiary industry are large, and the finance, insurance, wholesale, and retail of the tertiary industry The ratio of industry and service industry is small, but the tertiary industry is almost the same as Nagoya.

Major companies headquartered

Transport

A route map in Yokohama and Tokyo (JR East)

Yokohama is serviced by the Tōkaidō Shinkansen, a high-speed rail line with a stop at Shin-Yokohama Station. Yokohama Station is also a major station, with two million passengers daily. The Yokohama Municipal Subway, Minatomirai Line and Kanazawa Seaside Line provide metro services.

Maritime transport

Yokohama is the world's 31st largest seaport in terms of total cargo volume, at 121,326 freight tons as of 2011, and is ranked 37th in terms of TEUs (Twenty-foot equivalent units).[29]

In 2013, APM Terminals Yokohama facility was recognized as the most productive container terminal in the world averaging 163 crane moves per hour, per ship between the vessel's arrival and departure at the berth.[30]

Rail transport

Railway stations
■ East Japan Railway Company (JR East)
■ Tōkaidō Main Line
■ Yokosuka Line
■ Keihin-Tōhoku Line
■ Negishi Line
■ Yokohama Line
■ Nambu Line
■ Tsurumi Line
■ Central Japan Railway Company (JR Central)
■ Tōkaidō Shinkansen
  • – Shin-Yokohama –
■ Keikyu
■ Keikyu Main Line
■ Keikyu Zushi Line
■ Tokyu Railways
■ Tōyoko Line
■ Meguro Line
  • – Hiyoshi
■ Den-en-toshi Line
■ Kodomonokuni Line
■ Sagami Railway
■ Sagami Railway Main Line
■ Izumino Line
■ Yokohama Minatomirai Railway
■ Minatomirai Line
■ Yokohama City Transportation Bureau (Yokohama Municipal Subway)
■ Blue Line
■ Green Line
■ Yokohama New Transit
■ Kanazawa Seaside Line

Education

Public elementary and middle schools are operated by the Yokohama Municipal Board of Education [ja]. There are nine public high schools which are operated by the Yokohama City Board of Education,[31] and a number of public high schools which are operated by the Kanagawa Prefectural Board of Education. Yokohama National University is a leading university in Yokohama which is also one of the highest ranking national universities in Japan.

  • 46,388 children attend the 260 kindergartens.
  • Almost 386,000 students are taught in 351 primary schools.
  • There are 16 universities including Yokohama National University. The number of students is around 83,000.
  • 19 public libraries had 9.5 million loans in 2016.[22]

International relations

Yokohama Chinatown
See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Japan

Twin towns – sister cities

Yokohama is twinned with:[32]

Partner cities

Sister ports

Notable people

References

Citations

  1. ^ "YOKOHAMA | Meaning & Definition for UK English | Lexico.com". En.oxforddictionaries.com. Archived from the original on April 1, 2019. Retrieved February 19, 2022.
  2. ^ "Memories of old Honmoku". The Japan Times. May 19, 1999. Archived from the original on April 15, 2021. Retrieved March 3, 2021.
  3. ^ "Yokohama City History, pg. 3" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on July 9, 2018. Retrieved July 9, 2018.
  4. ^ Der Große Brockhaus. 16. edition. Vol. 6. F. A. Brockhaus, Wiesbaden 1955, p. 82
  5. ^ "Official Yokohama city website it is fresh". City.yokohama.jp. Archived from the original on June 12, 2010. Retrieved May 5, 2010.
  6. ^ Arita, Erika, "Happy Birthday Yokohama! Archived August 31, 2010, at the Wayback Machine", The Japan Times, May 24, 2009, p. 7.
  7. ^ Fukue, Natsuko, "Chinese immigrants played vital role Archived August 24, 2010, at the Wayback Machine", Japan Times, May 28, 2009, p. 3.
  8. ^ Matsutani, Minoru, "Yokohama – city on the cutting edge Archived August 26, 2010, at the Wayback Machine", Japan Times, May 29, 2009, p. 3.
  9. ^ Galbraith, Michael (June 16, 2013). "Death threats sparked Japan's first cricket game". Japan Times. Archived from the original on April 1, 2019. Retrieved April 1, 2016.
  10. ^ a b "Interesting Tidbits of Yokohama". Yokohama Convention & Visitors Bureau. Archived from the original on May 5, 2009. Retrieved February 7, 2009.
  11. ^ Hammer, Joshua. (2006). Yokohama Burning: The Deadly 1923 Earthquake and Fire that Helped Forge the Path to World War II, p. 143. Archived February 5, 2017, at the Wayback Machine
  12. ^ Hammer, pp. 149 Archived February 5, 2017, at the Wayback Machine-170.
  13. ^ "Tsurumi River Multipurpose Retarding Basin". www.japanriver.or.jp. Archived from the original on September 26, 2017. Retrieved January 9, 2016.
  14. ^ "Collection of 1923 Japan earthquake massacre testimonies released". www.hani.co.kr. September 3, 2013. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved January 8, 2016.
  15. ^ "FNN Remembering 3/11: Yokohama station and surrounding areas at time of earthquake occurrence". www.fnn-news.com. Archived from the original on March 5, 2016. Retrieved January 10, 2016.
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Sources

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