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More information and some expeditions.
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*1419 – Gonçalves and Vaz discover [[Madeira]].<ref name=Diffie/>
*1419 – Gonçalves and Vaz discover [[Madeira]].<ref name=Diffie/>
*1427 – [[Diogo de Silves]] discovers the [[Azores]].<ref name=Diffie/>
*1427 – [[Diogo de Silves]] discovers the [[Azores]].<ref name=Diffie/>
*1430-36 - Portuguese navigators reached the [[Sargasso Sea]] ( middle-west [[North Atlantic]]), naming it after the [[Sargassum]] seaweed growing there (''sargaço'' / ''sargasso'' in Portuguese).<ref>http://www.bookdrum.com/books/wide-sargasso-sea/9780140818031/setting.html</ref>
*1434 – [[Gil Eanes]] passes [[Cape Chaunar|Cabo de Não]] and rounds [[Cape Bojador]].<ref name=Morison1974>{{cite book
*1434 – [[Gil Eanes]] passes [[Cape Chaunar|Cabo de Não]] and rounds [[Cape Bojador]].<ref name=Morison1974>{{cite book
| last = Morison
| last = Morison
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*1513 – [[Vasco Núñez de Balboa]] crosses the [[Isthmus of Panama]] and reaches the [[Bay of San Miguel]], discovering the "Mar del Sur" ([[Pacific Ocean]]).<ref name=Morison1974/>
*1513 – [[Vasco Núñez de Balboa]] crosses the [[Isthmus of Panama]] and reaches the [[Bay of San Miguel]], discovering the "Mar del Sur" ([[Pacific Ocean]]).<ref name=Morison1974/>
*1513 – [[Juan Ponce de León]] discovers "La Florida" ([[Florida]]) and the [[Yucatan Peninsula|Yucatan]].<ref name=Morison1974/>
*1513 – [[Juan Ponce de León]] discovers "La Florida" ([[Florida]]) and the [[Yucatan Peninsula|Yucatan]].<ref name=Morison1974/>
*1513-14 - '''João de Lisboa''' and '''Estevão de Fróis''' reached the [[Rio de La Plata|River Plate]] estuary and possibly went as far south as the [[Gulf of San Matias]] at 42ºS. The Flemish financier [[Christopher de Haro]] of the expedition along with D. Nuno Manuel, bears witness to the trip to the cape which they called of "Santa Maria" (still bearing this name) and to the ''Gulf of Santa Maria'' (first name given by the navigators to the Plate estuary), penetrating {{convert|300|km|0|abbr=on}} inside it. Also gives the first news of the "people of the mountains" and the [[Inca]] emperor to west (and the ''ax of silver'' - ''Rio do machado de prata''); news and gift obtained from the [[Charrúa]] Indians and offered to King Manuel I.<ref>[http://biblio.wdfiles.com/local--files/schuller-1915-nova/schuller_1915_nova.pdf Newen Zeytung auss Presillg Landt]</ref>
*1513-14 - '''João de Lisboa''' and '''Estevão de Fróis''' reached the [[Rio de La Plata|River Plate]] estuary and possibly went as far south as the [[Gulf of San Matias]] at 42ºS. The financier [[Christopher de Haro]] of the expedition along with D. Nuno Manuel, bears witness of the expedition to the cape which they called of "Santa Maria" (still bearing this name) and to the ''Gulf of Santa Maria'' (first name given by the navigators to the Plate estuary), penetrating {{convert|300|km|0|abbr=on}} inside it. Also gives the first news of the "people of the mountains" and the [[Inca]] emperor to west (and the ''ax of silver'' - ''Rio do machado de prata''); news and gift obtained from the [[Charrúa]] Indians and offered to King Manuel I.<ref>[http://biblio.wdfiles.com/local--files/schuller-1915-nova/schuller_1915_nova.pdf Newen Zeytung auss Presillg Landt]</ref>
*1514–15 – '''António Fernandes''' reaches present-day [[Zimbabwe]].<ref name=Russell-Wood>{{cite book
*1514–15 – '''António Fernandes''' reaches present-day [[Zimbabwe]].<ref name=Russell-Wood>{{cite book
| last = Russell-Wood
| last = Russell-Wood
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| location = San Francisco
| location = San Francisco
| url = http://books.google.com/books?id=Bm8LAQAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=History+of+Central+America&hl=en&ei=xfeoTP7GDpOmsQPp-7jeDA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CC8Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false}}</ref>
| url = http://books.google.com/books?id=Bm8LAQAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=History+of+Central+America&hl=en&ei=xfeoTP7GDpOmsQPp-7jeDA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CC8Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false}}</ref>
*1516 – [[Juan Díaz de Solís]] explored the River Plate estuary and and named it "La Mar Dulce" ("The Fresh-Water Sea"). It ended when de Solís and some of his crew disappeared when exploring a River Plate river mouth in a boat, leading to subsequent colonization that began in 1531. <ref name=Morison1974/>
*1516 – [[Juan Díaz de Solís]] explored the River Plate estuary and named it "La Mar Dulce" ("The Fresh-Water Sea"). It ended when de Solís and some of his crew disappeared when exploring a River Plate river mouth in a boat, leading to subsequent colonization that began in 1531. <ref name=Morison1974/>
*1516 – Portuguese traders land in [[Da Nang]], [[Champa]], naming it [[Cochinchina]] (modern [[Vietnam]]).<ref name=Li>{{cite book
*1516 – Portuguese traders land in [[Da Nang]], [[Champa]], naming it [[Cochinchina]] (modern [[Vietnam]]).<ref name=Li>{{cite book
| last = Li
| last = Li
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| location = Vancouver
| location = Vancouver
| page = }}</ref>
| page = }}</ref>
*1521 - [[Cristóvão Jacques]] explored the Plate River and dicovers the [[Parana River]], entering it for about 23 leagues (around 140 km), to near the present city of [[Rosario, Santa Fe|Rosario]].<ref name=Johson/Silva>{{cite book
| last = John/Silva
| first = Harold/Maria Beatriz Nizza da
| title = Nova História da Expansão Portuguesa (direcção de Joel Serrão e A. H. de Oliveira Marques)- O Império Luso-brasileiro (1500-1620), vol. VI
| publisher = Editorial Presença
| year = 1992
| location = Lisboa
| page = pp. 114-170.}}</ref>
*1522 – [[Gil González Dávila]] explores inland from the Gulf of Nicoya, discovering [[Lake Nicaragua]], while his pilot [[Andrés Niño]] explores along the coast to the west, discovering the [[Gulf of Fonseca]] and perhaps reaching as far as the southwestern coast of modern [[Guatemala]].<ref name=Bancroft/>
*1522 – [[Gil González Dávila]] explores inland from the Gulf of Nicoya, discovering [[Lake Nicaragua]], while his pilot [[Andrés Niño]] explores along the coast to the west, discovering the [[Gulf of Fonseca]] and perhaps reaching as far as the southwestern coast of modern [[Guatemala]].<ref name=Bancroft/>
*1524 – [[Giovanni da Verrazzano]] explores the eastern seaboard of the present [[United States]] from about [[Cape Fear (headland)|Cape Fear]] to [[Maine]]; discovers the mouth of the [[Hudson River]].<ref name=Morison/>
*1524 – [[Giovanni da Verrazzano]] explores the eastern seaboard of the present [[United States]] from about [[Cape Fear (headland)|Cape Fear]] to [[Maine]]; discovers the mouth of the [[Hudson River]].<ref name=Morison/>
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| location = Westminster
| location = Westminster
| url = http://books.google.com/books?id=jM4NAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA333&dq=Jorge+de+Menezes+New+Guinea&hl=en&ei=aPNVTK2-DY_SsAOX76jaAg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CCoQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q&f=false}}</ref>
| url = http://books.google.com/books?id=jM4NAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA333&dq=Jorge+de+Menezes+New+Guinea&hl=en&ei=aPNVTK2-DY_SsAOX76jaAg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CCoQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q&f=false}}</ref>
*1527–28 – [[Sebastian Cabot (explorer)|Sebastian Cabot]] explores several hundred miles up the Paraná River, past its confluence with the Paraguay.<ref name=Morison1974/>
*1527–28 – [[Sebastian Cabot]] (explorer)|Sebastian Cabot]] explores several hundred miles up the Paraná River, discovering the mouth of the [[Carcarañá River]], past the Paraná confluence with the Paraguay for more near {{Convert|200|km}} and, turning back, up the Paraná River again to near the present day city of [[Posadas, Misiones|Posadas]].<ref name=Morison1974/>
*1528 – [[Diogo Rodrigues]] explores the [[Mascarene Islands]] (which he names after [[Pedro Mascarenhas]]), naming the islands of [[Réunion]], [[Mauritius]], and [[Rodrigues (island)|Rodrigues]].<ref name=Fonseca>{{cite book
*1528 – [[Diogo Rodrigues]] explores the [[Mascarene Islands]] (which he names after [[Pedro Mascarenhas]]), naming the islands of [[Réunion]], [[Mauritius]], and [[Rodrigues (island)|Rodrigues]].<ref name=Fonseca>{{cite book
| last = Fonseca
| last = Fonseca
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| location = Westport, Conn
| location = Westport, Conn
| page = }}</ref>
| page = }}</ref>
*1636-1638 - [[Pedro Teixeira]] explores the [[Xingu River]] and became is the first European to travel up the entire length of the [[Amazon River]] (the mouth upstream), discovering and exploring the downstream part of the [[Madeira River]](naming it with this name), the mouth of the [[Rio Negro (Amazon)|Rio Negro]]. He is also the first simultaneously to travel up and down the Amazon River to Quito, present day Ecuador, and, again, to the mouth of the Amazon.<ref name=Acuña>{{cite book
| last = Acuña
| first = Cristobal de
| title = Nuevo descubrimiento del gran Rio de las Amazonas, 1641
| publisher = Imprenta del Reyno
| year = 1641
| location =
| isbn =
| url = http://biblio.etnolinguistica.org/acuna-1641-nuevo Nuevo descubrimiento del gran Rio de las Amazonas
| pages = }}</ref>
*1638–40 – '''Poznik Ivanov''' crosses the [[Verkhoyansk Range]] into the upper reaches of the Yana, and then portages over the [[Chersky Range]] into the Indigirka river system.<ref name=Lantzeff/><ref name=March/>
*1638–40 – '''Poznik Ivanov''' crosses the [[Verkhoyansk Range]] into the upper reaches of the Yana, and then portages over the [[Chersky Range]] into the Indigirka river system.<ref name=Lantzeff/><ref name=March/>
*1639–40 – [[Maksim Perfilyev]] ascends the [[Vitim River]] to the [[Tsipa River|Tsipa]], which he also ascends (until rapids force him to turn back), becoming the first Russian to enter [[Transbaikal]].<ref name=Lantzeff/>
*1639–40 – [[Maksim Perfilyev]] ascends the [[Vitim River]] to the [[Tsipa River|Tsipa]], which he also ascends (until rapids force him to turn back), becoming the first Russian to enter [[Transbaikal]].<ref name=Lantzeff/>

Revision as of 16:50, 14 August 2013

Columbus before the Queen, imagined by Emanuel Gottlieb Leutze, 1843

The following timeline covers European exploration from 1418 to 1957.

The 15th century witnessed the rounding of the feared Cape Bojador and Portuguese exploration of the west coast of Africa, while in the last decade of the century the Spanish sent expeditions to the New World, focusing on exploring the Caribbean Sea, and the Portuguese discovered the sea route to India. In the 16th century, various countries sent exploring parties into the interior of the Americas, as well as to their respective west and east coasts north to California and Labrador and south to Chile and Tierra del Fuego. In the 17th century, the Russians explored and conquered Siberia in search of sables, while the Dutch roughly charted the emerging continent of Australia. The 18th century saw the first extensive exploration of the South Pacific and the discovery of Alaska, while the nineteenth was dominated by exploration of the polar regions (not to mention excursions into the heart of Africa). By the 20th century, the poles themselves had been reached.

15th century

Vasco da Gama lands at Calicut, illustration for Os Lusíadas, 1880 by Ernesto Casanova.

16th century

An old painting depicting a wooden sailing ship with sails full blown by the wind
Cabral's ship on the fleet that sighted the Brazilian mainland for the first time on 22 April 1500. From the manuscript Memória das Armadas que de Portugal passaram à Índia
Balboa claiming possession of the Mar del Sur ("South Sea").
Map of the island city Tenochtitlán and Mexico gulf made by one of Cortés' men, 1524, Newberry Library, Chicago
Discovery of the Mississippi by William H. Powell (1823–1879) is a Romantic depiction of de Soto seeing the Mississippi River for the first time. It hangs in the United States Capitol rotunda.
Coronado Sets Out to the North, by Frederic Remington, 1861–1909
The Cabrillo National Monument in San Diego, California
Crew of Willem Barentsz fighting a polar bear, 1596

17th century

John Collier's painting of Henry Hudson cast adrift.
A 17th-century koch in a museum in Krasnoyarsk. Kochi were used to explore the Siberian watershed and coasts by men such as Kurochkin, Perfilyev and Dezhnev.
"Murderers' Bay", on the South Island of New Zealand, where several of Tasman's men were killed by Maori in December 1642.
The expedition of Semyon Dezhnyov by Klavdy Lebedev
Pere Marquette and the Indians at the Mississippi River, oil painting (1869) by Wilhelm Lamprecht (1838–1906), at Marquette University.

18th century

Cook's map of New Zealand
Resolution and Adventure in Matavai Bay by William Hodges
"Mount Rainier from the south Part of Admiralty Inlet". The mountain was discovered by Vancouver during his exploration of Puget Sound in the spring of 1792.
Inscription at the end of the Alexander Mackenzie's Canada crossing located at 52°22′43″N 127°28′14″W / 52.37861°N 127.47056°W / 52.37861; -127.47056

19th century

The famous map of Lewis and Clark's expedition. It changed mapping of northwest America by providing the first accurate depiction of the relationship of the sources of the Columbia and Missouri rivers, and the Rocky Mountains.
Colour drawing of Simon Fraser's 1808 descent of the Fraser River.
"The Crews of H.M.S. Hecla & Griper Cutting Into Winter Harbour, Sept. 26th, 1819". An engraving from the journal published in 1821.
John Franklin's party encamped at Point Turnagain, the furthest point he reached.
HMS Investigator, on the northwestern coast of Banks Island, 20 August 1851.
Map drawn by Robert McClure detailing the Northwest Passage, including the 1851 route of the Investigator.
The first ascent of the Matterhorn, by Gustave Doré.
The original survey map created by L.M. D'Albertis in 1876.
A group of men pose on the ice with dogs and sledges, with the ship's outline visible in the background
Nansen and Johansen finally depart on their polar journey, 14 March 1895. Nansen is the tall figure, second from left; Johansen is standing second from right.

20th century

Amundsen's party at the South Pole, December 1911. From left to right: Amundsen, Hanssen, Hassel and Wisting (photo by fifth member Bjaaland).
Five men in heavy clothing and headgear; three are standing and two seated on the ground. The standing men carry flags; all five have dejected expressions
Scott's party at the South Pole, 18 January 1912. L to R: (standing) Wilson, Scott, Oates; (seated) Bowers, Edgar Evans.
Severnaya Zemlya – raising of the Russian flag in 1913.

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