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Kurdistan Workers' Party insurgency: Difference between revisions

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cachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens sncachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailvvcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom tukey is named after lightning mcqueens snailcachow man vroom vroom 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snail
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2017}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = PKK-Turkey Conflict (1978–present)
| partof = the [[Kurdish rebellions in Turkey|Kurdish rebellions]]
| image = [[File:PKK-Conflict-de.png|300px]]
| caption = Thematic map, general view over the Kurdish  – Turkish conflict
| date = {{Tooltip|c.|circa}} 27 November 1978–present<br />({{Age in years, months, weeks and days|month1=11|day1=11|year1=1978}})
| place = [[Eastern Anatolia Region|Eastern]] and [[Southeastern Anatolia Region|Southeastern]] Turkey, spillovers in [[Northern Iraq]] and [[Rojava|Northern Syria]]
| territory =
| result =
| status = [[List of ongoing armed conflicts|Ongoing]]:
* [[Solution process|Peace process attempt]] during 2012–15<ref name="End of armed struggle 1">{{cite web |url=http://www.ansamed.info/ansamed/en/news/sections/politics/2013/03/21/Turkey-PKK-leader-calls-halt-armed-struggle_8438170.html|title=Turkey: PKK leader calls halt to armed struggle|publisher=Ansamed|date=21 March 2013|accessdate=21 March 2013}}</ref><ref name="End of armed struggle 2">{{cite web|url=http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/cautious-turkish-pm-welcomes-ocalans-call-for-end-to-armed-struggle-.aspx?pageID=238&nID=43389&NewsCatID=338|title=Cautious Turkish PM welcomes Öcalan's call for end to armed struggle|work=Hürriyet Daily News|date=21 March 2013|accessdate=21 March 2013}}</ref><ref name="End of armed struggle 3">{{cite web|url=http://en.trend.az/news/politics/2131738.html|title=Kurdish separatist group leader Öcalan calls to stop armed struggle|publisher=Trend AZ|date=21 March 2013|accessdate=21 March 2013}}</ref><ref name="End of armed struggle 5">{{cite web|url=http://www.euronews.com/2013/03/21/ocalan-s-farewell-to-arms-brings-kurds-hope-for-peace/|title=Ocalan's farewell to arms brings Kurds hope for peace|publisher=Euronews|date=21 March 2013|accessdate=21 March 2013}}</ref>
* [[2014 Kurdish riots in Turkey|Escalation]] since September 2014 due to [[Siege of Kobani|Kobane crisis]]
* [[Kurdish–Turkish conflict (2015–present)|Renewed warfare]] since July 2015
| combatants_header =
| combatant1 = '''{{flagicon|Turkey}} [[Turkey]]'''
* [[Turkish Armed Forces]]
** [[Special Forces (Turkish Armed Forces)|Special Forces]]
* [[Turkish National Police]]
** [[Police Special Operation Department|PÖH]]
* [[JİTEM]]
'''Other forces:'''
* Some Kurdish tribes<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.trtworld.com/turkey/turkeys-kurdish-tribes-call-pkk-to-leave-country-7161|title=Turkey’s Kurdish tribes call PKK to leave country|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dailysabah.com/politics/2015/09/09/kurdish-people-unite-against-terror-tribe-of-65000-pledge-to-stand-up-against-pkk|title=Kurdish people unite against terror: Tribe of 65,000 pledge to stand up against PKK|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kurdishinstitute.be/erdogans-new-kurdish-allies/|title=Erdogan’s new Kurdish allies – Kurdish Institute|publisher=}}</ref>
* [[Village guard system|Village Guards]]
* [[Grey Wolves (organization)|Grey Wolves]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.middleeasteye.net/news/increasing-tensions-see-resurgence-turkeys-far-right-street-movements-923266627 |title=Increasing tensions see resurgence of Turkey's far-right street movements |last=MacDonald |first=Alex |date=14 September 2015 |website= |publisher=Middle East Eye |access-date=7 December 2016 |quote=}}</ref>
* [[Turkish Revenge Brigade]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2015/09/turkey-kurds-pkk-cizre-curfew-civilian-demand-answers.html|title=Kurds demand answers after battles in Cizre|date=18 September 2015|work=al-monitor.com|accessdate=17 April 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://thesop.org/story/politics/2008/01/04/turkish-government-associated-death-squads.php|title=Turkish Government-Associated Death Squads|work=thesop.org|accessdate=17 April 2017}}</ref><ref>Metelits, Claire, ''Inside Insurgency: Violence, Civilians, and Revolutionary Group Behavior'', (New York University Press, 2010), 154–155.</ref>
----
* [[Deep state in Turkey|Deep state]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2012/03/12/the-deep-state|title=The Deep State|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/karabekir-akkoyunlu/old-demons-in-new-faces-t_1_b_8383086.html|title=Old Demons in New Faces? The 'Deep State' Meets Erdoğan's 'New Turkey'|first1=Karabekir Akkoyunlu Assistant Professor of Modern Turkey at the Centre for Southeast European|last1=Studies|first2=University of|last2=Graz|date=25 October 2015|publisher=}}</ref>
| combatant2 = {{flagicon image|Flag of Koma Komalên Kurdistan.svg}} '''[[Kurdistan Communities Union|Kurdistan Communities Union (KCK)]]'''
* {{flagicon image|Flag of Kurdistan Workers Party (PKK).svg}} [[Kurdistan Workers' Party|PKK]]
** {{flagicon image|HPG Flag.svg|border=}} [[People's Defence Forces|HPG]]
** {{flagicon image|Flag of YJA-Star.svg|border=}} [[Free Women's Units|YJA-STAR]]
* {{flagicon image|Flag of PJAK.svg}} [[Party for a Free Life in Kurdistan|PJAK]]<ref name="presstv">{{cite web|url=http://edition.presstv.ir/detail/74950.html |title=PJAK attacks along Iran borders decline |publisher=PressTV |accessdate=13 April 2015 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402153348/http://edition.presstv.ir/detail/74950.html |archivedate=2 April 2015 |df=dmy }}{{dubious|date=August 2016}}</ref>
{{flagicon image|YDG-H Flag.svg}} '''[[YDG-H]]:'''
* {{flagicon image|Flag of the YPS - Vertical.svg}} [[Civil Protection Units|YPS]]
* {{flagicon image|Flag of the YPS - Vertical.svg}} [[YPS-Jin]]
{{flagicon image|Infobox HBDH.png}} '''[[Peoples' United Revolutionary Movement|HBDH]]'''
----
{{Collapsible list
| bullets = yes
| title = Supported by:
| {{flag|Armenia}}
| {{flag|Cyprus}}<ref name="Faucompret">{{cite book|last=Faucompret|first=Erik|title=Turkish Accession to the EU: Satisfying the Copenhagen Criteria|year=2008|publisher=Taylor & Francis|location=Hoboken|isbn=9780203928967|page=168|author2=Konings, Jozef |quote=The Turkish establishment considered the Kurds' demand for the recognition of their identity a threat to the territorial integrity of the state, the more so because the PKK was supported by countries hostile to Turkey: Soviet Union, Greece, Cyprus, Iran and especially Syria. Syria hosted the organization and its leader for twenty years, and it provided training facilities in the Beka'a Valley of Syrian-controlled northern Lebanon.}}</ref>
| {{flag|Greece}}<ref>{{cite news|title=Ocalan: Greeks supplied Kurdish rebels|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/358115.stm|accessdate=21 July 2013|date=2 June 1999|agency=[[BBC News]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Turkey says Greece supports PKK|url=http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/default.aspx?pageid=438&n=turkey-says-greece-supports-pkk-1997-07-01|accessdate=21 July 2013|newspaper=[[Hürriyet Daily News]]|date=1 July 1999}}</ref>
| {{Flag|Russia}}<ref>{{cite book|last=Bilgin|first=Fevzi|title=Understanding Turkey's Kurdish Question|year=2013|publisher=Lexington Books|isbn=9780739184035|page=96|author2=Sarihan. Ali |quote=The USSR, and then Russia, also supported the PKK for many years.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Russian newspaper: Russia provided money for PKK|url=http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/default.aspx?pageid=438&n=russian-newspaper-russia-provided-money-for-pkk-2000-02-28|accessdate=17 October 2012|newspaper=Hurriyet Daily News|date=28 February 2000}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Turkey devises action plan to dry up PKK’s foreign support |url=http://www.todayszaman.com/news-223048-102-turkey-devises-action-plan-to-dry-up-pkks-foreign-support.html |accessdate=23 July 2013 |newspaper=[[Today's Zaman]] |date=30 September 2010 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130922170816/http://www.todayszaman.com/news-223048-102-turkey-devises-action-plan-to-dry-up-pkks-foreign-support.html |archivedate=22 September 2013 |df= }}</ref>
| {{flag|Soviet Union}} <small>([[Dissolution of the Soviet Union|until 1991]])</small><ref name="Faucompret"/><ref>{{cite book|last=Shapir|first=Yiftah|title=The Middle East Military Balance, 1996|year=1998|publisher=Jaffee Center for Strategic Studies, Tel Aviv University|location=Jerusalem, Israel|isbn=9780231108928|page=114|quote=The PKK was originally established as a Marxist party, with ties to the Soviet Union}}</ref>
| {{Flag|Iran}}<ref name="Faucompret"/><ref>{{cite book|last=Phillips|first=David L.|title=From Bullets to Ballots: Violent Muslim Movements in Transition|year=2009|publisher=Transaction Publishers|location=New Brunswick, N.J.|isbn=9781412812016|page=129|quote=Iran's Revolutionary Guards (Pasdaran) trained the PKK in Lebanon's Beka'a Valley. Iran supported the PKK despite Turkey's strict neutrality during the Iran-Iraq War (1980–1988).}}</ref><ref name="telegraph">{{cite news|title=Syria and Iran 'backing Kurdish terrorist group', says Turkey|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/turkey/9518194/Syria-and-Iran-backing-Kurdish-terrorist-group-says-Turkey.html|accessdate=17 October 2012|newspaper=The Telegraph|date=3 September 2012}}</ref>
| {{Flag|Syria}} <small>(until October 1998; from 2012)</small><ref name="Faucompret"/><ref name="telegraph"/><ref>{{cite book|last=Bal|first=İdris|title=Turkish Foreign Policy In Post Cold War Era|year=2004|publisher=BrownWalker Press|location=Boca Raton, Fl.|isbn=9781581124231|page=359|quote=With the explicit supports of some Arab countries for the PKK such as Syria...}}</ref><ref name="Mannes">{{cite book|last=Mannes|first=Aaron|title=Profiles In Terror: The Guide To Middle East Terrorist Organizations|year=2004|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Publishers|location=Lanham, Maryland|isbn=9780742535251|page=185|quote=PKK has had substantial operations in northern Iraq, with the support of Iran and Syria.}}</ref>
| {{flagicon image|Flag_of_Iraq_(1991-2004).svg}} [[Ba'athist Iraq|Iraq]] <small>([[US invasion of Iraq|until 2003]])</small><ref>{{cite web|work=[[Council on Foreign Relations]]|title=Terrorism Havens: Iraq|date=December 1, 2005|url=http://www.cfr.org/iraq/terrorism-havens-iraq/p9513|quote=Saddam has aided...the Kurdistan Workers’ Party (known by its Turkish initials, PKK), a separatist group fighting the Turkish government.}}</ref>
| {{flagicon image|Flag_of_Libya_(1977-2011).svg}} [[Libyan Arab Jamahiriya|Libya]] <small>(until 2006)</small><ref>{{Citation|title=World Terrorism: An Encyclopedia of Political Violence from Ancient Times to the Post-9/11 Era|publisher=Routledge|last=Ciment|first=James|year=2015|page=721|quote=Other groups that have received Libyan support include the Turkish PKK...}}</ref>
| {{flag|Egypt}} <small>(since 2016 allegedly)</small><ref>{{cite web|work=[[Rudaw]]|url=http://rudaw.net/english/middleeast/270620161|date=27 June 2016|title=Are the PKK and Cairo new allies?|quote=Cairo allegedly gave the PKK delegation funds and weapons after the second meeting, the report adds.}}</ref>
| {{flagicon image|ASALA logo.svg|border=}} [[Armenian Secret Army for the Liberation of Armenia|ASALA]] <small>(1970s–1988)</small><ref>{{cite web|url=https://fas.org/irp/world/para/docs/studies3.htm|title=III. International Sources of Support|publisher=Federation of American Scientists|accessdate=26 October 2014}}</ref>
}}
----
{{Flagicon image|InfoboxTAK.png}} [[Kurdistan Freedom Hawks]]

| commander1 = '''Current commanders'''<br/>
{{nowrap|{{flagicon|Turkey}} [[Recep Tayyip Erdoğan]]}}<br/>
{{flagicon|Turkey}} [[Binali Yıldırım]]<br/>
{{flagicon|Turkey}} [[Hulusi Akar]]<br/>
----
{{Collapsible list
|framestyle=border:none; padding:0; <!--as above-->
|title=Past commanders: |1={{flagicon|Turkey}} [[Osman Pamukoğlu]] |2={{flagicon|Turkey}} [[Kenan Evren]] |3={{flagicon|Turkey}} [[Turgut Özal]] |4={{flagicon|Turkey}} [[Süleyman Demirel]]
|5={{flagicon|Turkey}} [[Ahmet Necdet Sezer]] |6={{flagicon|Turkey}} [[Bülent Ecevit]] |7={{flagicon|Turkey}} [[Mesut Yılmaz]] |8={{flagicon|Turkey}} [[Necmettin Erbakan]] |9={{flagicon|Turkey}} [[Tansu Çiller]] |10={{flagicon|Turkey}} [[Işık Koşaner]] |11={{flagicon|Turkey}} [[İlker Başbuğ]] |12={{flagicon|Turkey}} [[Yaşar Büyükanıt]] |13={{flagicon|Turkey}} [[Hilmi Özkök]] |14={{flagicon|Turkey}} [[Hüseyin Kıvrıkoğlu]] |15={{flagicon|Turkey}} [[İsmail Hakkı Karadayı]] |16={{flagicon|Turkey}} [[Doğan Güreş]] |17={{flagicon|Turkey}} [[Necip Torumtay]] |18={{flagicon|Turkey}} [[Necdet Üruğ]] |19={{flagicon|Turkey}} [[Nurettin Ersin]]
}}
| commander2 = '''Current commanders'''<br/>{{flagicon image|Flag_of_Kurdistan_Workers_Party_(PKK).svg}} [[Murat Karayılan]]<br/>
{{flagicon image|Flag_of_Kurdistan_Workers_Party_(PKK).svg}} [[Bahoz Erdal]]<br/>
{{flagicon image|Flag of Koma Komalên Kurdistan.svg}} [[Cemil Bayık]]<br/>
{{flagicon image|Flag of Kurdistan Workers Party (PKK).svg}} Hülya Eroğlu{{KIA}} <ref>http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/pkk-militant-on-turkeys-most-wanted-list-killed-in-southeast-interior-ministry-122419</ref><br />
{{flagicon image|Flag_of_Kurdistan_Workers_Party_(PKK).svg}} [[Mustafa Karasu]]<br/>
{{flagicon image|Flag_of_Kurdistan_Workers_Party_(PKK).svg}} [[Duran Kalkan]]<br/>
{{flagicon image|Flag_of_Kurdistan_Workers_Party_(PKK).svg}} {{Interlanguage link multi|Ali Haydar Kaytan|tr}}<br />
{{flagicon image|Flag of Koma Komalên Kurdistan.svg}} [[Zübeyir Aydar]]<br/>
{{flagicon image|Drapeau du Parti pour une vie libre au Kurdistan - PJAK.png}} [[Haji Ahmadi]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.presstv.com/detail.aspx?id=74950&sectionid=351020101 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120616044938/http://www.presstv.com/detail.aspx?id=74950&sectionid=351020101 |dead-url=yes |archive-date=16 June 2012 |title=PJAK attacks along Iran borders decline |publisher=Presstv.com |accessdate=15 April 2011}}</ref><br/>
{{Collapsible list
|framestyle=border:none; padding:0; <!--as above-->
|title=Past commanders:
|1={{flagicon image|Flag of Kurdistan Workers' Party 1978.png}} [[Abdullah Öcalan]] {{POW}} |2={{flagicon image|Flag of Kurdistan Workers' Party 1978.png}} [[Şemdin Sakık]] {{POW}} |3={{flagicon image|Flag of Kurdistan Workers' Party 1978.png}} [[Osman Öcalan]] |4={{flagicon image|Flag of Kurdistan Workers' Party 1978.png}} [[Mahsum Korkmaz]]{{KIA}} |5={{flagicon image|Flag of Kurdistan Workers' Party 1978.png}} [[Nizamettin Taş]]
|6={{flagicon image|Flag of Kurdistan Workers' Party 1978.png}} [[Mazlum Doğan]] {{POW}} |7={{flagicon image|Flag_of_Kurdistan_Workers_Party_(PKK).svg}} [[Celal Başkale]]{{KIA}}|8={{flagicon image|Flag of Kurdistan Workers' Party 1978.png}} [[Kani Yılmaz]]{{KIA}} |9={{flagicon image|Flag of Kurdistan Workers' Party 1978.png}} [[Hüseyin Yıldırım (insurgent)|Hüseyin Yıldırım]]
|10={{flagicon image|Flag of Kurdistan Workers' Party 1978.png}} [[Haki Karer]]{{KIA}}
|11={{flagicon image|Flag of Kurdistan Workers' Party 1978.png}} [[Halil Atac]]
}}
| units1 =
| units2 =
| strength1 = [[Turkish Armed Forces]]: 639,551:<ref name=aktifhaber>{{cite web|title=NEWS FROM TURKISH ARMED FORCES|url=http://www.tsk.tr/3_basin_yayin_faaliyetleri/3_4_tskdan_haberler/2015/tsk_haberler_77.html#haber13|publisher=Turkish Armed Forces|accessdate=15 January 2016|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151105231107/http://www.tsk.tr/3_basin_yayin_faaliyetleri/3_4_tskdan_haberler/2015/tsk_haberler_77.html#haber13|archivedate=5 November 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref><br /> [[Gendarmerie (Turkey)|Gendarmerie]]: 148,700<ref>{{cite news|title=Turkey's Paramilitary Forces |work=Orbat |page=33 |date=25 July 2006 |url=http://orbat.com/site/gd/cwpf_2006/cwpf_display%20version.pdf |format=PDF |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090327045138/http://orbat.com/site/gd/cwpf_2006/cwpf_display%20version.pdf |archivedate=27 March 2009 |df= }}</ref> <br /> [[General Directorate of Security|Police]]: 225,000<br /> [[Village guard system|Village Guards]]: 65,000<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mysinchew.com/node/37882 |title=Turkey's 'village guards' tired of conflict |publisher=My Sinchew |date=19 April 2010 |accessdate=29 August 2010}}</ref><br /> {{flagicon|Turkey}} '''Total: 948,550''' <br /><small>(not all directly involved in the conflict)</small>
| strength2 = [[Kurdistan Workers' Party|PKK]]: 4,000–32,800<ref name="fas">{{cite web |url=https://fas.org/irp/world/para/pkk.htm |title=Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK) |publisher=[[Federation of American Scientists]] |accessdate=23 July 2008 |date=21 May 2004 |first=John |last=Pike}}</ref><ref name=Sabah>{{cite web |agency=Sabah News Agency |url=http://www.sabah.com.tr/galeri/turkiye/iste-pkkli-hainlerin-il-il-dagilimi/85 |title=The PKK in Numbers |date=28 December 2015}}</ref>
[[PJAK]]: 1,000<ref>[[International Relations and Security Network|ISN]] [http://www.isn.ethz.ch/isn/Current-Affairs/Security-Watch/Detail/?lng=en&id=52966 Kurdish strike reminder of forgotten war], 26 February 2007</ref>–3,000<ref>[http://www.jamestown.org/programs/gta/single/?tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=805&tx_ttnews%5BbackPid%5D=181&no_cache=1 Iran's Kurdish Threat: PJAK]{{dead link|date=May 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, 15 June 2006</ref> <br /> [[Kurdistan Freedom Hawks|TAK]]: A few dozen<ref name="Freedom Falcons"/> <br /> '''Total: ≈5,000–32,800'''<ref name=Sabah/>

|casualties1 = 5,347 soldiers, 283 police officers and 1,466 village guards killed, 95 captured <small>(24 currently held)</small><ref>14 taken (May 1993),[http://www.pkkeylemleri.com/bingol-katliami/] 8 taken (Oct. 2007),[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-491677/Turkish-soldiers-captured-Kurdish-guerrillas-released-Iraq.html] 23 taken (2011–12),[http://www.sondevir.com/rakamlarla-turkiye-dunya/87813/pkk-1-yilda-kac-kisiyi-kacirdi] 8 released (Feb. 2015),[http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-20971100] 20 taken/released (June–Sep. 2015),[http://www.bbc.com/turkce/haberler/2015/09/150923_asker_polis_aileleri] 20 held (Dec. 2015),[http://rudaw.net/turkish/middleeast/turkey/151220155] 2 taken (Jan. 2016),[http://www.timeturk.com/pkk-nin-elindeki-asker-ve-polisler-konustu/haber-110413] total of 95 reported taken</ref><ref>20 as of Dec. 2015,[http://rudaw.net/turkish/middleeast/turkey/151220155] 2 taken Jan. 2016,[http://www.timeturk.com/pkk-nin-elindeki-asker-ve-polisler-konustu/haber-110413] total of 22 reported currently held</ref><br />'''Total:''' '''7,230 killed and 21,128 wounded'''<br /><small>(Turkish claim)</small><ref name=30yilda>{{cite news|title=How many martyrs did Turkey lost?|url=http://www.internethaber.com/turkiye-30-yilda-ne-kadar-sehit-verdi-642497h.htm|accessdate=7 December 2015|agency=Internethaber}}</ref><ref name=nearly7000/>
----
'''Total: 12,522 killed and 33,788 wounded'''<ref>{{cite news|title=HSM, 1 yıllık savaş bilançosunu açıkladı: 2982 asker ve polis öldürüldü|url=http://firatnews.com/kurdistan/hsm-1-yillik-savas-bilancosunu-acikladi-2982-asker-ve-polis-olduruldu|accessdate=22 November 2016|work=firatnews.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://gazeteyolculuk.net/gundem/hpg-bir-yillik-savas-bilancosunu-acikladi-2982-asker-ve-polis-oldu.html|accessdate=22 November 2016|title=HPG bir yıllık savaş bilançosunu açıkladı: 2982 asker ve polis öldü|work=Yolculuk Gazete|date=26 July 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=HPG'den yıllık savaş bilançosu – STÊRK|url=http://tr.sterk.tv/1933-hpgden-illk-sava-bilancosu.html#.WDV7tOaLS00|accessdate=23 November 2016|work=tr.sterk.tv}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Kurdistanê|first1=Navenda Lêkolînên Stratejîk a|title=HPG'den 2009 Yılı Savaş Bilançosu {{!}} Kürdistan Stratejik Araştırmalar Merkezi {{!}} Lekolin.org|url=http://www.lekolin.org/haber-177-HPGden-2009-Yili-Savas-Bilancosu.html|accessdate=23 November 2016|work=www.lekolin.org}}</ref><br/>
<small>(PKK claim)</small>
|casualties2 = '''Total: 34,116-46,242+ killed and 21,698+ captured'''<br/><small>(Turkish claim)</small><ref>22,374 killed (1984–2015),[http://www.yenisafak.com/en/news/nearly-7000-civilians-killed-by-pkk-in-31-years-2237092] 9,500 killed (2015–2016), [http://m.ahaber.com.tr/gundem/2017/04/26/fikri-isik-10-bin-100un-uzerinde-terorist-olduruldu] 600 killed (2017),[http://www.bbc.com/turkce/haberler-turkiye-38313672], 203,000 arrested (1984–2012),[http://www.milliyet.com.tr/28-yilin-aci-bilancosu-35-bin-300-kisi-teror-kurbani-oldu-siyaset-1581690/], 62,145 captured from 2003 to 2011, total of 31,874 reported killed and 203,000 arrested</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.com/turkce/haberler-turkiye-38313672|title=Erdoğan'dan 'milli seferberlik' ilanı|date=15 December 2016|publisher=|accessdate=17 April 2017|via=www.bbc.com}}</ref><ref>[http://www.aksam.com.tr/amp/guncel/icisleri-bakani-soylu-son-9-ayda-bin-68-terorist-etkisiz-hale-getirildi/haber-632366], [http://www.trthaber.com/index.php?news=pkkya-sonbaharda-agir-darbe-vuruldu&news_id=341110&category_id=2]</ref>
|casualties3 = '''Total killed: 50,000–55,000'''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/jan/11/turkish-forces-kill-32-kurdish-militants-in-bloody-weekend-as-conflict-escalates|title=Turkish forces kill 32 Kurdish militants in bloody weekend as conflict escalates|first=|last=Reuters|date=10 January 2016|publisher=|via=The Guardian}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/wires/afp/article-3305202/PKK-declares-end-pre-election-truce-Turkey.html |title=PKK declares end to unilateral truce in Turkey |work=AFP |date=5 November 2015}}</ref><ref name="1100die">{{cite web|url=http://aa.com.tr/en/todays-headlines/over-1-100-die-in-pkk-attacks-in-turkey-since-july-2015/682842|title=Over 1,100 die in PKK attacks in Turkey since July 2015|publisher=|accessdate=10 November 2016}}</ref>

----
'''Civilian Casualties:'''<br />
'''6,741''' killed and '''14,257''' wounded (Turkish claim)<ref name=nearly7000>{{cite web|url=http://www.yenisafak.com/en/news/nearly-7000-civilians-killed-by-pkk-in-31-years-2237092|title=Nearly 7,000 civilians killed by PKK in 31 years|first=Yeni|last=Şafak|publisher=}}</ref><br />
'''5,000''' killed (until 2000; 3,438 by the Turkish government & 1,205 by the PKK; independent research and NGOs)<ref name="belge"/><br />
'''18,000–20,000''' Kurds executed and 2,400–4,000+ villages destroyed by the Turkish government (independent human rights reports and other estimates)<ref name="executions"/><ref>{{cite book|last1=Visweswaran|first1=edited by Kamala|title=Everyday occupations experiencing militarism in South Asia and the Middle East|date=2013|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press|location=Philadelphia|isbn=0812207831|page=14|edition=1st|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pGcUBAAAQBAJ}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Romano|first1=David|title=The Kurdish nationalist movement : opportunity, mobilization and identity|date=2005|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge|isbn=0521684269|page=81|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ohSNu6bidEQC}}</ref><ref name="wounded"/>
3,000,000+ displaced<ref name="displaced"/>
| notes= {{flagicon image|Green Shahada.png}} [[Turkish Hezbollah]] also known as Kurdish Hezbollah or just Hizbullah in Turkey, is a mainly [[Sunni]] [[Islamist]] militant organization, active against the [[Kurdistan Workers' Party]] (PKK) and the [[Government of Turkey]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Turkish Hezbollah (Hizbullah) / Kurdish Hezbollah |url=http://www.turkishweekly.net/article/180/turkish-hezbollah-hizbullah-kurdish-hezbollah.html |accessdate=27 December 2015 |work=Turkish Weekly |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150102143843/http://www.turkishweekly.net/article/180/turkish-hezbollah-hizbullah-kurdish-hezbollah.html |archivedate=2 January 2015 |df= }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=The real challenge to secular Turkey|url=http://www.economist.com/node/7855127?story_id=7855127|accessdate=27 December 2015|work=The Economist}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Dogan|first1=Azimet|title=Characteristics of Turkish Hezbollah: Implications for Policy and Programs|date=2008|publisher=University of Baltimore|url=https://books.google.com/books/about/Characteristics_of_Turkish_Hezbollah.html?id=HUyJOgAACAAJ&redir_esc=y}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=T. Nugent|first1=John|title=The Defeat of Turkish Hizballah as a Model for Counter-Terrorism Strategy|url=http://www.rubincenter.org/2004/03/nugent-2004-03-06/|accessdate=27 December 2015|agency=the Department of National Security Affairs}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Jenkins|first1=Gareth|title=A New Front in the PKK Insurgency|url=http://www.isn.ethz.ch/Digital-Library/Articles/Detail//?lng=en&id=117499|accessdate=27 December 2015|agency=International Relations and Security Network (ISN)|publisher=International Relations and Security Network (ISN)|date=2010}}</ref>
| campaignbox = {{Campaignbox Kurdish–Turkish conflict}}{{Campaignbox Kurdish Rebellions in Turkey}}
}}

The '''Kurdish–Turkish conflict'''{{ref|reference_name_A|[note]}} is an armed conflict between the Republic of [[Turkey]] and various [[Kurdish people|Kurdish]] insurgent groups,<ref>TÜRKİYE'DE HALEN FAALİYETLERİNE DEVAM EDEN BAŞLICA TERÖR ÖRGÜTLERİ: {{cite web|url=http://www.egm.gov.tr/temuh/terorgrup1.html |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2016-04-12 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130114042731/http://www.egm.gov.tr/temuh/terorgrup1.html |archivedate=14 January 2013 |df=dmy }}</ref> which have demanded [[Ethnic separatism|separation]] from Turkey to create an independent [[Kurdistan]],<ref name="Freedom Falcons">{{cite web|last=Brandon |first=James |url=http://www.jamestown.org/single/?no_cache=1&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=936 |title=The Kurdistan Freedom Falcons Emerges as a Rival to the PKK |publisher=Jamestown.org |accessdate=15 April 2011}}</ref><ref name="security">{{cite web|title=Partiya Karkeran Kurdistan [PKK]|url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/para/pkk.htm|publisher=GlobalSecurity.org|accessdate=23 July 2013}}</ref> or to have [[autonomy]]<ref>{{cite web|work=[[Press TV]]|url=http://www.presstv.ir/detail/142279.html |title='PKK ready to swap arms for autonomy'|date=13 September 2010|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100914220711/http://www.presstv.ir/detail/142279.html|archivedate=14 September 2010|deadurl=yes}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ekurd.net/mismas/articles/misc2011/1/turkey3107.htm |title=Kurdish PKK leader: We will not withdraw our autonomy demand |publisher=Ekurd.net |accessdate=15 April 2011}}</ref> and greater [[Human rights of Kurdish people in Turkey|political and cultural rights for Kurds inside the Republic of Turkey]].<ref>{{cite news|author=David O'Byrne |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-10707935 |title=PKK 'would disarm for Kurdish rights in Turkey' |publisher=BBC News |date=21 July 2010 |accessdate=15 April 2011}}</ref> The main rebel group is the [[Kurdistan Workers' Party]]<ref>[[Bloomberg L.P.|Bloomberg]] [http://mobile.bloomberg.com/news/2010-05-23/sex-scandal-shake-up-reinvigorates-turkey-opposition-boosts-poll-standing Sex Scandal Shake-Up Reinvigorates Turkish Opposition Party] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131110043827/http://mobile.bloomberg.com/news/2010-05-23/sex-scandal-shake-up-reinvigorates-turkey-opposition-boosts-poll-standing |date=10 November 2013 }}, 23 May 2010</ref> or PKK ([[Kurdish languages|Kurdish]]: ''Partiya Karkerên Kurdistan''). Although insurgents have carried out attacks in many regions of Turkey,<ref>{{cite web|last=Jenkins |first=Gareth |url=http://www.jamestown.org/single/?no_cache=1&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=4463 |title=PKK Expanding Urban Bombing Campaign in Western Turkey |publisher=Jamestown.org |accessdate=15 April 2011}}</ref> the insurgency is mainly in southeastern [[Turkey]].<ref name="IDMC">{{cite web|author=Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre (IDMC)&nbsp;– Norwegian Refugee Council |url=http://www.internal-displacement.org/idmc/website/countries.nsf/(httpEnvelopes)/F583DF6E49225B7F802570B8005AA873?OpenDocument |title=The Kurdish conflict (1984–2006) |publisher=Internal-displacement.org |accessdate=15 April 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110131234615/http://www.internal-displacement.org/idmc/website/countries.nsf/%28httpEnvelopes%29/F583DF6E49225B7F802570B8005AA873?OpenDocument |archivedate=31 January 2011 |df= }}</ref> The PKK's presence in [[Iraq]]'s [[Kurdistan Region]], from which it has also launched attacks, has resulted in the Turkish military carrying out frequent ground incursions and air and artillery strikes in the region.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.panorama.am/en/news/2015/07/25/turkey-iraq-barzani/6227 | title=Barzani Calls on Turkey to Stop Attacks on PKK | date=2015-07-25}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/7260478.stm |title=Iraq warns Turkey over incursion |publisher=BBC News |date=23 February 2008 |accessdate=15 April 2011}}</ref> The conflict has cost the [[economy of Turkey]] an estimated 300 to 450&nbsp;billion dollars, mostly military costs. It has also affected [[tourism in Turkey]].<ref>[https://fas.org/irp/world/para/docs/studies4.htm PKK: Targets and activities], [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Turkey)]], [[Federation of American Scientists]].</ref><ref name="Turkey's safety">{{cite web|author=Mutlu, Servet|year=2008|url=http://www.21yuzyildergisi.com/assets/uploads/files/87.pdf|format=PDF|title=Türkiye’nin güvenliği: Ayrılıkçı PKK Terörünün Ekonomik Maliyeti|language=Turkish|trans-title=The security of Turkey: Economic cost of separatist PKK terrorism}}</ref><ref name="crisis">[http://www.crisisgroup.org/~/media/Files/europe/turkey-cyprus/turkey/219-turkey-the-pkk-and-a-kurdish-settlement "Turkey: The PKK and a Kurdish settlement"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120915092937/http://www.crisisgroup.org/~/media/Files/europe/turkey-cyprus/turkey/219-turkey-the-pkk-and-a-kurdish-settlement |date=15 September 2012 }}, International Crisis Group, 11 September 2012</ref>

The group was founded in 1978 in the village of Fis (near [[Lice, Turkey|Lice]]) by a group of Kurdish students led by [[Abdullah Öcalan]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Lice'nin Fis köyünde PKK'nın kuruluşunu kutladılar|url=http://www.milliyet.com.tr/lice-nin-fis-ilcesinde-pkk-nin-gundem-1975981/|accessdate=2 July 2015|work=Hürriyet Daily News|date=27 November 2014}}</ref> The initial reason given by the PKK for this was the [[Human rights of Kurdish people in Turkey|oppression of Kurds in Turkey]].<ref>{{cite book|editor1-last=Bilgin|editor1-first=Fevzi|editor2-last=Sarihan|editor2-first=Ali|title=Understanding Turkey's Kurdish Question|date=2013|publisher=Lexington Books|isbn=9780739184035|page=90|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QwU5NplYWSEC&pg=PA90}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Balci|first1=Ali|title=The PKK-Kurdistan Workers’ Party’s Regional Politics: During and After the Cold War|date=2016|publisher=Springer|isbn=3319422197|page=96|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hTGgDQAAQBAJ}}</ref> By then, the use of Kurdish language, dress, [[folklore]], and names were banned in Kurdish-inhabited areas.<ref name="hannum">{{cite book|last1=Hannum|first1=Hurst|title=Autonomy, sovereignty, and self-determination: the accommodation of conflicting rights|date=1996|publisher=Univ. of Pennsylvania Press|location=Philadelphia|isbn=0-8122-1572-9|pages=187–9|edition=Rev.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=28PEGfCDiZEC}}</ref> In an attempt to deny their existence, the Turkish government categorized [[Kurds]] as "Mountain Turks" until 1991.<ref name="hannum" /><ref>[http://countrystudies.us/turkey/26.htm Turkey - Linguistic and Ethnic Groups - U.S. Library of Congress]</ref><ref>Bartkus, Viva Ona, ''The Dynamic of Secession'', (Cambridge University Press, 1999), 90-91.</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Çelik|first=Yasemin|title=Contemporary Turkish foreign policy|year=1999|publisher=Praeger|location=Westport, Conn.|isbn=9780275965907|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y9PXcwFOLNcC&lpg=PA3|edition=1. publ.|page=3}}</ref> The words "Kurds", "[[Kurdistan]]", or "Kurdish" were officially banned by the Turkish government.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Baser|first1=Bahar|title=Diasporas and Homeland Conflicts: A Comparative Perspective|date=2016|isbn=1317151291|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rrW1CwAAQBAJ}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|editor1-last=Heshmati|editor1-first=Almas|editor2-last=Dilani|editor2-first=Alan|editor3-last=Baban|editor3-first=Serwan|title=Perspectives on Kurdistan's Economy and Society in Transition|date=2014|publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing|isbn=1443869716|page=422|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Gj5QBwAAQBAJ}}</ref> Following the [[1980 Turkish coup d'état|military coup of 1980]], the Kurdish language was officially prohibited in public and private life.<ref name=NYTK>Toumani, Meline. [https://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/17/magazine/17turkey-t.html?ex=1361854800&en=df64cf85326e2103&ei=5124&partner=permalink&exprod=permalink Minority Rules], ''[[New York Times]]'', 17 February 2008</ref> Many who spoke, published, or sang in Kurdish were arrested and imprisoned.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Aslan|first1=Senem|title=Nation Building in Turkey and Morocco|date=2014|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=1107054605|page=134|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wTAWBQAAQBAJ}}</ref> The PKK was then formed, as part of a growing discontent over the suppression of Turkey's ethnic Kurds, in an effort to establish linguistic, cultural, and political rights for Turkey's ethnic Kurdish minority.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Joseph|first1=J.|title=Turkey and the European Union internal dynamics and external challenges|date=2006|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|location=Basingstoke [England]|isbn=0230598587|page=100|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G06BDAAAQBAJ}}</ref>

The full-scale [[insurgency]], however, did not begin until 15 August 1984, when the PKK announced a Kurdish uprising. Since the conflict began, more than 40,000 have died, most of whom were Kurdish civilians.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Eder|first1=Mine|editor1-last=Lust|editor1-first=Ellen|title=The Middle East|date=2016|publisher=CQ Press|isbn=1506329306|edition=14|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q_nlCgAAQBAJ|chapter=Turkey|quote=The Turkish military responded with a ferocious counterinsurgency campaign that led to the deaths of nearly 40,000 people, most of them Turkish Kurdish civilians, and the displacement of more than three million Kurds from southeastern Turkey.}}</ref> The European Court of Human Rights has condemned Turkey for thousands of human rights abuses.<ref name="ETCHR1" >{{cite news|title=EUROPEAN COURT OF HUMAN RIGHTS: Turkey Ranks First in Violations in between 1959-2011|url=http://bianet.org/english/human-rights/138337-turkey-ranks-first-in-violations-in-between-1959-2011|accessdate=29 December 2015|work=Bianet - Bagimsiz Iletisim Agi}}</ref><ref name="AnnualETCHR">{{cite journal|title=Annual report|date=2014|issue=The European Court of Human Rights|url=http://echr.coe.int/Documents/Annual_Report_2014_ENG.pdf|accessdate=29 December 2015}}</ref> Many judgments are related to systematic executions of Kurdish civilians,<ref name="hum1" >{{cite journal|title=The European Court of Human Rights: Case of Benzer and others v. Turkey|date=24 March 2014|issue=Mass execution of Kurdish villagers|pages=57|url=http://hudoc.echr.coe.int/app/conversion/pdf/?library=ECHR&id=001-128036&filename=001-128036.pdf|accessdate=29 December 2015}}</ref> torturing,<ref name="tort1" >{{cite journal|title=The prohibition of torture|date=2003|issue=Torturing|pages=11, 13|url=http://www.echr.coe.int/LibraryDocs/HR%20handbooks/handbook06_en.pdf|accessdate=29 December 2015}}</ref> forced displacements,<ref>{{cite book|title=Human Rights Watch|publisher=Human Rights Watch|page=7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=blm_4gIcaZoC&pg=PA7|year=1998}}</ref> destroyed villages,<ref name="St. Martin's Press">{{cite book|last1=McKiernan|first1=Kevin|title=The Kurds: a people in search of their homeland|date=2006|publisher=St. Martin's Press|location=New York|isbn=0312325460|page=130|edition=1st|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PWPdGjzN2egC}}</ref><ref name="Univ Of Texas Press">{{cite book|last1=Neuberger|first1=Benyamin|editor1-last=Bengio|editor1-first=Ofra|title=Kurdish awakening : nation building in a fragmented homeland|date=2014|publisher=Univ Of Texas Press|location=[S.l.]|isbn=0292758138|page=27|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=caCDBAAAQBAJ}}</ref><ref name="Taylor and Francis">{{cite book|last1=Gunes|first1=Cengiz|last2=Zeydanlioğlu|first2=Welat|title=The Kurdish question in Turkey : new perspectives on violence, representation, and reconciliation|date=2014|publisher=Taylor and Francis|location=Hoboken|isbn=1135140634|page=98|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UVn7AAAAQBAJ}}</ref> [[arbitrary arrest]]s,<ref>{{cite journal|title=Police arrest and assistance of a lawyer|url=http://www.echr.coe.int/Documents/FS_Police_arrest_ENG.pdf}}</ref> murdered and disappeared Kurdish journalists, activists and politicians.<ref name="khrp.org">{{cite news|title=Justice Comes from European Court for a Kurdish Journalist|url=http://www.khrp.org/khrp-news/news-archive/2000-news/189-justice-comes-from-european-court-for-a-murdered-kurdish-journalist.html|accessdate=1 January 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Whitman|first1=Lois|editor1-last=Laber|editor1-first=Jeri|title=The Kurds of Turkey: killings, disappearances and torture|date=1993|publisher=Human Rights Watch|location=New York|isbn=1564320960|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pyz9fz6il38C}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Panico|first1=Christopher|title=Turkey : violations of free expression in Turkey.|date=1999|publisher=Human Rights Watch|location=New York|isbn=1564322262|pages=37–8|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TqXjX8ZSH6kC}}</ref>

The first insurgency lasted until 1 September 1999,<ref name="security"/><ref name="ceasefires">{{cite web|url=http://www.aknews.com/en/aknews/9/193730/?AKmobile=true |title=PKK has repeatedly asked for a ceasefire of peace since their establishment in the past 17 years |publisher=Aknews.com |date=6 November 2010 |accessdate=15 April 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101212230637/http://aknews.com/en/aknews/9/193730/?AKmobile=true |archivedate=12 December 2010 }}</ref> when the PKK declared a unilateral ceasefire. The armed conflict was later resumed on 1 June 2004, when the PKK declared an end to its ceasefire.<ref name="jamestown">{{cite web|last=Jenkins |first=Gareth |url=http://www.jamestown.org/single/?no_cache=1&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=4494 |title=PKK Changes Battlefield Tactics to Force Turkey into Negotiations |publisher=Jamestown.org |accessdate=15 April 2011}}</ref><ref name="ataa">{{cite web|url=http://www.ataa.org/reference/pkk/pkk.html |title=PKK/KONGRA-GEL and Terrorism |publisher=Ataa.org |accessdate=15 April 2011}}</ref> Since summer 2011, the conflict has become increasingly violent with resumption of large-scale hostilities.<ref name="crisis"/> In 2013 the [[Politics of Turkey|Turkish Government]] and the jailed PKK leader [[Abdullah Öcalan]] started talks. On 21 March 2013, Öcalan announced the "end of armed struggle" and a ceasefire with peace talks.<ref name="End of armed struggle 5"/><ref name="Ceasefire and peace">{{cite web|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/europe/2013/03/2013321112138974573.html|title=PKK leader calls for ceasefire in Turkey|publisher=Al Jazeera|date=21 March 2013|accessdate=21 March 2013}}</ref> On July 25, 2015, the PKK finally cancelled their 2013 ceasefire after a year of tension due to various events, including the Turks bombing PKK positions in Iraq,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Middle-East/2015/Jul-25/308262-kurdish-pkk-declares-end-to-truce-after-turkey-airstrikes-statement.ashx|title=PKK declares Turkey truce dead after airstrikes|work=The Daily Star Newspaper |location=Beirut, Lebanon|accessdate=3 August 2015}}</ref> in the midst of the Kurds' battle against the [[Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant]].

==Background==
{{Main article|Kurdish rebellions in Turkey|Kurds in Turkey|History of the Kurdistan Workers Party}}
<!-- Refer to ref FAS for this paragraph -->
Kurdish rebellions against the [[Ottoman Empire]] go back two centuries, but the modern conflict dates back to the [[Turkish War of Independence]], which established a [[Turkish nationalism|Turkish nationalist]] state which has consistently repressed the [[human rights of Kurdish people in Turkey]]. Major historical events include the [[Koçgiri Rebellion]] (1920), [[Sheikh Said rebellion]] (1925), [[Ararat rebellion]] (1930), and the [[Dersim Rebellion]] (1938).

The [[Kurdistan Workers Party]] (PKK) was founded in 1974 by [[Abdullah Öcalan]]. Initially a [[Marxist–Leninist]] organization, it abandoned orthodox communism and adopted a program of greater political rights and cultural autonomy for Kurds. Between 1978 and 1980, the PKK engaged in limited [[urban warfare]] with the Turkish state to these aims. The organization restructured itself and moved the [[organization structure]] to Syria between 1980 and 1984, just after the [[1980 Turkish coup d'état]].

The rural-based [[insurgency]] lasted between 1984 and 1992. The PKK shifted its activities to include urban warfare between 1993 and 1995 and between 1996 and 1999. The leader of the party was captured in Kenya in early 1999, with the support of CIA. After a unilaterally declared peace initiative in 1999, the PKK resumed the conflict due to a Turkish military offensive in 2004.<ref name="fas" /> Since 1974 it had been able to evolve, adapt, and go through a metamorphosis,<ref name=Joost>{{cite journal |last1=Jongerden |first1=Joost |title=PKK |url=http://www.personal.ceu.hu/PolSciJournal/CEU_PolSciJournal_III_1.pdf |format=PDF |journal=CEU Political Science Journal |volume=3 |issue=1|pages=127–132}}</ref> which became the main factor in its survival. It had gradually grown from a handful of political students to a dynamic organization.

In the aftermath of the failed [[1991 uprisings in Iraq]] against [[Saddam Hussein]], the UN established [[no-fly zone]]s over Kurdish areas of Iraq, giving those areas de facto independence.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://fas.org/news/un/iraq/sres/sres0688.htm |title=Security Council resolution 688 (1991) on the situation between Iraq and Kuwait |publisher=Federation of American Scientists |accessdate=17 July 2015 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150720220153/http://fas.org/news/un/iraq/sres/sres0688.htm |archivedate=20 July 2015 |df= }}</ref> The PKK was forced to retreat from Lebanon and Syria as a part of an agreement between Turkey and the United States. The PKK moved their training camps to the [[Qandil Mountains]] and as a result Turkey responded with [[Operation Steel]] (1995) and [[Operation Hammer (1997)|Operation Hammer]] (1997) in a failed attempt to crush the PKK.<ref>Jonathan Fox, Kathie Young (March 1999). [http://www.asylumlaw.org/docs/turkey/mar99_turkey_kurds.pdf Kurds in Turkey] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716081035/http://www.asylumlaw.org/docs/turkey/mar99_turkey_kurds.pdf |date=16 July 2011 }}</ref>

In 1992 Colonel [[Kemal Yilmaz]] declared that the [[Special Warfare Department]] (the seat of the [[Counter-Guerrilla]]) was still active in the conflict against the PKK.<ref name=KomTur>[[Lucy Komisar]], [http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1295/is_n4_v61/ai_19254727 Turkey's terrorists: a CIA legacy lives on] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080922230047/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1295/is_n4_v61/ai_19254727 |date=22 September 2008 }}, ''[[The Progressive]]'', April 1997.</ref> The [[U.S. State Department]] echoed concerns of Counter-Guerrilla involvement in its 1994 [[Country Report on Human Rights Practices]] for Turkey. The Counter-Guerrilla units were involved in serious human rights violations.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/country,,USDOS,,TUR,,3ae6aa7b18,0.html |accessdate=22 December 2008 |title=Turkey |work=[[Country Report on Human Rights Practices]] |year=1994 |quote=Human rights groups reported the widespread and credible belief that a counterguerrilla group associated with the security forces had carried out at least some 'mystery killings.' |author=[[U.S. Department of State]] |publisher=[[United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees]] |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811042233/http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/country%2C%2CUSDOS%2C%2CTUR%2C%2C3ae6aa7b18%2C0.html |archivedate=11 August 2011 |df= }}</ref>

Öcalan was captured in [[Kenya]] on 15 February 1999, allegedly involving CIA agents with Greek Embassy cooperation, resulting in his transfer to the Turkish authorities. After a trial he was sentenced to death, but this sentence was commuted to lifelong aggravated imprisonment when the death penalty was abolished in Turkey in August 2002.

With the [[invasion of Iraq in 2003]], much of the arms of the [[Iraqi Army]] fell into the hands of the Iraqi Kurdish [[Peshmerga]] militias.<ref>Garrett Lortz, Michael. [http://etd.lib.fsu.edu/theses/available/etd-11142005-144616/unrestricted/003Manuscript.pdf Willing to face Death: A History of Kurdish Military Forces&nbsp;– the Peshmerga&nbsp;– from the Ottoman Empire to Present-Day Iraq] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029191132/http://etd.lib.fsu.edu/theses/available/etd-11142005-144616/unrestricted/003Manuscript.pdf |date=29 October 2013 }}. (Thesis)</ref> The Peshmerga became the de facto army of [[Iraqi Kurdistan]] and Turkish sources claim many of its weapons found their way into the hands of other Kurdish groups such as the PKK and the [[PJAK]] (a PKK offshoot which operates in [[Iranian Kurdistan]]).<ref>{{cite news|url=http://arama.hurriyet.com.tr/arsivnews.aspx?id=-606447 |archive-url=https://archive.is/20120708145906/http://arama.hurriyet.com.tr/arsivnews.aspx?id=-606447 |dead-url=yes |archive-date=8 July 2012 |title=We need a much tougher stance against the PKK and the Iraqi Kurdish leadership |work=[[Hürriyet Daily News]] |date=23 May 2007 |accessdate=12 October 2008}}</ref> This has been the pretext for numerous Turkish attacks on the Kurdistan region of Iraq.

In June 2007, Turkey estimated there to be over 3,000 PKK fighters in Iraqi Kurdistan.<ref>[http://www.debka.com/headline.php?hid=4284 NATO Sec-Gen arrives in Ankara to urge restraint against Iraq-based PKK rebels], DEBKAfile. 15 June 2007.</ref>

==History==
{{Main article|Timeline of the Turkey–PKK conflict}}

===Beginnings===
In 1973 a small group under Öcalan's leadership released a declaration on Kurdish identity in Turkey. The group, which called itself the ''Revolutionaries of Kurdistan'' also included {{Interlanguage link multi|Ali Haydar Kaytan|tr}}, [[Cemil Bayik]], [[Haki Karer]] and [[Kemal Pir]].<ref name="PK 1995">{{cite web|url=http://www.xs4all.nl/~kicadam/kurdistan/2_99/ocalan.html |title=Abdullah Öcalan and the development of the PKK |publisher=Xs4all.nl |accessdate=15 April 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101215175054/http://www.xs4all.nl/~kicadam/kurdistan/2_99/ocalan.html |archivedate=15 December 2010 }}</ref> The group decided in 1974<ref name="security"/> to start a campaign for Kurdish rights. Cemil Bayik was sent to [[Urfa]], Kemal Pir to [[Muş|Mus]], Hakki Karer to [[Batman, Turkey|Batman]], and [[Ali Haydar Kaytan]] to [[Tunceli]]. They then started student organisations which talked to local workers and farmers about Kurdish rights.<ref name="PK 1995" />

In 1977, an assembly was held to evaluate the political activities. The assembly included 100 people, from different backgrounds and several representatives from other leftist organisations. In spring 1977, Abdullah Öcalan travelled to [[Mount Ararat]], [[Erzurum]], Tunceli, [[Elazig]], [[Antep]], and other cities to make the public aware of the Kurdish issue. This was followed by a Turkish government crackdown against the organisation. On 18 March 1977, Haki Karer was assassinated in Antep. During this period, the group was also targeted by the Turkish ultranationalist organization, the [[Nationalist Movement Party]]'s [[Grey Wolves (organization)|Grey Wolves]]. Some wealthy Kurdish landowners targeted the group as well, killing [[Halil Çavgun]] on 18 May 1978, which resulted in large Kurdish meetings in Erzurum, Dersim, Elazig, and Antep.<ref name="PK 1995" />

The founding Congress of the PKK was held on 27 November 1978 in Fis, a village near the city of [[Lice, Turkey|Lice]]. During this congress the 25 people present decided to found the Kurdistan Workers' Party. The Turkish state, Turkish rightist groups, and some Kurdish landowners continued their attacks on the group. In response, the PKK employed armed members to protect itself, which got involved in the [[Political violence in Turkey, 1970s|fighting between leftist and rightist groups in Turkey (1978–1980)]] at the side of the leftists,<ref name="PK 1995" /> during which the right-wing Grey Wolves militia killed 109 and injured 176 [[Alevi]] Kurds in the town of [[Kahramanmaraş]] on 25 December 1978 in what would become known as the [[Maraş Massacre]].<ref name=david>A modern history of the Kurds, By David McDowall, page 415, at [https://books.google.com/books?id=1tarN6gfxX8C&pg=PA415&lpg=PA415&dq=Maras+Massacre&source=bl&ots=VugE6xVwFk&sig=_gQUK4y0PGbXNK5qjQNJC9lwUvc&hl=en&ei=B-4tTPyoC4OBlAf0pMnhCg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CBUQ6AEwADgK#v=onepage&q=Maras%20Massacre&f=false Google Books], accessed on 1 May 2011</ref> In Summer 1979, Öcalan travelled to [[Syria]] and [[Lebanon]] where he made contacts with Syrian and [[Palestinian people|Palestinian]] leaders.<ref name="PK 1995" /> After the [[1980 Turkish coup d'état|Turkish coup d'état on 12 September 1980]] and a crackdown which was launched on all political organisations,<ref name=Gil>Gil, Ata. "La Turquie à marche forcée," ''[[Le Monde diplomatique]]'', February 1981.</ref> during which at least 191 people were killed<ref>''[[Today's Zaman]]'' [http://www.todayszaman.com/news-269055-fears-of-suicide-prompt-evren-family-to-remove-coup-leaders-firearms.html Fears of suicide prompt Evren family to remove coup leader’s firearms] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120120090016/http://www.todayszaman.com/news-269055-fears-of-suicide-prompt-evren-family-to-remove-coup-leaders-firearms.html |date=20 January 2012 }}, 19 January 2012</ref> and half a million were imprisoned,<ref>''[[The Economist]]'' [https://www.economist.com/blogs/newsbook/2010/09/turkeys_constitutional_referendum Erdogan pulls it off], 13 September 2010</ref>{{ref|reference_name_B|[note]}} most of the PKK withdrew into Syria and Lebanon. Öcalan himself went to Syria in September 1980 with Kemal Pir, [[Mahsum Korkmaz]], and [[Delil Dogan]] being sent to set up an organisation in Lebanon. Some PKK fighters allegedly took part in the [[1982 Lebanon War]] on the Syrian side.<ref name="PK 1995" />

The Second PKK Party Congress was then held in [[Daraa]], Syria, from 20 to 25 August 1982. Here it was decided that the organisation would return to Turkey to start an armed guerilla war there for the creation of an independent Kurdish state. Meanwhile, they prepared guerilla forces in Syria and Lebanon to go to war. Many PKK leaders however were arrested in Turkey and sent to [[Diyarbakir Prison]]. The prison became the site of much political protest.<ref name="PK 1995" /> (See also [[Torture in Turkey#Deaths in custody]].)

In [[Diyarbakır]] Prison, PKK member [[Mazlum Doğan]] burned himself to death on 21 March 1982 in protest at the treatment in prison. Ferhat Kurtay, Necmi Önen, Mahmut Zengin and Eşref Anyık followed his example on 17 May 1982. On 14 July 1982, PKK members Kemal Pir, [[M. Hayri Durmuş]], [[Ali Çiçek]] and [[Akif Yılmaz]] started a hunger strike in Diyarbakır Prison.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gundem-online.com/yazdir.asp?haberid=55278 |accessdate=29 July 2010 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110711133504/http://www.gundem-online.com/yazdir.asp?haberid=55278 |archivedate=11 July 2011 |title=Gundem-online.com}}</ref> Kemal Pir died on 7 September 1982, M. Hayri Durmuş on 12 September 1982, Akif Yılmaz on 15 September 1982, and Ali Çiçek on 17 September 1982. On 13 April 1984, a 75-day hunger-strike started in Istanbul. As a result, four prisoners—[[Abdullah Meral]], [[Haydar Başbağ]], [[Fatih Ökütülmüş]], and [[Hasan Telci]]—died.<ref>Report of the [[Human Rights Foundation of Turkey]]: File of Torture: Deaths in Detention Places or Prisons (12 September 1980 to 12 September 1995), Ankara, March 1996 {{ISBN|9757217093}}, page 68</ref>

===First insurgency===

====1984–93====
[[File:OHAL.png|thumb|right|300px|[[OHAL]] region—defining areas in Turkey under a state of emergency—in red with neighbouring provinces in orange, 1987–2002]]
The PKK launched its armed insurgency on 15 August 1984<ref name="PK 1995" /><ref name="under pressure">[http://www.rferl.org/content/article/1060741.html Turkey: Government Under Growing Pressure To Meet Kurdish Demands], Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, 17 August 2005</ref> with [[15 August 1984 PKK attacks|armed attacks on Eruh and Semdinli]]. During these attacks 1 gendarmerie soldier was killed, 7 soldiers, 2 policemen and 3 civilians were injured. It was followed by a PKK raid on a police station in [[Siirt]], two days later.<ref name="Turkishweekly">{{cite web|url=http://www.turkishweekly.net/article/217/chronology-of-the-important-events-in-the-world-pkk-chronology-1976-2006-.html |title=Chronology of the Important Events in the World/PKK Chronology (1976–2006) |work=Turkish Weekly |accessdate=15 April 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006073753/http://www.turkishweekly.net/article/217/chronology-of-the-important-events-in-the-world-pkk-chronology-1976-2006-.html |archivedate=6 October 2010 |df= }}</ref>

In the early 1990s, President [[Turgut Özal]] agreed to negotiations with the PKK, the events of the 1991 [[Gulf War]] having changed some of the geopolitical dynamics in the region. Apart from Özal, himself half-Kurdish, few Turkish politicians were interested in a peace process, nor was more than a part of the PKK itself.<ref>en.internationalism.org, 10 April 2013, [http://en.internationalism.org/icconline/201304/7373/internationalism-only-response-kurdish-issue Internationalism is the only response to the Kurdish issue]</ref> In 1993 Özal was working on the peace plans with the former finance minister [[Adnan Kahveci]] and the General Commander of the Turkish Gendarmerie, [[Eşref Bitlis]].<ref>''[[Today's Zaman]]'', 11 April 2012, [http://todayszaman.com/news-277125-prosecutors-look-into-links-between-suspicious-army-deaths.html Prosecutors look into links between suspicious army deaths]</ref> Negotiations led to a cease-fire declaration by the PKK on 20 March 1993. With the PKK's ceasefire declaration in hand, Özal was planning to propose a major pro-Kurdish reform package at the next meeting of the [[National Security Council (Turkey)|National Security Council]]. The president's death on 17 April led to the postponement of that meeting, and the plans were never presented.<ref>Michael M. Gunter, "Turgut Özal and the Kurdish question", in Marlies Casier, Joost Jongerden (eds, 2010), ''Nationalisms and Politics in Turkey: Political Islam, Kemalism and the Kurdish Issue'', Taylor & Francis, 9 August 2010. pp. 94–5</ref> A month later a [[May 24, 1993 PKK ambush|PKK ambush on 24 May 1993]] ensured the end of the peace process. The former PKK commander [[Şemdin Sakık]] maintains the attack was part of the [[Doğu Çalışma Grubu]]'s coup plans.<ref name=TZ>''[[Today's Zaman]]'', 6 November 2012, [http://www.todayszaman.com/news-297273-secret-witness-reveals-identity-shady-ties-between-pkk-and-ergenekon.html Secret witness reveals identity, shady ties between PKK and Ergenekon] {{webarchive |url=https://www.webcitation.org/6HsTMvep5?url=http://www.todayszaman.com/news-297273-secret-witness-reveals-identity-shady-ties-between-pkk-and-ergenekon.html |date=5 July 2013 }}</ref> Under the new Presidency of [[Süleyman Demirel]] and Premiership of [[Tansu Çiller]], the [[Castle Plan]] (to use any and all means to solve the Kurdish question using violence), which Özal had opposed, was enacted, and the peace process abandoned.<ref name=TIHV>{{Cite journal|url=http://www.tihv.org.tr/tihve/data/Yayinlar/Human_Rights_Reports/Ra1998HumanRigthsReport.pdf |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090205022400/http://www.tihv.org.tr/tihve/data/Yayinlar/Human_Rights_Reports/Ra1998HumanRigthsReport.pdf|archivedate=5 February 2009|title=1998 Report |year=2000 |location=Ankara |publisher=[[Human Rights Foundation of Turkey]]|ref=CITEREFHRFT1998}}</ref> Some journalists and politicians maintain that Özal's death (allegedly by poison) along with the assassination of a number of political and military figures supporting his peace efforts, was part of [[1993 alleged Turkish military coup|a covert military coup in 1993]] aimed at stopping the peace plans.

====1993–1999====
To counter the growing force of the PKK the Turkish military started new counter-insurgency strategies between 1992 and 1995. To deprive the rebels of a logistical base of operations and allegedly punishing local people supporting the PKK the military carried out de-forestation of the countryside and destroyed over 3,000 Kurdish villages, causing at least 2&nbsp;million refugees. Most of these villages were evacuated, but other villages were burned, bombed, or shelled by government forces, and several entire villages were obliterated from the air. While some villages were destroyed or evacuated, many villages were brought to the side of the Turkish government, which offered salaries to local farmers and shepherds to join the [[Village Guards]], which would prevent the PKK from operating in these villages, while villages which refused were evacuated by the military. These tactics managed to drive the rebels from the cities and villages into the mountains, although they still often launched reprisals on pro-government villages, which included attacks on civilians.<ref>[http://newsgroups.derkeiler.com/Archive/Soc/soc.culture.indian/2005-08/msg00317.html Turkey's war on the Kurds], 13 August 2005</ref>

However, the turning point in the conflict<ref name="hurriyet">''[[Hürriyet Daily News]]'' [http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/n.php?n=history-for-the-pkk-in-turkey-2009-09-14 History of PKK in Turkey], 14 September 2009</ref> came in 1998, when, after political pressure and military threats<ref name="KDP">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gP_-8rXzQs8C&pg=PA4227&lpg=PA4227&dq=&source=bl&ots=mRKjGVtpD8&sig=_p8nhuRKVOWHR-ce9LaDJA8dkMQ&hl=en&ei=lo0gTYn6HYfqOd_B-eII&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CBoQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false |title=Europa World Year Book 2004 (page 4227) |publisher=Books.google.nl |accessdate=15 April 2011}}</ref> from Turkey, the PKK's leader, Abdullah Öcalan, was forced to leave Syria, where he had been in exile since September 1980. He first went to [[Russia]], then to [[Italy]] and Greece. He was eventually brought to the Greek embassy in [[Nairobi]], [[Kenya]], where he was arrested on 15 February 1999 at the airport in a joint [[National Intelligence Organization (Turkey)|MİT]]-[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] operation and brought to Turkey,<ref name="nytimes-capture">{{cite news|url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9E03E3D8143DF933A15751C0A96F958260|title=U.S. Helped Turkey Find and Capture Kurd Rebel|work=[[New York Times]]|author=Weiner, Tim |date=20 February 1999|accessdate=15 December 2007}}</ref> which resulted in [[February 1999 Kurdish protests|major protests by Kurds worldwide]].<ref name="KDP"/> Three Kurdish protestors were shot dead when trying to enter the Israeli consulate in Berlin to protest alleged Israeli involvement in the capture of Abdullah Öcalan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.news24.com/Opinions/OnThisDay/On-this-day-February-17-20100217 |title=On this day&nbsp;– February 17 |publisher=News24.com |date=17 February 2010 |accessdate=15 April 2011}}</ref> Although the capture of Öcalan ended a third cease-fire which Öcalan had declared on 1 August 1998, on 1 September 1999<ref name="ceasefires"/> the PKK declared a unilateral cease-fire which would last until 2004.<ref name="security"/>

===Unilateral cease-fire===
[[File:Kd pdk3.PNG|thumb|170px|KADEK flag]]
[[File:KONGRA - GEL - -2003- - Kongra Gelê Kurdistan.png|thumb|179px|KONGRA-GEL flag]]
After the unilateral cease-fire the PKK declared in September 1999, their forces fully withdrew from the Republic of Turkey and set up new bases in the [[Qandil Mountains]] of Iraq<ref name="Turkishweekly"/> and in February 2000 they declared the formal end of the war.<ref name="KDP"/> After this, the PKK said it would switch its strategy to using peaceful methods to achieve their objectives. In April 2002 the PKK changed its name to ''KADEK'' (Kurdistan Freedom and Democracy Congress), claiming the PKK had fulfilled its mission and would now move on as purely political organisation.<ref name="ataa"/> In October 2003 the KADEK announced its dissolution and declared the creation of a new organisation: ''KONGRA-GEL'' (Kurdistan Peoples Congress).<ref name="new pkk">[http://www.aph.gov.au/house/committee/pjcis/pkk_1/Statement%20of%20Reasons%20PKK.pdf ], June 2007 {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110323022258/http://www.aph.gov.au/house/committee/pjcis/pkk_1/Statement%20of%20Reasons%20PKK.pdf |date=23 March 2011 }}</ref>

Offers by the PKK for negotiations were ignored by the Turkish government,<ref name="ataa"/> which claimed, the KONGRA-GEL continued to carry out armed attacks in the 1999–2004 period, although not on the same scale as before September 1999. They also blame the KONGRA-GEL for Kurdish riots which happened during the period.<ref name="Turkishweekly"/> The PKK argues that they only defended themselves as they claim the Turkish military launched some 700 raids against their bases militants, including in Northern Iraq.<ref name="under pressure"/> Also, despite the KONGRA-GEL cease-fire, other groups continued their armed activities, the [[Revolutionary Party of Kurdistan|PŞK]] for instance, tried to use the cease-fire to attract PKK fighters to join their organisation.<ref>PŞK KDP PARTİYA ŞOREŞA KÜDİSTAN (KÜRDİSTAN DEVRİM PARTİSİ) {{cite web|url=http://www.sucbilimi.org/?ana%3Dteror%26alt%3Dpshk |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2011-01-06 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150626100153/http://www.sucbilimi.org/?ana=teror&alt=pshk |archivedate=26 June 2015 |df= }}</ref> The [[Kurdistan Freedom Hawks]] (TAK) were formed during this period by radical KONGRA-GEL commanders, dissatisfied with the cease-fire.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/the-big-question-who-is-behind-the-bombings-in-turkey-and-what-do-they-want-413885.html |title=The Big Question: Who is behind the bombings in Turkey, and what do they want? |work=The Independent |date=30 August 2006 |accessdate=15 April 2011 |location=London |first=Justin |last=Huggler}}</ref> The period after the capture of Öcalan was used by the Turkish government to launch major crackdown operations against the [[Turkish Hezbollah]] (Kurdish Hezbollah), arresting 3,300 Hizbullah members in 2000, compared to 130 in 1998, and killing the group's leader Hüseyin Velioğlu on 13 January 2000.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ecoi.net/file_upload/ds750_03014tur.pdf |title=Turkey Country Assessment |format=PDF |accessdate=15 April 2011}}</ref><ref name="turkishweekly">{{cite web|url=http://www.turkishweekly.net/article/180/turkish-hezbollah-hizbullah-kurdish-hezbollah.html |title=Turkish Hezbollah (Hizbullah) / Kurdish Hezbollah |work=Turkish Weekly |accessdate=13 April 2015 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150102143843/http://www.turkishweekly.net/article/180/turkish-hezbollah-hizbullah-kurdish-hezbollah.html |archivedate=2 January 2015 |df= }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=McGregor |first=Andrew |url=http://www.jamestown.org/programs/gta/single/?tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=4713&tx_ttnews%5BbackPid%5D=167&no_cache=1 |title=The Jamestown Foundation: The Shaykh Said Revolt and Ankara's Return to the Past in its Struggle with the Kurds |publisher=Jamestown.org |accessdate=15 April 2011}}</ref> During this phase of the war at least 145 people were killed during fighting between the PKK and security forces.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ploughshares.ca/libraries/ACRText/ACR-Turkey.html |accessdate=14 March 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110207165941/http://ploughshares.ca/libraries/ACRText/ACR-Turkey.html |archivedate=7 February 2011 | title=Armed Conflicts Report }}, March 2003</ref>

After [[AK Party]] came to power in 2002, the Turkish state started to ease restrictions on the Kurdish language and culture.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/country_profiles/1022222.stm |publisher=BBC News | title=Turkey country profile | date=14 September 2010}}</ref>

From 2003 to 2004 there was a power struggle inside the KONGRA-GEL between a reformist wing which wanted the organisation to disarm completely and a traditionalist wing which wanted the organisation to resume its armed insurgency once again.<ref name="Turkishweekly"/><ref name="Cemil Bayik">[http://www.jamestown.org/single/?no_cache=1&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=4938 Leading PKK Commander Cemil Bayik Crosses into Iran], 20 May 2008</ref> The conservative wing of the organisation won this power struggle<ref name="Turkishweekly"/> forcing reformist leaders such as [[Kani Yilmaz]], [[Nizamettin Tas]] and Abdullah Öcalan's younger brother [[Osman Öcalan]] to leave the organisation.<ref name="Cemil Bayik"/> The three major traditionalist leaders, [[Murat Karayilan]], [[Cemil Bayik]] and [[Fehman Huseyin]] formed the new leadership committee of the organisation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.menewsline.com/article-809-New-PKK-Leadership-Takes-Over-Ins.aspx |title=New PKK Leadership Takes Over Insurgency |publisher=Menewsline.com |date=25 May 2008 |accessdate=15 April 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150626123957/http://www.menewsline.com/article-809-New-PKK-Leadership-Takes-Over-Ins.aspx |archivedate=26 June 2015 |df=dmy }}</ref> The new administration decided to restart the insurgency, because they claimed that without guerillas the PKK's political activities would remain unsuccessful.<ref name="ataa"/><ref name="Turkishweekly"/> This came as the pro-Kurdish [[People's Democracy Party]] (HADEP) was banned by the Turkish Supreme Court on 13 March 2003<ref>European Court Of Human Rights [http://cmiskp.echr.coe.int/tkp197/view.asp?action=html&documentId=878622&portal=hbkm&source=externalbydocnumber&table=F69A27FD8FB86142BF01C1166DEA398649 CASE OF HADEP AND DEMİR v. TURKEY], 14 December 2010</ref> and its leader [[Murat Bolzak]] was imprisoned.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ofkparis.org/english/hadep-historique.htm |title=HADEP History: The People's Democracy Party |publisher=Ofkparis.org |accessdate=15 April 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727141709/http://www.ofkparis.org/english/hadep-historique.htm |archivedate=27 July 2011}}</ref>

In April 2005, KONGRA-GEL reverted its name back to PKK.<ref name="new pkk"/> Because not all of the KONGRA-GEL's elements reverted, the organisation has also been referred to as the New PKK.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ag.gov.au/www/agd/rwpattach.nsf/VAP/(153683DB7E984D23214BD871B2AC75E8)~Attach+B+-+Ag_s.PDF/$file/Attach+B+-+Ag_s.PDF |title=Kurdistan Workers Party (PKK) |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080818133555/http://www.ag.gov.au/www/agd/rwpattach.nsf/VAP/%28153683DB7E984D23214BD871B2AC75E8%29~Attach%2BB%2B-%2BAg_s.PDF/%24file/Attach%2BB%2B-%2BAg_s.PDF |archivedate=18 August 2008 |deadurl=yes |df= }}</ref> The KONGRA-GEL has since become the Legislative Assembly of the [[Koma Civakên Kurdistan]], an umbrella organisation which includes the PKK and is used as the group's urban and political wing. Ex-[[Democracy Party (Turkey)|DEP]] member [[Zübeyir Aydar]] is the President of the KONGRA-GEL.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.todayszaman.com/newsDetail_getNewsById.action;jsessionid=E6F2FF01111B4E530468FAE2C7EA880B?load=detay&link=213628&newsId=213559 |title=Court evidence reveals KCK terror network is worse than PKK |work=Today's Zaman |date=20 June 2010 |accessdate=15 April 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121015091217/http://www.todayszaman.com/newsDetail_getNewsById.action%3Bjsessionid%3DE6F2FF01111B4E530468FAE2C7EA880B?load=detay&link=213628&newsId=213559 |archivedate=15 October 2012 |df= }}</ref>

Through the cease-fire years 2000, 2001, 2002 and 2003, some 711 people were killed according to the Turkish government.<ref name="Turkish casualties">{{cite web |url= http://gundem.milliyet.com.tr/26-yilin-kanli-bilancosu/guncel/gundemdetay/24.06.2010/1254711/default.htm|title=26 yılın kanlı bilançosu |author=Nedim Şener |date=24 June 2011 |work= |language=Turkish| publisher= Milliyet}}</ref> The Uppsala Conflict Data Program put casualties during these years at 368 to 467 killed.<ref name="UCDP"/>

===Second insurgency===
[[File:Pkk supporters london april 2003.jpg|thumb|250px|Kurdistan Workers Party supporters in London, April 2003]]
[[File:Anti-PKK demonstration in Kadiköy.jpg|thumb|250px|right|A demonstration against the PKK in [[Kadıköy]], [[İstanbul]] on 22 October 2007]]
On 1 June 2004, the PKK resumed its armed activities because they claimed Turkish government was ignoring their calls for negotiations and was still attacking their forces.<ref name="ataa"/><ref name="Turkishweekly"/> The government claimed that in that same month some 2,000 Kurdish guerrillas entered Turkey via Iraqi Kurdistan.<ref name="security"/> The PKK, lacking a state sponsor or the kind of manpower they had in the 90s, was however forced to take up new tactics. As result, the PKK reduced the size of its field units from 15–20 militants to 6–8 militants. It also avoided direct confrontations and relied more on the use of mines, snipers and small ambushes, using hit and run tactics.<ref name="PKK tactics">Jamestown [http://www.jamestown.org/single/?no_cache=1&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=4494 PKK Changes Battlefield Tactics to Force Turkey into Negotiations], 24 October 2007</ref> Another change in PKK-tactics was that the organisation no longer attempted to control any territory, not even after dark.<ref>Jamestown [http://www.janes.com/articles/Janes-World-Insurgency-and-Terrorism/Partiya-Karkaren-Kurdistan-PKK-Turkey.html Partiya Karkaren Kurdistan (PKK) (Turkey), GROUPS&nbsp;– EUROPE&nbsp;– ACTIVE]</ref> Nonetheless, violence increased throughout both 2004 and 2005<ref name="security"/> during which the PKK was said to be responsible for dozens of bombings in Western Turkey throughout 2005.<ref name="fas"/> Most notably the [[2005 Kuşadası minibus bombing]], which killed 5 and injured 14 people,<ref>{{cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4688575.stm | work=BBC News | title=Turkish resort blast kills five | date=16 July 2005}}</ref> although the PKK denied responsibility.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4691755.stm | work=BBC News | title=Kurds 'deny' Turkey resort bomb | date=17 July 2005}}</ref>

In March 2006 heavy fighting broke out around Diyarbakir between the PKK and Turkish security forces, as well as large riots by PKK supporters, as result the army had to temporary close the roads to [[Diyarbakır Airport]] and many schools and businesses had to be shut down.<ref name="security"/> In August, the [[Kurdistan Freedom Hawks]] (TAK), which vowed to "turn Turkey into hell",<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/kurd-rebels-vow-to-turn-turkey-into-hell-413931.html |location=London |work=The Independent |first=Elizabeth |last=Davies |title=Kurd rebels vow to turn Turkey 'into hell' |date=30 August 2006}}</ref> launched a major bombing campaign. On 25 August two coordinated low-level blasts targeted a bank in [[Adana]], on 27 August a school in Istanbul was targeted by a bombing, on 28 August there were three coordinated attacks in [[Marmaris]] and one in [[Antalya]] targeting the tourist industry<ref name="security"/> and on 30 August there was a TAK bombing in [[Mersin]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/5298466.stm |publisher=BBC News |title=One injured in Turkey bomb blast |date=30 August 2006}}</ref> These bombings were condemned by the PKK,<ref name="Freedom Falcons"/> which declared its fifth cease-fire on 1 October 2006,<ref name="ceasefires"/> which slowed down the intensity of the conflict. Minor clashes, however, continued in the South East due to Turkish counter-insurgency operations. In total, the conflict claimed over 500 lives in 2006.<ref name="security"/> 2006 also saw the PKK assassinate one of their former commanders, [[Kani Yilmaz]], in February, in Iraq.<ref name="Turkishweekly"/>

In May 2007, there was a [[2007 Ankara bombing|bombing in Ankara]] that killed 6<ref name="bodycount">{{cite web|url=http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/gundem/6634397.asp?gid=180|title=Bombalı saldırıda sürpriz tanık|work=[[Hürriyet Daily News]]|language=Turkish|accessdate=2 June 2007}}</ref><ref name="later death">{{cite web|url=http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/gundem/6664347.asp?f=1|title=Anafartalar saldırısında ölü sayısı 7'ye yükseldi|work=[[Hürriyet Daily News]]|language=Turkish|accessdate=8 June 2007}}</ref><ref name="8th death">{{cite web|url=http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/gundem/6735399.asp?gid=180|title=8’inci kurban|work=[[Hürriyet Daily News]]|language=Turkish|accessdate=19 June 2007}}</ref><ref name="9th death">{{cite web|url=http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/gundem/6830669.asp?gid=180|title=Anafartalar'da ölü sayısı 9'a çıktı|work=[[Hürriyet Daily News]]|language=Turkish|accessdate=4 July 2007}}</ref> and injured 121 people.<ref name="bodycount"/> The Turkish government alleged the PKK was responsible for the bombing.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dalje.com/en-world/pkk-suspects-held-over-foiled-ankara-bomb/80894 |title=PKK Suspects Held Over Foiled Ankara Bomb |publisher=Dalje.com |date=15 September 2007 |accessdate=15 April 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121019212340/http://dalje.com/en-world/pkk-suspects-held-over-foiled-ankara-bomb/80894 |archivedate=19 October 2012 |df= }}</ref> On 4 June, a PKK suicide bombing in [[Tunceli]] killed seven soldiers and wounded six at a military base.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/6718965.stm |title=Seven Turks killed in rebel raid |publisher=[[BBC News]] |date=4 June 2007|accessdate=12 October 2008}}</ref> Tensions across the Iraqi border also started playing up as Turkish forces entered Iraq several times in pursuit of PKK fighting and In June, as 4 soldiers were killed by landmines, large areas of Iraqi Kurdistan were shelled which damaged 9 villages and forced residents to flee.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/06/08/AR2007060800462.html |work=The Washington Post |first=Christopher |last=Torchia |title=Iraqi Kurds: Turkey Shells Across Border |date=8 June 2007}}</ref> On 7 October 2007, 40–50 PKK fighters<ref name="PKK tactics"/> [[October 2007 clashes in Hakkari|ambushed an 18-man Turkish commando unit]] in the Gabar mountains, killing 15 commandos and injuring three,<ref name="ambush">Jamestown [http://www.jamestown.org/single/?no_cache=1&tx_ttnews%5Bswords%5D=8fd5893941d69d0be3f378576261ae3e&tx_ttnews%5Bexact_search%5D=TURKEY%20PREPARES%20FOR%20CROSS-BORDER%20MILITARY%20OPERATION&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=33067&tx_ttnews%5BbackPid%5D=7&cHash=5066509c7d TURKEY PREPARES FOR CROSS-BORDER MILITARY OPERATION]</ref> which made it the deadliest PKK attack since the 1990s.<ref name="PKK tactics"/> In response a law was passed allowing the Turkish military to take action inside Iraqi territory.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7049348.stm |title=Turkish MPs back attacks in Iraq |publisher=[[BBC News]] |date=18 October 2007|accessdate=12 October 2008}}</ref> Than on 21 October 2007, 150–200 militants attacked an outpost, in [[Dağlıca, Yüksekova]], manned by a 50-strong infantry battalion. The outpost was overrun and the PKK killed 12, wounded 17 and captured 8 Turkish soldiers. They then withdrew into Iraqi Kurdistan, taking the 8 captive soldiers with them. The Turkish military claimed to have killed 32 PKK fighters in hot pursuit operations, after the attack, however this was denied by the PKK and no corpses of PKK militants were produced by the Turkish military.<ref name="PKK tactics"/> The Turkish military responded by bombing PKK bases on 24 October<ref>"[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7059721.stm Turkish raids along Iraqi border]," [[BBC News]], 24 October 2007</ref> and started preparing for a major cross-border military operation.<ref name="ambush"/>

This major cross-border offensive, dubbed [[Operation Sun]], started on 21 February 2008<ref name="Operation Sun">{{cite news |first=Paul de |last=Bendern |title=Turkey army launches land offensive into Iraq |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/topNews/idUSANK00037420080222 |publisher=Reuters |date=22 February 2008 |accessdate=22 February 2008}}</ref> and was preceded by an aerial offensive against PKK camps in northern Iraq, which began on 16 December 2007.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2007/12/20/220440/turkish-air-force-in-major-attack-on-kurdish-camps.html |title=Turkish air force in major attack on Kurdish camps |publisher=Flight Global |accessdate=15 April 2011}}</ref><ref name="jpost">{{cite news|title=Turkish jets bomb Kurdish rebel hideouts in northern Iraq |url=http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1200308092560&pagename=JPost/JPArticle/ShowFull |work=[[Jerusalem Post]] |date=15 January 2008 |accessdate=22 February 2008 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110916093607/http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1200308092560&pagename=JPost%2FJPArticle%2FShowFull |archivedate=16 September 2011 |df= }}</ref> Between 3,000 and 10,000 Turkish forces took part in the offensive.<ref name="Operation Sun"/> According to the Turkish military around 230 PKK fighters were killed in the ground offensive, while 27 Turkish forces were killed. According to the PKK, over 125 Turkish forces were killed, while PKK casualties were in the tens.<ref>[http://www.globalresearch.ca/index.php?context=va&aid=8334 "Turkish incursion into Northern Iraq: Military Fiasco, Political Debacle"], 14 March 2008</ref> Smaller scale Turkish operations against PKK bases in Iraqi Kurdistan continued afterwards.<ref>[http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/gundem/8796828.asp?gid=229&sz=42917 "Hem karadan hem havadan"], ''Hurriyet Daily News'', 27 Nisan 2008</ref> On 27 July 2008, Turkey blamed the PKK for [[2008 Istanbul bombings|an Istanbul double-bombing]] which killed 17 and injured 154 people. The PKK however denied any involvement.<ref>[[BBC News]] [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7527977.stm "Istanbul rocked by twin bombings"], 28 July 2008</ref> On 4 October, the most violent clashes since the [[October 2007 clashes in Hakkari]] erupted as the PKK attacked the Aktutun border post in [[Şemdinli]] in the [[Hakkâri Province]], at night. 15 Turkish soldiers were killed and 20 were injured, meanwhile 23 PKK fighters were said to be killed during the fighting.<ref name="Oct08">''[[The New York Times]]'' [https://www.nytimes.com/2008/10/05/world/europe/05turkey.html "15 Turkish Soldiers Dead in Fighting With Rebels"], 4 October 2008</ref> On 10 November, the Iranian Kurdish insurgent group [[PJAK]] declared it would be halting operations inside Iran to start fighting the Turkish military.<ref>[[Press TV]] [http://edition.presstv.ir/detail/74950.html PJAK attacks along Iran borders decline] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402153348/http://edition.presstv.ir/detail/74950.html |date=2 April 2015 }}, 10 November 2008</ref> Turkey counts cost of conflict as Kurdish militant battle rages on<ref name="todayonline.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.todayonline.com/world/turkey-counts-cost-conflict-kurdish-militant-battle-rages|title=Turkey counts cost of conflict as Kurdish militant battle rages on|publisher=}}</ref>

At the start of 2009 Turkey opened its first Kurdish-language TV-channel, [[TRT 6]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.todayszaman.com/news-192410-100-critical-week-for-turkey-as-kurdish-initiative-comes-to-parliament.html |title=Critical week for Turkey as Kurdish initiative comes to Parliament |work=Today's Zaman |date=9 November 2009 |accessdate=15 April 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121012151928/http://www.todayszaman.com/news-192410-100-critical-week-for-turkey-as-kurdish-initiative-comes-to-parliament.html |archivedate=12 October 2012 |df= }}</ref> and on 19 March 2009 [[Turkish local elections, 2009|local elections]] were held in Turkey in which the pro-Kurdish [[Democratic Society Party]] (DTP) won majority of the vote in the South East. Soon after, on 13 April 2009, the PKK declared its sixth ceasefire, after Abdullah Öcalan called on them to end military operations and prepare for peace.<ref name="ceasefires"/> In September Turkey's [[Erdoğan]]-government launched the [[Democratic initiative#Kurdish initiative|Kurdish initiative]], which included plans to rename Kurdish villages that had been given Turkish names, expand the scope of the freedom of expression, restore Turkish citizenship to Kurdish refugees, strengthen local governments, and extend a partial amnesty for PK fighters.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.todayszaman.com/news-187472-101-outline-of-kurdish-initiative-emerges-at-security-summit.html |title=Outline of Kurdish initiative emerges at security summit |work=Today's Zaman |date=18 September 2009 |accessdate=15 April 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101127082510/http://www.todayszaman.com/news-187472-101-outline-of-kurdish-initiative-emerges-at-security-summit.html |archivedate=27 November 2010 |df= }}</ref> The plans for the Kurdish initiative where however heavily hurt after the DTP was banned by the Turkish constitutional court<ref name="initiative">{{cite web|url=http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Central_Asia/KL16Ag01.html |title=Turkey's Kurd initiative goes up in smoke |work=Asia Times |date=16 December 2009 |accessdate=15 April 2011}}</ref> on 11 December 2009 and its leaders were subsequently put on trial for terrorism.<ref name="dtp">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/8408903.stm |publisher=BBC News |title=Turkish court bans pro-Kurd party |date=11 December 2009}}</ref> A total of 1,400 DTP members were arrested and 900 detained in the government crackdown against the party.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ekurd.net/mismas/articles/misc2010/2/turkeykurdistan2525.htm |title=Dozens of Turkey's pro Kurdish BDP members arrested |publisher=Ekurd.net |accessdate=15 April 2011}}</ref> This caused major riots by Kurds all over Turkey and resulted in violent clashes between pro-Kurdish and security forces as well as pro-Turkish demonstrators, which resulted in several injuries and fatalities.<ref name="initiative"/> On 7 December the PKK launched [[Resadiye shooting|an ambush]] in [[Reşadiye]] which killed seven and injured three Turkish soldiers, which became the deadliest PKK attack in that region since the 1990s.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/12/08/world/europe/08turkey.html?_r=1 |work=The New York Times |first=Sebnem |last=Arsu |title=Soldiers Killed in Ambush in Northern Turkey |date=8 December 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://en.rian.ru/world/20091207/157146510.html |title=Seven Turkish soldiers killed in terrorist attack |publisher=RIA Novosti |accessdate=15 April 2011}}</ref>

On 1 May 2010 the PKK declared an end to its cease-fire,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aknews.com/en/aknews/9/193730/?AKmobile=true |title=PKK has repeatedly asked for a ceasefire of peace since their establishment in the past 17 years |publisher=AKNEWS.com |date=6 November 2010 |accessdate=15 April 2011 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111125090153/http://www.aknews.com/en/aknews/9/193730/?AKmobile=true|archivedate=25 November 2011|deadurl=yes}}</ref> launching an attack in Tunceli that killed four and injured seven soldiers.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://english.people.com.cn/90001/90777/90854/6970412.html |title=4 Turkish soldiers killed by Kurdish rebels |work=People's Daily |date=1 May 2010 |accessdate=15 April 2011}}</ref> On 31 May, Abdullah Öcalan declared an end to his attempts at re-approachment and establishing dialogue with the Turkish government, leaving PKK top commanders in charge of the conflict. The PKK then stepped up its armed activities,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/n.php?n=pkk-steps-up-attacks-in-turkey-2010-05-30 |title=PKK steps up attacks in Turkey |work=Hurriyet Daily News |date=30 May 2010 |accessdate=15 April 2011}}</ref> starting with a missile attack on a navy base in [[İskenderun]], killing 7 and wounding 6 soldiers.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.todayszaman.com/news-211723-101-7-troops-killed-in-terrorist-attack.html |title=7 troops killed in terrorist attack |publisher=Todayszaman.com |date=1 June 2010 |accessdate=15 April 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121012191558/http://www.todayszaman.com/news-211723-101-7-troops-killed-in-terrorist-attack.html |archivedate=12 October 2012 |df= }}</ref> On 18 and 19 June, heavy fighting broke out that resulted in the death of 12 PKK fighters, 12 Turkish soldiers and injury of 17 Turkish soldiers, as the PKK launched three separate attacks in Hakkari and Elazig provinces.<ref name="worldbulletin.net">{{cite web|url=http://www.worldbulletin.net/news_detail.php?id=60178 |title=PKK attack kills 8 Turkish soldiers |publisher=World Bulletin |date=19 June 2010 |accessdate=15 April 2011 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100621002337/http://www.worldbulletin.net/news_detail.php?id=60178|archivedate=21 June 2010 |deadurl=yes}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.businessweek.com/news/2010-06-20/erdogan-says-pkk-will-drown-in-blood-after-deaths-update1-.html |title=Erdogan Says PKK Will "Drown in Blood" After Deaths (Update1) |work=Businessweek |date=20 June 2010 |accessdate=15 April 2011 }}{{dead link|date=June 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

Another major attack in Hakkari occurred on 20 July 2010, killing six and wounding seventeen Turkish soldiers, with one PKK fighter being killed.<ref name="http">{{cite web|url=http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/n.php?n=six-soldiers-reported-killed-in-firefight-in--se-turkey.-2010-07-20 |title=Seven soldiers killed, seventeen wounded in clashes in SE Turkey |work=Hurriyet Daily News |accessdate=15 April 2011}}</ref> The next day, Murat Karayilan, the leader of the PKK, announced that the PKK would lay down its arms if the Kurdish issue would be resolved through dialogue and threatened to declare independence if this demand was not met.<ref name="Edition.presstv.ir">{{cite web|url=http://edition.presstv.ir/detail/135649.html |title=PKK threatens to declare independence |publisher=PressTV |date=21 July 2010 |accessdate=15 April 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110723114027/http://edition.presstv.ir/detail/135649.html |archivedate=23 July 2011 |df= }}</ref><ref name="World Bulletin">{{cite web|url=http://www.worldbulletin.net/news_detail.php?id=61587 |title=PKK says offers Turkey disarmament "with conditions" |publisher=World Bulletin |date=21 July 2010 |accessdate=15 April 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724134319/http://www.worldbulletin.net/index.php?aType=haber&ArticleID=61587 |archivedate=24 July 2011 }}</ref> Turkish authorities claimed they had killed 187 and captured 160 PKK fighters by 14 July.<ref name="worldbulletin">{{cite web|url=http://www.worldbulletin.net/news_detail.php?id=61333 |title=Turkish army kills 46 PKK militants in last month |publisher=World Bulletin |date=14 July 2010 |accessdate=15 April 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426181918/http://www.worldbulletin.net/index.php?aType=haber&ArticleID=61333 |archivedate=26 April 2012 }}</ref> By 27 July, Turkish news sources reported the deaths of over 100 security forces, which exceeded the entire 2009 toll.<ref name="worldbulletin2">{{cite web|url=http://www.worldbulletin.net/news_detail.php?id=61825 |title=Turkish policemen killed in militant ambush / PHOTO |publisher=World Bulletin |date=27 July 2010 |accessdate=15 April 2011|archivedate=13 August 2010 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100813012524/http://www.worldbulletin.net/news_detail.php?id=61825|deadurl=yes}}</ref> On 12 August, however, a [[ramadan]] cease-fire was declared by the PKK. In November the cease-fire was extended until the [[Turkish general election, 2011|Turkish general election on 12 June 2011]], despite alleging that Turkey had launched over 80 military operations against them during this period.<ref name="ceasefires"/> Despite the truce, the PKK responded to these military operations by launching retaliatory attacks in Siirt and Hakkari provinces, killing 12 Turkish soldiers.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://en.firatnews.com/index.php?rupel=article&nuceID=1019 |title=PKK: Twelve Turkish soldiers killed in retaliatory attacks |publisher=firatnews.com |accessdate=26 October 2014 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320224104/http://en.firatnews.com/index.php?rupel=article&nuceID=1019 |archivedate=20 March 2012 |df= }}</ref>

The cease-fire was however revoked early, on 28 February 2011.<ref name="Champion">{{cite news|last=Champion |first=Marc |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748704615504576172122380315948 |title=PKK Revokes Cease-Fire in Turkey |work=Wall Street Journal |date=3 February 2011 |accessdate=15 April 2011}}</ref> Soon afterwards three PKK fighters were killed while trying to get into Turkey through northern Iraq.<ref name="hurriyetdailynews">{{cite web|url=http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/n.php?n=three-kurdish-rebels-killed-in-southeast-turkey-2011-03-15 |title=Three killed in clash in Southeast Turkey |work=Hurriyet Daily News |date=15 March 2011 |accessdate=15 April 2011}}</ref> In May, counter-insurgency operations left 12 PKK fighters and 5 soldiers dead. This then resulted in major [[2011 Kurdish protests in Turkey|Kurdish protests across Turkey]] as part of a civil disobedience campaign launched by the pro-Kurdish [[Peace and Democracy Party]] (BDP),<ref name="bianet.org">{{cite web|url=http://www.bianet.org/english/minorities/130035-riots-in-south-eastern-turkey-after-military-operations|title=Riots in South-Eastern Turkey after Military Operations|work=Bianet&nbsp;— Bagimsiz Iletisim Agi|accessdate=26 October 2014}}</ref> during these protests 2 people were killed, 308 injured and 2,506 arrested by Turkish authorities.<ref>''[[Hurriyet Daily News]]'' [http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/n.php?n=thousands-detained-in-the-east-since-march-2011-05-13 Thousands detained in eastern Turkey since March], 16 May 2011</ref> The 12 June elections saw a historical performance for the pro-Kurdish [[Peace and Democracy Party]] (BDP) which won 36 seats in the South-East, which was more than the ruling Justice and Development Party (AKP), which won only 30 seats in Kurdish areas.<ref name="todayszaman.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.todayszaman.com/news-247755-ak-party-won-now-kurds-win-heres-why-by-abdulla-hawez-abdulla*.html |title=AK Party won, now Kurds win; here's why by Abdulla Hawez Abdulla |work=TodaysZaman |accessdate=26 October 2014 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141026121337/http://www.todayszaman.com/news-247755-ak-party-won-now-kurds-win-heres-why-by-abdulla-hawez-abdulla%2A.html |archivedate=26 October 2014 |df= }}</ref> However, six of the 36 elected BDP deputies remain in Turkish jails as of June 2011.<ref name="reuters.com">{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2011/06/14/us-turkey-election-kurds-idUSTRE75D4LV20110614 |publisher=Reuters |title=Kurds raise profile, gain seats in Turkish assembly |date=14 June 2011}}</ref> One of the six jailed deputies, Hatip Dicle, was then stripped of his elected position by the constitutional court, after which the 30 free MPs declared a boycott of Turkish parliament.<ref name="todayszaman">{{cite news|title=CHP deputy urges party to boycott Parliament in protest of deputy ban |url=http://www.todayszaman.com/news-248367-chp-deputy-urges-party-to-boycott-parliament-in-protest-of-deputy-ban.html |accessdate=23 July 2013 |newspaper=[[Today's Zaman]] |date=23 June 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140125105324/http://www.todayszaman.com/news-248367-chp-deputy-urges-party-to-boycott-parliament-in-protest-of-deputy-ban.html |archivedate=25 January 2014 |df= }}</ref> The PKK intensified its campaign again, in July killing 20 Turkish soldiers in two weeks, during which at least 10 PKK fighters were killed.<ref name="arabnews.com">{{cite web|url=http://arabnews.com/middleeast/article481345.ece|title=Kurdish rebels kill 3 Turkish soldiers|work=The Associated Press|date=1 August 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110901193421/http://arabnews.com/middleeast/article481345.ece|archivedate=1 September 2011|deadurl=yes}}</ref> On 17 August 2011, the Turkish Armed Forces launched [[August 2011 Turkey-Iraq cross-border raid|multiple raids]] against Kurdish rebels, striking 132 targets.<ref name="reuters">{{cite news|title=Turkey says 90–100 Kurd rebels killed in north Iraq raids|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2011/08/23/us-turkey-iraq-military-idUSTRE77M1SY20110823|accessdate=23 July 2013|date=23 August 2011|agency=[[Reuters]]}}</ref> Turkish military bombed PKK targets in northern Iraq in six days of air raids, according to General Staff, where 90–100 PKK Soldiers were killed, and at least 80 injured.<ref name="jpost.com">http://www.jpost.com/Headlines/Article.aspx?id=235046 Turkish army: 90–100 Kurd rebels killed in n. Iraq raids</ref> From July to September Iran carried out [[2011 Iran-Iraq cross-border raids|an offensive]] against the PJAK in Northern Iraq, which resulted in a cease-fire on 29 September. After the cease-fire the PJAK withdrew its forces from Iran and joined with the PKK to fight Turkey. Turkish counter-terrorism operations reported a sharp increase of Iranian citizens among the insurgents killed in October and November, such as the six PJAK fighters killed in Çukurca on 28 October.<ref name="jamestown.org">{{cite web|url=http://www.jamestown.org/programs/gta/single/?tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=39235&cHash=3ccc90aba609f654ddd5102286620319|title=How Kurdish PKK Militants Are Exploiting the Crisis in Syria to Achieve Regional Autonomy |publisher=The Jamestown Foundation |date=6 April 2012 |accessdate=13 April 2015}}</ref> On 19 October, twenty-six Turkish soldiers were killed<ref name="zee">{{cite web|url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/world/26-turkish-soldiers-killed-in-kurdish-attacks_737457.html|title=26 Turkish soldiers killed in Kurdish attacks|work=Zee News|accessdate=26 October 2014}}</ref> and 18 injured<ref name="kuna.net.kw">{{cite web|url=http://www.kuna.net.kw/NewsAgenciesPublicSite/ArticleDetails.aspx?id=2197429&Language=en|title=42 Turkish soldiers killed, wounded in Kurdish rebels attack |publisher=kuna.net|accessdate=26 October 2014}}</ref> in 8 simultaneous PKK attacks in Cukurca and Yuksekova, in Hakkari provieen 10,000 and 15,000 full-time, which is the highest it has ever been.<ref>[[GlobalSecurity]] [http://www.globalsecurity.org/intell/library/reports/crs/Cterror2.htm CRS Report: Terrorism: Middle Eastern Groups and State Sponsors, Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK)], 27 August 1998</ref>

In summer 2012, the conflict with the PKK took a violent curve, in parallel with the [[Syrian civil war]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/dd2c9d8c-ec74-11e1-8e4a-00144feab49a.html#axzz24NgjVuFK|title=Analysts link PKK upsurge to Syrian war|work=Financial Times|accessdate=26 October 2014}}</ref> as President [[Bashar al-Assad]] ceded control of several Kurdish cities in Syria to the [[Democratic Union Party (Syria)|PYD]], the Syrian affiliate of the PKK, and Turkey armed ISIS and other Islamic groups against Kurds.<ref>''[[The Miami Herald]]'' [http://www.miamiherald.com/2012/07/26/2914778/assad-hands-control-of-syrias.html Assad hands control of Syria’s Kurdish areas to PKK, sparking outrage in Turkey], 26 July 2012</ref> Turkish foreign minister [[Ahmet Davutoglu]] accused the Assad government of arming the group.<ref>[http://english.al-akhbar.com/node/10932 Turkey accuses Assad of arming PKK], 9 August 2012</ref> In June and August there were [[June–August 2012 Hakkari clashes|heavy clashes]] in Hakkari province, described as the most violent in years.<ref name="turkishweekly2">{{cite web|url=http://www.turkishweekly.net/news/139749/bloodiest-pkk-fight-in-years-kill-dozens.html |title=Bloodiest PKK Fight in Years Kill Dozens, 6 August 2012 |work=Turkish Weekly |accessdate=13 April 2015 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141026113630/http://www.turkishweekly.net/news/139749/bloodiest-pkk-fight-in-years-kill-dozens.html |archivedate=26 October 2014 |df= }}</ref> as the PKK attempted to seize control of [[Şemdinli]] and engage the Turkish army in a "frontal battle" by blocking the roads leading to the town from Iran and Iraq and setting up [[DShK]] heavy machine guns and rocket launchers on high ground to ambush Turkish motorized units that would be sent to re-take the town. However the Turkish army avoided the trap by destroying the heavy weapons from the air and using long range artillery to root out the PKK. The Turkish military declared operation was ended successfully on 11 August, claiming to have killed 115 guerrillas and lost only six soldiers and two village guards.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kansascity.com/2012/08/17/3766715/kurdish-campaign-in-turkey-provides.html#storylink=cpy |accessdate=23 August 2012 |title=Kurdish campaign in Turkey provides|date=2012-08-17}}{{dead link|date=June 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}, 17 August 2012</ref> On 20 August, eight people were killed and 66 wounded by a [[2012 Gaziantep bombing|deadly bombing]] in [[Gaziantep]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.cnn.com/2012-08-20/world/world_europe_turkey-bombing_1_pkk-kurdistan-workers-party-turkish-city |title=Eight killed in bombing in Turkey |date=20 August 2012 |publisher=CNN |accessdate=26 October 2014 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121001213344/http://articles.cnn.com/2012-08-20/world/world_europe_turkey-bombing_1_pkk-kurdistan-workers-party-turkish-city |archivedate=1 October 2012 |df= }}</ref> According to the [[Koma Civakên Kurdistan|KCK]] 400 incidents of shelling, air bombardment and armed clashes occurred in August.<ref name="crisis"/> On 24 September, Turkish General [[Necdet Özel]] claimed that 110 Turkish soldiers and 475 PKK militants had been killed since the start of 2012.<ref>[[Press TV]] [http://presstv.com/detail/2012/09/26/263678/turkey-moves-to-arrest-top-pkk-leaders/ Turkey steps up military operations to detain key PKK leaders] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121130195608/http://www.presstv.com/detail/2012/09/26/263678/turkey-moves-to-arrest-top-pkk-leaders/ |date=30 November 2012 }}, 24 September 2012.</ref>

===Solution Process===
{{main article|Solution process}}
On the eve of the 2012 year (28 December), in a television interview upon a question of whether the government had a project to solve the issue, [[Recep Tayyip Erdoğan|Erdoğan]] said that the government was conducting negotiations with jailed rebel leader [[Abdullah Öcalan|Öcalan]].<ref name="Yes, we do.">{{cite web|url=http://www.ntvmsnbc.com/id/25409952/|title=Yes, we negotiate with Öcalan.|publisher=Ntvmsnbc|date=December 2012|accessdate=21 March 2013|language=tr}}</ref> Negotiations initially named as ''Solution Process'' (Çözüm Süreci) in public. While negotiations were going on, there were numerous events that were regarded as sabotage to derail the talks: Assassination of three Kurdish PKK administrators in Paris (one of them is [[Sakine Cansız]]),<ref name="Assassinations in Paris">{{cite web|url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2260071/Assassinated-Paris-3-Kurdish-PKK-women-including-founder-Sakine-Cansiz-shot-head.html|title=Assassinated in Paris: Three women found shot in the head and lying side-by-side in Kurdistan Workers' Party office|work=Daily Mail|date=10 January 2013|accessdate=21 March 2013}}</ref> revealing Öcalan's talks with Kurdish party to public via the ''[[Milliyet]]'' newspaper<ref name="Breaking the crystal">{{cite web|url=http://siyaset.milliyet.com.tr/iste-imrali-daki-gorusmenin-tutanaklari-basarisizlikta-ben-yokum-/siyaset/siyasetdetay/28.02.2013/1674358/default.htm|title=Here's what was talked in İmralı|work=Milliyet|date=5 March 2013|accessdate=21 March 2013|language=tr}}</ref> and finally, the bombings of the Justice Ministry of Turkey and Erdoğan's office at the Ak Party headquarters in Ankara.<ref name="Twin bombs strike the peace">{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-21854215|title=Turkish capital Ankara hit by twin explosions|publisher=BBC|date=20 March 2013|accessdate=21 March 2013}}</ref> However, both parties vehemently condemned all three events as they occurred and stated that they were determined anyway. Finally on 21 March 2013, after months of negotiations with the Turkish Government, Abdullah Ocalan's letter to people was read both in Turkish and Kurdish during [[Nowruz]] celebrations in [[Diyarbakır]]. The letter called a cease-fire that included disarmament and withdrawal from Turkish soil and calling ''an end to armed struggle''. [[Kurdistan Workers' Party|PKK]] announced that they would obey, stating that the year of 2013 is the year of solution either through war or through peace. [[Recep Tayyip Erdoğan|Erdoğan]] welcomed the letter stating that concrete steps will follow PKK's withdrawal.<ref name="Ceasefire and peace"/>

[[File:Kurdish PKK guerilla.jpg|thumb|200px|Kurdish PKK guerilla at the [[Newroz as celebrated by Kurds|Newroz]] celebration in Qandil, 23 March 2014]]
On 25 April 2013, PKK announced that it would be withdrawing all its forces within [[Turkey]] to [[Northern Iraq]].<ref name="Withdrawel">{{cite web|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424127887324743704578444630691252760?mod=WSJEurope_hpp_LEFTTopStories|title=Kurdish Group to Pull Armed Units from Turkey|work=The Wall Street Journal|date=25 April 2013|accessdate=25 April 2013}}</ref> According to government<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.internethaber.com/kandIl-acIklamasI-meclIste-tansIyonu-yukselttI-526242h.htm|title=Kandil açıklaması meclis’te tansiyonu yükseltti|publisher=İnternethaber|date=25 April 2013|accessdate=25 April 2013|language=tr}}</ref> and to The Kurds<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.haber3.com/kandilin-kararina-meclisten-ilk-tepkiler-haberi-1927878h.htm|title=Kandil'in Kararına Meclis'ten İlk Tepkiler|publisher=Haber3|date=25 April 2013|accessdate=25 April 2013|language=tr}}</ref> and to the most of the press,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://t24.com.tr/yazi/silahlara-veda/6592|title=Silahlara veda|publisher=T24|date=25 April 2013|accessdate=25 April 2013|language=tr}}</ref> this move marks the end of 30-year-old conflict. Second phase which includes constitutional and legal changes towards the recognition of human rights of the Kurds starts simultaneously with withdrawal.

====Escalation====
{{main article|2014 Kurdish riots in Turkey}}
On 6 and 7 October 2014, riots erupted in various cities in Turkey for protesting the Siege of Kobane. The Kurds accused the Turkish government of supporting ISIS and not letting people send support for Kobane Kurds. Protesters were met with tear gas and water cannons. 37 people were killed in protests.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dailysabah.com/opinion/2014/10/18/anatomy-of-protests-against-the-invasion-of-kobani|title=Anatomy of Protests against the invasion of Kobani|date=18 October 2014|work=DailySabah|accessdate=23 January 2015}}</ref> During these protests, there were deadly clashes between PKK and Hizbullah sympathizers.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dailysabah.com/opinion/2014/10/27/kurdish-hizbullah-pushed-back-to-the-scene|title=Kurdish Hizbullah pushed back to the scene|date=27 October 2014|work=DailySabah|accessdate=23 January 2015}}</ref> 3 soldiers were killed by PKK in January 2015,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dailysabah.com/nation/2014/10/25/three-turkish-soldiers-killed-in-southeast-turkey|title=Three Turkish soldiers killed in southeast Turkey|date=25 October 2014|work=DailySabah|accessdate=23 January 2015}}</ref> as a sign of rising tensions in the country.

===2015–present===
{{main article|Kurdish–Turkish conflict (2015–present)}}
{{see also|Turkish military intervention in the Syrian Civil War}}
In June 2015, the main [[Kurds in Syria|Syrian Kurdish]] militia, [[People's Protection Units|YPG]], and the Turkey's main pro-Kurdish party, [[Peoples' Democratic Party (Turkey)|HDP]], accused Turkey of allowing [[Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant|Islamic State]] (ISIL) soldiers to cross its border and attack the Kurdish city of [[Kobanî]] in Syria.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/syria/11699969/Turkey-accused-of-alowing-Islamic-State-fighters-to-cross-its-border-in-Kobane-attack.html|title=Turkey accused of allowing Islamic State fighters to cross its border in Kobane attack|author=Richard Spencer|work=The Telegraph|date=25 June 2015}}</ref> The conflict between Turkey and PKK escalated following the [[2015 Suruç bombing]] attack on progressive activists, which was blamed on a Turkish ISIL-affiliated group. During the [[Operation Martyr Yalçın]], Turkey bombed alleged PKK bases in Iraq and [[Democratic Union Party (Syria)|PYD]] bases in Syria's Kurdish region [[Rojava]], effectively ending the cease-fire (after many months of increasing tensions) and the killing of two policeman in the town of [[Ceylanpınar]] (which the PKK denied carrying out).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.todayszaman.com/national_kck-official-says-pkk-not-responsible-for-murders-of-2-turkish-policemen_394957.html |title=KCK official says PKK not responsible for murders of 2 Turkish policemen |date=29 July 2015 |work=Today's Zaman |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150729143815/http://www.todayszaman.com/national_kck-official-says-pkk-not-responsible-for-murders-of-2-turkish-policemen_394957.html |archivedate=29 July 2015 |df= }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.foxnews.com/world/2015/07/25/turkish-jets-target-kurds-in-iraq-islamic-state-militants-in-syria/|title=Turkish jets target Kurds in Iraq, Islamic State militants in Syria|publisher=Fox News|accessdate=3 August 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/we-really-cant-succeed-against-isil-without-turkey-us.aspx?pageID=238&nID=86993&NewsCatID=510|title=We really can't succeed against ISIL without Turkey: US|work=Hurriyet Daily News|accessdate=15 August 2015}}</ref> Turkish warplanes also bombed [[People's Protection Units|YPG]] bases in [[Syria]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/turkey-opens-new-front-against-kurds-in-syria-1445968338 |title=Turkey Says It Struck Kurdish Forces in Syria |work=The Wall Street Journal |date=27 October 2015}}</ref>

Violence soon spread throughout Turkey. Many Kurdish businesses were destroyed by mobs.<ref>{{cite news|title=The hatred never went away|url=https://www.economist.com/news/europe/21664225-civilians-join-fight-between-soldiers-and-guerrillas-burying-years-calm-hatred-never|work=Economist|date=12 September 2015}}</ref> The headquarters and branches of the pro-Kurdish [[Peoples' Democratic Party (Turkey)|Peoples' Democratic Party]] (HDP) were also attacked.<ref>{{cite news|title='Lynching Campaign' Targets Kurds in Turkey, HDP Offices Attacked|url=http://armenianweekly.com/2015/09/09/lynching-campaign-targets-kurds/|agency=Armenian Weekly|date=9 September 2015}}</ref> There are reports of civilians being killed in several Kurdish-populated towns and villages.<ref>{{cite news|title=Turkey Kurds: Many dead in Cizre violence as MPs' march blocked|url=http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-34206924|publisher=BBC News|date=10 September 2015}}</ref> The [[Council of Europe]] raised their concerns over the attacks on civilians and the blockade of Cizre.<ref>{{cite web|title=Turkey should ensure immediate access to Cizre by independent observers|url=http://www.coe.int/en/web/commissioner/-/turkey-should-ensure-immediate-access-to-cizre-by-independent-observers?redirect=http://www.coe.int/en/web/commissioner/home?p_p_id=101_INSTANCE_iFWYWFoeqhvQ&p_p_lifecycle=0&p_p_state=normal&p_p_mode=view&p_p_col_id=column-1&p_p_col_count=4|publisher=Council of Europe|date=11 September 2015}}</ref> The number of casualties since July 23 was claimed by Turkish government to be 150 Turkish officers and over 2,000 Kurdish rebels killed (by September).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://america.aljazeera.com/articles/2015/9/29/scores-killed-in-clashes-between-turkish-forces-and-kurdish-rebels.html |title=Scores killed in clashes between Turkish forces and Kurdish rebels |publisher=[[Al Jazeera]] |date=29 September 2015}}</ref> In December 2015, Turkish military operations in the Kurdish regions of southeastern Turkey had killed hundreds of civilians, displaced hundreds of thousands and caused massive destruction in residential areas.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/12/31/world/europe/turkey-kurds-pkk.html?hpw&rref=world&action=click&pgtype=Homepage&module=well-region&region=bottom-well&WT.nav=bottom-well&_r=0 |title=Turkey’s Campaign Against Kurdish Militants Takes Toll on Civilians |work=The New York Times |date=30 December 2015}}</ref> According to the [[Human Rights Watch]] (HRW) report, "Local human rights groups have recorded well over 100 civilian deaths and multiple injuries."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2015/12/22/turkey-mounting-security-operation-deaths |title=Turkey: Mounting Security Operation Deaths |publisher=Human Rights Watch |date=22 December 2015}}</ref>

The spring of 2016 saw the seasonal uptick in combat activity. In May, a Turkish [[Bell AH-1 SuperCobra]] helicopter was documented shot down by a PKK-fired Russian made [[MANPADS]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2016/05/14/kurdish-militants-just-challenged-turkish-air-power-in-a-major-way/|title=Kurdish militants reportedly shoot down Turkish security forces helicopter|publisher=Washington Post|date=2016-05-14|accessdate=2016-05-15}}</ref>

==Serhildan==
{{main article|Serhildan}}
The Serhildan, or people's uprising,<ref name="serhildan">Aliza Marcus [https://books.google.com/books?id=V1uhlcKklRYC&pg=PA140&dq=Serhildan&hl=en&sa=X&ei=DOcjT4XSEsLX0QXR3unOCg&ved=0CDkQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=Serhildan&f=false ''Blood and Belief: The PKK and the Kurdish Fight for Independence''], 2007</ref> started on 14 March 1990, Nusaybin during the funeral of<ref name="asylumlaw">{{cite web|url=http://www.asylumlaw.org/docs/turkey/mar99_turkey_kurds.pdf |title=Kurds in Turkey&nbsp;– page 16 |format=PDF |accessdate=15 April 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716081035/http://www.asylumlaw.org/docs/turkey/mar99_turkey_kurds.pdf |archivedate=16 July 2011 |df= }}</ref> 20-year-old PKK fighter [[Kamuran Dundar]], who along with 13 other fighters was killed by the Turkish military after crossing into Turkey via Syria several days earlier. Dundar came from a Kurdish nationalist family which claimed his body and held a funeral for him in Nusaybin in which he was brought to the city's main mosque and 5000 people which held a march. On the way back the march turned violent and protesters clashed with the police, during which both sides fired upon each other and many people were injured. A curfew was then placed in Nusaybin, tanks and special forces were brought in and<ref name="serhildan"/> some 700 people were arrested.<ref name="asylumlaw"/> Riots spread to nearby towns<ref name="serhildan"/> and in [[Cizre]] over 15,000 people, constituting about half the town's population took part in riots in which five people were killed, 80 injured and 155 arrested.<ref name="asylumlaw"/> Widespread riots took place throughout the Southeast on [[Nowruz]], the Kurdish new-year celebrations, which at the time were banned.<ref name="asylumlaw"/> Protests slowed down over the next two weeks as many started to stay home and Turkish forces were ordered not to intervene unless absolutely necessarily<ref name="serhildan"/> but factory sit-ins, go-slows, work boycotts and "unauthorized" strikes were still held although in protest of the state.<ref name="asylumlaw"/>

Protests are often held on 21 March, or [[Nowruz]].<ref name="ifex">{{cite web|url=http://www.ifex.org/turkey/2010/11/01/protesting_as_a_terrorist_offense.pdf |title=Protesting as a Terrorist Offens |publisher=ifex.org|accessdate=13 April 2015}}</ref> Most notably in 1992, when thousands of protesters clashed with security forces all over the country and where the army allegedly disobeyed an order from President [[Suleyman Demirel]] not to attack the protest.<ref name="asylumlaw"/> In the heavy violence that ensued during that year's Nowroz protest some 55<ref name="asylumlaw"/> people were killed, mainly in Şırnak (26 killed), Cirze (29 killed) and Nusaybin (14 killed) and it included a police officer and a soldier. Over 200 people were injured<ref name="metu">{{cite web|url=http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12606923/index.pdf |title=MOBILIZING THE KURDS IN TURKEY: NEWROZ AS A MYTH |publisher=etd.lib.metu.edu.tr|accessdate=13 April 2015}}</ref> and another 200 were arrested.<ref name="asylumlaw"/> According to Governor of Şırnak, [[Mustafa Malay]], the violence was caused by 500 to 1,500 armed rebels which he alleged, entered the town during the festival. However, he conceded that "the security forces did not establish their targets properly and caused great damage to civilian houses."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kurdistan.org/work/commentary/turkeys-kurdish-policy-in-the-nineties/ |title=Turkey’s Kurdish Policy in the Nineties |publisher= |accessdate=26 October 2014 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141026115402/http://kurdistan.org/work/commentary/turkeys-kurdish-policy-in-the-nineties/ |archivedate=26 October 2014 |df= }}</ref>

Since [[Abdullah Öcalan]]'s capture on 15 February 1998, protests are also held every year on that date.<ref name="ifex"/>

==Kurdish political movement==
{| class="infobox"
|-
! Name
! Short
! Leader
! Active
|-
| [[People's Labor Party]] || '''HEP''' || Ahmet Fehmi Işıklar || 1990–1993
|-
| [[Democracy Party (Turkey)|Democracy Party]] || '''DEP''' || Yaşar Kaya || 1993–1994
|-
| [[People's Democracy Party]] || '''HADEP''' || Murat Bozlak || 1994–2003
|-
| [[Democratic People's Party (Turkey)|Democratic People's Party]] || '''DEHAP''' || Tuncer Bakırhan || 1997–2005
|-
| [[Democratic Society Party#Background|Democratic Society Movement]] || '''DTH'''||[[Leyla Zana]] || 2005
|-
| [[Democratic Society Party]] || '''DTP'''|| [[Ahmet Türk]]|| 2005–2009
|-
| [[Peace and Democracy Party]] || '''BDP'''|| [[Gültan Kışanak]], [[Selahattin Demirtaş]] || 2008–2014
|-
| [[Democratic Regions Party]] || '''DBP'''|| [[Emine Ayna]], [[Kamûran Yüksek]] || 2014–present
|-
| [[Peoples' Democratic Party (Turkey)|Peoples' Democratic Party]] || '''HDP'''|| [[Figen Yüksekdağ]], [[Selahattin Demirtaş]] || 2012–present
|}

On 7 June 1990, seven members of the [[Grand National Assembly of Turkey]] who were expelled from the [[Social Democratic People's Party (Turkey)|Social Democratic People's Party]] (SHP), together formed the [[People's Labor Party]] (HEP) and were led by [[Ahmet Fehmi Işıklar]]. The Party was banned in July 1993 by the [[Constitutional Court of Turkey]] for promoting separatism.<ref name="Güney 2002 122–137">{{cite journal |last=Güney |first=Aylin |year=2002 |title=The People’s Democracy Party |journal=[[Turkish Studies]] |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=122–137 |doi=10.1080/714005704}}</ref> The party was succeeded by the [[Democracy Party (Turkey)|Democracy Party]], which was founded in May 1993. The Democracy Party, was however banned on 16 June 1994 for promoting Kurdish nationalism<ref name="Güney 2002 122–137"/> and four of the party's members: [[Leyla Zana]], [[Hatip Dicle]], [[Orhan Doğan]] and [[Selim Sadak]] were sentenced to 14 years in prison. Zana was the first Kurdish woman to be elected into parliament,.<ref>[http://www.parliament.uk/edm/2000-01/399 Early day motion 399], 5 March 2001</ref> However, she sparked a major controversy by saying ''"I take this oath for the brotherhood between the Turkish people and the Kurdish people,"'' during her inauguration into parliament. In June 2004, after spending 10 years in jail, a Turkish court ordered the release of all four prisoners<ref>[http://www.democracynow.org/2004/6/10/kurdish_political_prisoner_leyla_zana_released Kurdish Political Prisoner Leyla Zana Released After a Decade in Jail], 8 June 2004</ref> In May 1994, Kurdish lawyer [[Murat Bozlak]] formed the [[People's Democracy Party]] (HADEP),<ref name="Güney 2002 122–137"/> which won 1,171,623 votes, or 4.17% of the national vote during the [[Turkish general election, 1995|general elections on 24 December 1995]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tbmm.gov.tr/develop/owa/secimler.secimdeki_partiler?p_secim_yili=1995|title=Türkiye Büyük Millet Meclisi Ýnternet Sitesi|publisher=|accessdate=23 January 2015}}</ref> and 1,482,196 votes or 4.75% in the [[Turkish general election, 1999|elections on 18 April 1999]], however it failed to win any seats due to the 10% threshold.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/turkish/180499.shtml|title=18 NİSAN 1999 Genel Seçimleri|publisher=BBC News|accessdate=26 October 2014}}</ref> During [[Turkish local elections, 1999|local elections in 1999]] they won control over 37 municipalities and gained representation in 47 cities and hundreds of districts. In 2002 the party became a member of [[Socialist International]]. After surviving a closure case in 1999, HADEP was finally banned on 13 March 2003 on the grounds that it had become a "centre of illegal activities which included aiding and abetting the PKK." The [[European Court of Human Rights]] ruled in 2010 that the ban violated article 11 of the [[European Convention on Human Rights]] which guarantees freedom of association.<ref>[http://cmiskp.echr.coe.int/tkp197/view.asp?action=html&documentId=878622&portal=hbkm&source=externalbydocnumber&table=F69A27FD8FB86142BF01C1166DEA398649 CASE OF HADEP AND DEMİR v. TURKEY], 14 December 2010</ref> The [[Democratic People's Party (Turkey)|Democratic People's Party]] (DEHAP) was formed on 24 October 1997 and succeeded HADEP.<ref>{{cite book |title=From Patriarchy to Empowerment: Women's Participation, Movements, and Rights in the Middle East, North Africa, and South Asia |last=Moghadam |first=Valentine M. |year=2007 |publisher=[[Syracuse University Press]] |location=Syracuse, NY |isbn=0-8156-3111-1}}</ref> DEHAP won 1,955,298 votes or 6,23% during the [[Turkish general election, 2002|November 3, 2002 general election]],.<ref>NTV [http://arsiv.ntvmsnbc.com/modules/secim2002/genel.asp Election Results], 3 November 2022</ref> However, it performed disappointingly during the [[Turkish local elections, 2004|March 28, 2004 local elections]], where their coalition with the SHP and the [[Freedom and Solidarity Party]] (ÖDP) only managed to win 5.1% of the vote, only winning in Batman, Hakkâri, Diyarbakır and Şırnak Provinces, the majority of Kurdish voters voting for the AKP.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tusiad.us/Content/uploaded/TURKISH-LOCAL-ELECTIONS-OF-MARCH-28--ALI%20CARKOGLU%202-FINALFINAL.PDF |accessdate=9 February 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110930192850/http://www.tusiad.us/Content/uploaded/TURKISH-LOCAL-ELECTIONS-OF-MARCH-28--ALI%20CARKOGLU%202-FINALFINAL.PDF|first=Ali|last=Carkoglu|work=TUSIAD-US|archivedate=30 September 2011|title=Turkish Local Elections of March 28, 2004: A Prospective Evaluation}}</ref> After being released in 2004 Leyla Zana formed the Democratic Society Movement (DTH), which merged with the DEHAP into the [[Democratic Society Party]] (DTP) in 2005<ref name="serhildan"/> under the leadership of [[Ahmet Türk]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.turkeydailynews.com/news/117/ARTICLE/1218/2008-08-27.html |accessdate=3 January 2009 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090410025003/http://www.turkeydailynews.com/news/117/ARTICLE/1218/2008-08-27.html |archivedate=10 April 2009|title=DTP leader Ahmet Turk|date= 27 August 2008}}</ref>

[[File:Turkish general election, 2015 - Peoples' Democratic Party (Turkey) Celebration - Istanbul.jpg|thumbnail|right|HDP supporters celebrating their election result in [[İstanbul]], 8 June 2015]]
The Democratic Society Party decided to run their candidates as [[Independent (politician)|independent candidates]] during the [[Turkish general election, 2007|June 22, 2007 general elections]], to get around the 10% threshold rule. Independents won 1,822,253 votes or 5.2% during the elections, resulting in a total of 27 seats, 23 of which went to the DTP.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.turkishpress.com/news.asp?id=186642 |title=Press Review |publisher= |accessdate=26 October 2014 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140815111224/http://www.turkishpress.com/news.asp?id=186642 |archivedate=15 August 2014 }}</ref> The party performed well during the [[Turkish local elections, 2009|March 29, 2009 local elections]], however, winning 2,116,684 votes or 5.41% an doubling the number of governors from four to eight and increasing the number of mayors from 32 to 51.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/english/domestic/11326291.asp|title=Ruling party main loser in local ballot|work=Hurriyet Daily News|accessdate=26 October 2014}}</ref> For the first time they won a majority in the southeast and, aside from the Batman, Hakkâri, Diyarbakır and Şırnak provinces which DEHAP had won in 2004, the DTP managed to win Van, Siirt and [[Iğdır Province]]s from the AKP.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.silkroadstudies.org/new/inside/turkey/2009/090410A.html |accessdate=9 February 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110106042815/http://www.silkroadstudies.org/new/inside/turkey/2009/090410A.html |archivedate=6 January 2011|title=Local Election Results Reveal a Fractured Turkey|date= 10 April 2009}}</ref> On 11 December 2009, the Constitutional Court of Turkey voted to ban the DTP, ruling that the party had links to the PKK just like in case of previous closed Kurdish parties<ref name="dtpban">{{cite web|url=http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/default.aspx?pageid=438&n=kurdish-unrest-erupts-in-turkey-after-dtp-ban-2009-12-12|title=Kurdish unrest erupts in Turkey after DTP ban|work=Hurriyet Daily News|accessdate=26 October 2014}}</ref> and authorities claimed that it is seen as guilty of spreading "terrorist propaganda."<ref name="election"/> Chairman Ahmet Türk and legislator [[Aysel Tuğluk]] were expelled from Parliament, and they and 35 other party members were banned from joining any political party for five years.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5h9VhSca_oZldvbO-XktR7l7Sa_PgD9CH89VG0 |accessdate=11 December 2009 |title=Turkey bans pro-Kurdish party over ties to rebels |date=11 December 2009 |first=Selcan |last=Hacaoglu |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091215060704/https://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5h9VhSca_oZldvbO-XktR7l7Sa_PgD9CH89VG0 |archivedate=15 December 2009 }}</ref> The [[European Union]] released a statement, expressing concern over the court's ruling and urging Turkey to change its policies towards political parties.<ref>[http://www.se2009.eu/sv/moten_nyheter/2009/12/11/presidency_statement_on_the_closure_of_democratic_society_party_dtp_in_turkey ]{{Dead link|date=October 2014}}</ref> Major protests erupted throughout Kurdish communities in Turkey, in response to the ban.<ref name="dtpban"/> The DTP was succeeded by the [[Peace and Democracy Party]] (BDP), under the leadership of [[Selahattin Demirtaş]]. The BDP called on its supporters to boycott the [[Turkish constitutional referendum, 2010|Turkish constitutional referendum on 12 September 2010]] because the constitutional change did not meet minority demands. [[Gültan Kışanak]], the BDP co-chair, released a statement saying that "we will not vote against the amendment and prolong the life of the current fascist constitution. Nor will we vote in favour of the amendments and support a new fascist constitution."<ref>[http://azady.nl/?p=10261 Seven Questions about the Turkish referendum], 12 September 2010</ref> Due to the boycott Hakkâri (9.05%), Şırnak (22.5%), Diyarbakır (34.8%), Batman (40.62%), Mardin (43.0%), Van (43.61), Siirt (50.88%), Iğdır (51.09%), Muş (54.09%), [[Ağrı Province|Ağrı]] (56.42%), Tunceli (67.22%), [[Şanlıurfa Province|Şanlıurfa]] (68.43%), [[Kars Province|Kars]] (68.55%) and Bitlis Province (70.01%) had the lowest turnouts in the country, compared to a 73.71% national average. Tunceli, however was the only Kurdish majority province where a majority of the population voted "no" during the referendum.<ref>{{cite web|author=Government of Turkey, Supreme Election Board (YSK) |url=http://www.ysk.gov.tr/ysk/ReferandumSecimSonucServ?bilmece1=|title=Official Results&nbsp;– 12 September 2010 Constitutional Referendum |publisher=Yüksek Seçim Kurulu |date=12 September 2010 |accessdate=13 September 2010}}</ref> During the [[Turkish general election, 2011|June 12, 2011 national elections]] the BDP nominated 61 independent candidates, winning 2,819,917 votes or 6.57% and increasing its number of seats from 20 to 36. The BDP won the most support in Şırnak (72.87%), Hakkâri (70.87%), Diyarbakır (62.08%) and Mardin (62.08%) Provinces.<ref name="election">{{cite web|url=http://www.institutkurde.org/en/publications/bulletins/315.html|title=TURKEY: THE AKP WINS THE GENERAL ELECTION|publisher=Institut Kurde|accessdate=26 October 2014}}</ref>

==Casualties==
According to figures released by the [[Anadolu Agency]], citing a Turkish security source, from 1984 to August 2015, there were 36,345 deaths in the conflict. This included 6,741 civilians, 7,230 security forces (5,347 soldiers, 1,466 village guards and 283 policemen) and 22,374 PKK fighters by August 2015.<ref name=30yilda/><ref name=nearly7000/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://aa.com.tr/en/turkey/turkey-pkk-have-killed-14-000-since-1984/5598|title=Turkey: PKK have killed 14,000 since 1984|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://en.apa.az/world-news/europe/pkk-have-killed-14-000-since-1984.html|title=PKK have killed 14,000 since 1984|first=APA Information Agency, APA|last=Holding|publisher=}}</ref> Among the civilian casualties, till 2012, were 157 teachers.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.meb.gov.tr/Stats/ist2000/b4.htm |title=2000 Yılında MEB-Öğretmenlere Yönelik Çalışmalar |publisher=Ministry of Education |year=2000 |language=Turkish |accessdate=12 October 2008 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20051001054953/http://www.meb.gov.tr/Stats/ist2000/b4.htm |archivedate=1 October 2005 }}</ref> From August 1984 to June 2007, a total of 13,327 soldiers and 7,620 civilians were said to have been wounded.<ref name="wounded">[http://www.kurdishaspect.com/doc122107AD.html Turkey, US, and the PKK], 21 December 2007</ref> About 2,500 people were said to have been killed between 1984 and 1991, while over 17,500 were killed between 1991 and 1995.<ref name="casualty years">{{cite web|url=https://fas.org/asmp/profiles/turkey_background_kurds.htm |accessdate=12 December 2015 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150626141413/http://fas.org/asmp/profiles/turkey_background_kurds.htm |archivedate=26 June 2015 | title=The Kurds in Turkey }}</ref> The number of murders committed by Village Guards from 1985 to 1996 is put at 296 by official estimates.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://globalgeopolitics.net/arc/1998-11-29-Kinnane-Islam-Kurds-Turkey.htm |title=Islam, the Kurds, and Turkey's problems at home and with the neighbors | author=Derk Kinnane-Roelofsma |publisher= |accessdate=26 October 2014 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120708234811/http://globalgeopolitics.net/arc/1998-11-29-Kinnane-Islam-Kurds-Turkey.htm |archivedate=8 July 2012 }}</ref>

Contrary to the newest estimate, earlier figures by the Turkish military put the number of PKK casualties much higher, with 26,128 PKK dead by June 2007,<ref name="wounded"/> and 29,704 by March 2009. Between the start of the second insurgency in 2004, and March 2009, 2,462 PKK militants were claimed killed.<ref name="Turkish casualties"/> However, later figures provided by the military for the 1984–2012 period, revised down the number of killed PKK members to 21,800.<ref>{{cite news|title=28 yıllık terörün insani ve mali bilançosu.../Güncel/milliyet blog|url=http://blog.milliyet.com.tr/28-yillik-terorun-insani-ve-mali-bilancosu/Blog/?BlogNo=375170|accessdate=15 January 2016|work=Milliyet}}</ref>

Both the [[Kurdistan Workers' Party|PKK]] and [[Turkish military]] have accused each other of civilian deaths. Since the 1970s, the European Court of Human Rights has condemned Turkey for the thousands of human rights abuses against Kurdish people.<ref name="ETCHR1" >{{cite news|title=EUROPEAN COURT OF HUMAN RIGHTS: Turkey Ranks First in Violations in between 1959–2011|url=http://bianet.org/english/human-rights/138337-turkey-ranks-first-in-violations-in-between-1959-2011|accessdate=29 December 2015|work=Bianet – Bagimsiz Iletisim Agi}}</ref><ref name="AnnualETCHR">{{cite journal|title=Annual report|date=2014|issue=The European Court of Human Rights|url=http://echr.coe.int/Documents/Annual_Report_2014_ENG.pdf|accessdate=29 December 2015}}</ref> The judgments are related to systematic executions of Kurdish civilians,<ref name="hum1" >{{cite journal|title=The European Court of Human Rights: Case of Benzer and others v. Turkey|date=24 March 2014|issue=Mass execution of Kurdish villagers|pages=57|url=http://hudoc.echr.coe.int/app/conversion/pdf/?library=ECHR&id=001-128036&filename=001-128036.pdf|accessdate=29 December 2015}}</ref> torturing,<ref name="tort1" >{{cite journal|title=The prohibition of torture|date=2003|issue=Torturing|pages=11, 13|url=http://www.echr.coe.int/LibraryDocs/HR%20handbooks/handbook06_en.pdf|accessdate=29 December 2015}}</ref> forced displacements,<ref>{{cite book|title=Human Rights Watch|publisher=Human Rights Watch|page=7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=blm_4gIcaZoC&pg=PA7}}</ref> thousands of destroyed villages,<ref name="St. Martin's Press"/><ref name="Univ Of Texas Press"/><ref name="Taylor and Francis"/> arbitrary arrests,<ref>{{cite journal|title=Police arrest and assistance of a lawyer|url=http://www.echr.coe.int/Documents/FS_Police_arrest_ENG.pdf}}</ref> murdered and disappeared Kurdish journalists, politicians and activists.<ref name="khrp.org"/> Turkey has been also condemned for killing Kurdish civilians and blaming the PKK in the ECHR ([[Kuskonar massacre]]).<ref name="hum1"/>

According to human rights organisations since the beginning of the uprising 4,000 villages have been destroyed,<ref name="LA Times">[[Los Angeles Times]] [http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/babylonbeyond/2010/07/convicted-of-terrorism-a-young-kurdish-girl-is-serving-her-seven-year-and-nine-month-prison-sentence-in-turkeys-prison-e.html TURKEY: Kurdish teenager convicted as terrorist for attending demonstration]</ref> in which between 380,000 and 1,000,000 Kurdish villagers have been forcibly evacuated from their homes, mainly by the Turkish military.<ref name="findlaw1">{{cite web|url=http://fl1.findlaw.com/news.findlaw.com/hdocs/docs/terrorism/hlpdoj120303opn.pdf |title=Humanitarian Law Project v. U.S. Dept. of Justice |format=PDF |accessdate=15 April 2011}}</ref> Some 5,000 Turks and 35,000 Kurds,<ref name="LA Times"/> have been killed, 17,000 Kurds have disappeared and 119,000 Kurds have been imprisoned by Turkish authorities.<ref name="executions">{{cite news|url=http://www.sddt.com/News/article.cfm?SourceCode=20040126cg|title=Federal Judge Rules Part Of Patriot Act Unconstitutional|agency=Associated Press|date=22 January 2004|accessdate=25 December 2013}}</ref><ref name="LA Times"/> According to the [[Humanitarian Law Project]], 2,400 Kurdish villages were destroyed and 18,000 Kurds were executed, by the Turkish government.<ref name="findlaw1"/> In total up to 3,000,000 people (mainly Kurds) have been displaced by the conflict,<ref name="displaced">{{cite web|url=http://www.lib.unb.ca/Texts/JCS/bin/get.cgi?directory=FALL98/articles/&filename=Gunter.htm |title=Conflict Studies Journal at the University of New Brunswick |publisher=Lib.unb.ca |accessdate=29 August 2010}}</ref> an estimated 1,000,000 of which are still internally displaced as of 2009.<ref>{{cite web|author=Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre (IDMC)&nbsp;– Norwegian Refugee Council |url=http://www.internal-displacement.org/8025708F004CE90B/(httpCountrySummaries)/66D21F80E3A69E41C125732200255E35?OpenDocument&count=10000 |title=Need for continued improvement in response to protracted displacement |publisher=Internal-displacement.org |accessdate=15 April 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110131234512/http://www.internal-displacement.org/8025708F004CE90B/%28httpCountrySummaries%29/66D21F80E3A69E41C125732200255E35?OpenDocument&count=10000 |archivedate=31 January 2011 |df= }}</ref> The Assyrian Minority was heavily affected as well, as now most (50–60&nbsp;thousand/70,000) of its population is in refuge in Europe.

[[Sebahat Tuncel]], an elected MP from the BDP, put the PKK's casualties at 18,000 as of July 2011.<ref name="sebahat">''[[Hürriyet Daily News]]'' [http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/gundem/18151157.asp?gid=381 Sebahat Tuncel'den tartışılacak sözler], 1 July 2011</ref>

The [[Uppsala Conflict Data Program]] recorded 25,825–30,639 casualties to date, 22,729–25,984 of which having died during the first insurgency, 368–467 during the cease-fire and 2,728–4,188 during the second insurgency. Casualties from 1989 to 2011, according to the UCDP are as following:<ref name="UCDP">{{cite web|url=http://www.ucdp.uu.se/gpdatabase/gpcountry.php?id=158&regionSelect=10-Middle_East#|title=Turkey: Kurdistan (entire conflict)|publisher=|accessdate=26 October 2014}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable collapsible collapsed"
|-
!'''Year'''
!'''Low Estimate'''
!'''High Estimate'''
|-
|'''1989'''||227||234
|-
|'''1990'''||245||303
|-
|'''1991'''||304||310
|-
|'''1992'''||1,518||1,598
|-
|'''1993'''||2,099||2,394
|-
|'''1994'''||4,000||4,488
|-
|'''1995'''||3,076||3,951
|-
|'''1996'''||3,533||3,578
|-
|'''1997'''||4,247||5,483
|-
|'''1998'''||1,952||2,039
|-
|'''1999'''||1,403||1,481
|-
|'''2000'''||173||189
|-
|'''2001'''||81||96
|-
|'''2002'''||35||100
|-
|'''2003'''||79||82
|-
|'''2004'''||180||322
|-
|'''2005'''||324||611
|-
|'''2006'''||210||274
|-
|'''2007'''||458||509
|-
|'''2008'''||501||1,068
|-
|'''2009'''||128||149
|-
|'''2010'''||328||433
|-
|'''2011'''||599||822
|-
|'''Total:'''||25,825||30,639
|}

The conflict's casualties between 1984 and March 2009 according to the General Staff of the Republic of Turkey, Turkish Gendarmerie, [[General Directorate of Security]] and since then until June 2010 according to Milliyet's analysis of the data of the General Staff of the Republic of Turkey and Turkish Gendarmerie were as following:<ref name="Turkish casualties"/>
{| class="wikitable sortable collapsible collapsed"
|-
!'''Year'''
!'''Security Forces'''
!'''Civilians'''
!'''Insurgents'''
!'''Total'''
|-
|'''1984'''||26||43||28||'''97'''
|-
|'''1985'''||58||141||201||'''400'''
|-
|'''1986'''||51||133||74||'''258'''
|-
|'''1987'''||71||237||95||'''403'''
|-
|'''1988'''||54||109||123||'''286'''
|-
|'''1989'''||153||178||179||'''510'''
|-
|'''1990'''||161||204||368||'''733'''
|-
|'''1991'''||244||233||376||'''853'''
|-
|'''1992'''||629||832||1,129||'''2,590'''
|-
|'''1993'''||715||1,479||3,050||'''5,244'''
|-
|'''1994'''||1,145||992||2,510||'''4,647'''
|-
|'''1995'''||772||313||4,163||'''5,248'''
|-
|'''1996'''||608||170||3,789||'''4,567'''
|-
|'''1997'''||518||158||7,558||'''8,234'''
|-
|'''1998'''||383||85||2,556||'''3,024'''
|-
|'''1999'''||236||83||1,458||'''1,787'''
|-
|'''2000'''||29||17||319||'''365'''
|-
|'''2001'''||20||8||104||'''132'''
|-
|'''2002'''||7||7||19||'''33'''
|-
|'''2003'''||31||63||87||'''181'''
|-
|'''2004'''||75||28||122||'''225'''
|-
|'''2005'''||105||30||188||'''323'''
|-
|'''2006'''||111||38||132||'''281'''
|-
|'''2007'''||146||37||315||'''498'''
|-
|'''2008'''||171||51||696||'''918'''
|-
|'''2009'''||62||18||65||'''145'''
|-
|'''2010'''||72||-||-||-
|-
|'''Total:'''||'''6,653'''||'''5,687'''||'''29,704'''||'''42,044'''
|}

==Demographic effect==
{{further information|Kurdish villages depopulated by Turkey}}
The Turkification of predominantly Kurdish areas in country's East and South-East were also bound in the early ideas and policies of the modern Turkish nationalism, going back to as early as 1918 (the manifesto of Turkish nationalist Ziya Gokalp "Turkification, Islamization and Modernization").<ref name=joost/> The evolving Young Turk conscience adopted a specific interpretation of progressism, a trend of though which emphasizes the human ability to make, improve and reshape human society, relying of science, technology and experimentation.<ref name=ugur>Ugur Ümit Üngör. ''Making of modern Turkey: Nation and State in Eastern Anatolia, 1913–1950'': pp,154. Oxford University Press. 2011.</ref> This notion of social evolution was used to support and justify policies of population control – not unlike European colonialism.<ref name=ugur/> The paradigm of Kemalism rationalized the deportation-and-settlement program, reinforced with opinions of senior Young Turks that "In this country only the Turkish nation has the right to claim ethnic and racial rights. Nobody else has such a right".<ref name=ugur/> The [[Kurdish rebellions in Turkey|Kurdish rebellions]] provided a comfortable pretext for Turkish Kemalists to implement such ideas, and in 1926 the Settlement Law was issued. It created a complex pattern of interaction between state of society, in which the regime favored its people in a distant geography, populated by locals marked as hostile (in this regard, according to Prof. Caroline Elkins, the policy of governing a distant land to send settlers in order to reshape demographics there to resemble homeland is named 'settler colonialism').<ref name=ugur/>

During the 1990s, a predominantly Kurdish-dominated Eastern and South-Eastern Turkey (Kurdistan) was depopulated due to the [[Turkey-PKK conflict]].<ref name=joost>Joost Jongerden. ''The Settlement Issue in Turkey and the Kurds – an Analysis of Spatial Policies, Modernity and War'': p. 38. 2007.</ref> Turkey depopulated and destroyed rural settlements on a large scale, resulting in massive resettlement of a rural Kurdish population in urban areas and leading to development and re-design of population settlement schemes across the countryside.<ref name=joost/> According to Dr. Joost Jongerden, Turkish settlement and re-settlement policies during the 1990s period were influenced by two different forces – the desire to expand administration to rural areas and an alternative view of urbanization, allegedly producing "Turkishness".<ref name=joost/>

==Human rights abuses==
{{further information|Human rights of Kurdish people in Turkey|Kurdish villages depopulated by Turkey}}
Both Turkey and the PKK have committed numerous [[human rights]] [[abuses]] during the conflict.
Former French ambassador to Turkey Eric Rouleau states:<ref name=rouleau>{{cite journal|last=Rouleau |first=Eric |date=November–December 2000 |title=Turkey's Dream of Democracy |journal=[[Foreign Affairs]] |volume=79 |issue=6 |url=http://www.foreignaffairs.org/20001101faessay939/eric-rouleau/turkey-s-dream-of-democracy.html |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070607210126/http://www.foreignaffairs.org/20001101faessay939/eric-rouleau/turkey-s-dream-of-democracy.html |archivedate=7 June 2007 }}</ref>
<blockquote>
''According to the [[Ministry of Justice (Turkey)|Ministry of Justice]], in addition to the 35,000 people killed in military campaigns, 17,500 were assassinated between 1984, when the conflict began, and 1998. An additional 1,000 people were reportedly assassinated in the first nine months of 1999. According to the Turkish press, the authors of these crimes, none of whom have been arrested, belong to groups of mercenaries working either directly or indirectly for the security agencies.''
</blockquote>

===Abuses by the Turkish side===
Since the 1970s, the European Court of Human Rights has condemned Turkey for the thousands of human rights abuses against Kurdish people.<ref name="ETCHR1" /><ref name="AnnualETCHR" /> The judgments are related to systematic executions of Kurdish civilians,<ref name="hum1" /> forced recruitments,<ref name="hum1" /> torturing,<ref name="tort1" /> forced displacements,<ref name="ford1" >{{cite book|title=Human Rights Watch|date=2002|publisher=HRW|accessdate=29 December 2015|ref=https://books.google.com/books?id=blm_4gIcaZoC&pg=PA7|page=7}}</ref> thousands of destroyed villages,<ref name="vilg2" >{{cite book|last1=Abdulla|first1=Jamal Jalal|title=The Kurds: A Nation on the Way to Statehood|publisher=AuthorHouse|isbn=9781467879729|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=usQ2i-P7oPIC&pg=PA36|accessdate=29 December 2015|page=36}}</ref> arbitrary arrests,<ref name="arba1" >{{cite journal|title=Police arrest and assistance of a lawyer|date=2015|page=1|ref=http://www.echr.coe.int/Documents/FS_Police_arrest_ENG.pdf}}</ref> murdered and disappeared Kurdish journalists.<ref name="kjour1" >{{cite news|title=Justice Comes from European Court for a Kurdish Journalist |url=http://www.khrp.org/khrp-news/news-archive/2000-news/189-justice-comes-from-european-court-for-a-murdered-kurdish-journalist.html|access-date=29 December 2015|publisher=Kurdish Human Rights Project}}</ref> The latest judgments are from 2014.<ref name="hum1"/>

The Turkish government is held responsible by Turkish human rights organizations for 3,438 civilian deaths in the conflict between 1987 and 2000.<ref name="belge"/>

In 1993, Mehmet Ogut, his pregnant wife and 7 children were burned to death by [[Special Forces (Turkish Armed Forces)|Turkish special forces]] soldiers. The Turkish authorities blamed the PKK and refused to investigate it. After 20 years, the investigations were started and they eventually came to an end in late 2014 with sentences of life imprisonment for three gendarme officers, a member of the special forces and nine soldiers.<ref>{{cite news|title=Turkish military guilty of killing family of 9, blamed on PKK for 20 years|url=http://rudaw.net/english/middleeast/turkey/09012016|accessdate=9 January 2016|work=Rudaw|agency=Rudaw}}</ref>

On 26 March 1994 the [[Turkish military]] planes (F-16's) and a helicopter circled two villages and bombed them, killing 38 Kurdish civilians.<ref name="hum1" /> The Turkish authorities blamed the PKK and took pictures of the dead children and spread in the press. The European Court of Human rights condemned Turkey to pay 2,3 million euros to the families of victims.<ref name="hum1" /> The event is known as the [[Kuşkonar massacre]].

In 1995, [[Human Rights Watch]] reported that it was common practice for Turkish soldiers to kill Kurdish civilians and take pictures of their corpses with the weapons, they carried only for staging the events. Killed civilians were shown to press as PKK "terrorists".<ref>{{cite news|title=HRW|url=https://www.hrw.org/reports/1995/Turkey.htm|accessdate=31 January 2016}}</ref>

In 1995, [[The European (newspaper)|The European]] newspaper published in its front page pictures of [[Turkish people|Turkish]] soldiers who posed for camera with the decapitated heads of the [[Kurdish people|Kurdish]] [[Kurdistan Workers' Party|PKK]] fighters. Kurdish fighters were beheaded by Turkish special forces soldiers.<ref>{{cite web|title=Variant|url=http://variant.org.uk/27texts/cause_for_concern.html#footnote16|publisher=Variant.org.uk|accessdate=31 January 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Kurdistanica|url=http://kurdistan.org/turkey-and-the-charge-of-genocide-july-31-1999/|accessdate=31 January 2016}}</ref>

In 1997, Amnesty International (AI) reported that, "'Disappearances' and extrajudicial executions have emerged as new and disturbing patterns of human rights violations" by the Turkish state.<ref name="AmnestyChapter2">[https://www.amnesty.org/ailib/intcam/turkey/turk2.htm Turkey campaign (Chapter 2)], [[Amnesty International]], 1997. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070714171715/http://www.amnesty.org/ailib/intcam/turkey/turk2.htm |date=14 July 2007 }}</ref>

In 2006 it was stated by the former ambassador Rouleau that the continuing human rights abuses of ethnic Kurds is one of the main obstacles to [[Accession of Turkey to the European Union|Turkish membership of the E.U.]]<ref name=housegov>{{cite web|url=http://www.foreignaffairs.house.gov/archives/107/73068.pdf |title=U.S. Policy In The Mediterranean: Managing The Greece, Turkey, Cyprus Triangle |publisher=[[United States House of Representatives]] |accessdate=1 September 2006 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070131230422/http://www.foreignaffairs.house.gov/archives/107/73068.pdf |archivedate=31 January 2007 }}</ref>

In August 2015, [[Amnesty International]] reported that the Turkish government airstrikes killed eight residents and injured at least eight others – including a child – in a flagrantly unlawful attack on the village of Zergele, in the Kandil Mountains in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2015/08/fresh-evidence-of-casualties-underscores-need-for-impartial-investigation-into-turkish-airstrikes-in-kandil-mountains/|title=Fresh evidence of casualties underscores need for impartial investigation into Turkish airstrikes in Kandil Mountains|publisher=Amnesty International}}</ref>

[[Human Rights Watch]] notes that:
* As Human Rights Watch has often reported and condemned, Turkish government forces have, during the conflict with the PKK, also committed serious violations of international human rights and humanitarian law, including [[torture]], extrajudicial killings, and indiscriminate fire. We continue to demand that the Turkish government investigate and hold accountable those members of its security forces responsible for these violations. Nonetheless, under international law, the government abuses cannot under any circumstances be seen to justify or excuse those committed by Ocalan's PKK.<ref name=hrwdalema />
* The Kurdish Workers Party (PKK), a separatist group that espouses the use of violence for political ends, continues to wage guerrilla warfare in the southeast, frequently in violation of international humanitarian law, or the laws of war. Instead of attempting to capture, question and indict people suspected of illegal activity, Turkish security forces killed suspects in house raids, thus acting as investigator, judge, jury and executioner. Police routinely asserted that such deaths occurred in shoot-outs between police and "terrorists." In many cases, eyewitnesses reported that no firing came from the attacked house or apartment. Reliable reports indicated that while the occupants of raided premises were shot and killed, no police were killed or wounded during the raids. This discrepancy suggests that the killings were summary, extrajudicial executions, in violation of international human rights and humanitarian law.<ref name="hrwdevelopments"/>

Turkish–Kurdish human right activists in Germany accused Turkey of Using Chemical Weapons against PKK. Hans Baumann, a German expert on photo forgeries investigated the authenticity of the photos and claimed that the photos were authentic. A forensics report released by the Hamburg University Hospital has backed the allegations. Claudia Roth from Germany's Green Party demanded an explanation from the Turkish government.<ref name="spiegel">{{cite news|last=Steinvorth|first=Daniel|title=Shocking Images of Dead Kurdish Fighters: Turkey Accused of Using Chemical Weapons against PKK|url=http://www.spiegel.de/international/world/shocking-images-of-dead-kurdish-fighters-turkey-accused-of-using-chemical-weapons-against-pkk-a-711536.html|accessdate=23 July 2013|newspaper=[[Spiegel Online]]|date=12 August 2010|author2=Musharbash, Yassin}}</ref> The Turkish Foreign Ministry spokesman Selçuk Ünal commented on the issue. He said that he did not need to emphasize that the accusations were groundless. He added that Turkey signed to the Chemical Weapons Convention in 1997, and Turkey did not possess chemical weapons.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.haber7.com/haber/20100814/Disislerinden-kimyasal-silah-iddialarina-ret.php |language=Turkish|title=Dışişleri'nden 'kimyasal silah' iddialarına ret haberi Siyaset haberleri Haber7 haber7.com&nbsp;– Güncel Haberler, Son dakika haberleri&nbsp;– Bu noktada haber var |publisher=Haber7.com |date=14 August 2010 |accessdate=29 August 2010}}</ref> Turkey has been a signatory to the Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production, Stockpiling and Use of Chemical Weapons and on their Destruction since 1997, and has passed all inspections required by such convention.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://hurriyetdailynews.com/n.php?n=officials-deny-der-spiegel8217s-claim-on-use-of-chemical-weapons-2010-08-13 |title=Turkish officials deny Der Spiegel's claim on use of chemical weapons |work=Hurriyet Daily News |accessdate=29 August 2010 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100816121716/http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/n.php?n=officials-deny-der-spiegel8217s-claim-on-use-of-chemical-weapons-2010-08-13 |archivedate=16 August 2010 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

In response to the activities of the PKK, the Turkish government placed Southeastern Anatolia, where citizens of Kurdish descent are in the majority, under military rule. The Turkish Army and the Kurdish village guards loyal to it have abused Kurdish civilians, resulting in [[mass migration]]s to cities.<ref name="mcdowall" /> The Government claimed that the displacement policy aimed to remove the shelter and support of the local population and consequently, the population of cities such as Diyarbakır and [[Cizre]] more than doubled.<ref name=phillips>{{cite book|last1=David L.|first1=Phillips|title=From Bullets to Ballots: Violent Muslim Movements in Transition|date=2011|publisher=Transaction Publishers|isbn=9781412812016|page=121|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cNq0gvBPcGQC&pg=PA121#v=onepage&q&f=false}}</ref> However martial law and military rule was lifted in the last provinces in 2002.

===Abuses by the PKK===
The PKK was responsible for a number of civilian deaths, even though this number is lower than those perpetrated by the government. The number of total civilian deaths perpetrated by the PKK between 1989 and 1999 was determined as 1,205 by the independent Uppsala One-Sided Violence Dataset.<ref name="belge"/> This violence targeted members of the families of village guards. In the [[Pınarcık massacre]] of 1987, claimed by the PKK in its publication ''Serxwebûn'', 30 villagers were killed.<ref name="belge">{{cite journal|last1=Belge|first1=Ceren|title=Civilian victimization and the politics of information in the Kurdish Conflict in Turkey|journal=World Politics|date=2016|volume=67|issue=2|pages=275–306}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Serxwebûn, issue of June 1987|url=http://serxwebun.org/arsiv/66/#/1/|publisher=Serxwebûn|accessdate=20 December 2016|language=Turkish}}</ref><ref name="(M. Aliza, 2007)">{{cite book|last=Aliza|first=Marcus|title=The PKK and the Kurdish Fight for Independence|year=2007|publisher=New York University Press|location=NY, USA|pages=115–120}}</ref><ref name=satana/> PKK attacks on civilians persisted until the organization realised that these were damaging their international prestige.<ref name=satana>{{cite journal|last1=Satana|first1=Nil S.|title=The Kurdish Issue in June 2011 Elections: Continuity or Change in Turkey's Democratization?|journal=Turkish Studies|date=2012|volume=13|issue=2|pages=169–189|doi=10.1080/14683849.2012.686575|publisher=Routledge}}</ref>

In 1993, [[Human Rights Watch]] stated the following about the tactics of the PKK when it was [[Marxist-Leninist]] organization (PKK changed its ideology in 2001):
* Consequently, all economic, political, military, security institutions, formations and nationalist organizations—and those who serve in them—have become targets. PKK has attacked Turkish authorities outside of Kurdish areas.
* The PKK is against Turkish political parties, cultural and educational institutions, legislative and representative bodies, and "all local collaborators and agents working for the Republic of Turkey."<ref name=hrwdalema>[https://www.hrw.org/en/news/1998/11/20/letter-italian-prime-minister-massimo-dalema Letter to Italian Prime Minister Massimo D'Alema], [[Human Rights Watch]].</ref>
* Many who died were unarmed civilians, caught in the middle between the PKK and security forces, targeted for attacks by both sides.<ref name=hrwdevelopments>[https://www.hrw.org/reports/1993/WR93/Hsw-08.htm Turkey: Human Rights Developments], [[Human Rights Watch]].</ref>

In the early 1990s, the PKK executed bakers that delivered bread to army bases, burnt down and killed the owners of fuel stations that served the authorities in the areas they were active in. They forbid the distribution of Turkish newspapers and the watching of Turkish television channels, forcing the inhabitants to remove their antennae. The inhabitants were banned from joining any Turkish political party and were forced to get the approval of the PKK if they were to run for local offices. The PKK attacked schools as they were seen as "emblems of Turkish imperialism" that belonged to the "colonial assimilation system"; 47 teachers were killed in 1993 alone. A justification for the killing of teachers was that they taught Turkish to Kurdish children.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Nachmani|first1=Amikam|title=Turkey: facing a new millennium: Coping with intertwined conflicts|date=2009|publisher=Manchester University Press|isbn=9781847795595|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YbxrBgAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false}}</ref> According to [[Amnesty International]] reports in 1997, the PKK has killed and tortured Kurdish peasants and its own members that were against them in the 1980s. Dozens of Kurdish civilians have been abducted and killed because they were suspected of being collaborators or informers.<ref name="AmnestyChapter3">[https://www.amnesty.org/ailib/intcam/turkey/turk3.htm Turkey campaign (Chapter 3)], [[Amnesty International]], 1997. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070808091353/http://www.amnesty.org/ailib/intcam/turkey/turk3.htm |date=8 August 2007 }}</ref> According to a 1996 report by Amnesty International, "in January 1996 the [Turkish] government announced that the PKK had massacred 11 men near the remote village of [[Güçlükonak]]. Seven of the victims were members of the local [[village guard]] forces".<ref name=amntr>[https://www.amnesty.org/ailib/intcam/turkey/ Turkey campaign], [[Amnesty International]], 1996. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070807152827/http://www.amnesty.org/ailib/intcam/turkey/ |date=7 August 2007 }}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Iraqi–Kurdish conflict]]
* [[Kurdish separatism in Iran|Iranian–Kurdish conflict]]
* [[Timeline of the Kurdish–Turkish conflict]]
* [[List of Turkish Armed Forces operations in Northern Iraq]]
* [[Turkish involvement in the Syrian Civil War]]
* [[Turkey–ISIL conflict]]
* [[List of modern conflicts in the Middle East]]

==Notes==
* {{note|reference_name_A|note}} The '''Turkey–PKK conflict''' is also known as the '''Kurdish conflict''',<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.asiantribune.com/node/13802 |title=Greener Pastures for Bruce Fein: The Kurdish Conflict in Turkey |publisher=Asiantribune.com |accessdate=15 April 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.amazon.com/dp/0312236298 |title=The Kurdish Conflict in Turkey: Obstacles and Chances for Peace and Democracy |publisher=Amazon.com |accessdate=15 April 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.middle-east-online.com/english/?id=41597 |title=Turkey in fresh drive to end Kurdish conflict |publisher=Middle-east-online.com |date=28 September 2010 |accessdate=15 April 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.euronews.net/2010/06/04/turkey-looks-to-iraq-to-help-end-kurdish-conflict/ |title=Turkey looks to Iraq to help end Kurdish conflict |publisher=Euronews.net |date=16 June 2010 |accessdate=15 April 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Head |first=Jonathan |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8359582.stm |title=Turkey unveils reforms for Kurds |publisher=BBC News |date=13 November 2009 |accessdate=15 April 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/cifamerica/2008/oct/24/us-turkey-kurds-war |title=Nudging Turkey toward peace at home |publisher=Guardian |date=3 January 2011 |accessdate=15 April 2011 |location=London |first=Stephen |last=Kinzer}}</ref> the '''Kurdish question''',<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.todayszaman.com/columnist-270565-would-turkey-intervene-in-syria.html |accessdate=5 February 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120205220532/http://www.todayszaman.com/columnist-270565-would-turkey-intervene-in-syria.html |archivedate=5 February 2012 | title=Would Turkey intervene in Syria?|author=Emre Uslu|work=Today's Zaman}}, 5 February 2011</ref> the '''Kurdish insurgency''',<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.time.com/time/daily/special/ocalan/bitterend.html |accessdate=10 April 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081210050323/http://www.time.com/time/daily/special/ocalan/bitterend.html |archivedate=10 December 2008 | title=A Terrorist's Bitter End | date=1 March 1999 | work=Time }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Birch |first=Nicholas |url=http://warincontext.org/2009/10/20/kurdish-rebels-surrender-as-turkey-reaches-out/ |title=Kurdish rebels surrender as Turkey reaches out&nbsp;— War in Context |publisher=Warincontext.org |date=20 October 2009 |accessdate=15 April 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thewashingtonnote.com/archives/2010/07/selective_partn/ |title=The Kurdish Issue and Turkey's Future |publisher=Thewashingtonnote.com |accessdate=15 April 2011}}</ref><ref>[[BBC News]] [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8401583.stm Turkey may ban Kurdish DTP party]</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.cnn.com/1999-03-07/world/9903_07_turkey.kurds_1_kurdish-rebels-abdullah-ocalan-kurdistan-workers-party-pkk?_s=PM:WORLD |title=Kurdish rebels say they shot down Turkish helicopter |publisher=CNN.com |date=7 March 1999 |accessdate=15 April 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111013051527/http://articles.cnn.com/1999-03-07/world/9903_07_turkey.kurds_1_kurdish-rebels-abdullah-ocalan-kurdistan-workers-party-pkk?_s=PM%3AWORLD |archivedate=13 October 2011 |df= }}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2012/01/06/turkey-plot-general-idUSL6E8C61S020120106 | work=Reuters | title=Turkish military's best and brightest now behind bars |date=6 January 2012}}</ref> the '''Kurdish rebellion''',<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-8765571.html |title=Turkish crackdown fails to halt Kurdish rebellion |publisher=Highbeam.com |date=1 November 1992 |accessdate=15 April 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thenational.ae/news/worldwide/europe/turkey-and-iraq-seek-to-end-kurdish-rebellion |title=Turkey and Iraq seek to end Kurdish rebellion |publisher=Thenational.ae |accessdate=15 April 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kuna.net.kw/NewsAgenciesPublicSite/ArticleDetails.aspx?id=2096923&Language=en |title=Turkey says determined to uproot Kurdish rebellion |publisher=Kuna.net.kw |date=25 June 2010 |accessdate=15 April 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Tore Kjeilen |url=http://looklex.com/e.o/kurds.htm |title=Kurds |publisher=Looklex.com |accessdate=15 April 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://macedoniaonline.eu/content/view/7863/46/ |title=MINA Breaking News&nbsp;– Turkey marks 25 years of Kurd rebellion |publisher=Macedoniaonline.eu |date=15 August 2009 |accessdate=15 April 2011}}</ref> the '''Kurdish–Turkish conflict''',<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1469-8219.00065/abstract;jsessionid=7F8284BF5513010C32A50BBA0FB1427C.f04t02?deniedAccessCustomisedMessage=&userIsAuthenticated=false|title=Nation–states and ethnic boundaries: modern Turkish identity and Turkish–Kurdish conflict|accessdate=26 October 2014 | doi=10.1111/1469-8219.00065|volume=8|journal=Nations and Nationalism|pages=549–564}}</ref> or '''PKK-terrorism'''<ref name="security"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://edoc.bibliothek.uni-halle.de/servlets/MCRFileNodeServlet/HALCoRe_derivate_00003560/Turkey%20and%20PKK%20terrorism.pdf |title=TURKEY AND PKK TERRORISM |format=PDF |accessdate=15 April 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110531224347/http://edoc.bibliothek.uni-halle.de/servlets/MCRFileNodeServlet/HALCoRe_derivate_00003560/Turkey%20and%20PKK%20terrorism.pdf |archivedate=31 May 2011 |df= }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://fas.org/irp/world/para/docs/mfa-t-pkk.htm |title=A Report on the PKK and Terrorism |publisher=Fas.org |accessdate=15 April 2011}}</ref> as well as the latest '''Kurdish uprising'''<ref name=mcdowall>McDowall, David. ''A modern History of the Kurds''. London 2005, pp 439 ff</ref> or as a '''civil war'''.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.sfgate.com/1996-02-23/news/17769255_1_kurdish-kurdistan-worker-s-party-turkish |title=Inside Turkey's Civil War, Fear and Geopolitics / For all sides, Kurd insurgency is risky business |publisher=Articles.sfgate.com |date=23 February 1996 |accessdate=15 April 2011 |first=Frank |last=Viviano}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cacianalyst.org/Publications/Cornell_Orbis.htm |title=The Kurdish Question In Turkish Politics |publisher=Cacianalyst.org |date=16 February 1999 |accessdate=15 April 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110522191840/http://www.cacianalyst.org/Publications/Cornell_Orbis.htm |archivedate=22 May 2011 |df= }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://ivarfjeld.wordpress.com/2010/06/25/israeli-military-to-help-turkish-army-in-civil-war-against-kurds/ |title=Israeli military aid used by Turkish in civil war against Kurds |publisher=Ivarfjeld.wordpress.com |date=25 June 2010 |accessdate=15 April 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ekurd.net/mismas/articles/misc2011/2/turkey3136.htm |title=Thousands of Kurds protest to support jailed Abdullah Ocalan in Strasbourg |publisher=Ekurd.net |accessdate=15 April 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author=Helena Smith in Athens |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2003/apr/11/iraq.kurds |title=Turkey told US will remove Kurd forces from city |work=Guardian |date=11 April 2003|accessdate=15 April 2011 |location=London}}</ref>
* {{note|reference_name_B|note}} According to official figures, in the period during and after the coup, military agencies collected files on over 2&nbsp;million people, 650,000 of which were detained, 230,000 of which were put on trial under martial law. Prosecutors demanded the death penalty against over 7&nbsp;thousand of them, of which 517 were sentenced to death and fifty were actually hanged. Some 400,000 people were denied passports and 30,000 lost their jobs after the new regime classified them as dangerous. 14,000 people were stripped of their Turkish citizenship and 30,000 fled the country as asylum seekers after the coup. Aside from the fifty people that were hanged, some 366 people died under suspicious circumstances (classified as accidents at the time), 171 were tortured to death in prison, 43 were claimed to have committed suicide in prison and 16 were shot for attempting to escape.<ref>''[[Today's Zaman]]'' [http://www.sundayszaman.com/sunday/newsDetail_getNewsById.action?newsId=274954 1980 coup leader's defense arguments not legally sound] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160120213619/http://www.sundayszaman.com/sunday/newsDetail_getNewsById.action?newsId=274954 |date=20 January 2016 }}, 21 March 2012.</ref>
* {{note|reference_name_A|note}} According to an article published in Defence and Peace Economics by Mete Feridun of University of Greenwich titled "Fighting terrorism: Are military measures effective? Empirical evidence from Turkey", military anti-terrorism measures alone are not sufficient to prevent PKK terrorism in Turkey.<ref>Feridun, Mete and Shabaz, Muhammad (2010) [http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10242690903568884#.VEB8jjVwbIU "Fighting terrorism: Are military measures effective? Empirical evidence from Turkey"]. ''Defence and Peace Economics'', 21 (2). pp. 193–205. ISSN 1024-2694 (print), 1476–8267 (online) {{doi|10.1080/10242690903568884}}.
</ref>
* {{note|reference_name_A|note}} A recent article published in Applied Research in Quality of Life by Mete Feridun of University of Greenwich investigates the impact of education and poverty on terrorism in Turkey using econometric techniques.<ref>Feridun, Mete (2014). "Impact of education and poverty on terrorism in Turkey: An empirical investigation". ''Applied Research in Quality of Life''. ISSN 1871-2584 (print), 1871–2576 (online) (in press) {{doi|10.1007/s11482-014-9353-z}}.</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}
{{Kurdish–Turkish conflict}}
{{Turkey topics}}
{{Middle East conflicts}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kurdish-Turkish conflict (1978-present)}}
[[Category:Kurdish–Turkish conflict (1978–present)| ]]
[[Category:20th-century conflicts]]
[[Category:21st-century conflicts]]
[[Category:20th century in Turkey]]
[[Category:21st century in Turkey]]
[[Category:Turkish Kurdistan]]
[[Category:History of the Kurdistan Workers' Party]]
[[Category:Iraqi Kurdistan]]
[[Category:Kurdish separatism in Turkey|PKK]]
[[Category:Wars involving Turkey|PKK]]
[[Category:Ongoing conflicts]]
[[Category:Wars involving the Peshmerga]]

Revision as of 17:24, 8 December 2017

PKK-Turkey Conflict (1978–present)
Part of the Kurdish rebellions

Thematic map, general view over the Kurdish  – Turkish conflict
Datec. 27 November 1978–present
(45 years, 8 months, 1 week and 5 days)
Location
Eastern and Southeastern Turkey, spillovers in Northern Iraq and Northern Syria
Status

Ongoing:

Belligerents

Turkey Turkey

Other forces:


Kurdistan Communities Union (KCK)

File:YDG-H Flag.svg YDG-H:

HBDH


Supported by:

Kurdistan Freedom Hawks
Commanders and leaders

Current commanders
Turkey Recep Tayyip Erdoğan
Turkey Binali Yıldırım
Turkey Hulusi Akar


Current commanders
Murat Karayılan
Bahoz Erdal
Cemil Bayık
Hülya Eroğlu  [32]
Mustafa Karasu
Duran Kalkan
Ali Haydar Kaytan
Zübeyir Aydar
Haji Ahmadi[33]

Strength
Turkish Armed Forces: 639,551:[34]
Gendarmerie: 148,700[35]
Police: 225,000
Village Guards: 65,000[36]
Turkey Total: 948,550
(not all directly involved in the conflict)

PKK: 4,000–32,800[37][38]

PJAK: 1,000[39]–3,000[40]
TAK: A few dozen[41]
Total: ≈5,000–32,800[38]
Casualties and losses

5,347 soldiers, 283 police officers and 1,466 village guards killed, 95 captured (24 currently held)[42][43]
Total: 7,230 killed and 21,128 wounded
(Turkish claim)[44][45]


Total: 12,522 killed and 33,788 wounded[46][47][48][49]

(PKK claim)
Total: 34,116-46,242+ killed and 21,698+ captured
(Turkish claim)[50][51][52]

Total killed: 50,000–55,000[53][54][55]


Civilian Casualties:
6,741 killed and 14,257 wounded (Turkish claim)[45]
5,000 killed (until 2000; 3,438 by the Turkish government & 1,205 by the PKK; independent research and NGOs)[56]
18,000–20,000 Kurds executed and 2,400–4,000+ villages destroyed by the Turkish government (independent human rights reports and other estimates)[57][58][59][60]

3,000,000+ displaced[61]
Turkish Hezbollah also known as Kurdish Hezbollah or just Hizbullah in Turkey, is a mainly Sunni Islamist militant organization, active against the Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK) and the Government of Turkey.[62][63][64][65][66]

The Kurdish–Turkish conflict[note] is an armed conflict between the Republic of Turkey and various Kurdish insurgent groups,[67] which have demanded separation from Turkey to create an independent Kurdistan,[41][68] or to have autonomy[69][70] and greater political and cultural rights for Kurds inside the Republic of Turkey.[71] The main rebel group is the Kurdistan Workers' Party[72] or PKK (Kurdish: Partiya Karkerên Kurdistan). Although insurgents have carried out attacks in many regions of Turkey,[73] the insurgency is mainly in southeastern Turkey.[74] The PKK's presence in Iraq's Kurdistan Region, from which it has also launched attacks, has resulted in the Turkish military carrying out frequent ground incursions and air and artillery strikes in the region.[75][76] The conflict has cost the economy of Turkey an estimated 300 to 450 billion dollars, mostly military costs. It has also affected tourism in Turkey.[77][78][79]

The group was founded in 1978 in the village of Fis (near Lice) by a group of Kurdish students led by Abdullah Öcalan.[80] The initial reason given by the PKK for this was the oppression of Kurds in Turkey.[81][82] By then, the use of Kurdish language, dress, folklore, and names were banned in Kurdish-inhabited areas.[83] In an attempt to deny their existence, the Turkish government categorized Kurds as "Mountain Turks" until 1991.[83][84][85][86] The words "Kurds", "Kurdistan", or "Kurdish" were officially banned by the Turkish government.[87][88] Following the military coup of 1980, the Kurdish language was officially prohibited in public and private life.[89] Many who spoke, published, or sang in Kurdish were arrested and imprisoned.[90] The PKK was then formed, as part of a growing discontent over the suppression of Turkey's ethnic Kurds, in an effort to establish linguistic, cultural, and political rights for Turkey's ethnic Kurdish minority.[91]

The full-scale insurgency, however, did not begin until 15 August 1984, when the PKK announced a Kurdish uprising. Since the conflict began, more than 40,000 have died, most of whom were Kurdish civilians.[92] The European Court of Human Rights has condemned Turkey for thousands of human rights abuses.[93][94] Many judgments are related to systematic executions of Kurdish civilians,[95] torturing,[96] forced displacements,[97] destroyed villages,[98][99][100] arbitrary arrests,[101] murdered and disappeared Kurdish journalists, activists and politicians.[102][103][104]

The first insurgency lasted until 1 September 1999,[68][105] when the PKK declared a unilateral ceasefire. The armed conflict was later resumed on 1 June 2004, when the PKK declared an end to its ceasefire.[106][107] Since summer 2011, the conflict has become increasingly violent with resumption of large-scale hostilities.[79] In 2013 the Turkish Government and the jailed PKK leader Abdullah Öcalan started talks. On 21 March 2013, Öcalan announced the "end of armed struggle" and a ceasefire with peace talks.[31][108] On July 25, 2015, the PKK finally cancelled their 2013 ceasefire after a year of tension due to various events, including the Turks bombing PKK positions in Iraq,[109] in the midst of the Kurds' battle against the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant.

Background

Kurdish rebellions against the Ottoman Empire go back two centuries, but the modern conflict dates back to the Turkish War of Independence, which established a Turkish nationalist state which has consistently repressed the human rights of Kurdish people in Turkey. Major historical events include the Koçgiri Rebellion (1920), Sheikh Said rebellion (1925), Ararat rebellion (1930), and the Dersim Rebellion (1938).

The Kurdistan Workers Party (PKK) was founded in 1974 by Abdullah Öcalan. Initially a Marxist–Leninist organization, it abandoned orthodox communism and adopted a program of greater political rights and cultural autonomy for Kurds. Between 1978 and 1980, the PKK engaged in limited urban warfare with the Turkish state to these aims. The organization restructured itself and moved the organization structure to Syria between 1980 and 1984, just after the 1980 Turkish coup d'état.

The rural-based insurgency lasted between 1984 and 1992. The PKK shifted its activities to include urban warfare between 1993 and 1995 and between 1996 and 1999. The leader of the party was captured in Kenya in early 1999, with the support of CIA. After a unilaterally declared peace initiative in 1999, the PKK resumed the conflict due to a Turkish military offensive in 2004.[37] Since 1974 it had been able to evolve, adapt, and go through a metamorphosis,[110] which became the main factor in its survival. It had gradually grown from a handful of political students to a dynamic organization.

In the aftermath of the failed 1991 uprisings in Iraq against Saddam Hussein, the UN established no-fly zones over Kurdish areas of Iraq, giving those areas de facto independence.[111] The PKK was forced to retreat from Lebanon and Syria as a part of an agreement between Turkey and the United States. The PKK moved their training camps to the Qandil Mountains and as a result Turkey responded with Operation Steel (1995) and Operation Hammer (1997) in a failed attempt to crush the PKK.[112]

In 1992 Colonel Kemal Yilmaz declared that the Special Warfare Department (the seat of the Counter-Guerrilla) was still active in the conflict against the PKK.[113] The U.S. State Department echoed concerns of Counter-Guerrilla involvement in its 1994 Country Report on Human Rights Practices for Turkey. The Counter-Guerrilla units were involved in serious human rights violations.[114]

Öcalan was captured in Kenya on 15 February 1999, allegedly involving CIA agents with Greek Embassy cooperation, resulting in his transfer to the Turkish authorities. After a trial he was sentenced to death, but this sentence was commuted to lifelong aggravated imprisonment when the death penalty was abolished in Turkey in August 2002.

With the invasion of Iraq in 2003, much of the arms of the Iraqi Army fell into the hands of the Iraqi Kurdish Peshmerga militias.[115] The Peshmerga became the de facto army of Iraqi Kurdistan and Turkish sources claim many of its weapons found their way into the hands of other Kurdish groups such as the PKK and the PJAK (a PKK offshoot which operates in Iranian Kurdistan).[116] This has been the pretext for numerous Turkish attacks on the Kurdistan region of Iraq.

In June 2007, Turkey estimated there to be over 3,000 PKK fighters in Iraqi Kurdistan.[117]

History

Beginnings

In 1973 a small group under Öcalan's leadership released a declaration on Kurdish identity in Turkey. The group, which called itself the Revolutionaries of Kurdistan also included Ali Haydar Kaytan, Cemil Bayik, Haki Karer and Kemal Pir.[118] The group decided in 1974[68] to start a campaign for Kurdish rights. Cemil Bayik was sent to Urfa, Kemal Pir to Mus, Hakki Karer to Batman, and Ali Haydar Kaytan to Tunceli. They then started student organisations which talked to local workers and farmers about Kurdish rights.[118]

In 1977, an assembly was held to evaluate the political activities. The assembly included 100 people, from different backgrounds and several representatives from other leftist organisations. In spring 1977, Abdullah Öcalan travelled to Mount Ararat, Erzurum, Tunceli, Elazig, Antep, and other cities to make the public aware of the Kurdish issue. This was followed by a Turkish government crackdown against the organisation. On 18 March 1977, Haki Karer was assassinated in Antep. During this period, the group was also targeted by the Turkish ultranationalist organization, the Nationalist Movement Party's Grey Wolves. Some wealthy Kurdish landowners targeted the group as well, killing Halil Çavgun on 18 May 1978, which resulted in large Kurdish meetings in Erzurum, Dersim, Elazig, and Antep.[118]

The founding Congress of the PKK was held on 27 November 1978 in Fis, a village near the city of Lice. During this congress the 25 people present decided to found the Kurdistan Workers' Party. The Turkish state, Turkish rightist groups, and some Kurdish landowners continued their attacks on the group. In response, the PKK employed armed members to protect itself, which got involved in the fighting between leftist and rightist groups in Turkey (1978–1980) at the side of the leftists,[118] during which the right-wing Grey Wolves militia killed 109 and injured 176 Alevi Kurds in the town of Kahramanmaraş on 25 December 1978 in what would become known as the Maraş Massacre.[119] In Summer 1979, Öcalan travelled to Syria and Lebanon where he made contacts with Syrian and Palestinian leaders.[118] After the Turkish coup d'état on 12 September 1980 and a crackdown which was launched on all political organisations,[120] during which at least 191 people were killed[121] and half a million were imprisoned,[122][note] most of the PKK withdrew into Syria and Lebanon. Öcalan himself went to Syria in September 1980 with Kemal Pir, Mahsum Korkmaz, and Delil Dogan being sent to set up an organisation in Lebanon. Some PKK fighters allegedly took part in the 1982 Lebanon War on the Syrian side.[118]

The Second PKK Party Congress was then held in Daraa, Syria, from 20 to 25 August 1982. Here it was decided that the organisation would return to Turkey to start an armed guerilla war there for the creation of an independent Kurdish state. Meanwhile, they prepared guerilla forces in Syria and Lebanon to go to war. Many PKK leaders however were arrested in Turkey and sent to Diyarbakir Prison. The prison became the site of much political protest.[118] (See also Torture in Turkey#Deaths in custody.)

In Diyarbakır Prison, PKK member Mazlum Doğan burned himself to death on 21 March 1982 in protest at the treatment in prison. Ferhat Kurtay, Necmi Önen, Mahmut Zengin and Eşref Anyık followed his example on 17 May 1982. On 14 July 1982, PKK members Kemal Pir, M. Hayri Durmuş, Ali Çiçek and Akif Yılmaz started a hunger strike in Diyarbakır Prison.[123] Kemal Pir died on 7 September 1982, M. Hayri Durmuş on 12 September 1982, Akif Yılmaz on 15 September 1982, and Ali Çiçek on 17 September 1982. On 13 April 1984, a 75-day hunger-strike started in Istanbul. As a result, four prisoners—Abdullah Meral, Haydar Başbağ, Fatih Ökütülmüş, and Hasan Telci—died.[124]

First insurgency

1984–93

OHAL region—defining areas in Turkey under a state of emergency—in red with neighbouring provinces in orange, 1987–2002

The PKK launched its armed insurgency on 15 August 1984[118][125] with armed attacks on Eruh and Semdinli. During these attacks 1 gendarmerie soldier was killed, 7 soldiers, 2 policemen and 3 civilians were injured. It was followed by a PKK raid on a police station in Siirt, two days later.[126]

In the early 1990s, President Turgut Özal agreed to negotiations with the PKK, the events of the 1991 Gulf War having changed some of the geopolitical dynamics in the region. Apart from Özal, himself half-Kurdish, few Turkish politicians were interested in a peace process, nor was more than a part of the PKK itself.[127] In 1993 Özal was working on the peace plans with the former finance minister Adnan Kahveci and the General Commander of the Turkish Gendarmerie, Eşref Bitlis.[128] Negotiations led to a cease-fire declaration by the PKK on 20 March 1993. With the PKK's ceasefire declaration in hand, Özal was planning to propose a major pro-Kurdish reform package at the next meeting of the National Security Council. The president's death on 17 April led to the postponement of that meeting, and the plans were never presented.[129] A month later a PKK ambush on 24 May 1993 ensured the end of the peace process. The former PKK commander Şemdin Sakık maintains the attack was part of the Doğu Çalışma Grubu's coup plans.[130] Under the new Presidency of Süleyman Demirel and Premiership of Tansu Çiller, the Castle Plan (to use any and all means to solve the Kurdish question using violence), which Özal had opposed, was enacted, and the peace process abandoned.[131] Some journalists and politicians maintain that Özal's death (allegedly by poison) along with the assassination of a number of political and military figures supporting his peace efforts, was part of a covert military coup in 1993 aimed at stopping the peace plans.

1993–1999

To counter the growing force of the PKK the Turkish military started new counter-insurgency strategies between 1992 and 1995. To deprive the rebels of a logistical base of operations and allegedly punishing local people supporting the PKK the military carried out de-forestation of the countryside and destroyed over 3,000 Kurdish villages, causing at least 2 million refugees. Most of these villages were evacuated, but other villages were burned, bombed, or shelled by government forces, and several entire villages were obliterated from the air. While some villages were destroyed or evacuated, many villages were brought to the side of the Turkish government, which offered salaries to local farmers and shepherds to join the Village Guards, which would prevent the PKK from operating in these villages, while villages which refused were evacuated by the military. These tactics managed to drive the rebels from the cities and villages into the mountains, although they still often launched reprisals on pro-government villages, which included attacks on civilians.[132]

However, the turning point in the conflict[133] came in 1998, when, after political pressure and military threats[134] from Turkey, the PKK's leader, Abdullah Öcalan, was forced to leave Syria, where he had been in exile since September 1980. He first went to Russia, then to Italy and Greece. He was eventually brought to the Greek embassy in Nairobi, Kenya, where he was arrested on 15 February 1999 at the airport in a joint MİT-CIA operation and brought to Turkey,[135] which resulted in major protests by Kurds worldwide.[134] Three Kurdish protestors were shot dead when trying to enter the Israeli consulate in Berlin to protest alleged Israeli involvement in the capture of Abdullah Öcalan.[136] Although the capture of Öcalan ended a third cease-fire which Öcalan had declared on 1 August 1998, on 1 September 1999[105] the PKK declared a unilateral cease-fire which would last until 2004.[68]

Unilateral cease-fire

KADEK flag
KONGRA-GEL flag

After the unilateral cease-fire the PKK declared in September 1999, their forces fully withdrew from the Republic of Turkey and set up new bases in the Qandil Mountains of Iraq[126] and in February 2000 they declared the formal end of the war.[134] After this, the PKK said it would switch its strategy to using peaceful methods to achieve their objectives. In April 2002 the PKK changed its name to KADEK (Kurdistan Freedom and Democracy Congress), claiming the PKK had fulfilled its mission and would now move on as purely political organisation.[107] In October 2003 the KADEK announced its dissolution and declared the creation of a new organisation: KONGRA-GEL (Kurdistan Peoples Congress).[137]

Offers by the PKK for negotiations were ignored by the Turkish government,[107] which claimed, the KONGRA-GEL continued to carry out armed attacks in the 1999–2004 period, although not on the same scale as before September 1999. They also blame the KONGRA-GEL for Kurdish riots which happened during the period.[126] The PKK argues that they only defended themselves as they claim the Turkish military launched some 700 raids against their bases militants, including in Northern Iraq.[125] Also, despite the KONGRA-GEL cease-fire, other groups continued their armed activities, the PŞK for instance, tried to use the cease-fire to attract PKK fighters to join their organisation.[138] The Kurdistan Freedom Hawks (TAK) were formed during this period by radical KONGRA-GEL commanders, dissatisfied with the cease-fire.[139] The period after the capture of Öcalan was used by the Turkish government to launch major crackdown operations against the Turkish Hezbollah (Kurdish Hezbollah), arresting 3,300 Hizbullah members in 2000, compared to 130 in 1998, and killing the group's leader Hüseyin Velioğlu on 13 January 2000.[140][141][142] During this phase of the war at least 145 people were killed during fighting between the PKK and security forces.[143]

After AK Party came to power in 2002, the Turkish state started to ease restrictions on the Kurdish language and culture.[144]

From 2003 to 2004 there was a power struggle inside the KONGRA-GEL between a reformist wing which wanted the organisation to disarm completely and a traditionalist wing which wanted the organisation to resume its armed insurgency once again.[126][145] The conservative wing of the organisation won this power struggle[126] forcing reformist leaders such as Kani Yilmaz, Nizamettin Tas and Abdullah Öcalan's younger brother Osman Öcalan to leave the organisation.[145] The three major traditionalist leaders, Murat Karayilan, Cemil Bayik and Fehman Huseyin formed the new leadership committee of the organisation.[146] The new administration decided to restart the insurgency, because they claimed that without guerillas the PKK's political activities would remain unsuccessful.[107][126] This came as the pro-Kurdish People's Democracy Party (HADEP) was banned by the Turkish Supreme Court on 13 March 2003[147] and its leader Murat Bolzak was imprisoned.[148]

In April 2005, KONGRA-GEL reverted its name back to PKK.[137] Because not all of the KONGRA-GEL's elements reverted, the organisation has also been referred to as the New PKK.[149] The KONGRA-GEL has since become the Legislative Assembly of the Koma Civakên Kurdistan, an umbrella organisation which includes the PKK and is used as the group's urban and political wing. Ex-DEP member Zübeyir Aydar is the President of the KONGRA-GEL.[150]

Through the cease-fire years 2000, 2001, 2002 and 2003, some 711 people were killed according to the Turkish government.[151] The Uppsala Conflict Data Program put casualties during these years at 368 to 467 killed.[152]

Second insurgency

Kurdistan Workers Party supporters in London, April 2003
A demonstration against the PKK in Kadıköy, İstanbul on 22 October 2007

On 1 June 2004, the PKK resumed its armed activities because they claimed Turkish government was ignoring their calls for negotiations and was still attacking their forces.[107][126] The government claimed that in that same month some 2,000 Kurdish guerrillas entered Turkey via Iraqi Kurdistan.[68] The PKK, lacking a state sponsor or the kind of manpower they had in the 90s, was however forced to take up new tactics. As result, the PKK reduced the size of its field units from 15–20 militants to 6–8 militants. It also avoided direct confrontations and relied more on the use of mines, snipers and small ambushes, using hit and run tactics.[153] Another change in PKK-tactics was that the organisation no longer attempted to control any territory, not even after dark.[154] Nonetheless, violence increased throughout both 2004 and 2005[68] during which the PKK was said to be responsible for dozens of bombings in Western Turkey throughout 2005.[37] Most notably the 2005 Kuşadası minibus bombing, which killed 5 and injured 14 people,[155] although the PKK denied responsibility.[156]

In March 2006 heavy fighting broke out around Diyarbakir between the PKK and Turkish security forces, as well as large riots by PKK supporters, as result the army had to temporary close the roads to Diyarbakır Airport and many schools and businesses had to be shut down.[68] In August, the Kurdistan Freedom Hawks (TAK), which vowed to "turn Turkey into hell",[157] launched a major bombing campaign. On 25 August two coordinated low-level blasts targeted a bank in Adana, on 27 August a school in Istanbul was targeted by a bombing, on 28 August there were three coordinated attacks in Marmaris and one in Antalya targeting the tourist industry[68] and on 30 August there was a TAK bombing in Mersin.[158] These bombings were condemned by the PKK,[41] which declared its fifth cease-fire on 1 October 2006,[105] which slowed down the intensity of the conflict. Minor clashes, however, continued in the South East due to Turkish counter-insurgency operations. In total, the conflict claimed over 500 lives in 2006.[68] 2006 also saw the PKK assassinate one of their former commanders, Kani Yilmaz, in February, in Iraq.[126]

In May 2007, there was a bombing in Ankara that killed 6[159][160][161][162] and injured 121 people.[159] The Turkish government alleged the PKK was responsible for the bombing.[163] On 4 June, a PKK suicide bombing in Tunceli killed seven soldiers and wounded six at a military base.[164] Tensions across the Iraqi border also started playing up as Turkish forces entered Iraq several times in pursuit of PKK fighting and In June, as 4 soldiers were killed by landmines, large areas of Iraqi Kurdistan were shelled which damaged 9 villages and forced residents to flee.[165] On 7 October 2007, 40–50 PKK fighters[153] ambushed an 18-man Turkish commando unit in the Gabar mountains, killing 15 commandos and injuring three,[166] which made it the deadliest PKK attack since the 1990s.[153] In response a law was passed allowing the Turkish military to take action inside Iraqi territory.[167] Than on 21 October 2007, 150–200 militants attacked an outpost, in Dağlıca, Yüksekova, manned by a 50-strong infantry battalion. The outpost was overrun and the PKK killed 12, wounded 17 and captured 8 Turkish soldiers. They then withdrew into Iraqi Kurdistan, taking the 8 captive soldiers with them. The Turkish military claimed to have killed 32 PKK fighters in hot pursuit operations, after the attack, however this was denied by the PKK and no corpses of PKK militants were produced by the Turkish military.[153] The Turkish military responded by bombing PKK bases on 24 October[168] and started preparing for a major cross-border military operation.[166]

This major cross-border offensive, dubbed Operation Sun, started on 21 February 2008[169] and was preceded by an aerial offensive against PKK camps in northern Iraq, which began on 16 December 2007.[170][171] Between 3,000 and 10,000 Turkish forces took part in the offensive.[169] According to the Turkish military around 230 PKK fighters were killed in the ground offensive, while 27 Turkish forces were killed. According to the PKK, over 125 Turkish forces were killed, while PKK casualties were in the tens.[172] Smaller scale Turkish operations against PKK bases in Iraqi Kurdistan continued afterwards.[173] On 27 July 2008, Turkey blamed the PKK for an Istanbul double-bombing which killed 17 and injured 154 people. The PKK however denied any involvement.[174] On 4 October, the most violent clashes since the October 2007 clashes in Hakkari erupted as the PKK attacked the Aktutun border post in Şemdinli in the Hakkâri Province, at night. 15 Turkish soldiers were killed and 20 were injured, meanwhile 23 PKK fighters were said to be killed during the fighting.[175] On 10 November, the Iranian Kurdish insurgent group PJAK declared it would be halting operations inside Iran to start fighting the Turkish military.[176] Turkey counts cost of conflict as Kurdish militant battle rages on[177]

At the start of 2009 Turkey opened its first Kurdish-language TV-channel, TRT 6,[178] and on 19 March 2009 local elections were held in Turkey in which the pro-Kurdish Democratic Society Party (DTP) won majority of the vote in the South East. Soon after, on 13 April 2009, the PKK declared its sixth ceasefire, after Abdullah Öcalan called on them to end military operations and prepare for peace.[105] In September Turkey's Erdoğan-government launched the Kurdish initiative, which included plans to rename Kurdish villages that had been given Turkish names, expand the scope of the freedom of expression, restore Turkish citizenship to Kurdish refugees, strengthen local governments, and extend a partial amnesty for PK fighters.[179] The plans for the Kurdish initiative where however heavily hurt after the DTP was banned by the Turkish constitutional court[180] on 11 December 2009 and its leaders were subsequently put on trial for terrorism.[181] A total of 1,400 DTP members were arrested and 900 detained in the government crackdown against the party.[182] This caused major riots by Kurds all over Turkey and resulted in violent clashes between pro-Kurdish and security forces as well as pro-Turkish demonstrators, which resulted in several injuries and fatalities.[180] On 7 December the PKK launched an ambush in Reşadiye which killed seven and injured three Turkish soldiers, which became the deadliest PKK attack in that region since the 1990s.[183][184]

On 1 May 2010 the PKK declared an end to its cease-fire,[185] launching an attack in Tunceli that killed four and injured seven soldiers.[186] On 31 May, Abdullah Öcalan declared an end to his attempts at re-approachment and establishing dialogue with the Turkish government, leaving PKK top commanders in charge of the conflict. The PKK then stepped up its armed activities,[187] starting with a missile attack on a navy base in İskenderun, killing 7 and wounding 6 soldiers.[188] On 18 and 19 June, heavy fighting broke out that resulted in the death of 12 PKK fighters, 12 Turkish soldiers and injury of 17 Turkish soldiers, as the PKK launched three separate attacks in Hakkari and Elazig provinces.[189][190]

Another major attack in Hakkari occurred on 20 July 2010, killing six and wounding seventeen Turkish soldiers, with one PKK fighter being killed.[191] The next day, Murat Karayilan, the leader of the PKK, announced that the PKK would lay down its arms if the Kurdish issue would be resolved through dialogue and threatened to declare independence if this demand was not met.[192][193] Turkish authorities claimed they had killed 187 and captured 160 PKK fighters by 14 July.[194] By 27 July, Turkish news sources reported the deaths of over 100 security forces, which exceeded the entire 2009 toll.[195] On 12 August, however, a ramadan cease-fire was declared by the PKK. In November the cease-fire was extended until the Turkish general election on 12 June 2011, despite alleging that Turkey had launched over 80 military operations against them during this period.[105] Despite the truce, the PKK responded to these military operations by launching retaliatory attacks in Siirt and Hakkari provinces, killing 12 Turkish soldiers.[196]

The cease-fire was however revoked early, on 28 February 2011.[197] Soon afterwards three PKK fighters were killed while trying to get into Turkey through northern Iraq.[198] In May, counter-insurgency operations left 12 PKK fighters and 5 soldiers dead. This then resulted in major Kurdish protests across Turkey as part of a civil disobedience campaign launched by the pro-Kurdish Peace and Democracy Party (BDP),[199] during these protests 2 people were killed, 308 injured and 2,506 arrested by Turkish authorities.[200] The 12 June elections saw a historical performance for the pro-Kurdish Peace and Democracy Party (BDP) which won 36 seats in the South-East, which was more than the ruling Justice and Development Party (AKP), which won only 30 seats in Kurdish areas.[201] However, six of the 36 elected BDP deputies remain in Turkish jails as of June 2011.[202] One of the six jailed deputies, Hatip Dicle, was then stripped of his elected position by the constitutional court, after which the 30 free MPs declared a boycott of Turkish parliament.[203] The PKK intensified its campaign again, in July killing 20 Turkish soldiers in two weeks, during which at least 10 PKK fighters were killed.[204] On 17 August 2011, the Turkish Armed Forces launched multiple raids against Kurdish rebels, striking 132 targets.[205] Turkish military bombed PKK targets in northern Iraq in six days of air raids, according to General Staff, where 90–100 PKK Soldiers were killed, and at least 80 injured.[206] From July to September Iran carried out an offensive against the PJAK in Northern Iraq, which resulted in a cease-fire on 29 September. After the cease-fire the PJAK withdrew its forces from Iran and joined with the PKK to fight Turkey. Turkish counter-terrorism operations reported a sharp increase of Iranian citizens among the insurgents killed in October and November, such as the six PJAK fighters killed in Çukurca on 28 October.[207] On 19 October, twenty-six Turkish soldiers were killed[208] and 18 injured[209] in 8 simultaneous PKK attacks in Cukurca and Yuksekova, in Hakkari provieen 10,000 and 15,000 full-time, which is the highest it has ever been.[210]

In summer 2012, the conflict with the PKK took a violent curve, in parallel with the Syrian civil war[211] as President Bashar al-Assad ceded control of several Kurdish cities in Syria to the PYD, the Syrian affiliate of the PKK, and Turkey armed ISIS and other Islamic groups against Kurds.[212] Turkish foreign minister Ahmet Davutoglu accused the Assad government of arming the group.[213] In June and August there were heavy clashes in Hakkari province, described as the most violent in years.[214] as the PKK attempted to seize control of Şemdinli and engage the Turkish army in a "frontal battle" by blocking the roads leading to the town from Iran and Iraq and setting up DShK heavy machine guns and rocket launchers on high ground to ambush Turkish motorized units that would be sent to re-take the town. However the Turkish army avoided the trap by destroying the heavy weapons from the air and using long range artillery to root out the PKK. The Turkish military declared operation was ended successfully on 11 August, claiming to have killed 115 guerrillas and lost only six soldiers and two village guards.[215] On 20 August, eight people were killed and 66 wounded by a deadly bombing in Gaziantep.[216] According to the KCK 400 incidents of shelling, air bombardment and armed clashes occurred in August.[79] On 24 September, Turkish General Necdet Özel claimed that 110 Turkish soldiers and 475 PKK militants had been killed since the start of 2012.[217]

Solution Process

On the eve of the 2012 year (28 December), in a television interview upon a question of whether the government had a project to solve the issue, Erdoğan said that the government was conducting negotiations with jailed rebel leader Öcalan.[218] Negotiations initially named as Solution Process (Çözüm Süreci) in public. While negotiations were going on, there were numerous events that were regarded as sabotage to derail the talks: Assassination of three Kurdish PKK administrators in Paris (one of them is Sakine Cansız),[219] revealing Öcalan's talks with Kurdish party to public via the Milliyet newspaper[220] and finally, the bombings of the Justice Ministry of Turkey and Erdoğan's office at the Ak Party headquarters in Ankara.[221] However, both parties vehemently condemned all three events as they occurred and stated that they were determined anyway. Finally on 21 March 2013, after months of negotiations with the Turkish Government, Abdullah Ocalan's letter to people was read both in Turkish and Kurdish during Nowruz celebrations in Diyarbakır. The letter called a cease-fire that included disarmament and withdrawal from Turkish soil and calling an end to armed struggle. PKK announced that they would obey, stating that the year of 2013 is the year of solution either through war or through peace. Erdoğan welcomed the letter stating that concrete steps will follow PKK's withdrawal.[108]

Kurdish PKK guerilla at the Newroz celebration in Qandil, 23 March 2014

On 25 April 2013, PKK announced that it would be withdrawing all its forces within Turkey to Northern Iraq.[222] According to government[223] and to The Kurds[224] and to the most of the press,[225] this move marks the end of 30-year-old conflict. Second phase which includes constitutional and legal changes towards the recognition of human rights of the Kurds starts simultaneously with withdrawal.

Escalation

On 6 and 7 October 2014, riots erupted in various cities in Turkey for protesting the Siege of Kobane. The Kurds accused the Turkish government of supporting ISIS and not letting people send support for Kobane Kurds. Protesters were met with tear gas and water cannons. 37 people were killed in protests.[226] During these protests, there were deadly clashes between PKK and Hizbullah sympathizers.[227] 3 soldiers were killed by PKK in January 2015,[228] as a sign of rising tensions in the country.

2015–present

In June 2015, the main Syrian Kurdish militia, YPG, and the Turkey's main pro-Kurdish party, HDP, accused Turkey of allowing Islamic State (ISIL) soldiers to cross its border and attack the Kurdish city of Kobanî in Syria.[229] The conflict between Turkey and PKK escalated following the 2015 Suruç bombing attack on progressive activists, which was blamed on a Turkish ISIL-affiliated group. During the Operation Martyr Yalçın, Turkey bombed alleged PKK bases in Iraq and PYD bases in Syria's Kurdish region Rojava, effectively ending the cease-fire (after many months of increasing tensions) and the killing of two policeman in the town of Ceylanpınar (which the PKK denied carrying out).[230][231][232] Turkish warplanes also bombed YPG bases in Syria.[233]

Violence soon spread throughout Turkey. Many Kurdish businesses were destroyed by mobs.[234] The headquarters and branches of the pro-Kurdish Peoples' Democratic Party (HDP) were also attacked.[235] There are reports of civilians being killed in several Kurdish-populated towns and villages.[236] The Council of Europe raised their concerns over the attacks on civilians and the blockade of Cizre.[237] The number of casualties since July 23 was claimed by Turkish government to be 150 Turkish officers and over 2,000 Kurdish rebels killed (by September).[238] In December 2015, Turkish military operations in the Kurdish regions of southeastern Turkey had killed hundreds of civilians, displaced hundreds of thousands and caused massive destruction in residential areas.[239] According to the Human Rights Watch (HRW) report, "Local human rights groups have recorded well over 100 civilian deaths and multiple injuries."[240]

The spring of 2016 saw the seasonal uptick in combat activity. In May, a Turkish Bell AH-1 SuperCobra helicopter was documented shot down by a PKK-fired Russian made MANPADS.[241]

Serhildan

The Serhildan, or people's uprising,[242] started on 14 March 1990, Nusaybin during the funeral of[243] 20-year-old PKK fighter Kamuran Dundar, who along with 13 other fighters was killed by the Turkish military after crossing into Turkey via Syria several days earlier. Dundar came from a Kurdish nationalist family which claimed his body and held a funeral for him in Nusaybin in which he was brought to the city's main mosque and 5000 people which held a march. On the way back the march turned violent and protesters clashed with the police, during which both sides fired upon each other and many people were injured. A curfew was then placed in Nusaybin, tanks and special forces were brought in and[242] some 700 people were arrested.[243] Riots spread to nearby towns[242] and in Cizre over 15,000 people, constituting about half the town's population took part in riots in which five people were killed, 80 injured and 155 arrested.[243] Widespread riots took place throughout the Southeast on Nowruz, the Kurdish new-year celebrations, which at the time were banned.[243] Protests slowed down over the next two weeks as many started to stay home and Turkish forces were ordered not to intervene unless absolutely necessarily[242] but factory sit-ins, go-slows, work boycotts and "unauthorized" strikes were still held although in protest of the state.[243]

Protests are often held on 21 March, or Nowruz.[244] Most notably in 1992, when thousands of protesters clashed with security forces all over the country and where the army allegedly disobeyed an order from President Suleyman Demirel not to attack the protest.[243] In the heavy violence that ensued during that year's Nowroz protest some 55[243] people were killed, mainly in Şırnak (26 killed), Cirze (29 killed) and Nusaybin (14 killed) and it included a police officer and a soldier. Over 200 people were injured[245] and another 200 were arrested.[243] According to Governor of Şırnak, Mustafa Malay, the violence was caused by 500 to 1,500 armed rebels which he alleged, entered the town during the festival. However, he conceded that "the security forces did not establish their targets properly and caused great damage to civilian houses."[246]

Since Abdullah Öcalan's capture on 15 February 1998, protests are also held every year on that date.[244]

Kurdish political movement

Name Short Leader Active
People's Labor Party HEP Ahmet Fehmi Işıklar 1990–1993
Democracy Party DEP Yaşar Kaya 1993–1994
People's Democracy Party HADEP Murat Bozlak 1994–2003
Democratic People's Party DEHAP Tuncer Bakırhan 1997–2005
Democratic Society Movement DTH Leyla Zana 2005
Democratic Society Party DTP Ahmet Türk 2005–2009
Peace and Democracy Party BDP Gültan Kışanak, Selahattin Demirtaş 2008–2014
Democratic Regions Party DBP Emine Ayna, Kamûran Yüksek 2014–present
Peoples' Democratic Party HDP Figen Yüksekdağ, Selahattin Demirtaş 2012–present

On 7 June 1990, seven members of the Grand National Assembly of Turkey who were expelled from the Social Democratic People's Party (SHP), together formed the People's Labor Party (HEP) and were led by Ahmet Fehmi Işıklar. The Party was banned in July 1993 by the Constitutional Court of Turkey for promoting separatism.[247] The party was succeeded by the Democracy Party, which was founded in May 1993. The Democracy Party, was however banned on 16 June 1994 for promoting Kurdish nationalism[247] and four of the party's members: Leyla Zana, Hatip Dicle, Orhan Doğan and Selim Sadak were sentenced to 14 years in prison. Zana was the first Kurdish woman to be elected into parliament,.[248] However, she sparked a major controversy by saying "I take this oath for the brotherhood between the Turkish people and the Kurdish people," during her inauguration into parliament. In June 2004, after spending 10 years in jail, a Turkish court ordered the release of all four prisoners[249] In May 1994, Kurdish lawyer Murat Bozlak formed the People's Democracy Party (HADEP),[247] which won 1,171,623 votes, or 4.17% of the national vote during the general elections on 24 December 1995[250] and 1,482,196 votes or 4.75% in the elections on 18 April 1999, however it failed to win any seats due to the 10% threshold.[251] During local elections in 1999 they won control over 37 municipalities and gained representation in 47 cities and hundreds of districts. In 2002 the party became a member of Socialist International. After surviving a closure case in 1999, HADEP was finally banned on 13 March 2003 on the grounds that it had become a "centre of illegal activities which included aiding and abetting the PKK." The European Court of Human Rights ruled in 2010 that the ban violated article 11 of the European Convention on Human Rights which guarantees freedom of association.[252] The Democratic People's Party (DEHAP) was formed on 24 October 1997 and succeeded HADEP.[253] DEHAP won 1,955,298 votes or 6,23% during the November 3, 2002 general election,.[254] However, it performed disappointingly during the March 28, 2004 local elections, where their coalition with the SHP and the Freedom and Solidarity Party (ÖDP) only managed to win 5.1% of the vote, only winning in Batman, Hakkâri, Diyarbakır and Şırnak Provinces, the majority of Kurdish voters voting for the AKP.[255] After being released in 2004 Leyla Zana formed the Democratic Society Movement (DTH), which merged with the DEHAP into the Democratic Society Party (DTP) in 2005[242] under the leadership of Ahmet Türk.[256]

HDP supporters celebrating their election result in İstanbul, 8 June 2015

The Democratic Society Party decided to run their candidates as independent candidates during the June 22, 2007 general elections, to get around the 10% threshold rule. Independents won 1,822,253 votes or 5.2% during the elections, resulting in a total of 27 seats, 23 of which went to the DTP.[257] The party performed well during the March 29, 2009 local elections, however, winning 2,116,684 votes or 5.41% an doubling the number of governors from four to eight and increasing the number of mayors from 32 to 51.[258] For the first time they won a majority in the southeast and, aside from the Batman, Hakkâri, Diyarbakır and Şırnak provinces which DEHAP had won in 2004, the DTP managed to win Van, Siirt and Iğdır Provinces from the AKP.[259] On 11 December 2009, the Constitutional Court of Turkey voted to ban the DTP, ruling that the party had links to the PKK just like in case of previous closed Kurdish parties[260] and authorities claimed that it is seen as guilty of spreading "terrorist propaganda."[261] Chairman Ahmet Türk and legislator Aysel Tuğluk were expelled from Parliament, and they and 35 other party members were banned from joining any political party for five years.[262] The European Union released a statement, expressing concern over the court's ruling and urging Turkey to change its policies towards political parties.[263] Major protests erupted throughout Kurdish communities in Turkey, in response to the ban.[260] The DTP was succeeded by the Peace and Democracy Party (BDP), under the leadership of Selahattin Demirtaş. The BDP called on its supporters to boycott the Turkish constitutional referendum on 12 September 2010 because the constitutional change did not meet minority demands. Gültan Kışanak, the BDP co-chair, released a statement saying that "we will not vote against the amendment and prolong the life of the current fascist constitution. Nor will we vote in favour of the amendments and support a new fascist constitution."[264] Due to the boycott Hakkâri (9.05%), Şırnak (22.5%), Diyarbakır (34.8%), Batman (40.62%), Mardin (43.0%), Van (43.61), Siirt (50.88%), Iğdır (51.09%), Muş (54.09%), Ağrı (56.42%), Tunceli (67.22%), Şanlıurfa (68.43%), Kars (68.55%) and Bitlis Province (70.01%) had the lowest turnouts in the country, compared to a 73.71% national average. Tunceli, however was the only Kurdish majority province where a majority of the population voted "no" during the referendum.[265] During the June 12, 2011 national elections the BDP nominated 61 independent candidates, winning 2,819,917 votes or 6.57% and increasing its number of seats from 20 to 36. The BDP won the most support in Şırnak (72.87%), Hakkâri (70.87%), Diyarbakır (62.08%) and Mardin (62.08%) Provinces.[261]

Casualties

According to figures released by the Anadolu Agency, citing a Turkish security source, from 1984 to August 2015, there were 36,345 deaths in the conflict. This included 6,741 civilians, 7,230 security forces (5,347 soldiers, 1,466 village guards and 283 policemen) and 22,374 PKK fighters by August 2015.[44][45][266][267] Among the civilian casualties, till 2012, were 157 teachers.[268] From August 1984 to June 2007, a total of 13,327 soldiers and 7,620 civilians were said to have been wounded.[60] About 2,500 people were said to have been killed between 1984 and 1991, while over 17,500 were killed between 1991 and 1995.[269] The number of murders committed by Village Guards from 1985 to 1996 is put at 296 by official estimates.[270]

Contrary to the newest estimate, earlier figures by the Turkish military put the number of PKK casualties much higher, with 26,128 PKK dead by June 2007,[60] and 29,704 by March 2009. Between the start of the second insurgency in 2004, and March 2009, 2,462 PKK militants were claimed killed.[151] However, later figures provided by the military for the 1984–2012 period, revised down the number of killed PKK members to 21,800.[271]

Both the PKK and Turkish military have accused each other of civilian deaths. Since the 1970s, the European Court of Human Rights has condemned Turkey for the thousands of human rights abuses against Kurdish people.[93][94] The judgments are related to systematic executions of Kurdish civilians,[95] torturing,[96] forced displacements,[272] thousands of destroyed villages,[98][99][100] arbitrary arrests,[273] murdered and disappeared Kurdish journalists, politicians and activists.[102] Turkey has been also condemned for killing Kurdish civilians and blaming the PKK in the ECHR (Kuskonar massacre).[95]

According to human rights organisations since the beginning of the uprising 4,000 villages have been destroyed,[274] in which between 380,000 and 1,000,000 Kurdish villagers have been forcibly evacuated from their homes, mainly by the Turkish military.[275] Some 5,000 Turks and 35,000 Kurds,[274] have been killed, 17,000 Kurds have disappeared and 119,000 Kurds have been imprisoned by Turkish authorities.[57][274] According to the Humanitarian Law Project, 2,400 Kurdish villages were destroyed and 18,000 Kurds were executed, by the Turkish government.[275] In total up to 3,000,000 people (mainly Kurds) have been displaced by the conflict,[61] an estimated 1,000,000 of which are still internally displaced as of 2009.[276] The Assyrian Minority was heavily affected as well, as now most (50–60 thousand/70,000) of its population is in refuge in Europe.

Sebahat Tuncel, an elected MP from the BDP, put the PKK's casualties at 18,000 as of July 2011.[277]

The Uppsala Conflict Data Program recorded 25,825–30,639 casualties to date, 22,729–25,984 of which having died during the first insurgency, 368–467 during the cease-fire and 2,728–4,188 during the second insurgency. Casualties from 1989 to 2011, according to the UCDP are as following:[152]

The conflict's casualties between 1984 and March 2009 according to the General Staff of the Republic of Turkey, Turkish Gendarmerie, General Directorate of Security and since then until June 2010 according to Milliyet's analysis of the data of the General Staff of the Republic of Turkey and Turkish Gendarmerie were as following:[151]

Demographic effect

The Turkification of predominantly Kurdish areas in country's East and South-East were also bound in the early ideas and policies of the modern Turkish nationalism, going back to as early as 1918 (the manifesto of Turkish nationalist Ziya Gokalp "Turkification, Islamization and Modernization").[278] The evolving Young Turk conscience adopted a specific interpretation of progressism, a trend of though which emphasizes the human ability to make, improve and reshape human society, relying of science, technology and experimentation.[279] This notion of social evolution was used to support and justify policies of population control – not unlike European colonialism.[279] The paradigm of Kemalism rationalized the deportation-and-settlement program, reinforced with opinions of senior Young Turks that "In this country only the Turkish nation has the right to claim ethnic and racial rights. Nobody else has such a right".[279] The Kurdish rebellions provided a comfortable pretext for Turkish Kemalists to implement such ideas, and in 1926 the Settlement Law was issued. It created a complex pattern of interaction between state of society, in which the regime favored its people in a distant geography, populated by locals marked as hostile (in this regard, according to Prof. Caroline Elkins, the policy of governing a distant land to send settlers in order to reshape demographics there to resemble homeland is named 'settler colonialism').[279]

During the 1990s, a predominantly Kurdish-dominated Eastern and South-Eastern Turkey (Kurdistan) was depopulated due to the Turkey-PKK conflict.[278] Turkey depopulated and destroyed rural settlements on a large scale, resulting in massive resettlement of a rural Kurdish population in urban areas and leading to development and re-design of population settlement schemes across the countryside.[278] According to Dr. Joost Jongerden, Turkish settlement and re-settlement policies during the 1990s period were influenced by two different forces – the desire to expand administration to rural areas and an alternative view of urbanization, allegedly producing "Turkishness".[278]

Human rights abuses

Both Turkey and the PKK have committed numerous human rights abuses during the conflict. Former French ambassador to Turkey Eric Rouleau states:[280]

According to the Ministry of Justice, in addition to the 35,000 people killed in military campaigns, 17,500 were assassinated between 1984, when the conflict began, and 1998. An additional 1,000 people were reportedly assassinated in the first nine months of 1999. According to the Turkish press, the authors of these crimes, none of whom have been arrested, belong to groups of mercenaries working either directly or indirectly for the security agencies.

Abuses by the Turkish side

Since the 1970s, the European Court of Human Rights has condemned Turkey for the thousands of human rights abuses against Kurdish people.[93][94] The judgments are related to systematic executions of Kurdish civilians,[95] forced recruitments,[95] torturing,[96] forced displacements,[281] thousands of destroyed villages,[282] arbitrary arrests,[283] murdered and disappeared Kurdish journalists.[284] The latest judgments are from 2014.[95]

The Turkish government is held responsible by Turkish human rights organizations for 3,438 civilian deaths in the conflict between 1987 and 2000.[56]

In 1993, Mehmet Ogut, his pregnant wife and 7 children were burned to death by Turkish special forces soldiers. The Turkish authorities blamed the PKK and refused to investigate it. After 20 years, the investigations were started and they eventually came to an end in late 2014 with sentences of life imprisonment for three gendarme officers, a member of the special forces and nine soldiers.[285]

On 26 March 1994 the Turkish military planes (F-16's) and a helicopter circled two villages and bombed them, killing 38 Kurdish civilians.[95] The Turkish authorities blamed the PKK and took pictures of the dead children and spread in the press. The European Court of Human rights condemned Turkey to pay 2,3 million euros to the families of victims.[95] The event is known as the Kuşkonar massacre.

In 1995, Human Rights Watch reported that it was common practice for Turkish soldiers to kill Kurdish civilians and take pictures of their corpses with the weapons, they carried only for staging the events. Killed civilians were shown to press as PKK "terrorists".[286]

In 1995, The European newspaper published in its front page pictures of Turkish soldiers who posed for camera with the decapitated heads of the Kurdish PKK fighters. Kurdish fighters were beheaded by Turkish special forces soldiers.[287][288]

In 1997, Amnesty International (AI) reported that, "'Disappearances' and extrajudicial executions have emerged as new and disturbing patterns of human rights violations" by the Turkish state.[289]

In 2006 it was stated by the former ambassador Rouleau that the continuing human rights abuses of ethnic Kurds is one of the main obstacles to Turkish membership of the E.U.[290]

In August 2015, Amnesty International reported that the Turkish government airstrikes killed eight residents and injured at least eight others – including a child – in a flagrantly unlawful attack on the village of Zergele, in the Kandil Mountains in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq.[291]

Human Rights Watch notes that:

  • As Human Rights Watch has often reported and condemned, Turkish government forces have, during the conflict with the PKK, also committed serious violations of international human rights and humanitarian law, including torture, extrajudicial killings, and indiscriminate fire. We continue to demand that the Turkish government investigate and hold accountable those members of its security forces responsible for these violations. Nonetheless, under international law, the government abuses cannot under any circumstances be seen to justify or excuse those committed by Ocalan's PKK.[292]
  • The Kurdish Workers Party (PKK), a separatist group that espouses the use of violence for political ends, continues to wage guerrilla warfare in the southeast, frequently in violation of international humanitarian law, or the laws of war. Instead of attempting to capture, question and indict people suspected of illegal activity, Turkish security forces killed suspects in house raids, thus acting as investigator, judge, jury and executioner. Police routinely asserted that such deaths occurred in shoot-outs between police and "terrorists." In many cases, eyewitnesses reported that no firing came from the attacked house or apartment. Reliable reports indicated that while the occupants of raided premises were shot and killed, no police were killed or wounded during the raids. This discrepancy suggests that the killings were summary, extrajudicial executions, in violation of international human rights and humanitarian law.[293]

Turkish–Kurdish human right activists in Germany accused Turkey of Using Chemical Weapons against PKK. Hans Baumann, a German expert on photo forgeries investigated the authenticity of the photos and claimed that the photos were authentic. A forensics report released by the Hamburg University Hospital has backed the allegations. Claudia Roth from Germany's Green Party demanded an explanation from the Turkish government.[294] The Turkish Foreign Ministry spokesman Selçuk Ünal commented on the issue. He said that he did not need to emphasize that the accusations were groundless. He added that Turkey signed to the Chemical Weapons Convention in 1997, and Turkey did not possess chemical weapons.[295] Turkey has been a signatory to the Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production, Stockpiling and Use of Chemical Weapons and on their Destruction since 1997, and has passed all inspections required by such convention.[296]

In response to the activities of the PKK, the Turkish government placed Southeastern Anatolia, where citizens of Kurdish descent are in the majority, under military rule. The Turkish Army and the Kurdish village guards loyal to it have abused Kurdish civilians, resulting in mass migrations to cities.[297] The Government claimed that the displacement policy aimed to remove the shelter and support of the local population and consequently, the population of cities such as Diyarbakır and Cizre more than doubled.[298] However martial law and military rule was lifted in the last provinces in 2002.

Abuses by the PKK

The PKK was responsible for a number of civilian deaths, even though this number is lower than those perpetrated by the government. The number of total civilian deaths perpetrated by the PKK between 1989 and 1999 was determined as 1,205 by the independent Uppsala One-Sided Violence Dataset.[56] This violence targeted members of the families of village guards. In the Pınarcık massacre of 1987, claimed by the PKK in its publication Serxwebûn, 30 villagers were killed.[56][299][300][301] PKK attacks on civilians persisted until the organization realised that these were damaging their international prestige.[301]

In 1993, Human Rights Watch stated the following about the tactics of the PKK when it was Marxist-Leninist organization (PKK changed its ideology in 2001):

  • Consequently, all economic, political, military, security institutions, formations and nationalist organizations—and those who serve in them—have become targets. PKK has attacked Turkish authorities outside of Kurdish areas.
  • The PKK is against Turkish political parties, cultural and educational institutions, legislative and representative bodies, and "all local collaborators and agents working for the Republic of Turkey."[292]
  • Many who died were unarmed civilians, caught in the middle between the PKK and security forces, targeted for attacks by both sides.[293]

In the early 1990s, the PKK executed bakers that delivered bread to army bases, burnt down and killed the owners of fuel stations that served the authorities in the areas they were active in. They forbid the distribution of Turkish newspapers and the watching of Turkish television channels, forcing the inhabitants to remove their antennae. The inhabitants were banned from joining any Turkish political party and were forced to get the approval of the PKK if they were to run for local offices. The PKK attacked schools as they were seen as "emblems of Turkish imperialism" that belonged to the "colonial assimilation system"; 47 teachers were killed in 1993 alone. A justification for the killing of teachers was that they taught Turkish to Kurdish children.[302] According to Amnesty International reports in 1997, the PKK has killed and tortured Kurdish peasants and its own members that were against them in the 1980s. Dozens of Kurdish civilians have been abducted and killed because they were suspected of being collaborators or informers.[303] According to a 1996 report by Amnesty International, "in January 1996 the [Turkish] government announced that the PKK had massacred 11 men near the remote village of Güçlükonak. Seven of the victims were members of the local village guard forces".[304]

See also

Notes

  • ^note The Turkey–PKK conflict is also known as the Kurdish conflict,[305][306][307][308][309][310] the Kurdish question,[311] the Kurdish insurgency,[312][313][314][315][316][317] the Kurdish rebellion,[318][319][320][321][322] the Kurdish–Turkish conflict,[323] or PKK-terrorism[68][324][325] as well as the latest Kurdish uprising[297] or as a civil war.[326][327][328][329][330]
  • ^note According to official figures, in the period during and after the coup, military agencies collected files on over 2 million people, 650,000 of which were detained, 230,000 of which were put on trial under martial law. Prosecutors demanded the death penalty against over 7 thousand of them, of which 517 were sentenced to death and fifty were actually hanged. Some 400,000 people were denied passports and 30,000 lost their jobs after the new regime classified them as dangerous. 14,000 people were stripped of their Turkish citizenship and 30,000 fled the country as asylum seekers after the coup. Aside from the fifty people that were hanged, some 366 people died under suspicious circumstances (classified as accidents at the time), 171 were tortured to death in prison, 43 were claimed to have committed suicide in prison and 16 were shot for attempting to escape.[331]
  • ^note According to an article published in Defence and Peace Economics by Mete Feridun of University of Greenwich titled "Fighting terrorism: Are military measures effective? Empirical evidence from Turkey", military anti-terrorism measures alone are not sufficient to prevent PKK terrorism in Turkey.[332]
  • ^note A recent article published in Applied Research in Quality of Life by Mete Feridun of University of Greenwich investigates the impact of education and poverty on terrorism in Turkey using econometric techniques.[333]

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  42. ^ 14 taken (May 1993),[1] 8 taken (Oct. 2007),[2] 23 taken (2011–12),[3] 8 released (Feb. 2015),[4] 20 taken/released (June–Sep. 2015),[5] 20 held (Dec. 2015),[6] 2 taken (Jan. 2016),[7] total of 95 reported taken
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