List of tallest buildings and structures: Difference between revisions
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|[[Twin towers]] || [[Petronas Twin Towers]] || [[Malaysia]] || [[Kuala Lumpur]] || 452 || 1,482 |
|[[Twin towers]] || [[Petronas Twin Towers]] || [[Malaysia]] || [[Kuala Lumpur]] || 452 || 1,482 |
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|[[Concrete]] [[Tower]] || [[Milad Tower]] || [[Iran]] || [[Tehran]] || 435 || 1,427.165 |
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|[[Chimney]] ||[[GRES-2 Power Station]]|| [[Kazakhstan]] || [[Ekibastusz]] || 419.7 || 1,377 |
|[[Chimney]] ||[[GRES-2 Power Station]]|| [[Kazakhstan]] || [[Ekibastusz]] || 419.7 || 1,377 |
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|[[Steeple (architecture)|Church tower]]||[[Ulm Minster]]|| Germany || [[Ulm]] || 162 || 530 |
|[[Steeple (architecture)|Church tower]]||[[Ulm Minster]]|| Germany || [[Ulm]] || 162 || 530 |
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|[[Skyscraper]]||[[Tehran International Tower]]||[[Iran]] || [[Tehran]] || 162 || 530 |
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|Industrial hall ||[[Vehicle Assembly Building]]|| United States || [[Kennedy Space Center]] || 160 || 525 |
|Industrial hall ||[[Vehicle Assembly Building]]|| United States || [[Kennedy Space Center]] || 160 || 525 |
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|Electricity pylon (concrete, prefabricated)|| Pylon 310 of powerline Innertkirchen-Littau-Mettlen || Switzerland || [[Littau]] || 59.5 || 195 |
|Electricity pylon (concrete, prefabricated)|| Pylon 310 of powerline Innertkirchen-Littau-Mettlen || Switzerland || [[Littau]] || 59.5 || 195 |
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|[[white marble]] Tower || [[Azadi Tower]] || [[Iran]] || [[Tehran]] || 50 || 164.04 |
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Revision as of 14:56, 21 October 2008
 | This article may be too long to read and navigate comfortably. |
While determining the world's tallest structure has generally been straightforward, the definition of the world's tallest building or the world's tallest tower is less clear. The disputes generally centre on what should be counted as a building or a tower, and what is being measured.
In terms of absolute height, the tallest structure is currently the Burj Dubai, followed by dozens of radio and television broadcasting towers which measure over 600 metres (about 2,000 feet) in height. There is, however, some debate about:
- whether structures under construction should be included in the list
- whether structures rising out of water should have their below-water height included.
For towers, there is debate over:
- whether guy-wire-supported structures should be counted
For buildings, there is debate over:
- whether communication towers with observation galleries should be considered habitable buildings.
- whether only habitable height is considered.
- whether roof-top antennas should be considered towards height of buildings; with particular interest in whether components that look like spires can be either classified as antennas or architectural detail.
The Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat, the organization that determines the title of the "World’s Tallest Building," recognizes a building only if at least fifty percent of its height is made up of floor plates containing habitable floor area.[1] Structures that do not meet this criteria, such as the CN Tower, are defined as "towers."
Tallest structures
The tallest man-made structure is Burj Dubai, a skyscraper under construction in Dubai that reached Template:M to ft in height on September 26, 2008.[2] By 7 April 2008 it had been built higher than the KVLY-TV mast in North Dakota, USA, which is still the tallest completed structure at Template:M to ft.[3] In September it officially surpassed Poland's Template:M to ft Warsaw radio mast, which stood from 1974 to 1991, to become the tallest structure ever built. Guyed lattice towers such as these masts had held the world height record since 1954.
The CN Tower in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, standing at Template:M to ft, is the world's tallest completed freestanding structure on land. Opened in 1976, it was surpassed in height by the rising Burj Dubai on September 12, 2007.[4][5][6] It has the world's second highest public observation deck at Template:M to ft.
The Petronius Platform stands Template:M to ft off the sea floor leading some, including Guinness World Records 2007, to claim it as the tallest freestanding structure in the world. However, it is debated if below-water height should not be counted, in the same manner as underground "height" is not taken into account in buildings. The Troll A platform is Template:M to ft, without any part of that height being supported by wires.
Taipei 101 in Taipei, Taiwan is currently the world's tallest inhabited building in only one of the four main categories that are commonly measured: at Template:M to ft as measured to its architectural height (spire). Its roof height Template:M to ft and highest occupied floor Template:M to ft have recently been overtaken by the Shanghai World Financial Center (roof height Template:M to ft; highest occupied floor Template:M to ft). The Sears Tower is highest in the final category: the greatest height to top of antenna of any building in the world at Template:M to ft.
On its completion, projected for 2009, Burj Dubai will break the height record in all four categories for completed buildings by a wide margin. While the final height has not been released to the public, Greg Sang, the construction manager, says that the building will rise to a minimum of Template:M to ft.[7] The developer, Emaar, is keeping structural details secret due to competition for the "world's tallest" with other proposed structures, including the nearby Al Burj.[8] The Shanghai World Financial Center has the world's highest roof, highest occupied floor, and the world's highest public observation deck at Template:M to ft. It will retain the latter record after the completion of Burj Dubai, as Burj Dubai's observation deck will be at Template:M to ft.
Tallest structure by category
 | This section needs additional citations for verification. (August 2007) |
Due to the disagreements over how to measure and classify structures, engineers have created various definitions for categories of buildings and other structures. One measure includes the absolute height of a building, another includes only spires and other permanent architectural features, but not antennas. The tradition of including the spire on top of a building and not including the antenna dates back to the rivalry between the Chrysler Building and 40 Wall Street. A modern-day example is that the antenna on top of the Sears tower are not considered part of its architectural height, while the spires on top of the Petronas towers are counted.
Tallest destroyed structures by category, not surpassed by existing structures
There are some destroyed architectural structures which were taller than the tallest existing structure of their type.
| Category | Structure | Country | City | Height (m) | Height (ft) | Remarks |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Guyed mast | Warsaw Radio Mast | Poland | Gąbin | 646.38 | 2,121 | completed in 1974, collapsed on August 8, 1991 |
| guyed tubular steel mast | Shushi-Wan Omega Transmitter | Japan | Shushi-Wan | 389 | 1,276 | completed in 1973, dismantled in 1998 |
| Structure for destructive scientific experiment | Smoky Shot Tower | United States | Nevada Test Site | 213 | 700 | Guyed mast, which carried 44 kt yield nuclear bomb "Smoky" ( part of operation Plumbbob) on top until its explosion on August 31st, 1957 |
| Wooden structure | Mühlacker Wood Radio Tower | Germany | Mühlacker | 190 | 623 | completed in 1934, destroyed on April 6, 1945 by Germans to prevent usage by the Allies of World War II. |
| Masonry building | Mole Antonelliana | Italy | Torino | 167.5 | 549.5 | spire destroyed by a tornado in 1953. |
| Pre-Industrial Era building | Lincoln Cathedral | United Kingdom | Lincoln | 160 | 524 | completed in 1311, spire blown off in 1549 |
Tallest building by function
| Category | Structure | Country | City | Architectural top | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| m | ft | ||||
| Mixed Use* | Burj Dubai** | United Arab Emirates | Dubai | 707 (of est. 818) | 2,320 (of est. 2,684) |
| Office | Taipei 101 | Taiwan | Taipei | 509 | 1,671 |
| Mixed Use* (completed only) | John Hancock Center | United States | Chicago | 344 | 1,127 |
| Hotel | Rose Tower*** | United Arab Emirates | Dubai | 333 | 1,093 |
| Residential | Q1 | Australia | Gold Coast, Queensland | 322.5 | 1,059 |
| Hotel (in use only) | Burj Al Arab | United Arab Emirates | Dubai | 321 | 1,053 |
| Educational | Moscow State University | Russia | Moscow | 240 | 787 |
| Hospital | Guy's Hospital | United Kingdom | London | 143 | 468 |
| Library | W. E. B. DuBois Library | United States | Amherst, Massachusetts | 116 | 381 |
* Mixed Use is defined as having both residential and office space.
** As Burj Dubai is still under construction and not yet inhabitable, it currently does not serve a specific function. Upon completion, it will serve as a mixed use building.
*** Although the Rose Tower is complete, it is not currently inhabited. Once the building's hotel opens (proposed date of April 2008 was not met), the tower will become the world's tallest building used exclusively as a hotel.
Tallest buildings
Up until 1998 the tallest building status was essentially uncontested. Counting buildings as structures with floors throughout, and with antenna masts excluded, the Sears Tower in Chicago was considered the tallest. When the Petronas Twin Towers in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia were built, controversy arose because the spire extended nine metres higher than the roof of the Sears Tower. Excluding the spire, the Petronas Towers are not taller than the Sears Tower. At their convention in Chicago, the Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat (CTBUH) reduced the Sears Tower from world's tallest and pronounced it not second tallest, but third, and pronounced Petronas as world's tallest. This action caused a considerable amount of controversy, so CTBUH defined four categories in which the world's tallest building can be measured:[12]
- Height to the architectural top (including spires and pinnacles, but not antennas, masts or flagpoles). This measurement is the most widely utilized and is used to define the rankings of the 100 Tallest Buildings in the World.
- Highest Occupied Floor
- Height to Top of Roof
- Height to Tip
The height is measured from the pavement level of the main entrance. At the time, the Sears Tower held first place in the second and third categories. Petronas held the first category, and the original World Trade Towers held the fourth. Within months, however, a new antenna mast was placed on the Sears Tower, giving it hold of the fourth category. On April 20, 2004, the Taipei 101 in Taipei, Taiwan, was completed. Its completion gave it the world record for the first three categories. On July 21, 2007 it was announced that Burj Dubai had surpassed Taipei 101 in height, reaching 512 m (1,680 feet) tall. However Burj Dubai is still under construction.
Today, Taipei 101 leads in the first category with 509 m (1,671 feet), but has been surpassed in the second two categories by the Shanghai World Financial Center whose roof height is 492 m (1,614 feet) and whose highest occupied floor is at 474 m (1,555 feet). Before either of these buildings were completed, the first category was held by the Petronas Twin Towers with 452 m (1,483 feet), and before that by Sears Tower with 442 m (1,451 feet). The second and third categories were held by the Sears Tower, with 412 m (1,351 feet) and 442 m (1,451 feet) respectively.
The Sears Tower still leads in the fourth category with 527 m (1,729 feet), previously held by the World Trade Center until the extension of the Chicago tower's western broadcast antenna in 2000, over a year prior to the Trade Center's destruction in 2001. Its antenna mast included, 1 World Trade Center measured 526 m (1,727 feet). The World Trade Center became the world's tallest buildings to be destroyed or demolished; indeed, its site entered the record books twice on September 11, 2001, in that category, replacing the Singer Building, which once stood a block from the WTC site.[citation needed]
Structures such as the CN Tower, the Ostankino Tower and the Oriental Pearl Tower are excluded from these categories because they are not "habitable buildings", which are defined as frame structures made with floors and walls throughout.
History of record holders in each CTBUH category
| Date (Event) | Architectural top | Highest occupied floor | Rooftop | Antenna |
| 2008: Shanghai World Financial Center completed | Taipei 101 | Shanghai World Financial Center | Shanghai World Financial Center | Sears Tower |
| 2003: Taipei 101 completed | Taipei 101 | Taipei 101 | Taipei 101 | Sears Tower |
| 2000: Sears Tower antenna extension | Petronas Towers | Sears Tower | Sears Tower | Sears Tower |
| 1998: Petronas Towers completed | Petronas Towers | Sears Tower | Sears Tower | World Trade Center |
| 1996: CTBUH defines categories | Sears Tower | Sears Tower | Sears Tower | World Trade Center |
World's tallest freestanding structure on land
Freestanding structures include observation towers, monuments and other structures not generally considered to be "Habitable buildings", but excludes supported structures such as guyed masts and ocean drilling platforms. (See also history of tallest skyscrapers.)
The world's tallest freestanding structure on land is defined as the tallest self-supporting man-made structure that stands above ground. This definition is different from that of world's tallest building or world's tallest structure based on the percent of the structure that is occupied and whether or not it is self-supporting or supported by exterior cables. Likewise, this definition does not count structures that are built underground or on the seabed, such as the Petronius Platform in the Gulf of Mexico. Visit world's tallest structure by category for a list of various other definitions.
As of 12 May 2008, the tallest freestanding structure on land is the still under construction Burj Dubai in Dubai, United Arab Emirates. The building, which now stands at 636 m (2,087 ft), surpassed the height of the previous record holder, the 553.3 m (1,815 ft) CN Tower in Toronto, Ontario, on September 12, 2007. It is scheduled to be completed in 2009, and is planned to rise to a height of over 818 m (2,684 ft).
History
The following is a list of structures that have held the title as the tallest freestanding structure on land. (See also Timeline of three tallest structures in the world until Empire State Building).
| Held record | Name and Location | Constructed | Height (m) | Height (ft) | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| From | To | |||||
| c. 2600 BC | c. 2570 BC | Red Pyramid of Sneferu, Egypt | c. 2600 BC | 105 | 345 | |
| c. 2570 BC | c. AD 1311 | Great Pyramid of Giza, Egypt | c. 2570 BC | 146 | 481 | By AD 1439, the Great Pyramid had eroded to a height of approximately 139 m (455 ft). |
| 1311 | 1549 | Lincoln Cathedral, England | 1092–1311 | 160 | 525 | The central spire was destroyed in a storm in 1549. While the reputed height of 525 ft is doubted by A.F. Kendrick,[13] other sources agree on this height. |
| 1549 | 1625 | St. Olaf's Church, Tallinn, Estonia | 1438–1519 | 159 | 522 | The spire burnt down after a lightning strike in 1625 and was rebuilt several times. The current height is 123 m. |
| 1625 | 1647 | St. Mary's Church, Stralsund, Germany | 1384–1478 | 151 | 495 | The spire burnt down after a lightning strike in 1647. The current height is 104 m. |
| 1647 | 1874 | Strasbourg Cathedral, France | 1439 | 142 | 469 | |
| 1874 | 1876 | St. Nikolai, Hamburg, Germany | 1846–1874 | 147 | 483 | |
| 1876 | 1880 | Cathédrale Notre Dame, Rouen, France | 1202–1876 | 151 | 495 | |
| 1880 | 1884 | Cologne Cathedral, Germany | 1248–1880 | 157 | 515 | |
| 1884 | 1889 | Washington Monument, United States | 1884 | 169 | 555 | |
| 1889 | 1930 | Eiffel Tower, Paris, France | 1889 | 300 | 986 | The addition of a telecommunications tower in the 1950s brought the overall height to 324 m. |
| 1930 | 1931 | Chrysler Building, New York, United States | 1928–1930 | 319 | 1,046 | |
| 1931 | 1967 | Empire State Building, New York, United States | 1930–1931 | 381 | 1,250 | |
| 1967 | 1975 | Ostankino Tower, Moscow, Russia | 1963–1967 | 537 | 1,762 | Remains the tallest in Europe |
| 1975 | 2007 | CN Tower, Toronto, Canada | 1973–1976 | 553 | 1,815 | Remains the tallest in North America |
| 2007 | present | Burj Dubai, Dubai, United Arab Emirates | 2004–2008 | 707.3* | 2,321* | Surpassed the CN Tower in September 2007. Estimated to rise higher than 800 m (2,625 ft) when completed in 2009. |
Notable mentions include the Pharos (lighthouse) of Alexandria, built in the third century BC, and estimated between 115 to 135 m (383–440 ft). It was the world's tallest non-pyramidal building for many centuries. Another notable mention includes the Jetavanaramaya stupa in Anuradhapura, Sri Lanka, which was built in the third century, and was similarly tall at 122 m (400 ft). These were both the world's tallest or second tallest non-pyramidal buildings for over a thousand years.
The tallest secular building between the collapse of the Pharos and the erection of the Washington Monument may have been the Torre del Mangia in Siena, which is 102 m tall, and was constructed in the first half of the fourteenth century, and the 97 m tall Torre degli Asinelli in Bologna, also Italy, built between 1109 and 1119.
* This is the current height of Burj Dubai, as of 26 September 2008. When completed, it is expected to rise over Template:M to ft
World's highest observation deck
Timeline of development of world's highest observation deck since inauguration of Eiffel Tower.
| Held record | Name and Location | Constructed | Height of highest observation deck (m) | Height of highest observation deck (ft) | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| From | To | |||||
| 1889 | 1931 | Eiffel Tower, Paris, France | 1889 | 275 | 902 | Two further observation decks 57 and 115 metres above ground. |
| 1931 | 1973 | Empire State Building, New York City, USA | 1931 | 369[14] | 1211 | A second observation deck is located on the 86th floor at 320 metres above ground. |
| 1973 | 1976 | World Trade Center, New York City, USA | 1973 | 420 | 1378 | Destroyed during the September 11, 2001 attacks |
| 1976 | 2008 | CN Tower, Toronto, Canada | 1976 | 446.5 | 1398 | Two further observation decks 342 and 346 metres above ground. |
| 2008 | present | Shanghai World Financial Center, Shanghai, China | 2008 | 474 | 1555 | Other observation decks are 423 and 439 metres above ground. |
Higher observation decks have existed on mountain peaks or cliffs, rather than on tall structures. For example, the Royal Gorge Bridge in Cañon City, Colorado, USA, was constructed in 1929 spanning the Royal Gorge at a height of 321 m (1095 ft.) above the Arkansas River.
Timeline of guyed structures on land
As most of the tallest structures are guyed masts and the absolute height record of architectural structures on land is since 1954 kept by them, here is a timeline of world's tallest guyed masts, since the beginning of radio technology.
As many large guyed masts were destroyed at the end of World War II, the dates for the years between 1945 and 1950 may be incorrect. If Wusung Radio Tower survived World War II, it was the tallest guyed structure shortly after World War II.
| Held record | Name and Location | Constructed | Height (m) | Height (ft) | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| From | To | |||||
| 1913 | 1920 | Central mast of Eilvese transmitter, Eilvese, Germany | 1913 | 250 | 820 | Mast was divided in 145 m by an insulator, demolished in 1931 |
| 1920 | 1923 | Central masts of Nauen Transmitter Station, Nauen, Germany | 1920 | 260 | 853 | 2 masts, demolished in 1946 |
| 1923 | 1933 | Masts of Ruiselede transmitter, Ruiselede, Belgium | 1923 | 287 | 942 | 8 masts, destroyed in 1940 |
| 1933 | 1939 | Lakihegy Tower, Lakihegy, Hungary | 1933 | 314 | 1,031 | Blaw-Knox Tower, insulated against ground, destroyed in 1945, afterwards rebuilt |
| 1939 | 1945 | Deutschlandsender Herzberg/Elster, Herzberg (Elster), Germany | 1939 | 335 | 1,099 | Insulated against ground, dismantled in 1945 |
| 1945 | 1946 | Blaw-Knox Tower Liblice, Liblice, Czech Republic | 1936 | 280.4 | 920 | Demolished on October 17, 1972 by explosives. Replaced in 1976 by 2 355 masts. |
| 1946 | 1948 | Lakihegy Tower, Lakihegy, Hungary | 1946 | 314 | 1,031 | Blaw-Knox Tower, Insulated against ground, rebuilt after destruction in 1945 |
| 1948 | 1949 | WIVB-TV Tower, Colden, New York, USA | 1948 | 321.9 | 1,056 | |
| 1949 | 1950 | Longwave transmitter Raszyn, Raszyn, Poland | 1949 | 335 | 1,099 | Insulated against ground |
| 1950 | 1954 | Forestport Tower, Forestport, New York, USA | 1950 | 371.25 | 1,218 | Insulated against ground |
| 1954 | 1959 | Griffin Television Tower Oklahoma, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA | 1954 | 480.5 | 1,576 | |
| 1956 | 1959 | KOBR-TV Tower, Caprock, New Mexico, USA | 1956 | 490.7 | 1,610 | Collapsed in 1960 |
| 1959 | 1960 | WGME TV Tower, Raymond, Maine, USA | 1959 | 495 | 1,624 | |
| 1960 | 1962 | KFVS TV Mast, Cape Girardeau County, Missouri, USA | 1960 | 511.1 | 1,677 | |
| 1962 | 1963 | WTVM/WRBL-TV & WVRK-FM Tower, Cusseta, Georgia, USA | 1962 | 533 | 1,749 | Located in Cusseta, Georgia |
| 1963 | 1963 | WIMZ-FM-Tower, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA | 1963 | 534.01 | 1,752 | |
| 1963 | 1974 | KVLY-TV mast, Blanchard, North Dakota, USA | 1963 | 628.8 | 2,063 | |
| 1974 | 1991 | Warsaw Radio Mast, Gąbin, Poland | 1974 | 646.4 | 2,121 | Mast radiator insulated against ground, collapsed in 1991 |
| 1991 | KVLY-TV mast, Blanchard, North Dakota, USA | 1963 | 628.8 | 2,063 | ||
Tallest structures, freestanding structures, and buildings
See also: Timeline of three tallest structures in the world
The list categories are:
- The structures (supported) list uses pinnacle height and includes architectural structures of any type that might use some external support constructions like cables and are fully built in air. Only the three tallest are listed, as more than fifty US TV masts have stated heights of 600-610m (1969-2000 ft).
- The structures (media supported) list uses pinnacle height and includes architectural structures of any type that are not totally built in the air but are using support from other, denser media like salt water. All structures greater than Template:M to ft are listed.
- The freestanding structures list uses pinnacle height and includes structures over Template:M to ft that do not use guy-wires or other external supports. This means truly free standing on its own or, in similar sense, non-supported structures.
- The building list uses architectural height (excluding antennas) and includes only buildings, defined as consisting of habitable floors. Both of these follow CTBUH guidelines. All supertall buildings (300 m and higher) are listed.
Notes:
- Seven buildings appear on the freestanding structures category list with different heights than of another category. This is due to the different measurement specifications of those lists.
- Only current heights and where reasonable target heights are listed. Historical heights of structures that e.g. did collapse are excluded.
Source: Emporis
Future record-breaking structures
| This section needs additional citations for verification. (July 2007) |
Numerous supertall skyscrapers are in various stages of proposal, planning, or construction. Each of these, depending on the order of completion, could become the world's tallest building or structure in at least one category:
Under construction
- Burj Dubai , under construction in Dubai, UAE, is expected to be Template:M to ft tall. It is currently under construction, and as of 26 September 2008, it is Template:M to ft tall, with 160 completed floors. It is currently taller than the CN Tower, the tallest completed freestanding structure. If completed, it will be the tallest manmade structure of any kind in history. Construction began in September 2004 and completion is expected in September 2009.
- The Pentominium, under construction in Dubai, is expected to be Template:M to ft tall and have 120 floors. If completed, it will be the tallest all-residential building in the world. Construction began in 2007 and completion is expected in 2011.
- The Russia Tower, under construction in Moscow's International Business Centre, is expected to be 612.2 m (2,009 ft.) tall and have 118 floors. If completed, it will surpass the belowmentioned Federation Tower East as the tallest building in Europe. Construction began in September 2007 and completion is expected in 2012.
- Incheon Tower is a 151-floor, 610 metres (2,000 ft) tower in Incheon, South Korea. It is estimated to be completed in 2012.
- The Guangzhou TV & Sightseeing Tower, under construction in Guangzhou, China, is expected to be Template:M to ft tall. If completed, it will be tallest concrete tower, as well as the tallest structure in Asia. Construction began in November 2005 and completion is expected in 2009.
- The Chicago Spire (formerly Fordham Spire), under construction in Chicago, is expected to be Template:M to ft and have 150 floors. If completed, it would surpass the CN Tower as the tallest freestanding building in North America[16], and would be the second tallest all-residential building in the world (behind the aforementionned Pentominium). Construction began in June 2007 and completion is expected in early 2012.[17]
- The Jakarta Tower (Menara Jakarta) is currently on-hold in Jakarta, Indonesia. It is expected to be 558 m (1,831 ft.) tall up to the antenna, thus may be tallest concrete tower. It is expected to be completed in 2011.
- The Federation Tower East, under construction in Moscow's International Business Centre, is expected to be 506 m (1,660 ft.) tall (to the tip of the spire) and have 93 floors. If completed, it will surpass the aforementionned Mercury City Tower as the tallest building in Europe. Construction began in 2003 and completion is expected in 2009.
- The Mercury City Tower, under construction in Moscow's International Business Centre, is expected to be 380 m (1,247 ft.) tall and have 70 floors. If completed, it will be the tallest building in Europe as well as Europe's first supertall building. Construction began in late 2005 and completion is expected in by the end of 2008.
Proposed
- The X-Seed 4000 is the tallest building ever fully envisioned, meaning that the designs for construction have been completed. The X-Seed 4000 "was never meant to be built," says Georges Binder, managing director of Buildings & Data, a firm which compiles data banks on buildings worldwide. "The purpose of the plan was to earn some recognition for the firm, and it worked."[1] Its proposed 4,000 metres (13,123 ft) height, 6 km (3.7 mi) wide sea-base, and 800 floor capacity could accommodate five hundred thousand to one million inhabitants.
- The Shimizu TRY 2004 Mega-City Pyramid is a proposed project for construction of a massive pyramid over Tokyo Bay in Japan. The structure would be 12 times higher than the Great Pyramid at Giza, and would house 750,000 people. If built, it will be the largest man-made structure on Earth. The structure would be 2,004 m (6,575 feet) high and would answer Tokyo's increasing lack of space.
- The Mile High Tower (Arabic: برج الميل) is a proposed skyscraper currently planned for Jeddah, Saudi Arabia by British engineers Hyder Consulting. It is proposed to rise Template:M to ft in height, and has already had its necessary funding set aside.
- The Bionic Tower is a proposed vertical city, an extremely large building designed for human habitation, designed by Spanish architects Eloy Celaya, and Mª Rosa Cervera and Javier Gómez Pioz. It would have a main tower 1,228 metres (4,029 ft) high, with 300 stories that would house about 100,000 people.
- Al Burj is a proposed skyscraper, also planned for Dubai, UAE, expected to be approximately Template:M to ft tall.[18]
- Murjan Tower is a Swedish company's proposal for a supertall skyscraper in Bahrain. Designed by the Danish architect Henning Larsens Tegnestue A/S, it is expected to be Template:M to ft in height and comprise 200 floors.[19]
- The proposed Mubarak al-Kabir Tower in Madinat al-Hareer (City Of Silk), (Kuwait) by British engineers Eric Kuhne and Associates is projected to be Template:M to ft in height.
- The proposed Sky City 1000 is a possible future urban supertall skyscraper project aimed at helping put an end to major congestion and lack of greenspace in the Tokyo, Japan metropolitan area. The plan consists of a building 1,000 metres (3,281 ft) tall and 400 m (1,312 ft) wide at the base, and a total floor area of 8 km² (3.1 sq mi).
- DIB-200 is a possible mixed use supertall skyscraper project proposed by Japanese Kajima Construction, and designed by Sadaaki Masuda and Scott Howe, that if built, would be 800 metres (2,625 ft) tall.
- Solar updraft tower, Ciudad Real, Spain, Template:M to ft.
- Sapporo TV Tower is a proposal in Sapporo, Japan for a height of Template:M to ft planned to be completed in 2015.
- In USA at several sites, broadcasting towers with heights between 600 and 610 metres are planned according to FCC-database. Some of them will be built close to existing towers of similar height, making them to the tallest tower twins in the world.
| Name | Town | Height | Coordinates | FCC-Entry | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Central Missouri State Broadcasting Tower | Syracuse, Missouri | 609.6 m | 2000 ft | 38°37′36.0″N 92°52′04.0″W / 38.626667°N 92.867778°W | [2] |
| Hitchcock Univision Radio Tower | Hitchcock, Texas | 609.6 m | 2000 ft | 29°18′00.6″N 95°06′40.3″W / 29.300167°N 95.111194°W | [3] |
| Agate American Media Tower | Agate, Colorado | 609.5 m | 2000 ft | 39°26′14.9″N 103°59′44.8″W / 39.437472°N 103.995778°W | [4] |
| Busterville Vertical Properties Broadcasting Tower | Busterville, Texas | 609.5 m | 2000 ft | 33°24′12.0″N 102°06′50.0″W / 33.403333°N 102.113889°W | [5] |
| Metcalf Pegasus Broadcasting Tower | Metcalf, Georgia | 609 m | 1998 ft | 30°40′52.0″N 83°58′21.0″W / 30.681111°N 83.972500°W | [6] |
| Beasley Broadcasting Tower | Immokalee , Florida | 608.7 m | 1997 ft | 26°17′37.3″N 81°11′29.3″W / 26.293694°N 81.191472°W | [7] |
| Hoyt KKDD-FM Tower | Hoyt, Colorado | 608.1 m | 1995 ft | 39°55′26.9″N 103°58′26.3″W / 39.924139°N 103.973972°W | [8] |
| Wiliam Smith Broadcasting Tower | Walker, Iowa | 607 m | 1991 ft | 42°18′58.9″N 91°50′46.2″W / 42.316361°N 91.846167°W | [9] |
| Plymouth Pappas Telecasting Tower 2 | Plymouth County, Iowa | 603.5 m | 1980 ft | 42°35′12.0″N 96°13′20.0″W / 42.586667°N 96.222222°W | [10] |
- International Business Center is a 130-floor, 580 metres (1,900 ft) skyscraper proposal for Seoul, South Korea.
Never-built record-breaking structures
- The Houston Tower was an envisioned skyscraper that would have been nearly 1.3 miles tall (6864 ft/2092 m) and taken up nine city blocks in Houston.
- The Illinois, envisioned by Frank Lloyd Wright in 1956, was to be a mile high (1609 m / 5280 ft) skyscraper in Chicago.
- Until late 1995, there were plans to rebuild the collapsed 646 m (2,119 ft) Warsaw Radio Mast to its previous height on the same site, using the basements of the old mast. Although some refurbishment of the basements started, work was canceled after violent protests by local residents, who feared harmful radiation effects from the high-power transmitter served by the antenna. A new transmission facility with two smaller masts measuring 330 and 289 m was built as a replacement in 1998-99 at Solec Kujawski.
- The Miglin-Beitler Skyneedle in Chicago was to be 610 m (2,001 ft)[20] tall in 1988.
- Eaton's / John Maryon Tower was a planned 503 m (1,650 ft) (686m to spire) tall building in Toronto in 1971.
- The Grant USA Tower was planned by developer Harry Grant, who started New York Apple Tours. The building was to be completed in 1986 in Newark, New Jersey and to be the tallest hotel, tallest building and tallest structure. Harry Grant went bankrupt and the building never broke ground. [21]
- The Palace of Soviets in Moscow, planned in 1932, was to be 415 m (including a 100 m Lenin statue), and would have been the tallest building in the world at the time if completed. Construction was halted during World War II, during which the uncompleted structure was partially dismantled; its foundations were later to serve as the world's largest open-air swimming pool before being razed in 1995.
- During the Russian October Revolution of 1917, Vladimir Tatlin designed a structure named The Monument to the Third International, which was to serve as the international headquarters of the Komintern. Better known as the Tatlin Tower, the structure was to rise to a height of 400 m (1,312 ft), which would have made it by far the tallest building in the world at that time, but the time and resource shortages that resulted from the Russian Civil War halted the project.
- Watkin's Tower in Wembley, London was planned in 1891 to surpass the Eiffel Tower by 50 m (164 ft), but construction stopped before that height was reached due to unstable land. The tower remnants were dismantled in the 1900s, and the site was redeveloped as Wembley Stadium.
- 7 South Dearborn in Chicago was planned in 1999 to be 610 m (2,001 ft).
- Construction was scheduled to begin in 2006 on the now-canceled Strait of Messina Bridge. It would have been the world's largest suspension bridge as well as the tallest, as the proposed height of the two towers, 382.6 metres (1,255 ft), exceeded the 343 m (1,125 ft) of current record-holder Millau Viaduct in France.
- Construction was cancelled on the Grollo Tower (named after the architect) in Melbourne's developing Dockland precinct in April 2001 after Melbourne's Docklands Authority ruled it out of the tender for development of the Batman Hill's precinct. The area is now occupied by a mixture of smaller commercial and residential buildings. The Grollo Tower would have been the world's tallest building at the time at 560m (1837ft) tall.
- A series of super-tall sky-scrapers were planned for the major Australian cities of Melbourne, Brisbane, Sydney and Perth from 1985-95 but were all cancelled. The plans included (in order of height) the Grollo Tower (mentioned above), Brisbane Central Tower (450m/1476ft, Brisbane), Minuzzo Tower (450m/1476ft, Brisbane), CBD-1 (445m/1459ft, Sydney), Melbourne Plaza (338m/1109ft, Melbourne), City Tower (305m/1000ft, Sydney) and the Westralia Tower (287m/941ft, Perth). The buildings would have been some of the tallest buildings in the world at the time, but were cancelled mainly due to their unnecessary heights which would have dwarfed all surrounding buildings
- The Ultima Tower is a hypothetical two-mile high skyscraper by architect Eugene Tsui that would be 3,217 m (10,560 ft) tall and comprise 500 stories if built.[22]
- The Millennium Freedom Tower was a project to be located in Newport, Kentucky, United States was originally proposed in 1998 to be dedicated on Dec 31, 1999. The original height was a proposed 1,234 feet (376 m) and was later lowered to 1,103 ft (306 m). Pilings were driven in 1998, but construction never continued above ground.[23]
- The World Science Tower was to be one of the world's tallest buildings, proposed in 1964. It was to be located near Larkspur, Colorado, U.S.A. Its design would have had an amusement park at the base.
References
- ^ "CTBUH Criteria for Defining and Measuring Tall Buildings". Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat. Retrieved 2008-08-19.
- ^ a b "Burj Dubai now a record 707m tall and continues to rise". Emaar. Retrieved 2008-09-26.
- ^ "Burj Dubai surpasses KVLY-TV mast to become the world's tallest man-made structure" (Press release). Emaar. Retrieved 2008-05-28.
- ^ "CN Tower dethroned by Dubai building". cbc.ca. CBC News. 2007-09-12. Retrieved 2008-09-02.
- ^ "Burj Dubai scales 150 storeys and is the world's tallest free-standing structure" (Press release). Emaar Properties PJSC. 2007-09-13. Retrieved 2008-09-02.
- ^ "Dubai building surpasses CN Tower in height". CTV.ca. CTVglobemedia. 2007-09-13. Retrieved 2008-09-02.
- ^ "On Top of the World". Time. 2007-07-18. Retrieved 2008-02-24.
{{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in:|publisher=(help) - ^ BBC News, Dubai skyscraper world's tallest
- ^ "Highest Dams (World and U.S.)" (chart). 1998 ICOLD World Register of Dams. Retrieved 2007-08-11.
- ^ Guinness World Records - Science & Technology - Structures - World's Highest Concrete Dam[1]accessed 01 August, 2008
- ^ "Flag of Turkmenistan". Official Homepage of the Republic of Turkmenistan. July 03, 2008.
{{cite web}}: Check date values in:|date=(help) - ^ - CTBUH Criteria for Defining and Measuring Tall Buildings
- ^ The Project Gutenberg eBook of The Cathedral Church Of LINCOLN, by A.F. KENDRICK, B.A
- ^ "The Empire State Building". Wired New York. Retrieved 2007-12-23.
- ^ Height for inhabited buildings with floors; does not include TV towers and antennas.
- ^ Chicago Business News, Analysis & Articles | Calatrava tower to drop spire | Crain's
- ^ Shelbourne Development. (2008, April 06). The Chicago Spire Achieves 30 Percent Sales. Retrieved June 14, 2008 from http://www.shelbournedevelopment.com/press_release.php?id=96
- ^ "Nakheel designs 1km-high tower". Retrieved 2007-08-10.
- ^ Murjan Tower 1, Manama
- ^ Miglin-Beitler Skyneedle, Chicago
- ^ Grant USA Tower, Newark / Emporis.com
- ^ The "Ultima" Tower, Two-mile High Sky City
- ^ http://www.emporis.com/en/wm/bu/?id=103174 Emporis Buildings accessed February 21, 2008
External links
- Collection of many record holders on Skyscraperpage