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Mississauga

Coordinates: 43°36′N 79°39′W / 43.600°N 79.650°W / 43.600; -79.650
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This article is about the city in Ontario, Canada. For the indigenous people, see Mississaugas. For the First Nation, see Mississauga First Nation. For the rattlesnake species, see Massasauga.

Mississauga
City (lower-tier)
City of Mississauga
From top, left to right: Mississauga City Centre, the Mississauga Civic Centre, Health Sciences Complex at the University of Toronto Mississauga, Old Grammar School in Streetsville, the Credit River, 282 Church Street, and Absolute World towers, the St. Lawrence bay in Port Credit, and the M City Condominiums
Flag of Mississauga
Flag
Coat of arms of Mississauga
Coat of arms
Official logo of Mississauga
Logo
Motto(s): 
Pride in our past, faith in our future Leading Today for Tomorrow
Mississauga is located in Regional Municipality of Peel
Mississauga
Mississauga
Location of Mississauga in southern Ontario
Mississauga is located in Southern Ontario
Mississauga
Mississauga
Mississauga (Southern Ontario)
Coordinates: 43°36′N 79°39′W / 43.600°N 79.650°W / 43.600; -79.650
CountryCanada
ProvinceOntario
RegionPeel
Toronto Township1805
Town of Mississauga1968
Incorporation as the City of Mississauga1974
Government
 • MayorCarolyn Parrish
 • CouncilMississauga City Council
 • MPs
List of MPs
 • MPPs
List of MPPs
Area
 • Total292.43 km2 (112.91 sq mi)
Elevation
156 m (512 ft)
Population
 (2021)[1]
 • Total717,961 (7th)
 • Density2,467.60/km2 (6,391.1/sq mi)
Time zoneUTC−05:00 (EST)
 • Summer (DST)UTC−04:00 (EDT)
Forward sortation area
L4T to L5W & M7R
Area code(s)905, 289, 365, and 742
Demonym
  • Mississaugan
  • Saugan
  • Mississauguese
[2]
Websitewww.mississauga.ca Edit this at Wikidata

Mississauga (/ˌmɪsɪˈsɔːɡə/ ⓘ MISS-iss-AW-gə)[3] is a Canadian city in the province of Ontario. Situated on the western shore of Lake Ontario in the Regional Municipality of Peel, it borders Toronto (Etobicoke) to the east, Brampton to the north, Milton to the northwest, and Oakville to the southwest. Although Mississauga was initially a car-centric city, significant strides have been made to improve walkability and add cycling lanes, with most major arteries having bi-directional bike lanes. The city's downtown is home to several transit hubs, such as Square One Bus Terminal, and the City Centre Transit Terminal. With a population of 717,961 as of 2021, Mississauga is the seventh-most populous municipality in Canada, third-most in Ontario, and second-most in the Greater Toronto Area (GTA) after Toronto itself.[4][5] However, for the first time in its history, the city's population declined according to the 2021 census, from a 2016 population of 721,599 to 717,961, a 0.5 per cent decrease.[1]

The growth of Mississauga was initially attributed to its proximity to Toronto.[6] However, during the latter half of the 20th century, the city attracted a diverse and multicultural population. Over time, it built up a thriving, transit-oriented central business district of its own, which is now known as Mississauga City Centre.[7][8] Malton, a neighbourhood of the city located in its northeast end, is home to Toronto Pearson International Airport, Canada's busiest airport, as well as the headquarters of many Canadian and multinational corporations. Mississauga is not a traditional city, but is instead an amalgamation of three former villages, two townships, and a number of rural hamlets (a general pattern common to several suburban GTA cities) that were significant population centres, with none being clearly dominant, prior to the city's incorporation that later coalesced into a single urban area.[9]

Indigenous people have lived in the area for thousands of years and Mississauga is situated on the traditional territory of the Huron-Wendat, Haudenosaunee and Anishinaabeg people, including the namesake Mississaugas.[10] Most of present-day Mississauga was founded in 1805 as Toronto Township[11] within York County, and became part of Peel County when new counties were formed by splitting off parts of the original county in 1851. Mississauga itself was established in 1968 as a town, and was reincorporated as a city in 1974, when Peel was restructured into a regional municipality.[12]

Etymology

The name Mississauga comes from the Anishinaabe word Misi-zaagiing, meaning "[Those at the] Great River-mouth".

Other forms such as Sauga and, in reference to the city's residents, Saugans,[13] and Mississaugans,[2] are also commonly used.

History

See also: List of historic places in Mississauga

Palaeo-Indigenous period (9000–8500 BCE)

A single site in Mississauga with Hi-Lo projectile points[14] was registered in the Ontario Ministry of Culture database of archaeological sites.[15] Lake Ontario was much smaller at this time, and sites from this period may be 500 m into the lake.[15]

Archaic period (8000–1000 BCE)

According to Smith,[15] there was a growing population at this time. There are 23 known Archaic sites in Mississauga, mostly in the Credit River and Cooksville Creek drainage systems. People would congregate at rapids and the mouths of these rivers to catch fish during spawning runs. They would harvest nuts and wild rice at the wetland margins in the late summer. During late Archaic times, there were large cemeteries.[15]

Woodland period (1000 BCE–1650 CE)

"The accelerating upward population increase continued,"[15]: 62  with 23 known sites from this period. Pottery first appears during this period in the style of the Point Peninsula complex, and near the end of the Woodland period, the first semi-permanent villages appear. Artifacts show that residents of Mississauga engaged in long-distance trade, likely as part of the Hopewell tradition.[15]

Late Woodland culture (500–1650 CE)

"The band level of social organization that characterized earlier cultures gave way eventually to the tribal level of the Ontario Iroquoian Tradition,"[15]: 67  and people began cultivation of crops such as maize, beans, squash, sunflowers, and tobacco. This led to the development of the Wyandot or Huron, Iroquoian-speaking culture. The Lightfoot site with four to six longhouses was located on the Credit River near Mississauga's border with Brampton. Another village with many longhouses was on the Antrex site, located on a wide ridge bounded by two small tributaries of Cooksville Creek.[15]

Arrival of the Haudenosaunee, the Anishinaabe, and the Europeans

Around the end of the Woodland period, the Haudenosaunee, another Iroquoian confederacy, began to move into the area, and, as part of a long conflict known as the Beaver wars, they had dispersed the Wyandot by 1650.[16][17] But by 1687, the Haudenosaunee had abandoned their new settlements along the north shore of Lake Ontario.[18]: 65 

The Algonquian-speaking Anishinaabe Ojibwe people had been aligned with the Wyandot, and when they were dispersed, the Anishinaabe expanded eastward into the Credit River Valley area, clashing with the Haudenosaunee and eventually taking over when the Haudenosaunee retreated.[18] The European traders would gather annually at the mouth of what is now known as the Credit River to give the Anishinaabe credit for the following year. "From this, the Mississauga bands at the western end of the lake became known collectively as the Credit River Mississaugas."[16]: 108 

Toronto Township, consisting of most of present-day Mississauga, was formed on 2 August 1805 [citation needed] when officials from York (what is now the City of Toronto) purchased 85,000 acres (340 km2) of land from the Mississaugas under Treaty 14.[10] A second treaty was signed in 1818 that surrendered 2,622 km2 of Mississauga land to the British Crown. In total Mississauga is covered by four treaties: Treaty 14, Treaty 19, Treaty 22 and Treaty 23.[10]

The original villages (and some later incorporated towns) settled included Clarkson, Cooksville, Dixie, Erindale (called Springfield until 1890), Lakeview, Lorne Park, Port Credit, Sheridan, and Summerville. The region became known as Toronto Township. Part of northeast Mississauga, including the Airport lands and Malton were a part of Toronto Gore Township.[19]

After the land was surveyed, the Crown gave much of it in the form of land grants to United Empire Loyalists who emigrated from the Thirteen Colonies during and after the American Revolution, as well as loyalists from New Brunswick. A group of settlers from New York City arrived in the 1830s. The government wanted to compensate the Loyalists for property lost in the colonies and encourage development of what was considered frontier. In 1820, the government purchased additional land from the Mississaugas. Additional settlements were established, including: Barbertown, Britannia, Burnhamthorpe, Churchville, Derry West, Elmbank, Malton, Meadowvale (Village), Mount Charles, and Streetsville. European-Canadian settlement led to the eventual displacement of the Mississaugas. In 1847, the government relocated them to a reserve in the Grand River Valley, near present-day Hagersville.[20][21] Pre-confederation, the Township of Toronto was formed as a local government; settlements within were not legal villages until much later. Except for small villages, some gristmills and brickworks served by railway lines, most of present-day Mississauga was agricultural land, including fruit orchards, through much of the 19th and first half of the 20th century.[22][23]

1900 to today

In the 1920s, cottages were constructed along the shores of Lake Ontario as weekend getaway houses for city dwellers.

In 1937, 1,410.8 acres of land was sold to build Malton Airport (later known as Pearson Airport). It became Canada's busiest airport which later put the end to the community of Elmbank.[24]

The Queen Elizabeth Way (QEW) highway, one of the first controlled-access highways in the world, opened from Highway 27 to Highway 10 in Port Credit, in 1935 and later expanded to Hamilton and Niagara in 1939. The first prototypical suburban developments occurred around the same time, in the area south of the Dixie Road/QEW interchange. Development in general moved north and west from there over time and around established communities. In 1952, Toronto Township annexed the southern portion of Toronto Gore Township.[25] Two large new towns; Erin Mills and (New) Meadowvale, were started in 1968 and 1969, respectively.

The areas amalgamated to create the present city: The Town of Mississauga (red), was created out of Toronto Township, which in 1952 annexed a portion of Toronto Gore Township (right of dashed white line). In 1968 (the year of its incorporation), the police village of Malton (white outline) was absorbed into it. The town became a city in 1974, and absorbed Port Credit, Streetsville, and a portion of Milton (beige), but ceded the northern extremity (separated section of red at top) to Brampton. A final annexation occurred in 2010, when a thin strip of land was purchased from Milton (blue) to bring the city limits to Hwy. 407.

While the Township had many settlements within it, none of the hamlets were legally existent, and all residents were represented by a singular Township council (Malton had special status as a police village, allowing it partial autonomy). To reflect the community's shift away from rural to urban, council desired conversion into a town, and in 1965 a call for public input on naming it received thousands of letters offering hundreds of different suggestions.[26] "Mississauga" was chosen by plebiscite over "Sheridan" by a vote of 11,796 to 4,331,[27] and in 1968 the reincorporation went forward, absorbing Malton in the process. Port Credit and Streetsville remained separate, uninterested in ceding their autonomy or being taxed to the needs of a growing municipality. Political will, as well as a belief that a larger city would be a hegemony in Peel County, kept Port Credit and Streetsville as independent enclaves within the Town of Mississauga, but both were amalgamated into Mississauga when it reincorporated as a city in 1974. At this time, Mississauga annexed lands west of Winston Churchill Boulevard from Oakville in the northwest,[a][28] in exchange for lands in the northernmost extremity (which included Churchville) south of Steeles Avenue which were transferred to Brampton.[29] That year, Square One Shopping Centre opened; it has since expanded several times.[30]

On 10 November 1979, a 106-car freight train derailed on the CP rail line while carrying explosive and poisonous chemicals just north of the intersection of Mavis Road and Dundas Street. One of the tank cars carrying propane exploded, and since other tank cars were carrying chlorine, the decision was made to evacuate nearby residents. With the possibility of a deadly cloud of chlorine gas spreading through Mississauga, 218,000 people were evacuated.[31]

Residents were allowed to return home once the site was deemed safe. At the time, it was the largest peacetime evacuation in North American history. Due to the speed and efficiency with which it was conducted, many cities later studied and modelled their own emergency plans after Mississauga's. For many years afterwards, the name "Mississauga" was, for Canadians, associated with a major rail disaster.[32]

North American telephone customers placing calls to Mississauga (and other post-1970 Ontario cities) may not recognise the charge details on their bills. The area's incumbent local exchange carrier, Bell Canada, continues to split the city into five historical rate centres–Clarkson, Cooksville, Malton, Port Credit, and Streetsville. However, they are combined as a single Mississauga listing in the phone book. The first Touch-Tone telephones in Canada were introduced in Malton on 15 June 1964.[33]

On 1 January 2010, Mississauga bought land from the Town of Milton and expanded its border by 400 acres (1.6 km2), to Highway 407, affecting 25 residents.[34] Also in January 2010, the Mississaugas and the federal government settled a land claim, in which the band of indigenous people received $145,000,000, as just compensation for their land and lost income.[35]

Notes

  1. ^ The unannexed portion of northern Oakville became part of Milton on the same day

Geography

Main article: Geography of Mississauga
The Credit River
The Skyline of Mississauga, seen from Hurontario Street @ Highway 403.

Mississauga covers 288.42 square kilometres (111.36 sq mi) of land,[36] fronting 13 kilometres (8.1 mi) of shoreline on Lake Ontario.

Mississauga is bounded by Oakville and Milton to the west/southwest, Brampton to the north, Toronto to the east, and Lake Ontario to the south/south-east. Halton Hills borders Mississauga's north-west corner. With the exception of the southeast border with Toronto (Etobicoke Creek), Mississauga shares a land border with all previously mentioned municipalities.

Two major river valleys feed into the lake. The Credit River is by far the longest with the heaviest flow, it divides the western side of Mississauga from the central/eastern portions and enters the lake at the Port Credit harbour. The indented, mostly forested valley was inhabited by first nation peoples long before European exploration of the area. The valley is protected and maintained by the Credit Valley Conservation Authority (CVCA).[37]

Etobicoke Creek forms part of the eastern border of Mississauga with the city of Toronto. North of there it passes through the western limits of Pearson Airport. There have been two aviation accidents, in 1978 and 2005 where aircraft overshot the runway and slid into the Etobicoke creek banks. In 1954, heavy flooding resulted in some homes along the riverbank being swept into the lake after heavy rains from Hurricane Hazel. Since that storm, houses are no longer constructed along the floodplain. The creek and its tributaries are administered by the Toronto and Region Conservation Authority (TRCA).[38]

Most land in Mississauga drains to either of the two main river systems, with the exception of the smaller Mary Fix and Cooksville Creeks which run roughly through the centre of Mississauga entering the lake near Port Credit. Some small streams and reservoirs are part of the Sixteen Mile Creek system in the far north-west corner of the city, but these drain toward the lake in neighbouring Milton and Oakville.

The shoreline of former Glacial Lake Iroquois roughly follows the Dundas Street alignment, although it is not noticeable in some places but is more prominent in others, such as the site of the former brickyard (Shoreline Dr. near Mavis Rd.), the ancient shoreline promenteau affords a clear view of downtown Toronto and Lake Ontario on clear days. The land in Mississauga in ranges from a maximum elevation of 214 m (699 ft) ASL in the far western corner, near the Hwy. 407/401 junction, to a minimum elevation at the Lake Ontario shore of 76 m (249 ft) above sea level.

Apart from the embankments of Credit River valley, it tributaries and the Iroquois shoreline, the only noticeable hills in Mississauga are actually part of the former Britannia Landfill, now a golf course on Terry Fox Way.

Neighbourhoods/areas

Absolute World, condominiums in the City Centre

There are 25 neighbourhoods in Mississauga:[39]

Climate

Mississauga's climate is similar to that of Toronto and is considered to be moderate,[40] located in plant hardiness zone 6b.[41] Under the Köppen climate classification, Mississauga has a humid continental climate (Dfa/Dfb).[42] Summers can bring periods of high temperatures accompanied with high humidity.[40] While the average daily high temperature in July and August is 27 °C (80.6 °F), temperatures can rise above 32 °C (89.6 °F). In an average summer, there are an average of 15.8 days where the temperature rises above 30 °C (86.0 °F).[43] Winters can be cold with temperatures that are frequently below freezing.[40] In January and February, the mean temperatures are −5.5 °C (22.1 °F) and −4.5 °C (23.9 °F) respectively, it is common for temperatures to fall to −15 °C (5.0 °F), usually for only short periods.[40] In an average winter, there are 3.9 nights where the temperature falls below −20 °C (−4.0 °F).[43][40] The amount of snowfall received during an average winter season is 108.5 centimetres (42.7 in), averaging 44.4 days with measurable snowfall.[43] The climate of Mississauga is officially represented by Pearson International Airport but because of its topography and large surface area conditions can differ depending on location: fog tends to be more common along the Lakeshore and in the Credit River Valley at certain times of year, particularly during the spring and autumn.[citation needed]

During snowfalls when temperatures hover close to freezing, northern parts of the city, such as around Derry Road, including Pearson Airport away from warmer Lake Ontario usually get more snow that sticks to the ground because of the lower temperatures, often when rain transitions into snow or mixed precipitation.[citation needed] The reverse occurs when a strong storm approaches from the south kicking up lake effect snow, bringing higher snowfall totals to south Mississauga. The city usually experiences at least six months of snow-free weather; however, there is the odd occurrence where snow does fall either in October or May, none which sticks to the ground.[citation needed] The Port Credit and Lakeview areas have a micro-climate more affected by the proximity of the open lake, warming winter temperatures as a result, but it can be sharply cooler on spring and summer afternoons, this can also be the case in Clarkson, but with much less consistency.[citation needed]

Most thunderstorms are not severe but can occasionally bring violent winds. The last known tornado to cause significant damage touched down on 7 July 1985, when an F1-rated tornado struck an industrial park in the Meadowvale area (Argentia Road), heavily damaging some buildings and some parked tractor trailers. A relatively strong tornado tore a path across Mississauga (then part of Toronto Township) on 24 June 1923, cutting a swath from present-day Meadowvale to near Cooksville, killing four people and causing massive property damage in a time when most of Mississauga was still rural farmland dotted with fruit orchards.[44][45][46]

Climate data for Lester B. Pearson International Airport (Brampton and North Mississauga)
WMO ID: 71624; coordinates 43°40′38″N 79°37′50″W / 43.67722°N 79.63056°W / 43.67722; -79.63056 (Toronto Lester B. Pearson International Airport), elevation: 173.4 m (569 ft), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1937–present
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high humidex 19.0 18.3 29.6 37.9 42.6 45.6 50.3 46.6 48.0 39.1 28.6 23.9 50.3
Record high °C (°F) 17.6
(63.7) 		17.7
(63.9) 		26.0
(78.8) 		31.1
(88.0) 		34.4
(93.9) 		36.7
(98.1) 		37.9
(100.2) 		38.3
(100.9) 		36.7
(98.1) 		31.8
(89.2) 		25.1
(77.2) 		20.0
(68.0) 		38.3
(100.9)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) −1.2
(29.8) 		−0.3
(31.5) 		5.0
(41.0) 		12.0
(53.6) 		19.2
(66.6) 		24.5
(76.1) 		27.4
(81.3) 		26.3
(79.3) 		22.3
(72.1) 		14.6
(58.3) 		7.9
(46.2) 		1.9
(35.4) 		13.3
(55.9)
Daily mean °C (°F) −5
(23) 		−4.4
(24.1) 		0.6
(33.1) 		7.0
(44.6) 		13.7
(56.7) 		19.2
(66.6) 		22.1
(71.8) 		21.1
(70.0) 		16.9
(62.4) 		10.0
(50.0) 		4.1
(39.4) 		−1.6
(29.1) 		8.6
(47.5)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −8.9
(16.0) 		−8.5
(16.7) 		−3.8
(25.2) 		1.9
(35.4) 		8.2
(46.8) 		13.9
(57.0) 		16.6
(61.9) 		15.8
(60.4) 		11.6
(52.9) 		5.3
(41.5) 		0.2
(32.4) 		−5
(23) 		3.9
(39.0)
Record low °C (°F) −31.3
(−24.3) 		−31.1
(−24.0) 		−28.9
(−20.0) 		−17.2
(1.0) 		−5.6
(21.9) 		0.6
(33.1) 		3.9
(39.0) 		1.1
(34.0) 		−3.9
(25.0) 		−8.3
(17.1) 		−18.3
(−0.9) 		−31.1
(−24.0) 		−31.3
(−24.3)
Record low wind chill −44.7 −38.9 −36.2 −25.4 −9.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 −8.0 −13.5 −25.4 −38.5 −44.7
Average precipitation mm (inches) 61.6
(2.43) 		50.2
(1.98) 		50.5
(1.99) 		76.7
(3.02) 		77.6
(3.06) 		80.7
(3.18) 		74.0
(2.91) 		68.5
(2.70) 		69.4
(2.73) 		67.2
(2.65) 		71.8
(2.83) 		58.6
(2.31) 		806.8
(31.76)
Average rainfall mm (inches) 33.8
(1.33) 		23.9
(0.94) 		34.0
(1.34) 		70.7
(2.78) 		77.5
(3.05) 		80.7
(3.18) 		74.0
(2.91) 		68.5
(2.70) 		69.4
(2.73) 		67.0
(2.64) 		62.7
(2.47) 		35.3
(1.39) 		697.4
(27.46)
Average snowfall cm (inches) 31.5
(12.4) 		27.7
(10.9) 		17.2
(6.8) 		4.5
(1.8) 		0.1
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.2
(0.1) 		9.3
(3.7) 		24.1
(9.5) 		114.5
(45.1)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.2 mm) 16.2 12.0 12.3 12.5 12.7 10.8 10.3 9.8 10.2 12.8 12.6 14.9 147.3
Average rainy days (≥ 0.2 mm) 6.2 4.6 7.2 11.7 12.7 10.8 10.3 9.8 10.2 12.8 10.4 7.5 114.1
Average snowy days (≥ 0.2 cm) 12.7 9.7 6.8 2.2 0.12 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.24 3.6 9.2 44.7
Average relative humidity (%) (at 15:00) 69.7 65.7 58.5 53.4 53.6 54.4 52.9 55.2 57.3 61.6 66.7 70.5 60.0
Mean monthly sunshine hours 79.7 112.2 159.4 204.4 228.2 249.7 294.4 274.5 215.7 163.7 94.2 86.2 2,161.4
Percent possible sunshine 27.6 38.0 43.2 50.8 50.1 54.1 63.0 63.4 57.4 47.8 32.0 30.9 46.5
Source: Environment and Climate Change Canada[47][48][49]

Demographics

Historical populations
YearPop.±%
1971172,352—    
1976250,017+45.1%
1981315,055+26.0%
1986374,005+18.7%
1991463,388+23.9%
1996544,382+17.5%
2001612,925+12.6%
2006668,549+9.1%
2011713,443+6.7%
2016721,599+1.1%
2021717,961−0.5%

In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Mississauga had a population of 717,961 living in 244,575 of its 254,089 total private dwellings, a change of -0.5% from its 2016 population of 721,599. With a land area of 292.74 km2 (113.03 sq mi), it had a population density of 2,452.6/km2 (6,352.1/sq mi) in 2021.[50]

In 2021, 15.2% of the population was under 15 years of age, and 16.6% was 65 years and over. The median age in Mississauga was 40.8.[51]

Ethnicity

Panethnic groups in the City of Mississauga (2001−2021)
Panethnic
group 		2021[52] 2016[53] 2011[54] 2006[55] 2001[56]
Pop. % Pop. % Pop. % Pop. % Pop. %
European[a] 267,790 37.57% 302,370 42.26% 324,655 45.81% 336,755 50.59% 362,430 59.34%
South Asian 180,800 25.36% 165,765 23.17% 154,210 21.76% 134,750 20.24% 91,150 14.92%
East Asian[b] 60,035 8.42% 62,150 8.69% 58,515 8.26% 55,410 8.32% 43,110 7.06%
Southeast Asian[c] 55,500 7.79% 51,365 7.18% 55,550 7.84% 44,865 6.74% 34,630 5.67%
Middle Eastern[d] 51,315 7.2% 44,110 6.17% 32,825 4.63% 22,800 3.43% 15,615 2.56%
Black 49,220 6.9% 47,005 6.57% 44,775 6.32% 41,365 6.21% 37,850 6.2%
Latin American 17,325 2.43% 16,110 2.25% 15,360 2.17% 12,410 1.86% 9,265 1.52%
Indigenous 3,555 0.5% 4,175 0.58% 3,200 0.45% 2,475 0.37% 2,055 0.34%
Other/Multiracial[e] 27,300 3.83% 22,420 3.13% 19,635 2.77% 14,815 2.23% 14,705 2.41%
Total responses 712,825 99.28% 715,475 99.15% 708,725 99.34% 665,655 99.57% 610,815 99.66%
Total population 717,961 100% 721,599 100% 713,443 100% 668,549 100% 612,925 100%
Note: Totals greater than 100% due to multiple origin responses

Religion

Religions in Mississauga
Religion Per cent
Christianity
 
 49.9%
None
 
 18.1%
Islam
 
 17.0%
Hinduism
 
 8.8%
Sikhism
 
 3.4%
Buddhism
 
 2.0%
Distribution of religions throughout Mississauga

The 2021 census found the most reported religion in the city to be Christianity (49.9%), with Catholicism (30.4%) making up the largest denomination, followed by Orthodox (3.6%), Anglicanism (2.0%), United Church (1.5%), Pentecostal and other Charismatic churches (1.2%), and other denominations. The next most reported religions were Islam (17.0%), Hinduism (8.8%) Sikhism (3.4%), Buddhism (2.0%), and Judaism (0.2%). Those who claimed no religious affiliation made up 18.1% of the population.[58]

Religious groups in the City of Mississauga (1991−2021)
Religious
group 		2021[52] 2011[54] 2001[56] 1991[59]
Pop. % Pop. % Pop. % Pop. %
Christian 355,735 49.9% 424,715 59.93% 427,725 70.03% 365,665 79.25%
Muslim 120,965 16.97% 84,325 11.9% 41,845 6.85% 12,260 2.66%
Hindu 62,520 8.77% 49,325 6.96% 29,165 4.77% 12,185 2.64%
Sikh 24,505 3.44% 23,995 3.39% 23,425 3.84% 12,560 2.72%
Buddhist 14,300 2.01% 15,615 2.2% 11,600 1.9% 4,185 0.91%
Jewish 1,380 0.19% 1,830 0.26% 1,905 0.31% 1,800 0.39%
Other religion 4,485 0.63% 3,250 0.46% 2,070 0.34% 1,445 0.31%
Irreligious 128,940 18.09% 105,660 14.91% 73,085 11.97% 51,315 11.12%
Total responses 712,825 99.28% 708,725 99.34% 610,815 99.66% 461,420 99.58%

Language

The 2021 census found that English was the mother tongue of 44.9% of the population. The next most common mother tongues were Urdu (5.0%), Arabic (4.7%), Mandarin (3.2%), Polish (3.1%), and Punjabi (2.9%). Of the official languages, 96.5% of the population knew English and 6.8% knew French.[60]

Mother tongue Population %
English 320,640 44.9
Urdu 35,995 5.0
Arabic 33,265 4.7
Mandarin 23,180 3.2
Polish 22,070 3.1
Punjabi 20,690 2.9
Tagalog 18,325 2.6
Spanish 15,765 2.2
Cantonese 14,830 2.1
Portuguese 14,050 2.0
Hindi 11,685 1.6
Vietnamese 10,355 1.5
Tamil 10,275 1.4
Italian 10,260 1.4
Serbo-Croatian 8,955 1.3
Gujarati 7,260 1.0
French 6,180 0.9
Ukrainian 5,960 0.8
Russian 4,615 0.6
Korean 4,370 0.6

Economy

Further information: List of corporations based in Mississauga

Over 60 of the Fortune 500 companies base their global or Canadian head offices in Mississauga. Some of the strongest industries are pharmaceuticals, banking and finance, electronics and computers, aerospace, transportation parts and equipment industries.[61]

TD Bank also has Corporate IT development centres in the city along with Royal Bank of Canada. Laura Secord Chocolates is headquartered in the city, and Walmart, Kellogg's, Panasonic, Hewlett-Packard, and Oracle's Canadian headquarters are also in Mississauga.[62][63][64] Regional airline Jazz operates a regional office in Mississauga.[65][66] Mississauga is also an aircraft development hub with Canadian headquarters of Aerospace companies such as Magellan Aerospace and Honeywell Aerospace.[67]

Arts and culture

Mississauga has a vibrant arts community, promoted by the Mississauga Arts Council, which holds an annual awards ceremony, called the MARTYs, to celebrate the city's entertainers, artists, filmmakers, writers, and musicians.[68]

Mississauga's largest festivities such as Canada Day Celebration, Mississauga Rotary Ribfest, Tree Lighting Ceremony, and New Year's Eve Bash generally occur in Celebration Square. The Canada Day celebration was attended by 130,000 people in 2012, the Ribfest has recorded 120,000 visitors in 2012, and the inaugural New Year's Eve in 2011 has attracted 30,000 spectators.[69][70]

One of the most anticipated events in the city is Carassauga, a festival of cultures that occurs annually during mid-May. It is the second largest cultural festival in Canada. During 2013, 4014 performances took place and 300,000 people attended.[71] Carassauga attempts to display the different cultures around the world by setting up pavilions for countries around Mississauga. Visitors get free public transportation with their ticket to tour the city and explore the different pavilions. Various countries showcase their culture through food stalls, dance performances and small vendors. The event largely takes place in the Hershey Centre.[citation needed]

There are also culture-specific festivals held in Celebration Square, including Fiesta Ng Kalayaan for the Philippines, Viet Summerfest for Vietnam, Muslimfest for the city's Muslim community, Indian festival Diwali and Mosaic Festival, which is the largest South Asian multi-disciplinary arts festival in North America.[72]

The annual Bread and Honey Festival is held in Streetsville, a district that was once an independent rural village. It is held every first weekend of June at Streetsville Memorial Park to commemorate the founding of the village. The festival was inaugurated in 1974, in response to amalgamation with the City of Mississauga.[73] Activities include the Bread and Honey Race, which raises money for charities and local hospitals.[74] It also has its own annual Canada Day celebrations, which are also held at Streetsville Memorial Park.

Port Credit, another neighbourhood that was formerly a town, holds multiple festivals throughout the year. During the summer, there are street performances on multiple venues scattered throughout the district during Buskerfest. The neighbourhood also holds a grand parade named "Paint the Town Red" during Canada Day. Finally, during August, it holds the Mississauga Waterfront Festival, which includes concerts as well as family activities. During September, the Tim Hortons Southside Shuffle is being held to celebrate the neighbourhood's Blues and Jazz Festival, which includes musical performances from local blues and jazz artists.[75][76][77]

The Malton neighbourhood, which contains a significant number of Sikhs, holds its annual Khalsa Day parade, marching between the gurdwaras in Malton (Sri Guru Singh Sabha) and in the Rexdale neighbourhood in Toronto (Sikh Spiritual Centre). This parade is attended by 100,000 people. [78]

Mississauga has a significant Jewish population, with active community classes, cultural activities and holiday celebrations.[79][80][81][82]

Library

The Meadowvale Community Centre was renovated in July 2014 and re-opened in fall 2016 with a new library within the building.

The Mississauga Library System is a municipally owned network of 18 libraries.

Attractions

Mississauga Celebration Square

Main article: Mississauga Celebration Square

Celebration Square

In 2006, with the help of Project for Public Spaces,[83] the city started hosting "My Mississauga" summer festivities at its Civic Square.[84] Mississauga planned over 60 free events to bring more people to the city square. The square was transformed and included a movable stage, a snack bar, extra seating, and sports and gaming facilities (basketball nets, hockey arena, chess and checker boards) including a skate park. Some of the events included Senior's day on Tuesday, Family day on Wednesday, Vintage car Thursdays, with the main events being the Canada Day celebration, Rotary Ribfest, Tree Lighting Ceremony, and Beachfest.

Civic Square has completed its restructuring project using federal stimulus money, which features a permanent stage, a larger ice rink (which also serves as a fountain and wading pool during the summer season), media screens, and a permanent restaurant. It officially reopened at 22 June 2011 and has since been renamed as Mississauga Celebration Square. More events have been added such as holding free outdoor live concerts, and live telecast of UEFA European Football Championship. The square also holds weekly programming such as fitness classes, amphitheatre performances and movie nights during the summer, children's activities during spring and fall, and skate parties during the winter. The opening of the square has also allowed the city to hold its first annual New Year's Eve celebration in 2011.

In October 2012, the square had attracted its one millionth visitor.[85]

The Art Gallery of Mississauga (AGM) is a public, not-for-profit art gallery located in the Mississauga Civic Centre right on Celebration Square across from the Living Arts Centre and Square One Shopping Centre. AGM is sponsored by the City of Mississauga, Canada Council for the Arts, Ontario Trillium Foundation and the Ontario Arts Council. The art gallery offers free admission and tours and is open every day. AGM has over 500 copies and is working on creating a digital gallery led by gallery assistant Aaron Guravich.[86][87]

Shopping

Square One Shopping Centre
Erin Mills Town Centre

Square One Shopping Centre is located in the City Centre and is the second largest shopping mall in Canada. It boasts more than 350 retail stores and services and attracts 24 million annual visitors and makes over $1 billion in annual retail sales.[88][89] It opened in 1973.[90]

Erin Mills Town Centre is the second largest mall in Mississauga. It is located in the western end of the city at Eglinton Avenue and Erin Mills Parkway and opened in 1989.[91][92]

Other shopping centres include Dixie Outlet Mall; located in the southeastern area of the city. It is Canada's largest enclosed outlet mall. It opened in 1956 when the city was still known as Toronto Township, and is Mississauga's first shopping mall. Many factory outlets of premium brands are located in this mall.[93] Heartland Town Centre is an unenclosed power centre with 180 stores and restaurants.[94] A flea market, the Fantastic Flea Market, is Mississauga's oldest flea market, and opened in 1976.



Recreation

Kariya Park

Recreational clubs include the Mississauga Figure Skating Club, Mississauga Synchronized Swimming Association,[95] Mississauga Canoe Club, Mississauga Scrabble Club,[96] Don Rowing Club at Port Credit, International Soccer Club Mississauga,[97] and the Mississauga Aquatic Club. There are over 481 parks and woodlands areas in Mississauga, with nearly 100 km (62 mi) of trails that users can traverse.[98] Mississauga is home to many indoor playgrounds including Kids Time Family Fun Centre, KidSports indoor playground, and Laser Quest Centre. There are over 26 major indoor playgrounds in the city of Mississauga.[99]

Kariya Park in city centre is a Japanese garden opened in 1992, it named after Mississauga’s sister city, Kariya, Japan.



Beaches

Since 2016, Mississauga has made immense efforts to rehabilitate its Lakeshore, with collection of garbage occurring daily, and detailed water quality monitoring taking place to ensure a safe swimming environment. As of 2024, Mississauga has some of the most pristine beaches in the Greater Toronto Area, attracting tens of thousands of locals and tourists from all over.

Within Mississauga, beaches are concentrated along the shore of Lake Ontario, with the notable exception of the Lake Aquitaine boardwalk.The most distinguished beaches are Jack Darling Memorial Park and RK McMillan Park, as well as St. Lawrence Park in Port Credit.

The images in the collage, from top left to bottom right, are: Tall Oaks Park, The Shallows at St. Lawrence Park, Jack Darling Memorial Park, and Hiawatha Park.


Sports

Mississauga's Paramount Fine Foods Centre (formerly the Hershey Centre) is the city's main sports venue. It is the home arena for the Raptors 905 of the NBA G League. The arena was originally built for Mississauga's first OHL team, the Mississauga Icedogs, before they moved to St. Catharines and became the Niagara IceDogs. The Steelheads are the rebranded Mississauga St. Michael's Majors who had moved from Toronto in 2007. The arena was formerly the home of the Mississauga MetroStars of the MASL. It formerly was the home arena for the Mississauga Power of the National Basketball League of Canada before the team dissolved in 2015 after the announcement of the Raptors 905. In 2018, Mississauga's City Council approved a motion to study the feasibility and business case for construction of a new stadium in Mississauga with the hope of gaining a new CPL Team.

Paramount Fine Foods Centre hosting an NBA Development League between the Charge Canton and Raptors 905

Other hockey teams in Mississauga include the Mississauga Chiefs of the Canadian Women's Hockey League (who play at Iceland Mississauga), the Mississauga Chargers of the Ontario Provincial Junior A Hockey League (who play at Port Credit Arena), and the many teams in the Greater Toronto Hockey League, Mississauga Hockey League, and Mississauga Girls Hockey League that play in the city's 13 arenas. In addition, there is a roller hockey team, the Mississauga Rattlers of the Great Lakes Inline Junior "A" Roller Hockey League Mississauga also has teams for box lacrosse (Mississauga Tomahawks of the OLA Junior A Lacrosse League), cricket (Mississauga Ramblers of the Toronto and District Cricket League, Mississauga Titans of the Etobicoke District Cricket League), and Canadian football. The Mississauga Football League (MFL) is a youth football program that is for players aged 7–17, founded in 1971. The city also has other amateur football teams in Ontario leagues: the Mississauga Warriors of the Ontario Varsity Football League and the Mississauga Demons of the Ontario Australian Football League. Mississauga's rugby players are now served by the Mississauga Blues[100] through u7 - u17 Youth And Junior Programs as well as hosting one or more Senior Men's and Senior Women's Teams.

Ringette is one of the affiliated youth groups that are allocated ice time by the City of Mississauga (Recreation and Parks Division, Community Services Department) on an allocated priority basis.[101] The Ringette program is administered by the Mississauga Ringette Association.

Mississauga Marathon, a qualifier race for the Boston Marathon, is held in Mississauga annually.[102][103]

Mississauga is also the host for the following major sports events:

Government

Main article: Mississauga City Council
See also: 2022 Peel Region municipal elections

Mississauga City Council consists of the mayor and eleven city councillors, each representing one of the city's eleven numbered wards. The former mayor, Hazel McCallion, at one time the longest-serving mayor in Canada, was succeeded by Bonnie Crombie in November 2014, who resigned in January 2024 to become the leader of the liberal party of Ontario.[105] Currently, the seat is held by Carolyn Parrish since 2024.

Wards and councillors

Council elected in the 2022 municipal election:[106]

Councillor Ward Notes
Carolyn Parrish Mayor
Stephen Dasko Ward 1 (Port Credit, Lakeview)
Alvin Tedjo Ward 2 (Clarkson, Lorne Park)
Chris Fonseca Ward 3 (Rathwood, Applewood)
John Kovac Ward 4 (City Centre)
Natalie Hart Ward 5 (Britannia Woods, Malton)
Joe Horneck Ward 6 (Erindale)
Dipika Damerla Ward 7 (Cooksville)
Matt Mahoney Ward 8 (Erin Mills)
Martin Reid Ward 9 (Meadowvale West)
Sue McFadden Ward 10 (Lisgar, Churchill Meadows)
Brad Butt Ward 11 (Streetsville-Meadowvale Village)

The City of Mississauga has had only four mayors in its history. Martin Dobkin was the city's first mayor in 1974. He was then followed by Ron A. Searle. Searle was defeated in 1978 by then-city councillor and former mayor of Streetsville, McCallion. McCallion won 12 consecutive terms as mayor, but she chose to retire prior to the November 2014 election and was succeeded by Bonnie Crombie, who won the election.

McCallion was regarded as a force in provincial politics and often referred to as Hurricane Hazel, after the devastating 1954 storm that struck the Toronto area. McCallion won or was acclaimed in every mayoral election from 1978 to 2010, in some later elections without even campaigning. In October 2010, McCallion won her twelfth term in office with over 76% of the votes. McCallion was the nation's longest-serving mayor and was runner-up in World Mayor 2005.[107] In 2014 McCallion did not run again, but endorsed Crombie, the eventual winner who became mayor in November 2014.[105]

Provincial electoral districts

Mississauga federal election results[108]
Year Liberal Conservative New Democratic Green
2021 50% 145,139 33% 96,717 11% 32,632 2% 4,816
2019 53% 176,112 32% 107,330 10% 32,294 4% 12,124
Mississauga provincial election results[109]
Year PC New Democratic Liberal Green
2022 44% 94,007 12% 25,698 36% 76,972 4% 8,601
2018 42% 113,313 25% 69,501 27% 75,003 3% 7,535

Federal electoral districts

Infrastructure

Transportation

Main article: Transportation in Mississauga

Rail

Mississauga is on three major railway lines (one each owned by the Canadian National Railway, the Canadian Pacific Railway, and Metrolinx). Toronto–Sarnia Via Rail trains on the Quebec City-Windsor Corridor pass through Mississauga and make request stops at Malton GO Station in the northeast of the city. Other Via Rail services stop in the neighbouring cities of Brampton, Oakville, and Toronto.

Commuter rail

See also: GO Transit

Commuter rail service is provided by GO Transit, a division of Metrolinx, on the Lakeshore West, Kitchener, and Milton lines. All-day service is provided along the Lakeshore West line, while the Kitchener and Milton lines serve commuters going to and from Toronto's Union Station during rush hours.

Bus

Main article: MiWay

The city's public transit service, MiWay (formerly Mississauga Transit), provides bus service along more than 90 routes across the city, and connects to commuter rail with GO Transit as well as with Brampton Transit, Oakville Transit, and the Toronto Transit Commission (TTC). MiWay operates routes for both local service (branded as "MiLocal") and limited-stop service (branded as "MiExpress").

Intercity buses operated by GO Transit stop at GO Train stations throughout the city and the Square One Bus Terminal.

Mississauga Transitway

Main article: Mississauga Transitway

A 12-station busway similar to Ottawa's Transitway was built parallel to Highway 403 from Winston Churchill Boulevard to Renforth Avenue, via the Mississauga City Centre Transit Terminal.[110] Opened in stages, the Mississauga Transitway was completed on 22 November 2017 with the opening of the final station: Renforth. The service also connects to Kipling Subway Station in Toronto, via mixed lane traffic after Renforth station.[111]

Hurontario LRT

Main article: Hurontario LRT

There are plans for the construction of an LRT line along Hurontario Street stretching from Port Credit to southern Brampton, and possibly to Brampton's downtown. The project went through the Transit Project Assessment Process (TPAP) which includes environmental assessment. The line will be fully funded by the provincial government, with construction set to begin in 2018. Rapid transit lines could possibly be built on some other main thoroughfares, namely Dundas Street and Lakeshore Road, but no definite dates have been set.[112]

As of 2024, progress for the Hurontario LRT is well underway, with an expected completion of late 2024 to mid-2025.

Toronto Subway

Main article: Line 5 Eglinton

In addition to the 19 km (12 mi) light rail line, there are plans to extend Line 5 Eglinton to Renforth station and Toronto Pearson International Airport though eastern Mississauga by 2030–2031 bringing the Toronto Subway into Mississauga. There will be 4 stops in the city at Renforth Gateway connecting with the Mississauga Transitway and serving the Airport Corporate Centre, Convair serving the GTAA headquarters and airfield and aircraft maintenance areas, Silver Dart serving rental car facilities and airport hotels, and Pearson Airport serving the airport at a future transit hub.[113]

Highways

Highway 401 (or the Macdonald-Cartier Freeway, connecting Windsor to the Quebec border) passes through the city's north end. The eastern part uses the collector/express lane system and feeds into Highway 403, the main freeway in the city, which runs through the City Centre and Erin Mills areas. The Queen Elizabeth Way, the city's first freeway, runs through the southern half of the city. These three freeways each run east–west, with the exception of the 403 from the 401 to Cawthra Road, and from the 407 to QEW. North of the 401, the collector lanes of the 403 become Highway 410, which goes to Brampton. Part of Highway 409 is within the city of Mississauga, and it provides access to Pearson Airport. Two other freeways run along or close to Mississauga's municipal borders. Highway 407 runs metres from the northern city limits in a power transmission corridor and forms the city's boundary with Milton between highways 401 and 403. Highway 427 forms the Toronto-Mississauga boundary in the northeast, and is always within 2 kilometres of the boundary further south, with the exception of the area around Centennial Park.

Air

Most of Pearson International Airport is located within Mississauga (skyline visible in background)

Lester B. Pearson International Airport (YYZ), operated by the Greater Toronto Airports Authority in the northeastern part of the city, is the largest and busiest airport in Canada. In 2015, it handled 41,036,847 passengers and 443,958 aircraft movements.[114] It is a major North American global gateway, handling more international passengers than any airport in North America other than John F. Kennedy International Airport. Pearson is the main hub for Air Canada, and a hub for passenger airline WestJet and cargo airline FedEx Express. It is served by over 75 airlines, having over 180 destinations.[115]

Bicycle

In 2010, the City of Mississauga approved a Cycling Master Plan outlining a strategy to develop over 900 kilometres (560 miles) of on and off-road cycling routes in the city over the next 20 years. Over 1,000 Mississauga citizens and stakeholders contributed their thoughts and ideas to help develop this plan. The plan focuses on fostering cycling as a way of life in the city, building an integrated network of cycling routes and aims to adopt a safety first approach to cycling.[116]

As of 2024, the city has bi-directional bus lanes on most major arteries, with designated bike paths on many roads such as Eglinton Avenue, Lakeshore Road West, Burnhamthorpe Road and Derry Road, to name a few. For roads which do not have designated bike lanes, there is often signage posted as well as markings on the road, indicating that bikes are permitted to use the shoulder where available, or the right-most lane in most other situations.

Emergency services

Peel Regional Police provide policing within the city of Mississauga and airport. In addition, the Ontario Provincial Police have a Port Credit detachment in the city for patrolling provincial highways. Mississauga Fire and Emergency Services provide fire fighting services and Peel Regional Paramedic Services provides emergency medical services. Toronto Pearson also has its own fire department with two halls that service calls within the airport grounds.

Healthcare

The city's two main hospitals—Credit Valley Hospital and Mississauga Hospital—were amalgamated into the Trillium Health Partners hospital group in December 2011. The health system and the administration for students in Mississauga was the property of the Peel District School Board Health Centre[117] and the health support for citizens in Mississauga was the property of Peel Health Centre.[118] The eastern part of Mississauga was the property of Pearson Health (Greater Toronto Area Health Department).[119]

Education

Hazel McCallion Academic Learning Centre at U of T Mississauga

Mississauga is the home to the University of Toronto Mississauga, one of three campuses of the University of Toronto. UTM has an enrollment of approximately 13,200 students. It is growing at a rate of about 1,000 students per year since 2002, following a major expansion. U of T Mississauga has 15 academic departments, 143 programs and 87 areas of study, and includes Institutes for Management and Innovation, and Communication, Culture, Information and Technology. The Mississauga Academy of Medicine is located on campus in the Terrence Donnelly Health Sciences Complex. The campus employs over 2,000 full- and part-time employees (including 800 permanent faculty and staff), and has more than 47,000 alumni, including astronaut Roberta Bondar, filmmaker Richie Mehta, actor Zaib Shaikh and writer/poet Dionne Brand. The $35-million Innovation Complex, which opened in September 2014, houses the Institute for Management and Innovation, a new model for business education combining management studies with key industry sectors, and the first phase of the multi-phase North Building reconstruction, known as Deerfield Hall, opened in September 2014.

Sheridan College Business education facility in downtown Mississauga

Sheridan College opened a new $46 million facility in Mississauga in 2011. The school has two main concentrations: business education, and programs to accelerate the movement of new Canadians into the workforce. The 150,000 sq ft (14,000 m2) campus will be located on an 8.5-acre (34,000 m2) parcel of land in City Centre just north of the Living Arts Centre. The campus accommodated 1,700 students upon completion of phase one of construction in Fall 2011. Phase two of construction after 2011 increased capacity by 3,740 students to a combined total of 5,000; it also included construction of a 10-level municipal parking garage.[120][121][122][123]

Mississauga is served by the Peel District School Board, which operates the secular Anglophone public schools, the Dufferin-Peel Catholic District School Board, which operates Catholic Anglophone public schools, the Conseil scolaire Viamonde, which operates secular Francophone schools, and the Conseil scolaire de district catholique Centre-Sud, which operates Catholic Francophone schools. Within the city, the four boards run a total of more than 150 schools.

Multiple schools in Mississauga also offer specialized programs:

Media

Main article: Media in Peel
See also: Media in Toronto

Mississauga is part of the Toronto media market and is served by media based in Toronto, with markets in the Greater Toronto Area (GTA) that cover most of the news in the GTA. Examples of this being the majority of radio stations transmitting from the nearby CN Tower in Toronto. However, Mississauga also has The Mississauga News, a regional newspaper that is published two days a week in print and daily online.[125] There is also the Sunday Times, a community newspaper for the South Asian community that is published weekly in print and also available online, as well as Modern Mississauga, a bi-monthly general-interest print and digital magazine.[126]

The city also has three local radio stations:

The following national cable television stations also broadcast from Mississauga:

Sister cities

Mississauga has one sister city:

Both cities have a park and road named after each other.

  • Mississauga: Kariya Park (opened July, 1992), and Kariya Drive
  • Kariya: Mississauga Park (opened 2001), Mississauga Dori & Mississauga Bridge

The Mississauga Friendship Association (MFA) was established in 1993 to assist with the city's twinning program.[128]

Notable people

Main article: List of people from Mississauga

Freedom of the City

The Freedom of the City is the highest honour that a Canadian municipality can bestow on an individual or military unit. The following people and military units have received the Freedom of the City of Mississauga.

Individuals

Military units

See also

References

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  1. ^ Statistic includes all persons that did not make up part of a visible minority or an indigenous identity.
  2. ^ Statistic includes total responses of "Chinese", "Korean", and "Japanese" under visible minority section on census.
  3. ^ Statistic includes total responses of "Filipino" and "Southeast Asian" under visible minority section on census.
  4. ^ Statistic includes total responses of "West Asian" and "Arab" under visible minority section on census.
  5. ^ Statistic includes total responses of "Visible minority, n.i.e." and "Multiple visible minorities" under visible minority section on census.
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