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Nasreddin

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For other uses, see Nasreddin (disambiguation).

A 17th century miniature of Nasreddin, currently in the Topkapi Palace Museum Library.

Nasreddin (Persian: خواجه نصرالدین Pashto: ملا نصرالدین Arabic: نصرالدین جحا / ALA-LC: Naṣraddīn Juḥā, Turkish: Nasreddin Hoca, Ottoman Turkish: نصر الدين خواجه, Urdu: ملا نصرالدین , Nasreddīn Hodja Bosnian: Nasrudin Hodža) was a Seljuq satirical Sufi figure, sometimes believed to have lived during the Middle Ages (around 13th century) and considered a populist philosopher and wise man, remembered for his funny stories and anecdotes.[1] He appears in thousands of stories, sometimes witty, sometimes wise, but often, too, a fool or the butt of a joke. A Nasreddin story usually has a subtle humour and a pedagogic nature.[2] The International Nasreddin Hodja fest is celebrated between 5–10 July in Aksehir, Turkey every year.[3]

Origin and legacy

Claims about his origin are made by many ethnic groups.[4][5] Many sources give the birthplace of Nasreddin as Hortu Village in Sivrihisar, Eskişehir Province, present-day Turkey, in the 13th century, after which he settled in Akşehir,[5] and later in Konya under the Seljuq rule, where he died in 1275/6 or 1285/6 CE.[6][7] The alleged tomb of Nasreddin is in Akşehir[8] and the "International Nasreddin Hodja Festival" is held annually in Akşehir between 5–10 July.[9]

As generations have gone by, new stories have been added to the Nasreddin corpus, others have been modified, and he and his tales have spread to many regions. The themes in the tales have become part of the folklore of a number of nations and express the national imaginations of a variety of cultures. Although most of them depict Nasreddin in an early small-village setting, the tales, like Aesop's fables, deal with concepts that have a certain timelessness. They purvey a pithy folk wisdom that triumphs over all trials and tribulations. The oldest manuscript of Nasreddin dates to 1571.

Today, Nasreddin stories are told in a wide variety of regions, especially across the Muslim world and have been translated into many languages. Some regions independently developed a character similar to Nasreddin, and the stories have become part of a larger whole. In many regions, Nasreddin is a major part of the culture, and is quoted or alluded to frequently in daily life. Since there are thousands of different Nasreddin stories, one can be found to fit almost any occasion.[10] Nasreddin often appears as a whimsical character of a large Albanian, Arabic, Armenian, Azerbaijani, Bengali, Bosnian, Bulgarian, Chinese, Greek, Gujarati, Hindi, Italian, Judeo-Spanish, Kurdish, Pashto, Persian, Romanian, Serbian, Russian, Turkish and Urdu folk tradition of vignettes, not entirely different from zen koans.

1996–1997 was declared International Nasreddin Year by UNESCO.[11]

Some people say that, whilst uttering what seemed madness, he was, in reality, divinely inspired, and that it was not madness but wisdom that he uttered.

— 30px, 30px, The Turkish Jester or The Pleasantries of Cogia Nasr Eddin Effendi[12]

Name

Many peoples of the Near, Middle East and Central Asia claim Nasreddin as their own (e.g., Turks,[1][6][13][14] Afghans,[13] Iranians,[1][15] and Uzbeks).[7] His name is spelt in a wide variety of ways: Nasrudeen, Nasrudin, Nasruddin, Nasr ud-Din, Nasredin, Naseeruddin, Nasr Eddin, Nastradhin, Nasreddine, Nastratin, Nusrettin, Nasrettin, Nostradin, Nastradin (lit.: Victory of the Deen) and Nazaruddin. It is sometime preceded or followed by a title or honorific used in the corresponding cultures: "Hoxha", "Khwaje", "Hodja", "Hoja", "Hojja", "Hodscha", "Hodža", "Hoca", "Hogea", "Mullah", "Mulla", "Mula", "Molla", "Efendi", "Afandi", "Ependi" (أفندي ’afandī), "Hajji". In several cultures he is named by the title alone.

In Arabic-speaking countries this character is known as "Juha", "Djoha", "Djuha", "Dschuha", "Giufà", "Chotzas", "Goha" (جحا juḥā). Juha was originally a separate folk character found in Arabic literature as early as the 9th century, and was widely popular by the 11th century.[16] Lore of the two characters became amalgamated in the 19th century when collections were translated from Arabic into Turkish and Persian.[17]

In the Swahili and Indonesian culture many of his stories are being told under the name of "Abunuwasi" or "Abunawas", though this confuses Nasreddin with an entirely different man – the poet Abu Nuwas, known for homoerotic verse.

In China, where stories of him are well known, he is known by the various transliterations from his Uyghur name, 阿凡提 (Āfántí) and 阿方提 (Āfāngtí). The Uyghurs do not believe that Āfántí lived in Anatolia; according to the them, he was from Eastern Turkistan.[18] Shanghai Animation Film Studio produced a 13-episode Nasreddin related animation called 'The Story of Afanti'/ 阿凡提 (电影) in 1979, which became one of the most influential animations in China's history.

In Central Asia, he is commonly known as "Afandi".

Tales

The Nasreddin stories are known throughout the Middle East and have touched cultures around the world. Superficially, most of the Nasreddin stories may be told as jokes or humorous anecdotes. They are told and retold endlessly in the teahouses and caravanserais of Asia and can be heard in homes and on the radio. But it is inherent in a Nasreddin story that it may be understood at many levels. There is the joke, followed by a moral and usually the little extra which brings the consciousness of the potential mystic a little further on the way to realization.[19]

Examples

Delivering a sermon

Once Nasreddin was invited to deliver a sermon. When he got on the pulpit, he asked, Do you know what I am going to say? The audience replied "no", so he announced, I have no desire to speak to people who don't even know what I will be talking about! and left.
The people felt embarrassed and called him back again the next day. This time, when he asked the same question, the people replied yes. So Nasreddin said, Well, since you already know what I am going to say, I won't waste any more of your time! and left.
Now the people were really perplexed. They decided to try one more time and once again invited the Mulla to speak the following week. Once again he asked the same question – Do you know what I am going to say? Now the people were prepared and so half of them answered "yes" while the other half replied "no". So Nasreddin said Let the half who know what I am going to say, tell it to the half who don't, and left.[20]

Whom do you trust

Nasreddin Hodja in Ankara
Nasreddin Hodja in Ankara
A neighbour came to the gate of Mulla Nasreddin's yard. The Mulla went to meet him outside.
"Would you mind, Mulla," the neighbour asked, "lending me your donkey today? I have some goods to transport to the next town."
The Mulla didn't feel inclined to lend out the animal to that particular man, however. So, not to seem rude, he answered:
"I'm sorry, but I've already lent him to somebody else."
All of a sudden the donkey could be heard braying loudly behind the wall of the yard.
"But Mulla," the neighbour exclaimed. "I can hear it behind that wall!"
"Who do you believe," the Mulla replied indignantly. "The donkey or your Mulla?"[21]

Taste the same

Some children saw Nasreddin coming from the vineyard with two basketfuls of grapes loaded on his donkey. They gathered around him and asked him to give them a taste.
Nasreddin picked up a bunch of grapes and gave each child a grape.
"You have so much, but you gave us so little," the children whined.
"There is no difference whether you have a basketful or a small piece. They all taste the same," Nasreddin answered, and continued on his way.[22]

Habit

One day when Nasreddin was having his regular daily coffee at his usual seat in his usual outdoor café, a schoolboy came along and knocked off his turban. Unperturbed, Nasreddin picked up the turban and put it back on his head. The next day, the same schoolboy came along and knocked off his turban again. Again, Nasreddin just picked it up, put it back on and resumed whatever conversation he was having. When the little brat repeated the prank for the third time, his friends protested and told him to punish the boy.
"Tsk, tsk. That's not how this principle is working," said Nasreddin offhandedly.
The next day, an invading army occupied the city and Nasreddin did not turn up for coffee as usual. In his seat was a captain from the invading army. When the schoolboy passed by as usual, he knocked off the soldier's hat without a second thought and the captain sliced off his head with a swift single stroke of his sword.[This quote needs a citation]

Reaching enlightenment

Nasreddin was walking in the bazaar with a large group of followers. Whatever Nasreddin did, his followers immediately copied. Every few steps Nasreddin would stop and shake his hands in the air, touch his feet and jump up yelling "Hu Hu Hu!". So his followers would also stop and do exactly the same thing.
One of the merchants, who knew Nasreddin, quietly asked him: "What are you doing my old friend? Why are these people imitating you?"
"I have become a Sufi Sheikh," replied Nasreddin. "These are my Murids (spiritual seekers); I am helping them reach enlightenment!"
"How do you know when they reach enlightenment?"
"That’s the easy part! Every morning I count them. The ones who have left – have reached enlightenment!"
[This quote needs a citation]

It might Be True

Jeha (as he is known in the Middle East where this story was told) was being pestered by a large group of children who were following him and making fun of him. To get rid of them he told them "Don't you know they are giving away sweets at the wedding there? Go and get some!". The kids rushed in the direction he had indicated. Jeha then asked one of them "Why are you running?" and one kid replied "They are giving away sweets at the wedding!". Jeha then thought to himself "It just might be true!" and ran after them.
[This quote needs a citation]

Azerbaijani literature

Molla Nasraddin cover (1910, #22).
Main article: Molla Nasraddin (magazine)

Nasreddin was the main character in a magazine, called simply Molla Nasraddin, published in Azerbaijan and "read across the Muslim world from Morocco to Iran". The eight-page Azerbaijani satirical periodical was published in Tiflis (from 1906 to 1917), Tabriz (in 1921) and Baku (from 1922 to 1931) in the Azeri and occasionally Russian languages. Founded by Jalil Mammadguluzadeh, it depicted inequality, cultural assimilation, and corruption and ridiculed the backward lifestyles and values of clergy and religious fanatics.,[23] implicitly calling upon the readers to modernize and accept Western social norms and practices. The magazine was frequently banned[24] but had a lasting influence on Azerbaijani and Iranian literature.[25]

European and Western folk tales, literary works and pop culture

Some Nasreddin tales also appear in collections of Aesop's fables. The miller, his son and the donkey is one example.[26] Others are The Ass with a Burden of Salt (Perry Index 180) and The Satyr and the Traveller.

In some Bulgarian folk tales that originated during the Ottoman period, the name appears as an antagonist to a local wise man, named Sly Peter. In Sicily the same tales involve a man named Giufà.[27] In Sephardi Jewish culture, spread throughout the Ottoman Empire, there is a character that appears in many folk tales named Djohá.[28][29]

While Nasreddin is mostly known as a character from short tales, whole novels and stories have later been written and an animated feature film was almost made.[30] In Russia Nasreddin is known mostly because of the novel "Tale of Hodja Nasreddin" written by Leonid Solovyov (English translations: "The Beggar in the Harem: Impudent Adventures in Old Bukhara," 1956, and "The Tale of Hodja Nasreddin: Disturber of the Peace," 2009[31]). The composer Shostakovich celebrated Nasreddin, among other figures, in the second movement (Yumor, 'Humor') of his Symphony No. 13. The text, by Yevgeny Yevtushenko, portrays humor as a weapon against dictatorship and tyranny. Shostakovich's music shares many of the 'foolish yet profound' qualities of Nasreddin's sayings listed above.[citation needed]

The Graeco-Armenian mystic G. I. Gurdjieff often referred to "our own dear Mullah Nasr Eddin", also calling him an "incomparable teacher", particularly in his book Beelzebub's Tales[32]. Sufi philosopher Idries Shah published several collections of Nasruddin stories in English, and emphasised their teaching value.

Tinkle, an Indian comic book for children, has Nasruddin Hodja as a recurring character.

A central character in the PC role-playing game Arcanum: Of Steamworks and Magick Obscura was named Nasrudin, an Elf wizard who was renowned for his great wisdom. A religion was founded on his teachings after he was believed to be dead.

Uzbek Nasreddin Afandi

For Uzbek people, Nasreddin is one of their own, and was born and lived in Bukhara.[18] In gatherings, family meetings, and parties they tell each other stories about him that are called "latifa" of "afandi". i There are at least two collections of stories related to Nasriddin Afandi.

Books on him:

  • "Afandining qirq bir passhasi" – (Forty-one flies of Afandi) – Zohir A'lam, Tashkent
  • "Afandining besh xotini" – (Five wives of Afandi)

In 1943, the Soviet film Nasreddin in Bukhara was directed by Yakov Protazanov based on Solovyov's book, followed in 1947 by a film called The Adventures of Nasreddin, directed by Nabi Ganiyev and also set in the Uzbekistan SSR.[33][34]

Collections

  • The Turkish Jester or The Pleasantries of Cogia Nasr Eddin Effendi translated from the Turkish by George Borrow, Ipswich, 1884.
  • 600 Mulla Nasreddin Tales, collected by Mohammad Ramazani (Popular Persian Text Series: 1) (in Persian).
  • Tales of the Hodja, retold by Charles Downing, illustrated by William Papas. Oxford University Press: London, 1964.
  • The Exploits of the Incomparable Mulla Nasreddin, by Idries Shah, illustrated by Richard Williams
  • The Subtleties of the Inimitable Mulla Nasreddin, by Idries Shah, illustrated by Richard Williams.
  • The Pleasantries of the Incredible Mulla Nasreddin, by Idries Shah, illustrated by Richard Williams and Errol Le Cain
  • Mullah Nasiruddiner Galpo (Tales of Mullah Nasreddin) collected and retold by Satyajit Ray, (in Bengali)
  • The Wisdom of Mulla Nasruddin, by Shahrukh Husain
  • The Uncommon Sense of the Immortal Mullah Nasruddin: Stories, jests, and donkey tales of the beloved Persian folk hero, collected and retold by Ron Suresha
  • Kuang Jinbi (2004). The magic ox and other tales of the Effendi. ISBN 978-1-4101-0692-6.

References

  1. ^ a b c The outrageous Wisdom of Nasruddin, Mullah Nasruddin; accessed 19 February 2007.
  2. ^ Javadi, Hasan. "MOLLA NASREDDIN i. THE PERSON". Encyclopaedia Iranica. Retrieved 5 July 2011.
  3. ^ http://www.aksehir.bel.tr/portal/index.php/nasreddin-hoca/nasreddin-hoca-senligi
  4. ^ İlhan Başgöz, Studies in Turkish folklore, in honor of Pertev N. Boratav, Indiana University, 1978, p. 215. ("Quelle est la nationalité de Nasreddin Hodja – est-il turc, avar, tatar, tadjik, persan ou ousbek? Plusieurs peuples d'Orient se disputent sa nationalité, parce qu'ils considerent qu'il leur appartient.") Template:Fr icon
  5. ^ a b John R. Perry, "Cultural currents in the Turco-Persian world", in New Perspectives on Safavid Iran: Majmu`ah-i Safaviyyah in Honour of Roger Savory, Taylor & Francis, ISBN 978-1-136-99194-3, p. 92.
  6. ^ a b "Nasreddin Hoca". Republic of Turkey Ministry of Culture and Tourism. Retrieved 28 December 2006.
  7. ^ a b Fiorentini, Gianpaolo (2004). "Nasreddin, una biografia possibile". Storie di Nasreddin. Torino: Libreria Editrice Psiche. ISBN 88-85142-71-0. Retrieved 28 December 2006.
  8. ^ Set of photos of the tomb by Faruk Tuncer on flickr.com, including a plaque marking the Centre of the Earth
  9. ^ Aksehir's International Nasreddin Hodja Festival and Aviation Festival – Turkish Daily News 27 Jun 2005
  10. ^ Ohebsion, Rodney (2004) A Collection of Wisdom, Immediex Publishing, ISBN 1-932968-19-9.
  11. ^ "...UNESCO declared 1996–1997 the International Nasreddin Year...".
  12. ^ The Turkish Jester or The Pleasantries of Cogia Nasr Eddin Effendi. Translated from the Turkish by George Borrow. 1884.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
  13. ^ a b Sysindia.com, Mulla Nasreddin Stories, accessed 20 February 2007.
  14. ^ Silk-road.com, Nasreddin Hoca
  15. ^ "First Iranian Mullah who Was a Master in Anecdotes". Persian Journal. Retrieved 26 July 2009.
  16. ^ Josef W. Meri, ed. (2006). Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia. Vol. 1: A–K. p. 426. ISBN 0-415-96691-4.
  17. ^ Donald Haase, ed. (2008). The Greenwood Encyclopedia of Folktales and Fairy Tales. Vol. 2: G–P. p. 661. ISBN 978-0-313-33443-6.
  18. ^ a b Hixarid Fedai, Mulla or Hodja Nasreddin as seen by Cypriot Turks and Greeks
  19. ^ Idris Shah (1964), The Sufis, London: W. H. Allen ISBN 0-385-07966-4.
  20. ^ Many written versions of this tale exist, for example in Kelsey, Alice (1943). Once the Hodja. David McKay Company Inc.
  21. ^ Widely retold, for instance in Shah, Idries (1964). The Sufis. Jonathan Cape. pp. 78–79. ISBN SBN 0-863040-74-8. {{cite book}}: Check |isbn= value: invalid character (help)
  22. ^ A similar story is presented in Shah, Idries (1985). The subtleties of the inimitable Mulla Nasrudin (Reprinted. ed.). London: Octagon Press. p. 60. ISBN 0-86304-040-3.
  23. ^ Molla Nasraddin – The Magazine: Laughter that Pricked the Conscience of a Nation by Jala Garibova. Azerbaijan International. #4.3. Autumn 1996
  24. ^ Template:Ru icon Molla Nasraddin, an entry from the Great Soviet Encyclopaedia by A.Sharif. Baku.ru
  25. ^ Template:Fa icon Molla Nasraddin and Jalil Mammadguluzadeh by Ebrahim Nabavi. BBC Persian. 6 July 2006
  26. ^ The Man, the Boy, and the Donkey, Folktales of Aarne-Thompson-Uther Type 1215 translated and/or edited by D. L. Ashliman
  27. ^ Google Books Search
  28. ^ Tripod.com, Djoha – Personaje – Ponte en la Area del Mediterraneo
  29. ^ Sefarad.org, European Sephardic Institute
  30. ^ Dobbs, Mike (1996), "An Arabian Knight-mare", Animato! (35)
  31. ^ Solovyov, Leonid (2009). The Tale of Hodja Nasreddin: Disturber of the Peace. Toronto, Canada: Translit Publishing. ISBN 978-0-9812695-0-4.
  32. ^ http://www.endlesssearch.co.uk/gurdjieff_eddin.htm Endless Search]]
  33. ^ Cinema of Uzbekistan list on mubi.com
  34. ^ «Большой Словарь: Крылатые фразы отечественного кино», Олма Медиа Групп. 2001г., ISBN 978-5-7654-1735-5, p. 401.
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