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Demographics of the United States

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Template:Infobox U.S. demographics

The United States is the third most populous country in the world with an estimated population of 328,285,992 as of January 12, 2019.[1][2]

The United States Census Bureau shows a population increase of 0.75% for the twelve-month period ending in July 2012. Though high by industrialized country standards, this is below the world average annual rate of 1.1%.[3] The total fertility rate in the United States estimated for 2017 is 1.77 children per woman,[4][5] which is below the replacement fertility rate of approximately 2.1.

The American population almost quadrupled during the 20th century—at a growth rate of about 1.3% a year—from about 76 million in 1900 to 281 million in 2000. It is estimated to have reached the 200 million mark in 1967, and the 300 million mark on October 17, 2006.[6][7] Population growth is fastest among minorities as a whole, and according to the Census Bureau's estimation for 2012, 50.4% of American children under the age of 1 belonged to racial and ethnic minority groups.[8]

White people constitute the majority of the U.S. population, with a total of about 245,532,000 or 77.7% of the population as of 2013. Non-Hispanic whites make up 62.6% of the country's population. The non-Hispanic white population of the US is expected to fall below 50% by 2045.[9]

Hispanic and Latino Americans accounted for 48% of the national population growth of 2.9 million between July 1, 2005, and July 1, 2006.[10] Immigrants and their U.S.-born descendants are expected to provide most of the U.S. population gains in the decades ahead.[11]

The Census Bureau projects a U.S. population of 417 million in 2060, a 38% increase from 2007 (301.3 million),[12] and the United Nations estimates the U.S. population will be 402 million in 2050, an increase of 32% from 2007.[13] In an official census report, it was reported that 54.4% (2,150,926 out of 3,953,593) of births in 2010 were non-Hispanic white. This represents an increase of 0.3% compared to the previous year, which was 54.1%.[14]

Population

As of November 8, 2018, the United States is estimated to have a population of 328,953,020.

The following demographic statistics are from the CIA World Factbook estimated as of 2018,[15] unless otherwise indicated.

Structure

A population pyramid that shows the age of the population by sex in 2017.

The median age of the total population is 38.1 years; the male median age is 36.8 years; the female median age is 39.4 years.

The population is distributed by age as follows:

  • 0–14 years: 18.62% (male 31,255,995/female 29,919,938)
  • 15–24 years: 13.12% (male 22,213,952/female 21,137,826)
  • 25–54 years: 39.29% (male 64,528,673/female 64,334,499)
  • 55–64 years: 12.94% (male 20,357,880/female 21,821,976)
  • 65 years and over: 16.03% (male 22,678,235/female 28,376,817)

Sex ratios:

  • 0–14 years: 1.04 male/female
  • 15–24 years: 1.05 male/female
  • 25–54 years: 1 male/female
  • 55–64 years: 0.93 male/female
  • 65 years and over: 0.79 male/female
  • Total population: 0.97 male/female

Birth rate

  • 12.4 births/1,000 population (2018 est.) Country comparison to the world: 157th

Death rate

  • 8.2 deaths/1,000 population (2018 est.) Country comparison to the world: 86th

Total fertility rate

  • 1.87 children born/woman (2017 est.) Country comparison to the world: 142th

Mother's mean age at first birth

  • 26.4 years (2015 est.)

Life expectancy

  • Total population: 80.1 years
  • Male: 77.8 years
  • Female: 82.3 years

Density

See also: List of U.S. states by population density and List of United States cities by population density

The most densely populated state is New Jersey (1,121/mi2 or 433/km2).

The population is highly urbanized, with 82.3% of the population residing in cities and suburbs.[15] Large urban clusters are spread throughout the eastern half of the United States (particularly the Great Lakes area, northeast, east, and southeast) and the western tier states; mountainous areas, principally the Rocky Mountains and Appalachian chain, deserts in the southwest, the dense boreal forests in the extreme north, and the central prairie states are less densely populated; Alaska's population is concentrated along its southern coast – with particular emphasis on the city of Anchorage – and Hawaii's is centered on the island of Oahu.[15] California and Texas are the most populous states, as the mean center of U.S. population has consistently shifted westward and southward.[16][17] New York City is the most populous city in the United States.[18]

Growth

  • Population growth rate: 0.8%. Country comparison to the world: 130th

Immigration and emigration

Main article: Immigration to the United States
  • Net migration rate: 3.8 migrants/1,000 population (2018 est.) Country comparison to the world: 35th
  • Net migration rate: 3.9 migrants/1,000 population (20i est.)

13% of the population was foreign-born in 2009 – a rise of 350% since 1970 when foreign-born people accounted for 3.7% of the population,[19] including 11.2 million illegal immigrants,[20] 80% of whom come from Latin America.[21] Latin America is the largest region-of-birth group, accounting for over half (53%) of all foreign born population in US,[22] and thus is also the largest source of both legal and illegal immigration to US.[23] In 2011, there are 18.1 million naturalized citizens in the United States, accounting for 45% of the foreign-born population (40.4 million) and 6% of the total US population at the time,[24] and around 680,000 legal immigrants are naturalized annually.[25]

3.9 migrant(s)/1,000 population, estimated in 2017. Country comparison to the world: 29th. 4.32 people migrate per 1,000 population, estimated in 2010.[citation needed]

Inflow of New Legal Permanent Residents, Top Five Sending Countries, 2011[26]
Country 2011
Mexico 143,446
China 87,016
India 69,013
Philippines 57,011
Dominican Rep. 46,019
Inflow of New Legal Permanent Residents by Region, 2011[26]
Region 2011
Asia 451,593
Americas 419,996
Africa 100,000
Europe 83,635
All immigrants 1,062,040

Vital statistics

  • Birth rate: 12.4 births/1,000 population. Country comparison to the world: 157th
  • Death rate: 8.2 deaths/1,000 population. Country comparison to the world: 86th
  • Mother's mean age at first birth: 26.4 years (2015 est.)
  • Maternal mortality ratio: 14 deaths/100,000 live births (2015 est.)
  • Infant mortality rate: 5.7 deaths/1,000 live births. Country comparison to the world: 170th
  • Total fertility rate: 1.87 children born/woman. Country comparison to the world: 142nd

Note: Hispanics are counted both by their ethnicity and by their race, giving a higher overall number.[27][28] Also note that growth arrows indicate an increase or decrease in the number of births, not in the fertility rate.

Race of mother Number of births
in 2014 		% of all
born 		TFR
(2014) 		Number of births
in 2015 		% of all
born 		TFR
(2015) 		Increase
Decrease
White
3,019,863
 75.72% 1.876
3,012,855
 75.73% 1.864 Decrease0.23%
> Non-Hispanic
2,149,302
 53.89 1.763
2,130,279
 53.54% 1.746
Decrease0.89%
Black
640,562
 16.06% 1.872
640,079
 16.09% 1.853 Decrease0.075%
> Non-Hispanic
588,891
 14.77% 1.874
589,047
 14.80% 1.857
Increase0.03%
Asian and Pacific islander
282,723
 7.09% 1.715
281,264
 7.07% 1.646 Decrease0.52%
Native (incl. Alaska native)
44,928
 1.13% 1.289
44,299
 1.11% 1.263 Decrease1.40%
Total
3,988,076
 100% 1.862
3,978,497
 100% 1.843 Decrease0.24%

NOTE:

  • TFR = Total fertility rate.
  • Growth arrows indicate an increase or decrease in the number of births, not in the fertility rate.
Ethnicity of mother Number of births
in 2014 		TFR
(2014) 		Number of births
in 2015 		TFR
(2015) 		Increase
Decrease
Non-Hispanic (of any race)
3,043,519
 1.793
3,021,999
 1.770 Decrease0.71%
Hispanic (of any race)
914,065
 2.131
924,048
 2.124 Increase1.09%
Foreign-born fertility rate (‰) by race
and those of Hispanic origin[29]
Race 2008 2011 2013
White 2.29 2.01 1.94
Black 2.51 2.57 2.35
Asian 2.25 2.02 1.93
Other 1.80 2.04 2.06
Hispanic (of any race) 3.15 2.77 2.46
Total 2.75 2.45 2.22

Historical data

Main article: Demographic history of the United States
Historical population
CensusPop.Note%±
17903,929,214—
18005,236,63133.3%
18107,239,88138.3%
18209,638,45333.1%
183012,866,02033.5%
184017,069,45332.7%
185023,191,87635.9%
186031,443,32135.6%
187038,558,37122.6%
188049,371,34028.0%
189062,979,76627.6%
190076,212,16821.0%
191092,228,53121.0%
1920106,021,56815.0%
1930123,202,66016.2%
1940132,165,1297.3%
1950151,325,79814.5%
1960179,323,17518.5%
1970203,211,92613.3%
1980226,545,80511.5%
1990248,709,8739.8%
2000281,421,90613.2%
2010308,745,5389.7%
2019 (est.)328,335,0006.3%
Sources: United States Census Bureau[30][31][32]
2019 data (as of population clock)[1]
Note that the census numbers do not
include American Indian natives before 1860.

In 1900, when the U.S. population was 76 million, there were 66.8 million Whites in the United States, representing 88% of the total population,[33] 8.8 million Black Americans, with about 90% of them still living in Southern states,[34] and slightly more than 500,000 Hispanics.[35]

Under the law, the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965,[36] the number of first-generation immigrants living in the United States has increased,[37] from 9.6 million in 1970 to about 38 million in 2007.[38] Around a million people legally immigrated to the United States per year in the 1990s, up from 250,000 per year in the 1950s.[39] In 2009, 37% of immigrants originated in Asia, 42% in North America, and 11% in Africa.[40]

In 1900, non-Hispanic whites comprised almost 97% of the population of the 10 largest American cities.[41] The Census Bureau reported that minorities (including Hispanic whites) made up 50.4% of the children born in the U.S. between July 2010 and July 2011,[42] compared to 37% in 1990.[43]

In 2010, the state with the lowest fertility rate was Rhode Island, with a rate of 1.63, while Utah had the greatest rate with a rate of 2.45.[14] This correlates with the ages of the states' populations: Rhode Island has the ninth-oldest median age in the US—39.2—while Utah has the youngest—29.0.[44]

Median age of the population

Median age of the U.S. population through history. Source: U.S. Department of Commerce. Bureau of Census, United States Census Bureau and The World Factbook.[45][46]

Years 1820 1830 1840 1850 1860 1870 1880 1890 1900
Median age of the total population 16.7 17.2 17.8 18.9 19.4 20.2 20.9 22.0 22.9
Median age of males 16.6 17.2 17.9 19.2 19.8 20.2 21.2 22.3 23.3
Median age of females 16.8 17.3 17.8 18.6 19.1 20.1 20.7 21.6 22.4
Years 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2017
Median age of the total population 24.1 25.3 26.5 29.0 30.2 29.6 28.1 30.0 32.9 35.3 37.2 38.1
Median age of males 24.6 25.8 26.7 29.1 29.9 28.7 26.8 28.8 31.7 34.0 35.8 36.8
Median age of females 23.5 24.7 25.2 29.0 30.5 30.4 29.8 31.2 34.1 36.5 38.5 39.4

Vital statistics

See also: Historical racial and ethnic demographics of the United States § Vital statistics of racial and ethnic Groups (since 1990)
Map of population change in U.S. states from April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2013.

The U.S. total fertility rate as of 2010 census is 1.931:

Other:[47]

  • 2.350 for Hispanics (of all racial groups)
  • 1.831 for non-Hispanics (of all racial groups)

(Note that ≈95% of Hispanics are included as "white Hispanics" by CDC, which does not recognize the Census's "Some other race" category and counts people in that category as white.)

Source: National Vital statistics report based on 2010 US Census data[14]

Total Fertility Rates from 1800 to 2010

The total fertility rate is the number of children born per woman. Sources: Ansley J. Coale, Zelnik and National Center for Health Statistics.[48]

Years 1800 1810 1820 1830 1840 1850 1860 1870 1880 1890 1900[48]
Total Fertility Rate in the United States 7.0 6.9 6.7 6.6 6.1 5.4 5.2 4.6 4.2 3.9 3.6
Years 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010[48]
Total Fertility Rate in the United States 3.4 3.2 2.5 2.2 3.0 3.5 2.5 1.8 2.08 2.06 1.93

Life expectancy at birth from 1901 to 2015

Life expectancy in the United States from 1901 to 2015. Source: Our World In Data and the United Nations.

1901–1950

Years 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910[49]
Life expectancy in the United States 49.3 50.5 50.6 49.6 50.3 50.2 50.1 51.9 52.8 51.8
Years 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920[49]
Life expectancy in the United States 53.4 54.1 53.5 54.6 55.1 54.2 54.0 47.0 55.3 55.4
Years 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930[49]
Life expectancy in the United States 58.2 58.1 57.5 58.5 58.5 57.9 59.4 58.3 58.5 59.6
Years 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940[49]
Life expectancy in the United States 60.3 61.0 60.9 60.2 60.9 60.4 61.1 62.4 63.1 63.2
Years 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950[49]
Life expectancy in the United States 63.8 64.6 64.3 65.1 65.6 66.3 66.7 67.3 67.6 68.1

1950–2015

Period Life expectancy
in Years 		Period Life expectancy
in Years
1950–1955 68.7 1985–1990 74.9
1955–1960 69.7 1990–1995 75.7
1960–1965 70.1 1995–2000 76.5
1965–1970 70.4 2000–2005 77.2
1970–1975 71.4 2005–2010 78.2
1975–1980 73.3 2010–2015 78.9
1980–1985 74.4

Source: UN World Population Prospects[50]

Population pyramid of United States in 1950

Age distribution: 1940 and 2010

Sources: U.S. Census Bureau, 1940 Census and 2010 Census.[46]

Year 0–17 years 18–44 years 45–64 years 65 years and over
1940 30.6% 42.8% 19.8% 6.8%
2010 24.0% 36.5% 26.4% 13.0%

Vital statistics from 1935

Average population[51] Live births[52] Deaths Natural change Crude birth rate (per 1,000) Crude death rate (per 1,000)[53] Natural change (per 1,000) Total fertility rate[fn 1][45]
1935 127,362,000 2,377,000 1,392,752 984,248 18.7 10.9 7.7 2.19
1936 128,181,000 2,355,000 1,479,228 875,772 18.4 11.5 6.8 2.15
1937 128,961,000 2,413,000 1,450,427 962,573 18.7 11.2 7.5 2.17
1938 129,969,000 2,496,000 1,381,391 1,114,609 19.2 10.6 8.6 2.22
1939 131,028,000 2,466,000 1,387,897 1,078,103 18.8 10.6 8.2 2.17
1940 132,165,000 2,559,000 1,417,269 1,142,000 19.4 10.8 8.6 2.301
1941 133,002,000 2,703,000 1,397,642 1,305,358 20.3 10.5 9.8 2.399
1942 134,464,000 2,989,000 1,385,187 1,603,813 22.2 10.3 11.9 2.628
1943 136,003,000 3,104,000 1,459,544 1,644,306 22.8 10.7 12.1 2.718
1944 138,083,000 2,939,000 1,411,338 1,644,456 21.2 10.2 11.0 2.568
1945 139,994,000 2,858,000 1,401,719 1,456,281 20.4 10.0 10.4 2.491
1946 140,008,000 3,411,000 1,395,617 2,015,383 24.1 10.0 14.1 2.943
1947 145,023,000 3,817,000 1,445,370 2,371,630 26.6 10.0 16.6 3.274
1948 148,013,000 3,637,000 1,444,337 2,192,663 24.9 9.8 15.1 3.109
1949 149,336,000 3,649,000 1,443,607 2,205,393 24.5 9.7 14.8 3.110
1950 151,861,000 3,632,000 1,452,454 2,180,000 24.1 9.6 14.5 3.091
1951 154,056,000 3,823,000 1,482,099 2,340,901 24.8 9.6 15.2 3.269
1952 156,431,000 3,913,000 1,496,838 2,416,162 25.0 9.6 15.4 3.358
1953 159,047,000 3,965,000 1,447,459 2,517,541 25.2 9.1 16.1 3.424
1954 161,948,000 4,078,000 1,481,091 2,596,909 24.8 9.3 15.5 3.543
1955 163,476,000 4,097,000 1,528,717 2,568,283 25.0 9.3 14.3 3.580
1956 166,578,000 4,218,000 1,564,476 2,653,524 25.1 9.3 15.8 3.689
1957 169,637,000 4,308,000 1,633,128 2,666,872 25.3 9.5 15.8 3.767
1958 172,668,000 4,255,000 1,647,886 2,607,114 24.4 9.5 14.9 3.701
1959 175,642,000 4,244,796 1,656,814 2,587,982 24.0 9.4 14.7 3.670
1960 179,979,000 4,257,850 1,711,982 2,545,868 23.7 9.5 14.1 3.654
1961 182,992,000 4,268,326 1,701,522 2,566,804 23.3 9.3 14.0 3.629
1962 185,771,000 4,167,362 1,756,720 2,410,642 22.4 9.5 12.9 3.474
1963 188,483,000 4,098,020 1,813,549 2,284,471 21.7 9.6 12.1 3.333
1964 191,141,000 4,027,490 1,798,051 2,229,439 21.1 9.4 11.7 3.208
1965 193,526,000 3,760,358 1,828,136 1,932,222 19.4 9.5 9.9 2.928
1966 195,576,000 3,606,274 1,863,149 1,743,125 18.4 9.5 8.9 2.736
1967 197,457,000 3,520,959 1,851,323 1,669,636 17.8 9.4 8.4 2.578
1968 199,399,000 3,501,564 1,930,082 1,571,482 17.6 9.7 7.9 2.477
1969 201,385,000 3,600,206 1,921,990 1,678,216 17.9 9.5 8.4 2.465
1970 203,984,000 3,731,386 1,921,031 1,810,355 18.4 9.4 9.0 2.480
1971 206,827,000 3,555,970 1,927,542 1,628,428 17.2 9.3 7.9 2.266
1972 209,284,000 3,258,411 1,963,944 1,294,467 15.6 9.4 6.2 2.010
1973 211,357,000 3,136,965 1,973,003 1,163,962 14.8 9.5 5.3 1.879
1974 213,342,000 3,159,958 1,934,388 1,225,570 14.8 9.1 5.7 1.835
1975 215,465,000 3,144,198 1,892,879 1,251,319 14.6 8.8 5.8 1.774
1976 217,563,000 3,167,788 1,909,440 1,258,348 14.6 8.8 5.8 1.738
1977 219,760,000 3,326,632 1,899,597 1,427,035 15.1 8.6 6.5 1.789
1978 222,095,000 3,333,279 1,927,788 1,405,491 15.0 8.7 6.3 1.760
1979 224,567,000 3,494,398 1,913,841 1,580,557 15.6 8.5 7.1 1.808
1980 227,225,000 3,612,258 1,989,841 1,622,417 15.9 8.8 7.1 1.839
1981 229,466,000 3,629,238 1,977,981 1,651,257 15.8 8.6 7.2 1.812
1982 231,664,000 3,680,537 1,974,797 1,705,740 15.9 8.5 7.4 1.827
1983 233,792,000 3,638,933 2,019,201 1,619,732 15.6 8.6 6.9 1.799
1984 235,825,000 3,669,141 2,039,369 1,629,772 15.6 8.6 6.9 1.806
1985 237,924,000 3,760,561 2,086,440 1,674,121 15.8 8.8 7.0 1.844
1986 240,133,000 3,756,547 2,105,361 1,651,186 15.6 8.8 6.9 1.837
1987 242,289,000 3,809,394 2,123,323 1,686,071 15.7 8.8 7.0 1.872
1988 244,499,000 3,909,510 2,167,999 1,741,511 16.0 8.9 7.1 1.934
1989 246,819,000 4,040,958 2,150,466 1,890,492 16.4 8.7 7.7 2.014
1990 249,623,000 4,158,212 2,148,463 2,009,749 16.7 8.6 8.1 2.081
1991 252,981,000 4,110,907 2,169,518 1,941,389 16.2 8.6 7.7 2.062
1992 256,514,000 4,065,014 2,175,613 1,889,401 15.8 8.5 7.4 2.046
1993 259,919,000 4,000,240 2,268,553 1,731,687 15.4 8.7 6.7 2.019
1994 263,126,000 3,952,767 2,278,994 1,673,773 15.0 8.7 6.4 2.001
1995 266,278,000 3,899,589 2,312,132 1,587,457 14.6 8.7 6.0 1.978
1996 269,394,000 3,891,494 2,314,690 1,576,804 14.4 8.6 5.9 1.976
1997 272,647,000 3,880,894 2,314,245 1,566,649 14.2 8.5 5.7 1.971
1998 275,854,000 3,941,553 2,337,256 1,604,297 14.3 8.5 5.8 1.999
1999 279,040,000 3,959,417 2,391,399 1,568,018 14.2 8.6 5.6 2.007
2000 282,172,000 4,058,814 2,403,351 1,655,463 14.4 8.5 5.9 2.056
2001 285,082,000 4,025,933 2,416,425 1,609,508 14.1 8.5 5.6 2.030
2002 287,804,000 4,021,726 2,443,387 1,578,339 14.0 8.5 5.5 2.020
2003 290,326,000 4,089,950 2,448,288 1,641,662 14.1 8.4 5.5 2.047
2004 293,046,000 4,112,052 2,397,615 1,714,437 14.0 8.2 5.9 2.051
2005 295,753,000 4,138,349 2,448,017 1,690,332 14.0 8.3 5.7 2.057
2006 298,593,000 4,265,555 2,426,264 1,839,291 14.3 8.1 6.2 2.108
2007 301,580,000 4,316,234 2,423,712 1,892,522 14.3 8.0 6.3 2.120
2008 304,375,000 4,247,694 2,471,984 1,775,710 14.0 8.1 5.9 2.072
2009 307,007,000 4,130,665 2,437,163 1,693,502 13.5 7.9 5.6 2.002
2010 309,330,000 3,999,386 2,468,435 1,530,951 13.0 8.0 5.0 1.931
2011 311,583,000 3,953,590 2,515,458 1,438,412 12.7 8.1 4.6 1.894
2012 313,874,000 3,952,841 2,543,279 1,409,562 12.6 8.1 4.5 1.880
2013 316,129,000 3,932,181 2,596,993 1,336,183 12.4 8.2 4.2 1.857
2014 319,113,000 3,988,076 2,626,418 1,361,658 12.5 8.2 4.3 1.862
2015 321,442,000 3,978,497 2,712,630 1,265,867 12.4 8.4 4.0 1.843
2016 323,100,000 3,945,875 2,744,248 1,201,627 12.2 8.5 3.7 1.820
2017 325,719,000 3,855,500[54] 2,813,503[55] 1,041,997 11.8 8.7 3.1 1.765

Current vital statistics

[56]

Number of births :

  • from January–September 2017 = Decrease 2,892,000
  • from January–September 2018 = Decrease 2,839,000

Number of deaths :

  • from January–September 2017 = Negative increase 2,094,000
  • from January–September 2018 = Negative increase 2,119,000

Natural increase :

  • from January–September 2017 = Decrease 798,000
  • from January–September 2018 = Decrease 720,000

Population centers

See also: List of United States cities by population and Cities and metropolitan areas of the United States

The United States has dozens of major cities, including 31 "global cities"[57] of all types, with 10 in the "alpha" group of global cities: New York City, Los Angeles, Chicago, Washington, D.C., Boston, San Francisco, Miami, Philadelphia, Dallas, and Atlanta.[58] As of 2011, the United States had 51 metropolitan areas with a population of over 1,000,000 people each. (See Table of United States Metropolitan Statistical Areas.)

As of 2011, about 250 million Americans live in or around urban areas. That means more than three-quarters of the U.S. population shares just about three percent of the U.S. land area.[59]

The following table shows the populations of the top twenty metropolitan areas. Note Denver and Baltimore have over 2.5 million residents in their metro areas.

 
Largest metropolitan areas in the United States
Rank Name Region Pop. Rank Name Region Pop.
New York
New York
Los Angeles
Los Angeles 		1 New York Northeast 19,498,249 11 Boston Northeast 4,919,179 Chicago
Chicago
Dallas–Fort Worth
Dallas–Fort Worth
2 Los Angeles West 12,799,100 12 Riverside–San Bernardino West 4,688,053
3 Chicago Midwest 9,262,825 13 San Francisco West 4,566,961
4 Dallas–Fort Worth South 8,100,037 14 Detroit Midwest 4,342,304
5 Houston South 7,510,253 15 Seattle West 4,044,837
6 Atlanta South 6,307,261 16 Minneapolis–Saint Paul Midwest 3,712,020
7 Washington, D.C. South 6,304,975 17 Tampa–St. Petersburg South 3,342,963
8 Philadelphia Northeast 6,246,160 18 San Diego West 3,269,973
9 Miami South 6,183,199 19 Denver West 3,005,131
10 Phoenix West 5,070,110 20 Baltimore South 2,834,316


Race and ethnicity

Main articles: Americans, Race and ethnicity in the United States, and Historical racial and ethnic demographics of the United States

Race

The United States Census Bureau collects racial data in accordance with guidelines provided by the U.S. Office of Management and Budget (OMB), and these data are based on self-identification. The racial classifications and definitions used by the U.S. Census Bureau are:[61]

  • White: a person having origins in any of the original peoples of Europe, the Middle East, or North Africa. It includes people who indicate their race as "White" or report entries such as Irish, German, Italian, Lebanese, Arab, Moroccan, or Caucasian.
  • Black or African American: a person having origins in any of the Black racial groups of Africa. It includes people who indicate their race as “Black, African Am.” or report entries such as African American, Kenyan, Nigerian, or Haitian.
  • American Indian or Alaska Native: a person having origins in any of the original peoples of North and South America (including Central America) and who maintains tribal affiliation or community attachment. This category includes people who indicate their race as "American Indian or Alaska Native" or report entries such as Navajo, Blackfeet, Inupiat, Yup'ik, Central American Indian groups, or South American Indian groups.
  • Asian: a person having origins in any of the original peoples of the Far East, Southeast Asia, or the Indian subcontinent including, for example, Cambodia, China, India, Japan, Korea, Malaysia, Pakistan, the Philippine Islands, Thailand, and Vietnam.
  • Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander: a person having origins in any of the original peoples of Hawaii, Guam, Samoa, or other Pacific Islands.
  • Some other race: includes all other responses not included in the “White,” “Black or African American,” “American Indian or Alaska Native,” “Asian,” and “Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander” racial categories described above.
  • Two or more races: people may choose to provide two or more races either by checking two or more race response check boxes, providing multiple responses, or some combination of check boxes and other responses.

Data about race and ethnicity are self-reported to the Census Bureau. Since the 2000 census, Congress has authorized people to identify themselves according to more than one racial classification by selecting more than one category. Only one ethnicity may be selected, however, because the U.S. Census recognizes only two ethnicities—Hispanic and Non-Hispanic—which are mutually exclusive since you can be one or the other, but not both. The Census Bureau defines "Hispanic" as any person who has an ancestral connection to Latin America.

According to the 2010–2015 American Community Survey, the racial composition of the United States in 2015 was:[62]

Race Population (2016 est.) Share of total population
Total 318,558,162 100%
One race 308,805,215 96.9%
  White 233,657,078 73.3%
  Black or African American 40,241,818 12.6%
  American Indian and Alaska Native 2,597,817 0.8%
  Asian 16,614,625 5.2%
  Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander 560,021 0.2%
  Other races 15,133,856 4.8%
Two or more races 9,752,947 3.1%
  White and Black or African American 2,525,509 0.8%
  White and American Indian and Alaska Native 1,884,407 0.6%
  White and Asian 1,956,740 0.6%
  Black or African American and American Indian and Alaska Native 318,302 0.1%
Population distribution by race 1940–2010 (in %)

Hispanic are shown like part of the races. Source: U.S. Census Bureau, decennial census of population, 1940 to 2010.[46]

Years 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000* 2010*
White 89.8 89.5 88.6 87.5 83.0 80.3 75.1 72.4
Black or African American 9.8 10.0 10.5 11.1 11.7 12.1 12.3 12.6
American Indian and Alaska Native 0.8 0.8 0.9 0.9
Asian and Native Hawaiian
and other Pacific Islander 		1.5 2.9 3.8 5.0
Some other race 3.0 3.9 5.5 6.2
Two or more races 2.4 2.9
Sum (%) 99.6 99.5 99.1 98.6 100 100 100 100

*Data are shown for the White, Black or African American, American Indian and Alaska Native, Asian and Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander, and Some other race alone populations.

Racial breakdown of population by state, 2015[62]
State or territory Population
(2015 est.)		 White Black or
African American		 American Indian
and Alaska Native		 Asian Native Hawaiian and
Other Pacific Islander		 Some other race Two or more races
Alabama 4,830,620 68.8% 26.4% 0.5% 1.2% 0.1% 1.3% 1.7%
Alaska 733,375 66.0% 3.4% 13.8% 5.9% 1.2% 1.3% 8.4%
Arizona 6,641,928 78.4% 4.2% 4.4% 3.0% 0.2% 6.5% 3.2%
Arkansas 2,958,208 78.0% 15.5% 0.6% 1.4% 0.2% 2.1% 2.1%
California 38,421,464 61.8% 5.9% 0.7% 13.7% 0.4% 12.9% 4.5%
Colorado 5,278,906 84.2% 4.0% 0.9% 2.9% 0.1% 4.3% 3.5%
Connecticut 3,593,222 77.3% 10.3% 0.2% 4.2% 0.0% 5.1% 2.8%
Delaware 926,454 69.4% 21.6% 0.3% 3.6% 0.0% 2.3% 2.7%
District of Columbia 647,484 40.2% 48.9% 0.3% 3.7% 0.0% 4.2% 2.7%
Florida 19,645,772 76.0% 16.1% 0.3% 2.6% 0.1% 2.5% 2.4%
Georgia 10,006,693 60.2% 30.9% 0.3% 3.6% 0.0% 2.8% 2.1%
Hawaii 1,406,299 25.4% 2.0% 0.2% 37.7% 9.9% 1.1% 23.7%
Idaho 1,616,547 91.7% 0.6% 1.3% 1.3% 0.1% 2.4% 2.6%
Illinois 12,873,761 72.3% 14.3% 0.2% 5.0% 0.0% 5.8% 2.2%
Indiana 6,568,645 84.2% 9.2% 0.2% 1.9% 0.0% 2.3% 2.2%
Iowa 3,093,526 91.2% 3.2% 0.3% 2.0% 0.1% 1.3% 2.0%
Kansas 2,892,987 85.2% 5.8% 0.8% 2.6% 0.1% 2.2% 3.3%
Kentucky 4,397,353 87.6% 7.9% 0.2% 1.3% 0.0% 0.9% 2.1%
Louisiana 4,625,253 62.8% 32.1% 0.6% 1.7% 0.0% 1.0% 1.8%
Maine 1,329,100 95.0% 1.1% 0.6% 1.1% 0.0% 0.2% 2.0%
Maryland 5,930,538 57.6% 29.5% 0.3% 6.0% 0.0% 3.6% 3.0%
Massachusetts 6,705,586 79.6% 7.1% 0.2% 6.0% 0.0% 4.2% 2.9%
Michigan 9,900,571 79.0% 14.0% 0.5% 2.7% 0.0% 1.1% 2.6%
Minnesota 5,419,171 84.8% 5.5% 1.0% 4.4% 0.0% 1.5% 2.7%
Mississippi 2,988,081 59.2% 37.4% 0.4% 1.0% 0.0% 0.9% 1.2%
Missouri 6,045,448 82.6% 11.5% 0.4% 1.8% 0.1% 1.1% 2.4%
Montana 1,014,699 89.2% 0.5% 6.5% 0.7% 0.1% 0.5% 2.5%
Nebraska 1,869,365 88.1% 4.7% 0.9% 2.0% 0.1% 1.9% 2.2%
Nevada 2,798,636 69.0% 8.4% 1.1% 7.7% 0.6% 8.8% 4.4%
New Hampshire 1,324,201 93.7% 1.3% 0.2% 2.4% 0.0% 0.5% 1.8%
New Jersey 8,904,413 68.3% 13.5% 0.2% 9.0% 0.0% 6.4% 2.5%
New Mexico 2,084,117 73.2% 2.1% 9.1% 1.4% 0.1% 10.9% 3.3%
New York 19,673,174 64.6% 15.6% 0.4% 8.0% 0.0% 8.6% 2.9%
North Carolina 9,845,333 69.5% 21.5% 1.2% 2.5% 0.1% 3.0% 2.4%
North Dakota 721,640 88.7% 1.6% 5.3% 1.2% 0.0% 0.8% 2.2%
Ohio 11,575,977 82.4% 12.2% 0.2% 1.9% 0.0% 0.8% 2.5%
Oklahoma 3,849,733 73.1% 7.2% 7.3% 1.9% 0.1% 2.6% 7.8%
Oregon 3,939,233 85.1% 1.8% 1.2% 4.0% 0.4% 3.4% 4.1%
Pennsylvania 12,779,559 81.6% 11.0% 0.2% 3.1% 0.0% 2.0% 2.1%
Rhode Island 1,053,661 81.1% 6.5% 0.5% 3.2% 0.0% 5.8% 2.8%
South Carolina 4,777,576 67.2% 27.5% 0.3% 1.4% 0.1% 1.5% 2.0%
South Dakota 843,190 85.0% 1.6% 8.6% 1.2% 0.0% 0.9% 2.6%
Tennessee 6,499,615 77.8% 16.8% 0.3% 1.6% 0.1% 1.5% 2.0%
Texas 26,538,614 74.9% 11.9% 0.5% 4.2% 0.1% 6.0% 2.5%
Utah 2,903,379 87.6% 1.1% 1.1% 2.2% 0.9% 4.5% 2.6%
Vermont 626,604 94.9% 1.1% 0.3% 1.4% 0.0% 0.3% 1.9%
Virginia 8,256,630 69.0% 19.2% 0.3% 6.0% 0.1% 2.2% 3.2%
Washington 6,985,464 77.8% 3.6% 1.3% 7.7% 0.6% 3.8% 5.2%
West Virginia 1,851,420 93.6% 3.3% 0.2% 0.7% 0.0% 0.2% 2.0%
Wisconsin 5,742,117 86.5% 6.3% 0.9% 2.5% 0.0% 1.7% 2.1%
Wyoming 579,679 91.0% 1.1% 2.2% 0.9% 0.1% 2.1% 2.7%
Puerto Rico 3,583,073 69.7% 8.4% 0.3% 0.3% 0.0% 12.0% 9.3%

Hispanic or Latino origin

CensusViewer US 2010 Census Latino Population as a heatmap by census tract.
Main article: Hispanic and Latino Americans

The U.S. Office of Management and Budget (OMB) defines "Hispanic or Latino" as a person of Cuban, Mexican, Puerto Rican, Dominican, South or Central American, or other Spanish culture or origin regardless of race. People who identify with the terms “Hispanic” or “Latino” are those who classify themselves in one of the specific Hispanic or Latino categories listed on the decennial census questionnaire and various Census Bureau survey questionnaires – “Mexican, Mexican Am., Chicano” or ”Puerto Rican” or “Cuban” – as well as those who indicate that they are “another Hispanic, Latino, or Spanish origin.”[63] People who identify their origin as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race.[61]

Hispanic or Latino and Race Population (2015 est.) Percentage of total population
United States population 316,515,021 100%
Hispanic or Latino (of any race) 54,232,205 17.1%
  White 35,684,777 11.3%
  Black or African American 1,122,369 0.3%
  American Indian and Alaska Native 490,557 0.1%
  Asian 181,231 0.0%
  Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander 46,724 0.0%
  Some other race 14,226,829 4.5%
  Two or more races 2,479,718 0.8%
Not Hispanic or Latino 262,282,816 82.9%
Population distribution by Hispanic origin 1970–2010 (in %)

Source: U.S. Census Bureau, decennial census of population, 1970 (5-percent sample), 1980 to 2010.[46]

Years 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
Not Hispanic or Latino 95.5 93.6 91.0 87.5 83.7
Hispanic or Latino 4.5 6.4 9.0 12.5 16.3
Total (%) 100 100 100 100 100

Other groups

There were 22.1 million veterans in 2009,[64] meaning that less than 10% of Americans served in the Armed Forces.[65]

In 2010, The Washington Post estimated that there were 11 million undocumented immigrants in the country.[66]

There were about 2 million people in prison in 2010.[67]

The 2000 U.S. Census counted same-sex couples in an oblique way; asking the sex and the relationship to the "main householder", whose sex was also asked. Community Marketing & Insights, an organization specializing in analyzing gay demographic data, reported, based on this count in the 2000 census and in the 2000 supplementary survey, that same-sex couples comprised between 0.99% and 1.13% of U.S. couples in 2000.[68] A 2006 report issued by The Williams Institute on Sexual Orientation concluded that the number of same-sex couples in the U.S. grew from 2000 to 2005, from nearly 600,000 couples in 2000 to almost 777,000 in 2005.[citation needed] A 2006 UCLA study reported that 4.1% of Americans aged 18–45 identify as gay, lesbian, or bisexual.[69]

A 2011 report by the Williams Institute estimated that 9 million adults identify as gay, lesbian, or bisexual, representing 3.5% of the population over 18.[70][citation needed] A spokesperson said that, until recently, few studies have tried to eliminate people who had occasionally undertaken homosexual behavior or entertained homosexual thoughts, from people who identified as lesbian or gay.[71] (Older estimates have varied depending on methodology and timing; see Demographics of sexual orientation for a list of studies.) The American Community Survey from the 2000 U.S. Census estimated 776,943 same-sex couple households in the country as a whole, representing about 0.5% of the population.[69]

Projections

U.S. Census Population projections (2012)[72]
2015 2050
White Americans1 77.4% 70.8%
> Non-Hispanic Whites 61.8% 46.6%
Black Americans1 13.2% 14.4%
Asian Americans1 5.3% 7.7%
Multiracial Americans1 2.6% 5.4%
Hispanics/Latinos (of any race) 17.8% 28.0%
1 Including Hispanics

A report by the U.S. Census Bureau projects a decrease in the ratio of Whites between 2010 and 2050, from 79.5% to 74.0%.[73] At the same time, Non-Hispanic Whites are projected to no longer make up a majority of the population by 2045, but will remain the largest single ethnic group. In 2050 they will compose 46.3% of the population. Non-Hispanic whites made up 85% of the population in 1960.[74]

The report foresees the Hispanic or Latino population rising from 16% today to 30% by 2050, the Black percentage barely rising from 12.9% to 13.1%, and Asian Americans upping their 4.6% share to 7.8%. The United States had a population of 310 million people in October 2010, and is projected to reach 400 million by 2039 and 439 million in 2050.[12][75][76][77] It is further projected that 82% of the increase in population from 2005 to 2050 will be due to immigrants and their children.[78]

Of the nation's children in 2050, 62% are expected to be of a minority ethnicity, up from 44% today. Approximately 39% are projected to be Hispanic or Latino (up from 22% in 2008), and 38% are projected to be single-race, non-Hispanic Whites (down from 56% in 2008).[79] Racial and ethnic minorities surpassed non-Hispanic whites as the largest group of American children under 5 years old in 2015.[80]

Pew Research Center projections
Pew Research Center projections (2008)[81]
1960 2005 2050
White Americans 85% 67% 47%
Hispanic Americans 3.5% 14% 29%
Black Americans 11% 13% 13%
Asian Americans 0.6% 5% 9%
Note: All races modified and not Hispanic; American Indian/Alaska Native not shown.

The United Nations projects a population of just over 400 million in 2060.[82]

The country's racial profile will be vastly different, and although whites will remain the single largest racial group in the US, they will no longer be a majority by 2055 according to Pew Research Center. Growth in the Hispanic and Asian populations is predicted to almost triple over the next 40 years. By 2055, the breakdown is estimated to be 48% White, 24% Hispanic, 14% Asian, and 13% Black.[82]

As of 2015, 14% of the United States' population is foreign born, compared to just 5% in 1965. Nearly 39 million immigrants have come to the US since 1965, with most coming from Asia and Latin America. The 2015 Census Report predicts that the percentage of the US population that is foreign born will continue to increase, reaching 19% by 2060. This increase in the foreign-born population will account for a large share of the overall population growth.[82]

The average US citizen of 2060 is likely to be older than the average citizen of today, and almost one in four people will be 65 or older.[82]

U.S. Census Census Bureau projections

Percent minority 1970–2042 (2008 projections)

Note: “Minority” refers to people who reported their ethnicity and race as something other than non-Hispanic White alone in the decennial census.

Source: U.S. Census Bureau, decennial census of population, 1970 (5-percent sample), 1980 to 2010, 2008 Population Projections, 2020–2042.[46]

Decennial census and population projections:[46]

Years 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2042
Percent minority (%) 16.5 20.4 24.4 30.9 36.3 39.9 44.5 49.2 50.1

In 2008, the U.S. Census Bureau projected the future censuses as follows:[12]

Year Projection Actual result
2010 310,232,863 308,745,538
2020 325,896,000
2030 350,471,000
2040 380,015,000
2050 389,803,000

Religion

Main article: Religion in the United States

Religious affiliations in 2004

Major religions by overall percentage (2007).

The table below is based mainly on selected data as reported to the United States Census Bureau. It only includes the voluntary self-reported membership of religious bodies with 750,000 or more. The definition of a member is determined by each religious body.[83] In 2004, the US census bureau reported that about 13% of the population did not identify themselves as a member of any religion.[84][clarification needed]

In a Pew Research Survey performed in 2012, Americans without a religion (atheists, agnostics, nothing in particular, etc.) approached the numbers of Evangelical Protestant Americans with almost 20% of Americans being nonreligious (compared to just over 26% being Evangelical Protestant). If this current growth rate continues, by 2050, around 51% of Americans will not have a religion.[85]

A survey conducted in 2014 by the same organization indicated that the percentage of Americans unaffiliated with a religion rose to nearly 23% of the population, up from 16% in 2007.[86]

Religious body Year
reported 		Places of
worship 		Membership
(thousands) 		Clergy
!a 0000 −9999 −9999 −9999
African Methodist Episcopal Church 1999 no data 2,500 7,741
African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church 2002 3,226 1,431 3,252
American Baptist Association 1998 1,760 275 1,740
Amish, Old Order 1993 898 227 3,592
American Baptist Churches USA 2017 5,057 1,146[87] 4,145
Antiochian Orthodox Christian Archdiocese of North America 1998 220 65 263
Armenian Apostolic Church 2010 153 1,000 200
Armenian Catholic Church 2010 36
Assemblies of God 2009 12,371 2,914 34,504
Baptist Bible Fellowship International 1997 4,500 1,200 no data
Baptist General Conference 1998 876 141 no data
Baptist Missionary Association of America 1999 1,334 235 1,525
Buddhism 2001 no data 1,082 no data
Christian and Missionary Alliance, The 1998 1,964 346 1,629
Christian Brethren (Plymouth Brethren) 1997 1,150 100 no data
Christian Church (Disciples of Christ) 2016 3,624 450 2,066
Christian churches and churches of Christ 1998 5,579 1,072 5,525
Christian Congregation, Inc., The 1998 1,438 117 1,436
Christian Methodist Episcopal Church 1983 2,340 719 no data
Christian Reformed Church in North America 1998 733 199 655
Church of God in Christ 1991 15,300 5,500 28,988
Church of God of Prophecy 1997 1,908 77 2,000
Church of God (Anderson, IN) 1998 2,353 234 3,034
Church of God (Cleveland, Tennessee) 1995 6,060 753 3,121
The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints 2014 14,018 6,466 38,259
Church of the Brethren 1997 1,095 141 827
Church of the Nazarene 1998 5,101 627 4,598
Churches of Christ 1999 15,000 1,500 14,500
Conservative Baptist Association of America 1998 1,200 200 no data
Community of Christ 1998 1,236 140 19,319
Coptic Orthodox Church 2003 200 1,000 200
Cumberland Presbyterian Church 1998 774 87 630
Episcopal Church 2013 6,736[88] 1,866[89] 8,131
Evangelical Covenant Church, The 1998 628 97 607
Evangelical Free Church of America, The 1995 1,224 243 1,936
Evangelical Lutheran Church in America 2017 9,163[90] 3,459[90] 9,646
Evangelical Presbyterian Church 1998 187 61 262
Free Methodist Church of North America 1998 990 73 no data
Full Gospel Fellowship 1999 896 275 2,070
General Association of General Baptists 1997 790 72 1,085
General Association of Regular Baptist Churches 1998 1,415 102 no data
U.S. Conference of Mennonite Brethren Churches 1996 368 82 590
Grace Gospel Fellowship 1992 128 60 160
Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America 1998 523 1,955 596
Hinduism 2001 no data 766 no data
Independent Fundamental Churches of America 1999 659 62 no data
International Church of the Foursquare Gospel 1998 1,851 238 4,900
International Council of Community Churches 1998 150 250 182
International Pentecostal Holiness Church 1998 1,716 177 1507
Islam 2011 no data 2,600 no data
Jainism no data no data 50 no data
Jehovah's Witnesses 2014 13,871 1,243 no data
Judaism 2006 3,727 6,588 no data
Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod, The 1998 6,218 2,594 5,227
Macedonian Orthodox Church – Ohrid Archbishopric 2010 19 50 no data
Mennonite Church USA 2005 943 114 no data
National Association of Congregational Christian Churches 1998 416 67 534
National Association of Free Will Baptists 1998 2,297 210 2,800
National Baptist Convention of America, Inc. 1987 2,500 3,500 8,000
National Baptist Convention, USA, Inc. 1992 33,000 8,200 32,832
National Missionary Baptist Convention of America 1992 no data 2,500 no data
Orthodox Church in America 1998 625 1,000 700
Pentecostal Assemblies of the World, Inc. 1998 1,750 1,500 4,500
Pentecostal Church of God 1998 1,237 104 no data
Pentecostal Church International, United 2008 28,351 4,037 22,881
Presbyterian Church in America 1997 1,340 280 1,642
Presbyterian Church (U.S.A.) 2016 9,451 1,482 19,721
Progressive National Baptist Convention, Inc. 1995 2,000 2,500 no data
Reformed Church in America 1998 902 296 915
Religious Society of Friends 1994 1,200 104 no data
Roman Catholic Church 2002 19,484 66,404 50,017 (1997)[91]
Romanian Orthodox Episcopate 1996 37 65 37
Salvation Army, The 1998 1,388 471 2,920
Scientology 2005 1,300 55[92] 1
Serbian Orthodox Church 1986 68 67 60
Seventh-day Adventist Church 1998 4,405 840 2,454
Sikhism 1999 244 80 no data
Southern Baptist Convention 2012 46,034[93] 15,900[93] 71,520
Unitarian Universalism 2001 no data 629 no data
United Church of Christ 2016 5,000 880 5,868
United House of Prayer for All People no data 100 25 no data
United Methodist Church, The 2017 36,170 6,806[94] no data
Wesleyan Church, The 1998 1,590 120 1,806
Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod 1997 1,240 411 1,222
Zoroastrianism 2006 no data 11 no data
~z 9999 99999999 99999999 99999999
  • Religious affiliation within each state that has the largest deviation compared to the national average, 2001.
    Religious affiliation within each state that has the largest deviation compared to the national average, 2001.
  • Percentage of state populations that identify with a religion rather than "no religion", 2001.
    Percentage of state populations that identify with a religion rather than "no religion", 2001.
  • Plurality religion by state, 2001. Data is unavailable for Alaska and Hawaii.
    Plurality religion by state, 2001. Data is unavailable for Alaska and Hawaii.

According to Pew Research Center study released in 2018, by 2040, Islam will surpass Judaism to become the second largest religion in the US due to higher immigration and birth rates.[95]

Religions of American adults

Main article: Religion in the United States

The United States government does not collect religious data in its census. The survey below, the American Religious Identification Survey (ARIS) 2008, was a random digit-dialed telephone survey of 54,461 American residential households in the contiguous United States. The 1990 sample size was 113,723; 2001 sample size was 50,281.

Adult respondents were asked the open-ended question, "What is your religion, if any?". Interviewers did not prompt or offer a suggested list of potential answers. The religion of the spouse or partner was also asked. If the initial answer was "Protestant" or "Christian" further questions were asked to probe which particular denomination. About one-third of the sample was asked more detailed demographic questions.

Religious Self-Identification of the U.S. Adult Population: 1990, 2001, 2008[96]
Figures are not adjusted for refusals to reply; investigators suspect refusals are possibly more representative of "no religion" than any other group.

Source:ARIS 2008[96]
Group 1990
adults
× 1,000		 2001
adults
× 1,000		 2008
adults
× 1,000
Numerical
Change
1990–
2008
as %
of 1990		 1990
% of
adults		 2001
% of
adults		 2008
% of
adults		 change
in % of
total
adults
1990–
2008
Adult population, total 175,440 207,983 228,182 30.1%
Adult population, Responded 171,409 196,683 216,367 26.2% 97.7% 94.6% 94.8% −2.9%
Total Christian 151,225 159,514 173,402 14.7% 86.2% 76.7% 76.0% −10.2%
Catholic 46,004 50,873 57,199 24.3% 26.2% 24.5% 25.1% −1.2%
Non-Catholic Christian 105,221 108,641 116,203 10.4% 60.0% 52.2% 50.9% −9.0%
Baptist 33,964 33,820 36,148 6.4% 19.4% 16.3% 15.8% −3.5%
Mainline Protestant 32,784 35,788 29,375 −10.4% 18.7% 17.2% 12.9% −5.8%
Methodist 14,174 14,039 11,366 −19.8% 8.1% 6.8% 5.0% −3.1%
Lutheran 9,110 9,580 8,674 −4.8% 5.2% 4.6% 3.8% −1.4%
Presbyterian 4,985 5,596 4,723 −5.3% 2.8% 2.7% 2.1% −0.8%
Episcopalian/Anglican 3,043 3,451 2,405 −21.0% 1.7% 1.7% 1.1% −0.7%
United Church of Christ 438 1,378 736 68.0% 0.2% 0.7% 0.3% 0.1%
Christian Generic 25,980 22,546 32,441 24.9% 14.8% 10.8% 14.2% −0.6%
Jehovah's Witness 1,381 1,331 1,914 38.6% 0.8% 0.6% 0.8% 0.1%
Christian Unspecified 8,073 14,190 16,384 102.9% 4.6% 6.8% 7.2% 2.6%
Non-denominational Christian 194 2,489 8,032 4040.2% 0.1% 1.2% 3.5% 3.4%
Protestant – Unspecified 17,214 4,647 5,187 −69.9% 9.8% 2.2% 2.3% −7.5%
Evangelical/Born Again 546 1,088 2,154 294.5% 0.3% 0.5% 0.9% 0.6%
Pentecostal/Charismatic 5,647 7,831 7,948 40.7% 3.2% 3.8% 3.5% 0.3%
Pentecostal – Unspecified 3,116 4,407 5,416 73.8% 1.8% 2.1% 2.4% 0.6%
Assemblies of God 617 1,105 810 31.3% 0.4% 0.5% 0.4% 0.0%
Church of God 590 943 663 12.4% 0.3% 0.5% 0.3% 0.0%
Other Protestant Denomination 4,630 5,949 7,131 54.0% 2.6% 2.9% 3.1% 0.5%
Seventh-Day Adventist 668 724 938 40.4% 0.4% 0.3% 0.4% 0.0%
Churches of Christ 1,769 2,593 1,921 8.6% 1.0% 1.2% 0.8% −0.2%
Mormon/Latter-Day Saints 2,487 2,697 3,158 27.0% 1.4% 1.3% 1.4% 0.0%
Total non-Christian religions 5,853 7,740 8,796 50.3% 3.3% 3.7% 3.9% 0.5%
Jewish 3,137 2,837 2,680 −14.6% 1.8% 1.4% 1.2% −0.6%
Eastern Religions 687 2,020 1,961 185.4% 0.4% 1.0% 0.9% 0.5%
Buddhist 404 1,082 1,189 194.3% 0.2% 0.5% 0.5% 0.3%
Muslim 527 1,104 1,349 156.0% 0.3% 0.5% 0.6% 0.3%
New Religious Movements & Others 1,296 1,770 2,804 116.4% 0.7% 0.9% 1.2% 0.5%
None/ No religion, total 14,331 29,481 34,169 138.4% 8.2% 14.2% 15.0% 6.8%
Agnostic+Atheist 1,186 1,893 3,606 204.0% 0.7% 0.9% 1.6% 0.9%
Did Not Know/ Refused to reply 4,031 11,300 11,815 193.1% 2.3% 5.4% 5.2% 2.9%

Income

Main articles: Household income in the United States, Personal income in the United States, Affluence in the United States, and Income inequality in the United States

In 2006, the median household income in the United States was around $46,326. Household and personal income depends on variables such as race, number of income earners, educational attainment and marital status.

Median household income by selected characteristics [97]
Type of household Race and Hispanic origin Region
All households Family
households 		Nonfamily
households 		Asian Non-Hispanic White Hispanic
(of any race) 		Black Northeast Midwest South West
$70,784 $91,162 $41,797 $101,418 $77,999 $57,981 $48,297 $77,422 $71,129 $63,368 $79,430
Median household income by selected characteristics cont.
Age of Householder Nativity of Householder Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA) Status Educational Attainment of Householder*
Under 65 years 65 years and older Native-born Foreign-born Inside MSA Outside MSA No high school diploma High school, no college Some college Bachelor's degree or higher
$80,734 $47,620 $71,522 $66,043 $73,823 $53,750 $30,378 $50,401 $64,378 $115,456
*Householders aged 25 and older. In 2021, the median household income for this group was $72,046.
Median earnings by work status and sex (Persons, aged 15 years and older with earnings)
Total workers Full-Time, year-round workers
Both sexes Male Female Both sexes Male Female
$45,470 $50,983 $39,201 $56,473 $61,180 $51,226
2020 Median earnings & household income by educational attainment [98] [99]
Measure Overall Less than 9th grade Some High School High school graduate Some college Associate's degree Bachelor's degree or higher Bachelor's degree Master's degree Professional degree Doctorate degree
Persons, age 25+ w/ earnings* $46,985 $25,162 $26,092 $34,540 $39,362 $42,391 $66,423 $60,705 $71,851 $102,741 $101,526
Male, age 25+ w/ earnings* $52,298 $30,089 $31,097 $40,852 $47,706 $52,450 $80,192 $71,666 $91,141 $126,584 $121,956
Female, age 25+ w/ earnings* $40,392 $18,588 $19,504 $27,320 $31,837 $36,298 $57,355 $51,154 $62,522 $92,780 $85,551
Persons, age 25+, employed full-time $59,371 $33,945 $34,897 $42,417 $50,640 $52,285 $77,105 $71,283 $82,183 $130,466 $119,552
Household $69,228 $29,609 $29,520 $47,405 $60,392 $68,769 $106,936 $100,128 $114,900 $151,560 $142,493
*Total work experience
Household income distribution
10th percentile 20th percentile 30th percentile 40th percentile 50th percentile 60th percentile 70th percentile 80th percentile 90th percentile 95th percentile
≤ $15,700 ≤ $28,000 ≤ $40,500 ≤ $55,000 $70,800 ≤ $89,700 ≤ $113,200 ≤ $149,100 ≤ $212,100 ≤ $286,300
Source: US Census Bureau, 2021; income statistics for the year 2021

Economic class

Main article: Social class in the United States
See also: United States counties by per capita income

Social classes in the United States lack distinct boundaries and may overlap. Even their existence (when distinguished from economic strata) is controversial. The following table provides a summary of some prominent academic theories on the stratification of American society:

Academic class models
Dennis Gilbert, 2002 William Thompson & Joseph Hickey, 2005 Leonard Beeghley, 2004
Class Typical characteristics Class Typical characteristics Class Typical characteristics
Capitalist class (1%) Top-level executives, high-rung politicians, heirs. Ivy League education common. Upper class (1%) Top-level executives, celebrities, heirs; income of $500,000+ common. Ivy league education common. The super-rich (0.9%) Multi-millionaires whose incomes commonly exceed $3.5 million or more; includes celebrities and powerful executives/politicians. Ivy League education common.
Upper middle class[1] (15%) Highly-educated (often with graduate degrees), most commonly salaried, professionals and middle management with large work autonomy. Upper middle class[1] (15%) Highly-educated (often with graduate degrees) professionals & managers with household incomes varying from the high 5-figure range to commonly above $100,000. The rich (5%) Households with net worth of $1 million or more; largely in the form of home equity. Generally have college degrees.
Middle class (plurality/
majority?; ca. 46%) 		College-educated workers with considerably higher-than-average incomes and compensation; a man making $57,000 and a woman making $40,000 may be typical.
Lower middle class (30%) Semi-professionals and craftsmen with a roughly average standard of living. Most have some college education and are white-collar. Lower middle class (32%) Semi-professionals and craftsmen with some work autonomy; household incomes commonly range from $35,000 to $75,000. Typically, some college education.
Working class (30%) Clerical and most blue-collar workers whose work is highly routinized. Standard of living varies depending on number of income earners, but is commonly just adequate. High school education.
Working class (32%) Clerical, pink- and blue-collar workers with often low job security; common household incomes range from $16,000 to $30,000. High school education. Working class
(ca. 40–45%) 		Blue-collar workers and those whose jobs are highly routinized with low economic security; a man making $40,000 and a woman making $26,000 may be typical. High school education.
Working poor (13%) Service, low-rung clerical and some blue-collar workers. High economic insecurity and risk of poverty. Some high school education.
Lower class (ca. 14–20%) Those who occupy poorly-paid positions or rely on government transfers. Some high school education.
Underclass (12%) Those with limited or no participation in the labor force. Reliant on government transfers. Some high school education. The poor (ca. 12%) Those living below the poverty line with limited to no participation in the labor force; a household income of $18,000 may be typical. Some high school education.
References: Gilbert, D. (2002) The American Class Structure: In An Age of Growing Inequality. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth, ISBN 0534541100. (see also Gilbert Model);
Thompson, W. & Hickey, J. (2005). Society in Focus. Boston, MA: Pearson, Allyn & Bacon; Beeghley, L. (2004). The Structure of Social Stratification in the United States. Boston, MA: Pearson, Allyn & Bacon.
1 The upper middle class may also be referred to as "Professional class" Ehrenreich, B. (1989). The Inner Life of the Middle Class. NY, NY: Harper-Collins.

Generational cohorts

A definitive recent study of US generational cohorts was done by Schuman and Scott (2012) in which a broad sample of adults of all ages was asked, "What world events are especially important to you?"[100] They found that 33 events were mentioned with great frequency. When the ages of the respondents were correlated with the expressed importance rankings, seven (some put 8 or 9) distinct cohorts became evident.

Today the following descriptors are frequently used for these cohorts:

  • Lost Generation – born from approximately 1883 to 1900.
  • Greatest Generation – born from approximately 1901 to 1927[101] (in the U.S. the depression cohort who fought and won World War II).
  • Silent Generation – born from approximately 1928 to 1945[102] during the Great Depression and World War II.[103] The label was originally applied to people in North America but has also been applied to those in Western Europe, Australasia and South America. It includes most of those who fought during the Korean War.
  • Baby Boomers – born from 1946 to 1964.[102]
  • Generation X – demographers and researchers typically use birth years ranging from the early-to-mid 1960s to the early 1980s.[104]
    • In the U.S., some called Generation Xers the "baby bust" generation because of the drop in the birth rate following the baby boom.[105] The drop in fertility rates in America began in the late 1950s.
  • Millennials (also known as Generation Y) – demographers and researchers typically use the early 1980s as starting birth years and the mid-1990s to early 2000s as ending birth years.
  • Generation Z (also known as Homelanders or Digital Natives) – demographers and researchers typically use starting birth years that range from the mid-1990s to mid-2000s, and as of yet there is little consensus about ending birth years.

U.S. demographic birth cohorts

Birth rate has dropped since 1957.

Subdivided groups are present when peak boom years or inverted peak bust years are present, and may be represented by a normal or inverted bell-shaped curve (rather than a straight curve). The boom subdivided cohorts may be considered as "pre-peak" (including peak year) and "post-peak". The year 1957 was the baby boom peak with 4.3 million births and 122.7 fertility rate. Although post-peak births (such as trailing edge boomers) are in decline, and sometimes referred to as a "bust", there are still a relatively large number of births. The dearth-in-birth bust cohorts include those up to the valley birth year, and those including and beyond, leading up to the subsequent normal birth rate. The baby boom began around 1943 to 1946.[citation needed]

From the decline in U.S. birth rates starting in 1958 and the introduction of the birth control pill in 1960, the Baby Boomer normal distribution curve is negatively skewed. The trend in birth rates from 1958 to 1961 show a tendency to end late in the decade at approximately 1969, thus returning to pre-WWII levels, with 12 years of rising and 12 years of declining birth rates. Pre-war birth rates were defined as anywhere between 1939 and 1941 by demographers such as the Taeuber's, Philip M. Hauser and William Fielding Ogburn.[106]

Demographic statistics

Birth, growth and death rates

See also: Birth rate § United States

The growth rate is 0.81% as estimated from 2017.[15]

Live births in the United States, 1934–2004
Marriages, Families & Intimate Relationships, 1970-2000

The birth rate is 12.5 births/1,000 population, estimated as of 2017 and 2013. Country comparison to the world: 158th. This was the lowest since records began. There were 3,957,577 births in 2013.[107]

13.9 births/1,000 population per year (provisional data for 2008)
14.3 births/1,000 population per year (provisional data for 2007)[108]

In 2009, Time magazine reported that 40% of births were to unmarried women.[109] The following is a breakdown by race for unwed births: 17% Asian, 29% White, 53% Hispanics, 66% Native Americans, and 72% Black American.[110]

The drop in the birth rate from 2007 to 2009 is believed to be associated with the Great Recession.[111]

A study by the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) found that more than half (51 percent) of live hospital births in 2008 and 2011 were male.[112]

Per U.S. federal government data released in March 2011, births fell 4% from 2007 to 2009, the largest drop in the U.S. for any two-year period since the 1970s.[113] Births have declined for three consecutive years, and are now 7% below the peak in 2007.[114] This drop has continued through 2010, according to data released by the U.S. National Center for Health Statistics in June 2011.[115] Numerous experts have suggested that this decline is largely a reflection of unfavorable economic conditions.[116] This connection between birth rates and economic downturns partly stems from the fact that American birth rates have now fallen to levels that are comparable to the Great Depression of the 1930s.[117] Teen birth rates in the U.S. are at the lowest level in U.S. history.[118] In fact, teen birth rates in the U.S. have consistently decreased since 1991 through 2011, except for a brief increase between 2005 and 2007.[118] The other aberration from this otherwise steady decline in teen birth rates is the 6% decrease in birth rates for 15- to 19-year-olds between 2008 and 2009.[118] Despite these years of decrease, U.S. teen birth rates are still higher than in other developed nations.[118] Racial differences prevail with teen birth and pregnancy rates as well. The American Indian/Alaska Native, Hispanic, and non-Hispanic black teen pregnancy rates are more than double the non-Hispanic white teen birth rate.[119]

Age group Total
(of population) 		White alone
(of race/age group) 		Black alone
(of race/age group) 		Mixed and/or Some Other Race
(of race/age group) 		Asian alone
(of race/age group) 		Either American Indian or Alaska Native
(of race/age group) 		Either Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander
(of race/age group)
Total 308745538
(100%)		 223553265
(72.41%)		 38929319
(12.61%)		 28116441
(9.11%)		 14674252
(4.75%)		 2932248
(0.95%)		 540013
(0.17%)
0–4 20201362
(6.5%)		 12795675
(5.7%/63.34%)		 2902590
(7.5%/14.37%)		 3315480
(11.8%/16.41%)		 898011
(6.1%/4.45%)		 244615
(8.3%/1.21%)		 44991
(8.3%/0.22%)
5–9 20348657
(6.6%)		 13293799
(5.9%/65.33%)		 2882597
(7.4%/14.17%)		 2957487
(10.5%/14.53%)		 928248
(6.3%/4.56%)		 243259
(8.3%/1.20%)		 43267
(8.0%/0.21%)
10–14 20677194
(6.7%)		 13737332
(6.1%/66.44%)		 3034266
(7.8%/14.67%)		 2736570
(9.7%/13.23%)		 881590
(6.0%/4.26%)		 245049
(8.4%/1.19%)		 42387
(7.8%/0.20%)
15–19 22040343
(7.1%)		 14620638
(6.5%/66.35%)		 3448051
(8.9%/15.64%)		 2704571
(9.6%/12.27%)		 956028
(6.5%/4.34%)		 263805
(9.0%/1.20%)		 47250
(8.7%/0.21%)
20–24 21585999
(7.0%)		 14535947
(6.5%/67.34%)		 3111397
(8.0%/14.41%)		 2538967
(9.0%/11.76%)		 1106222
(7.5%/5.12%)		 240716
(8.2%/1.12%)		 52750
(9.8%/0.24%)
25–29 21101849
(6.8%)		 14345364
(6.4%/67.98%)		 2786254
(7.2%/13.20%)		 2464343
(8.8%/11.68%)		 1234322
(8.4%/5.85%)		 221654
(7.6%/1.05%)		 49912
(9.2%/0.24%)
30–34 19962099
(6.5%)		 13573270
(6.1%/68.00%)		 2627925
(6.8%/13.16%)		 2273322
(8.1%/11.39%)		 1240906
(8.5%/6.22%)		 202928
(6.9%/1.02%)		 43748
(8.1%/0.22%)
35–39 20179642
(6.5%)		 13996797
(6.3%/69.36%)		 2613389
(6.7%/12.95%)		 2038408
(7.2%/10.10%)		 1296301
(8.8%/6.42%)		 196017
(6.7%/0.97%)		 38730
(7.2%/0.19%)
40–44 20890964
(6.8%)		 15052798
(6.7%/72.05%)		 2669034
(6.9%/12.78%)		 1782463
(6.3%/8.53%)		 1155565
(7.9%/5.53%)		 194713
(6.6%/0.93%)		 36391
(6.7%/0.17%)
45–49 22708591
(7.4%)		 17028255
(7.6%/74.99%)		 2828657
(7.3%/12,46%)		 1532117
(5.4%/6.75%)		 1076060
(7.3%/4.74%)		 207857
(7.1%/0.92%)		 35645
(6.6%/0.16%)
50–54 22298125
(7.2%)		 17178632
(7.7%/77.04%)		 2694247
(6.9%/12.08%)		 1222175
(4.3%/5.48%)		 980282
(6.7%/4.40%)		 191893
(6.5%/0.86%)		 30896
(5.7%/0.14%)
55–59 19664805
(6.4%)		 15562187
(7.0%/79.14%)		 2205820
(5.7%/11.22%)		 873943
(3.1%/4.44%)		 844490
(5.8%/4.29%)		 154320
(5.3%/0.78%)		 24045
(4.5%/0.12%)
60–64 16817924
(5.4%)		 13693334
(6.1%/81.42%)		 1686695
(4.3%/10.03%)		 611144
(2.2%/3.63%)		 689601
(4.7%/4.10%)		 118362
(4.0%/0.70%)		 18788
(3.5%/0.11%)
65–69 12435263
(4.0%)		 10313002
(4.6%/82.93%)		 1162577
(3.0%/9.35%)		 394208
(1.4%/3.17%)		 474327
(3.2%/3.81%)		 79079
(2.7%/0.64%)		 12070
(2.2%/0.10%)
70–74 9278166
(3.0%)		 7740932
(3.5%/83.43%)		 852317
(2.2%/9.19%)		 268574
(1.0%/2.89%)		 354268
(2.4%/3.82%)		 53926
(1.8%/0.58%)		 8149
(1.5%/0.09%)
75–79 7317795
(2.4%)		 6224569
(2.8%/85.06%)		 616789
(1.6%/8.43%)		 184596
(0.7%/2.52%)		 251210
(1.7%/3.43%)		 35268
(1.2%/0.48%)		 5363
(1.0%/0.07%)
80–84 5743327
(1.9%)		 5002427
(2.2%/87.10%)		 424592
(1.1%/7.39%)		 122249
(0.4%/2.13%)		 168879
(1.2%/2.94%)		 21963
(0.7%/0.38%)		 3217
(0.6%/0.06%)
85+ 5493433
(1.8%)		 4858307
(2.2%/88.44%)		 382122
(1.0%/6.96%)		 95824
(0.3%/1.74%)		 137942
(0.9%/2.51%)		 16824
(0.6%/0.31%)		 2414
(0.4%/0.04%)
U.S. unemployment by state in December 2015 (official, or U3 rate).[120]
  <3.0%
  <3.5%
  <4.0%
  <4.5%
  <5.0%
  <5.5%
  <6.0%
  <6.5%
  ≥6.5%

Unemployment rate

As of July 2018, the U.S. unemployment rate was 3.7 percent (U3 rate).

As of July 2017, the U.S. unemployment rate was 4.3 percent (U3 rate).[121]

As of July 2016, the U.S. unemployment rate was 4.9 percent (U3 rate).[121]

As of July 2015, the U.S. unemployment rate was 5.3 percent (U3 rate).[122]

As of July 2014, the U.S. unemployment rate was 6.2 percent (U3 rate).[121]

The U6 unemployment rate as of April 2017 was 8.6 percent.[123] The U6 unemployment rate counts not only people without work seeking full-time employment (the more familiar U3 rate), but also counts "marginally attached workers and those working part-time for economic reasons." Note that some of these part-time workers counted as employed by U3 could be working as little as an hour a week. And the "marginally attached workers" include those who have gotten discouraged and stopped looking, but still want to work. The age considered for this calculation is 16 years and over.[124]

Mobility

In 2013, about 15% of Americans moved.[citation needed] Most of these, 67%, moved within the same county. Of the 33% who moved beyond local county boundaries, 13% of those moved more than 200 miles (320 km).[125]

See also

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Notes

  1. ^ In fertility rates, 2.1 and above is a stable population and have been marked blue, 2 and below leads an aging population and the result is that the population reduces.

References

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