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Chushul

Coordinates: 33°36′04″N 78°38′53″E / 33.601°N 78.648°E / 33.601; 78.648
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This article is about the village in Ladakh. For the town in the Lhasa Prefecture of the Tibet Autonomous Region of China, see Qüxü.

Chushul
Village
Chushul is located in Ladakh
Chushul
Chushul
Location in Ladakh, India
Chushul is located in India
Chushul
Chushul
Chushul (India)
Coordinates: 33°36′04″N 78°38′53″E / 33.601°N 78.648°E / 33.601; 78.648
Country India
Union TerritoryLadakh
DistrictLeh
TehsilDurbuk[1]
Elevation
4,350 m (14,270 ft)
Population
 (2011)
 • Total949
Time zoneUTC+5:30 (IST)
Census code908

Chushul[a] is a village in the Leh district of Ladakh, India.[8] It is located in the Durbuk tehsil, in the area known as "Chushul Valley", south of the Pangong Lake and west of the Spanggur Lake. The Line of Actual Control with China runs about 5 miles east of Chushul, across the Chushul Valley. Famous as site for historical battle grounds.

In August 1842 the concluding battle of the Dogra–Tibetan war with subsequent signing of the Treaty of Chushul in September 1842 for border non-proliferation took place at Chushul.[9]

On 18 November 1962 Sino-Indian War, PVC Major Shaitan Singh with his five platoons of 120 men fought to the 'last man, last round' at Rezang La (Chushul), only 6 men survived the Chinese massacre.[10]

Geography

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Map 1: Chushul, Tangtse and the Loi Yogma valley (Strachey, 1851)
Map 2: Area around Chushul (AMS, 1954)[b]
Map 3: Chushul area (DMA, 1992)

Chushul is about 10 miles south of the Pangong Lake. It is in the valley of Tsaka Chu (or "Chushul stream") which rises near the Tsaka La and flows north for about 30 miles before entering the Pangong Lake on its south bank near Thakung. The stream flows through a flat plain of some 10 square miles in extent, allowing for scattered growth of grass and fuelwood.[6]

Chushul itself is on the western edge of the Tsaka Chu plain, at the mouth of the Loi Yogma valley. A stream called Har Lungpa flows down from Loi Yogma, and another stream called Umlung Lungpa flows from the southwest. Chushul is mainly watered by these two streams before their confluence with Tsaka Chu.

A narrow range of mountains called Pangong Range lies between Chushul and the village of Tangtse to the northwest. (Map 1) The Loi Yogma valley, immediately to the west of Pangong Range, provides the travel route to Tangtse and the central parts of Ladakh beyond it. This valley was also the site of the "Battle of Chushul" fought as part of Dogra–Tibetan War in 1842.

Across the Tsaka Chu valley to the east of Chushul is a range of mountains that are considered part of the Kailash Range. (Map 3) The Line of Actual Control between India and China runs along this range, even though India's claim line is 20 km to the east of it. (Map 2) About 15 km southeast of Chushul, a gap in the Kailash range leads to another valley that contains the Spanggur Lake and continues to Rutog a hundred kilometers away.

Demographics

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According to the 2011 census of India, Chushul has a population of 949 people living in 148 households. The effective literacy rate (i.e. the literacy rate of population excluding children aged 6 and below) is 61.47%.[11]

Demographics (2011 Census)[11]
Total Male Female
Population 949 489 460
Children aged below 6 years 121 69 52
Scheduled caste 0 0 0
Scheduled tribe 945 489 456
Literates 509 315 194
Workers (all) 556 278 278
Main workers (total) 398 244 154
Main workers: Cultivators 197 130 67
Main workers: Agricultural labourers 18 12 6
Main workers: Household industry workers 25 14 11
Main workers: Other 158 88 70
Marginal workers (total) 158 34 124
Marginal workers: Cultivators 49 25 24
Marginal workers: Agricultural labourers 13 2 11
Marginal workers: Household industry workers 85 2 83
Marginal workers: Others 11 5 6
Non-workers 393 211 182

Village

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Most of the people are dependent on the rearing of goat and yak. In the field of agriculture, barley and pea are main crops of the season. During the chilly winter season, Chushul is cut off from main the capital city of Leh. During the winter season, Ice hockey is the main sport in Chushul. The youth of Chushul has a keen interest in playing ice hockey. The Chushul Ice Hockey team recently participated in the district as well as the CEC cup which was held at Leh at Karzoo and the new ice hockey ring at NDS Ground. In Chushul, various associations have played an important role in developing Chushul's economy, politics and education system. Some of these associations are Women's Alliance Chushul, Student Union of Chushul, Youth Association of Chushul, Gonpa Community of Chushul and Ex. Service Men Association of Chushul.

There are five schools in Chushul: Govt. High school Chushul, Govt. Middle school Buk, Govt Middle School Tailing, Central Institute of Buddhist Studies.[citation needed]

Military history

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Being a border village, Chushul has had a rich history involvement in engagements and conflicts between India and China.

During the Indo-Pakistani War of 1947–1948, an airstrip was built at Leh and a motorable road was constructed up to Kargil. From Kargil onwards into Ladakh, only animal transport was possible.

In 1951, soon after the Chinese annexation of Tibet, a situation developed near Chushul with a brigade of Kazakh troops from Chinese Central Asia trying to flee via Rudok, and the Chinese PLA pursuing them. Indian intelligence detected the movements in advance, and arrangements were made to rush a company of Indian troops from Pattan to Chushul, traveling by road and animal transport. The Kazakhs fled through the Spanggur Valley and set up defensive posts 3 km east of the then prevailing border (India's claim line). Fighting erupted between them and the PLA troops pursuing them. After discussion, Indian prime minister Jawaharlal Nehru agreed to grant asylum to the fleeing Kazakhs, and they were admitted into India. Indian troops stood their ground and confronted the PLA troops, who eventually withdrew.[12]

After the incident, it was decided to lay an airstrip near Chushul for defensive deployments. An initial location was selected east of Spanggur Gap in territory currently under Chinese control. However, it was considered unsuitable and a second location was selected within the Tsaka Chu valley, opposite the Spanggur Gap. The airstrip was completed by August 1952. Jawaharlal Nehru along with colleagues took the first flight into it and inaugurated it.[12]

A road link to Chushul became available only in September 1962. In 1960, the Border Roads Organisation (BRO) was set up by Government of India to take over the construction of strategic border roads. The BRO completed the road to Leh by August 1962 (now NH-1), and extended it up to Chushul by September 1962.[13]

Until this time, the Chushul airstrip was the only means available for logistics. Dakotas and Ilyushin Il-14 planes from No. 12, 42 and 43 squadrons of Indian Air Force made logistical supply flights to Chushul.[14] The Army asked for six AMX-13 tanks to be airlifted for defence of Chushul. AN-12 transport airplanes were used for the purpose, after making elaborate arrangements for the transport of delicate but heavy equipment, and they were eventually delivered on 25 and 26 October 1962.[14] Flight Lieutenant Virendera Singh Pathania of No. 23 Squadron IAF made sorties from Chushul for photo reconnaissance on a Gnat airplane.

During the Sino-Indian War, the 114 Infantry Brigade was headquartered at Chushul, and it had the control of all the forward deployments from Daulat Beg Oldi (DBO) in the north to Demchok in the south. The units involved were 14 J&K Militia in the DBO sector, 5 Jat in the Galwan and Changchenmo sector, 1/8 Gorkha Rifles in the Chushul sector (holding Spanggur Gap and the surrounding areas), 13 Kumaon holding features to the south of Spanggur Gab and 1 J&K Militia holding the rest of the areas up to Demchok.[15] The Ahir regiment of 13 Kumaon stationed at the Rezang La pass (as it was then called) fought the famous last stand battle.

Border Personnel Meeting point

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Chushul is one of the five officially agreed Border Personnel Meeting points between the Indian Army and the People's Liberation Army of China for regular consultations and interactions between the two armies to improve relations.[16]

Moldo (Chinese: 莫爾多) post of the Indian Army, coordinate: 33°33′27″N 78°43′55″E / 33.5575°N 78.732°E / 33.5575; 78.732[dubious – discuss]

Spanggur (Chinese: 斯潘古爾) post of the People's Liberation Army of China, coordinate: 33°33′54″N 78°48′00″E / 33.565°N 78.80°E / 33.565; 78.80

Transportation

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Chushul is connected by the following roads:

  • Chushul-Dungti-Fukche-Demchok highway (CDFD road), along the southern bank of Indus River which marks the LAC, will be converted to a single-lane 7.45 m wide 135 km long national highway with paved shoulder by 31 March 2025. Chushul and Fukche Airstrips lies along this highway. It will also provide faster access to the Nyoma airbase. This will boost military logistics and tourism in the border area.[18]

  • Mahe-Chushul Road (MCR), via Kartsangla, will be completed by the BRO by December 2023 (August 2023 update).[19]

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ Alternative spellings include Chhushul,[2] Chushal,[3][4] Chushol,[5] and Chusul. An old spelling is Shushal,[6] also Shooshal.[7]
  2. ^ From map: "THE DELINEATION OF INTERNATIONAL BOUNDARIES ON THIS MAP MUST NOT BE CONSIDERED AUTHORITATIVE"

References

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  1. ^ "Villages | District Leh, Union Territory of Ladakh | India".
  2. ^ Government of Punjab (1862), Report on the trade and resources of the countries on the north-western boundary of India, Lahore: Printed at the Government Press, Appendix IV A, p. xxii – via unomaha.edu
  3. ^ Drew, The Jummoo and Kashmir Territories (1875), p. 319.
  4. ^ Godwin-Austen, H. H. (1867), "Notes on the Pangong Lake District of Ladakh, from a Journal made during a Survey in 1863", The Journal of the Royal Geographical Society of London, 37, London: J. Murray: 352, JSTOR 1798534
  5. ^ Yale North India Expedition, Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences, 1934, p. 33
  6. ^ a b Gazetteer of Kashmir and Ladak, Calcutta: Superintendent of Government Printing, 1890, p. 747
  7. ^ Ward, Tourist's and Sportsman's guide (1896).
  8. ^ "Blockwise Village Amenity Directory" (PDF). Ladakh Autonomous Hill Development Council. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 September 2016. Retrieved 23 July 2015.
  9. ^ Rubin, Alfred P. (1960), "The Sino-Indian Border Disputes", International and Comparative Law Quarterly, 9 (1): 96–124, doi:10.1093/iclqaj/9.1.96, JSTOR 756256
  10. ^ "#ShauryaStories: Major Shaitan Singh, 'The Hero of Rezang La' in 1962 war". DNA Web Team. Retrieved 16 January 2021.
  11. ^ a b "Leh district census". 2011 Census of India. Directorate of Census Operations. Retrieved 23 July 2015.
  12. ^ a b Lt. Gen. H. S. Panag, Indian Army’s first brush with the PLA was in 1951. The windfall was Chushul airfield, The Print, 24 October 2024.
  13. ^ Das, Pushpita (2021), India's Approach to Border Management: From Barriers to Bridges (PDF), KW Publishers & Manohar Parrikar Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses
  14. ^ a b Lal, P.C (17 February 2021). "1962 War: The Role of the IAF". Indian Defence Review.
  15. ^ Katoch, Dhruv (2013), "The India–China War of 1962: Army Operations", in Singh, Air Commodore Jasjit (ed.), China's India War, 1962: Looking Back to See the Future, KW Publishers Pvt Ltd, p. 88, ISBN 9789385714795
  16. ^ "Indian soldiers prevent Chinese troops from constructing road in Arunachal". The Times of India. 28 October 2014. Retrieved 11 November 2017.
  17. ^ a b Wildlife Board approves 5 roads in Ladakh, including Daulat Beg Oldie route, Business Standard, 17 October 2024.
  18. ^ BRO starts process for 135-km road near LAC from Chushul to Demchok, News18, 24 Jan 2023.
  19. ^ Over 20 strategic roads close to LAC have the ear and deadline, The Economic Times, 3 Aug 2023.

Bibliography

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