List of Chinese monarchs

This list of Chinese monarchs includes rulers of China with various titles prior to the establishment of the Republic in 1912. From the Zhou dynasty until the Qin dynasty, rulers usually held the title "king" (Chinese: 王; pinyin: wáng). With the separation of China into different Warring States, this title had become so common that the unifier of China, the first Qin Emperor Qin Shihuang created a new title for himself, that of "emperor" (pinyin: huángdì). The title of Emperor of China continued to be used for the remainder of China's imperial history, right down to the fall of the Qing dynasty in 1912. While many other monarchs existed in and around China throughout its history, this list covers only those with a quasi-legitimate claim to the majority of China, or those who have traditionally been named in king-lists. The following list of Chinese monarchs is in no way comprehensive. Chinese sovereigns were known by many different names, and how they should be identified is often confusing. Sometimes the same emperor is commonly known by two or three separate names, or the same name is used by emperors of different dynasties. The tables below do not necessarily include all of an emperor's names – for example, posthumous names could run to more than twenty characters and were rarely used in historical writing – but, where possible, the most commonly used name or naming convention has been indicated.

These tables may not necessarily represent the most recently updated information on Chinese monarchs; please check the page for the relevant dynasty for possible additional information.

Follow these links to see how they are related:

Family tree of ancient Chinese emperors → Chinese emperors family tree (early) → Chinese emperors family tree (middle) → Chinese emperors family tree (late)

Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors (三皇五帝)

Main article: Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors

Although it is ingrained in Chinese mythology that the earliest mythological rulers of China included three huáng (皇, generally translated "sovereign" or "august one", denoting demigod status) and five dì (帝, generally translated "emperor", but denoting much more reverential status than the modern term "emperor"), their identities have differed between different sources, with some individuals, such as the Yellow Emperor, being regarded as either sovereign or emperor, depending on the source. The two characters would later be taken together by Qin Shi Huang to form the new title huángdì (皇帝, emperor), thus claiming legendary status for himself.

Note: These figures are all legendary, not historical.

Title	Name by which most commonly known	Reign (according to tradition)	Regnal name		Other names
Sovereign1,4,5 / Empress3	Youchao	(110,000 years)	Youchao	有巢	–
Sovereign / Emperor3	Suiren	(456,000 years)	Suiren	燧人	–
Sovereign4 / Emperor3	Fuxi	(456,000 years)	Fuxi	伏羲	–
Sovereign1,4,5 / Emperor2,3	Nuwa	180,000 years	Nuwa	女媧	–
Sovereign1 / Emperor2,3	Yan Emperor and/or Shennong	2737–2699 BCE	Yándi	炎帝	Shennong	神農
Sovereign5 / Emperor1,2	Yellow Emperor	2699–2588 BCE	Huangdi	黃帝	Gongsun Xuanyuan	公孫軒轅
Emperor2	Shaohao	2587–2491 BCE	Shǎohào	少昊	Jintian Shi	金天氏
Emperor1,2	Zhuanxu	2490–2413 BCE	Zhuānxū	顓頊	Gaoyang	高陽
Emperor1	Emperor Ku	2412–2343 BCE	Dikù	帝嚳	Gaoxin Shi	高辛氏
Emperor1	Emperor Zhi	2343–2333 BCE	Dizhì	帝摯	Qingyang Shi	青陽氏
Emperor1	Emperor Yao	2333–2234 BCE	Diyáo or Tang Yao	帝堯 / 唐堯	Yi Qi，Taotang and Fangxun	伊祁、陶唐、放勳
Emperor1	Emperor Shun	2233–2184 BCE	Dishùn	帝舜	Yao，Youyu and Chonghua	姚、有虞、重華
1 — According to the Records of the Grand Historian. 2 — According to the Chu Ci. 3 — According to the Book of Rites. 4 — According to the Shangshu dazhuan (尚書大傳) and Baihu tongyi (白虎通義). 5 — According to the Diwang shiji (帝王世紀)

Xia dynasty (夏朝) (c. 2070 – c. 1600 BCE)

Main article: Xia dynasty

Chinese convention: use "Xia" + regnal name

Name by which most commonly known	Reign (according to tradition)	Regnal name1		Other names
Yu the Great	?	Yǔ	禹	–
Qi of Xia	?	Qǐ	啟	–
Tai Kang	?	Kāng	康	Tài Kāng	太康
Zhong Kang	?	Kāng	康	Zhòng Kāng	仲康
Xiang of Xia	?	Xiāng	相	–
Interregnum (about 40 years)
Shao Kang	?	Kāng	康	Shào Kāng	少康
Zhu of Xia	?	Zhù	杼	–
Huai of Xia	?	Huái	槐	–
Mang of Xia	?	Máng	芒	–
Xie of Xia	?	Xiè	洩	–
Bu Jiang	?	Jiàng	降	–
Jiong of Xia	?	Jiōng	扃	–
Jin of Xia	?	Jǐn	廑	Yìn Jiǎ	胤甲
Kong Jia	?	?	?	Kǒng Jiǎ	孔甲
Gao of Xia	?	Gāo	皋	–
Fa of Xia	?	Fā	發	Hou Jin	后敬
Jie of Xia	?	Jié	桀	Lǚ Guǐ	履癸

Shang dynasty (商朝) (c. 1600 – c. 1046 BCE)

Main article: Shang dynasty

Chinese convention: use "Shang" + posthumous name

Name by which most commonly known	Personal name		Reign (according to tradition)1	Posthumous name (Shi Hao 諡號)		Temple name (Miao Hao 廟號)
Tang of Shang	Zi Lü	子湯	1600–1300 BCE	Tiān Yǐ	天乙	Tàizu	太祖
Bu Bing	Zi Shèng	子勝		Wài Bǐng	外丙	–
Zhong Ren	Zi Yōng	子庸		Zhòng Rén	仲壬	–
Tai Jia	Zi Zhì	子至		Tài Jiǎ	太甲	Tàizōng	太宗
Wo Ding	Zi Xuàn	子絢		Wò Dīng	沃丁	–
Tai Geng	Zi Biàn	子辯		Tài Gēng	太庚	–
Xiao Jia	Zi Gāo	子高		Xiǎo Jiǎ	小甲	–
Yong Ji	Zi Zhòu	子伷		Yōng Jǐ	雍己	–
Tai Wu	Zi Mì	子密		Tài Wù	太戊	–
Zhong Ding	Zi Zhuāng	子莊		Zhòng Dīng	仲丁	–
Wai Ren	Zi Fā	子發		Wài Rén	外壬	–
He Dan Jia	Zi Zhěng	子整		Jiān Jiǎ	戔甲	–
Zu Yi	Zi Téng	子滕		Zǔ Yǐ	祖乙	Zhōngzōng	中宗
Zu Xin	Zi Dàn	子旦		Zǔ Xīn	祖辛	–
Wo Jia	Zi Yú	子踰		Wò Jiǎ	沃甲	–
Zu Ding	Zi Xīn	子新		Zǔ Dīng	祖丁	–
Nan Geng	Zi Gēng	子更		Nán Gēng	南庚	–
Yang Jia of Shang	Zi Hé	子和		Yáng Jiǎ	陽甲	–
Pan Geng	Zi Xún	子旬	1300–1251 BCE	Pán Gēng2	盤庚	–
Xiao Xin	Zi Sòng	子頌		Xiǎo Xīn	小辛	–
Xiao Yi of Shang	Zi Liǎn	子斂		Xiǎo Yǐ	小乙	–
Wu Ding	Zi Zhāo	子昭	1250–1192 BCE	Wǔ Dīng	武丁	Gāozōng	高宗
Zu Geng of Shang	Zi Yuè	子躍	1191–1148 BCE	Zǔ Gēng	祖庚	–
Zu Jia	Zi Zài	子載		Zǔ Jiǎ	祖甲	–
Lin Xin	Zi Xiān	子先		Lǐn Xīn	廩辛	–
Geng Ding	Zi Xiāo	子囂		Kāng Dīng	康丁	–
Wu Yi of Shang	Zi Qú	子瞿	1147–1113 BCE	Wǔ Yǐ	武乙	–
Wen Ding	Zi Tuō	子托	1112–1102 BCE	Wén Dīng3	文丁	–
Di Yi	Zi Xiàn	子羡	1101–1076 BCE	Dì Yǐ	帝乙	–
King Zhou of Shang	Zi Shòu	子受	1075–1046 BCE	Di Xin	帝辛	–
1 — The dates provided here are those put forward by The Xia–Shang–Zhou Chronology Project, the work of scholars sponsored by the Chinese government which reported in 2000. They are given only as a guide. 2 — The period of the Shang dynasty starting from Pan Geng is also frequently referred to as the Yin (殷) dynasty. because he changed capital to Yin. 3 — Also known as Tai Ding (太丁).

Zhou dynasty (周朝) (c. 1046 – 256 BCE)

Main article: Zhou dynasty

Chinese convention: use "Zhou" + posthumous name ("Wang" is the chinese term for "King")

Note: The first generally accepted date in Chinese history is 841 BC, the beginning of the Gonghe regency. All dates prior to this are the subject of often vigorous dispute.

Name by which most commonly known	Personal name		Reign1	Posthumous name (Shi Hao 諡號)
Western Zhou dynasty (c. 1046 – 771 BC)
King Wu of Zhou	Jī Fā	姬發	1046–1043 BCE1	King Wǔ	武王
King Cheng of Zhou	Jī Sòng	姬誦	1042–1021 BCE1	King Chéng	成王
King Kang of Zhou	Jī Zhāo	姬釗	1020–996 BCE1	King Kāng	康王
King Zhao of Zhou	Jī Xiá	姬瑕	995–977 BCE1	King Zhāo	昭王
King Mu of Zhou	Jī Mǎn	姬滿	976–922 BCE1	King Mù	穆王
King Gong of Zhou	Jī Yīhù	姬繄扈	922–900 BCE1	King Gōng	共王
King Yi of Zhou (Jian)	Jī Jiān	姬囏	899–892 BCE1	King Yì	懿王
King Xiao of Zhou	Jī Bìfāng	姬辟方	891–886 BCE1	King Xiào	孝王
King Yi of Zhou (Xie)	Jī Xiè	姬燮	885–878 BCE1	King Yí	夷王
King Li of Zhou	Jī Hú	姬胡	877–841 BCE1	King Lì	厲王
Gonghe Regency (共和) (841–827 BC)
King Xuan of Zhou	Jī Jìng	姬靜	827–782 BCE	King Xuān	宣王
King You of Zhou	Jī Gōngshēng	姬宮湦	781–771 BCE	King Yōu	幽王
Eastern Zhou dynasty (770–256 BC)
Spring and Autumn period (770–476 BC)
King Ping of Zhou	Jī Yijiu	姬宜臼	770–720 BCE	King Ping	平王
King Huan of Zhou	Jī Lin	姬林	719–697 BCE	King Huan	桓王
King Zhuang of Zhou	Jī Tuo	姬佗	696–682 BCE	King Zhuang	莊王
King Xi of Zhou	Jī Huqi	姬胡齊	681–677 BCE	King Xi	釐王
King Hui of Zhou	Jī Lang	姬閬	676–652 BCE	King Hui	惠王
King Xiang of Zhou	Jī Zheng	姬鄭	651–619 BCE	King Xiang	襄王
King Qing of Zhou	Jī Renchen	姬壬臣	618–613 BCE	King Qing	頃王
King Kuang of Zhou	Jī Ban	姬班	612–607 BCE	King Kuang	匡王
King Ding of Zhou	Jī Yu	姬瑜	606–586 BCE	King Ding	定王
King Jian of Zhou	Jī Yi	姬夷	585–572 BCE	King Jian	簡王
King Ling of Zhou	Jī Xiexin	姬泄心	571–545 BCE	King Ling	靈王
King Jing of Zhou (Gui)	Jī Gui	姬貴	544–521 BCE	King Jing	景王
King Dao of Zhou	Jī Meng	姬猛	520 BCE	King Dao	悼王
King Jing of Zhou (Gai)	Jī Gai	姬丐	519–476 BCE	King Jing	敬王
Warring States period (475–221 BC)
King Yuan of Zhou	Jī Ren	姬仁	475–469 BCE	King Yuan	元王
King Zhending of Zhou	Jī Jie	姬介	468–442 BCE	King Zhending	貞定王
King Ai of Zhou	Jī Quji	姬去疾	441 BCE	King Ai	哀王
King Si of Zhou	Jī Shu	姬叔	441 BCE	King Si	思王
King Kao of Zhou	Jī Wei	姬嵬	440–426 BCE	King Kao	考王
King Weilie of Zhou	Jī Wu	姬午	425–402 BCE	King Weilie	威烈王
King An of Zhou	Jī Jiao	姬驕	401–376 BCE	King An	安王
King Lie of Zhou	Jī Xi	姬喜	375–369 BCE	King Lie	烈王
King Xian of Zhou	Jī Bian	姬扁	368–321 BCE	King Xian	顯王
King Shenjing of Zhou	Jī Ding	姬定	320–315 BCE	King Shenjing	慎靚王
King Nan of Zhou	Jī Yan	姬延	314–256 BCE	King Nan	赧王
1 — The dates provided here are those put forward by The Xia–Shang–Zhou Chronology Project, the work of scholars sponsored by the Chinese government which reported in 2000. They are given only as a guide.

Qin dynasty (秦朝) (221–206 BCE)

Main article: Qin dynasty

See also: Qin emperors family tree

Chinese convention: use regnal name

Note: the establishment of the Qin dynasty is usually considered to be the beginning of Imperial China, with Qin Shi Huang regarded the first Emperor of China

Name by which most commonly known	Personal name		Reign	Regnal name
Qin Shi Huang	Ying Zhèng	嬴政	2211–210 BCE	Qin Shi Huang	秦始皇
Qin Er Shi	Ying Húhài	嬴胡亥	209–207 BCE	Qin Er Shi	秦二世
Ziying2	Ying Ziyīng	嬴子嬰	207 BCE	Qin San Shi	秦三世
1 — Qin Shi Huang became king of the State of Qin in 246 BC, but did not unite China and proclaim himself "Emperor" until 221 BC. 2 — Ziying is often referred to by his personal name and as king, rather than emperor, of Qin (秦王子嬰).

Han dynasty (漢朝) (206 BCE – 220 CE)

Main articles: Han dynasty and List of emperors of the Han dynasty

Chinese convention: use "Han" + posthumous name (apart from Emperor Gaozu, who is known as "Han Gaozu")

Name by which most commonly known	Personal name		Reign	Era names (Nian Hao 年號) and their corresponding range of years			Posthumous name (Shi Hao 諡號)		Temple name (Miao Hao 廟號)
Western Han (206 BCE – 9 CE)
Emperor Gaozu of Han	Liu Bang	劉邦	206–195 BC	–			Emperor Gaohuang	高皇帝	Taizu / Gaozu	太祖 / 高祖
Emperor Hui of Han	Liu Ying	劉盈	195–188 BC	–			Emperor Hui	惠帝	–
Emperor Quianshao of Han	Liu Gong	劉恭	188–184 BC	–			–		–
Emperor Houshao of Han	Liu Hong	劉弘	184–180 BC	–			–		–
Emperor Wen of Han	Liu Heng	劉恆	179–157 BC	Hòuyuán	後元	163–156 BCE	Emperor Wen	文帝	Taizong	太宗
Emperor Jing of Han	Liu Qi	劉啟	156–141 BC	Zhōngyuán	中元	149–143 BCE	Emperor Jing	景帝	–
				Hòuyuán	後元	143–141 BCE
Emperor Wu of Han	Liu Che	劉徹	140–87 BC	Jiànyuán	建元	140–135 BCE	Emperor Wu	武帝	Shizong	世宗
				Yuánguāng	元光	134–129 BCE
				Yuánshuò	元朔	128–123 BCE
				Yuánshòu	元狩	122–117 BCE
				Yuándǐng	元鼎	116–111 BCE
				Yuánfēng	元封	110–105 BCE
				Tàichū	太初	104–101 BCE
				Tiānhàn	天漢	100–97 BCE
				Tàishǐ	太始	96–93 BCE
				Zhēnghé	征和	92–89 BCE
				Hòuyuán	後元	88–87 BCE
Emperor Zhao of Han	Liu Fuling	劉弗陵	86–74 BC	Shǐyuán	始元	86–80 BCE	Emperor Zhao	昭帝
				Yuánfèng	元鳳	80–75 BCE
				Yuánpíng	元平	74 BCE
Marquis of Haihun	Liu He	劉賀	74 BC				Marquis of Haihun	海昏侯	–
Emperor Xuan of Han	Liu Xun	劉詢	73–49 BC	Běnshǐ	本始	73–70 BCE	Emperor Xuan	宣帝	Zhongzong	中宗
				Dìjié	地節	69–66 BCE
				Yuánkāng	元康	65–61 BCE
				Shénjué	神爵	61–58 BCE
				Wǔfèng	五鳳	57–54 BCE
				Gānlù	甘露	53–50 BCE
				Huánglóng	黃龍	49 BCE
Emperor Yuan of Han	Liu Shi	劉奭	48–33 BC	Chūyuán	初元	48–44 BCE	Emperor Yuan	元帝	–
				Yǒngguāng	永光	43–39 BCE
				Jiànzhāo	建昭	38–34 BCE
				Jìngníng	竟寧	33 BCE
Emperor Cheng of Han	Liu Ao	劉驁	32–7 BC	Jiànshǐ	建始	32–28 BCE	Emperor Cheng	成帝	–
				Hépíng	河平	28–25 BCE
				Yángshuò	陽朔	24–21 BCE
				Hóngjiā	鴻嘉	20–17 BCE
				Yǒngshǐ	永始	16–13 BCE
				Yuányán	元延	12–9 BCE
				Suīhé	綏和	8–7 BCE
Emperor Ai of Han	Liu Xin	劉欣	6–1 BC	Jiànpíng	建平	6–3 BCE	Emperor Ai	哀帝	–
				Yuánshòu	元壽	2–1 BCE
Emperor Ping of Han	Liu Kan	劉衎	1 BC – 5 AD	Yuánshǐ	元始	1 BCE – 5 CE	Emperor Ping	平帝	–
Ruzi Ying1	Liu Ying	劉嬰	6–8	Jùshè	居攝	6 CE – Oct. 8 CE	Ruzi Ying	孺子嬰	–
				Chūshǐ	初始	Nov. 8 CE – Dec. 8 CE
Interregnum (9 CE – 23 CE)
Gengshi Emperor	Liu Xuan	劉玄	23–25	Gēngshǐ	更始	23–25 CE	Prince Wushun of Huaiyang	淮阳武順王	–
Eastern Han (25 CE – 220 CE)
Emperor Guangwu of Han	Liu Xiu	劉秀	25–57	Jiànwǔ	建武	25–56 CE	Emperor Guangwu	光武帝	Shizu	世祖
				Jiànwǔzhōngyuán	建武中元	56–57 CE
Emperor Ming of Han	Liu Zhuang	劉莊	58–75	Yǒngpíng	永平	58–75 CE	Emperor Ming	明帝	Xíanzōng	顯宗
Emperor Zhang of Han	Liu Da	劉炟	76–88	Jiànchū	建初	76–84 CE	Emperor Zhang	章帝	Suzong	肅宗
				Yuánhé	元和	84–87 CE
				Zhānghé	章和	87–88 CE
Emperor He of Han	Liu Zhao	劉肇	89–105	Yǒngyuán	永元	89–105 CE	Emperor He	和帝	Muzong	穆宗
				Yuánxīng	元興	105 CE
Emperor Shang of Han	Liu Long	劉隆	106	Yánpíng	延平	9 months in 106 CE	Emperor Shang	殤帝	–
Emperor An of Han	Liu Hu	劉祜	106–125	Yǒngchū	永初	107–113 CE	Emperor An	安帝	Gongzong	恭宗
				Yuánchū	元初	114–120 CE
				Yǒngníng	永寧	120–121 CE
				Jiànguāng	建光	121–122 CE
				Yánguāng	延光	122–125 CE
Marquess of Beixiang	Liu Yi	劉懿	125				Emperor Shao	少帝	–
Emperor Shun of Han	Liu Bao	劉保	125–144	Yǒngjiàn	永建	126–132 CE	Emperor Shun	順帝	Jingzong	敬宗
				Yángjiā	陽嘉	132–135 CE
				Yǒnghé	永和	136–141 CE
				Hàn'ān	漢安	142–144 CE
				Jiànkāng	建康	144 CE
Emperor Chong of Han	Liu Bing	劉炳	144–145	Yōngxī	永嘉	145 CE	Emperor Chong	沖帝	–
Emperor Zhi of Han	Liu Zuan	劉纘	145–146	Běnchū	本初	146 CE	Emperor Zhi	質帝	–
Emperor Huan of Han	Liu Zhi	劉志	146–168	Jiànhé	建和	147–149 CE	Emperor Huan	桓帝	Weizong	威宗
				Hépíng	和平	150 CE
				Yuánjiā	元嘉	151–153 CE
				Yǒngxīng	永興	153–154 CE
				Yǒngshòu	永壽	155–158 CE
				Yánxī	延熹	158–167 CE
				Yǒngkāng	永康	167 CE
Emperor Ling of Han	Liu Hong	劉宏	168–189	Jiànníng	建寧	168–172 CE	Emperor Ling	靈帝	–
				Xīpíng	熹平	172–178 CE
				Guānghé	光和	178–184 CE
				Zhōngpíng	中平	184–189 CE
Prince of Hongnong	Liu Bian	劉辯	189	Guīngxī	光熹	189 CE	Emperor Shao	少帝	–
				Zhàoníng	昭寧	189 CE
Emperor Xian of Han	Liu Xie	劉協	189–220	Yǒnghàn	永漢	189 CE	Emperor Xian	獻帝	–
				Chūpíng	初平	190–193 CE
				Xīngpíng	興平	194–195 CE
				Jiàn'ān	建安	196–220 CE
				Yánkāng	延康	220 CE
1 — Ruzi was prince, rather than emperor of Han. Officially, the throne of emperor of Han was vacant during 6AD to 9AD.

Xin dynasty (新朝) (9–23 CE)

Chinese convention: use personal name

Name by which most commonly known	Personal name		Reign	Era names (Nian Hao 年號) and their corresponding range of years			Posthumous name (Shi Hao 諡號)	Temple name (Miao Hao 廟號)
Wang Mang	Wang Mang	王莽	9–23	Shǐjiànguó	始建國	9–13 CE	–	–
				Tiānfēng	天鳳	14–19 CE
				Dìhuáng	地皇	20–23 CE

Three Kingdoms Period (三国时代) (220–280)

Main article: Three Kingdoms

Chinese convention: use personal name

Wei (魏) or Cao Wei (曹魏) (220–266)

Name by which most commonly known	Personal name		Courtesy name		Reign	Era names (Nian Hao 年號) and their corresponding range of years			Posthumous name (Shi Hao 諡號)
Cao Pi	Cáo Pī	曹丕	Zihuan	子桓	220–226	Huángchū	黃初	220–226	Emperor Wen	文帝
Cao Rui	Cáo Ruì	曹叡	Yuanzhong	元仲	226–239	Tàihé	太和	227–233	Emperor Ming	明帝
						Qīnglóng	青龍	233–237
						Jǐngchū	景初	237–239
Cao Fang	Cáo Fāng	曹芳	Lanqing	蘭卿	239–254	Zhèngshǐ	正始	240–249	Duke Li of Shaoling	邵陵厲公
						Jiāpíng	嘉平	249–254
Cao Mao	Cáo Máo	曹髦	Yanshi	彥士	254–260	Zhèngyuán	正元	254–256	–
						Gānlù	甘露	256–260
Cao Huan	Cáo Huàn	曹奐	Jingming	景明	260–266	Jǐngyuán	景元	260–264	Emperor Yuan	元帝
						Xiánxī	咸熙	264–266

Shu (蜀) or Shu Han (蜀漢) (221–263)

Name by which most commonly known	Personal name		Courtesy name		Reign	Era names (Nian Hao 年號) and their corresponding range of years			Posthumous name (Shi Hao 諡號)
Liu Bei	Liú Bèi	劉備	Xuande	玄德	221–223	Zhāngwǔ	章武	221–223	Emperor Zhaolie	昭烈帝
Liu Shan	Liú Shàn	劉禪	Gongsi	公嗣	223–263	Jiànxīng	建興	223–237	Emperor Xiaohuai	後主
						Yánxī	延熙	238–257
						Jǐngyào	景耀	258–263
						Yánxīng	炎興	263

Wu (吳) or Dong (Eastern) Wu (東吳) (222–280)

Name by which most commonly known	Personal name		Courtesy name		Reign	Era names (Nian Hao 年號) and their corresponding range of years			Posthumous name (Shi Hao 諡號)
Sun Quan	Sūn Quán	孫權	Zhongmou	仲謀	222–252	Huángwǔ	黃武	222–229	Emperor Wu the Great	吳大帝
						Huánglóng	黃龍	229–231
						Jiāhé	嘉禾	232–238
						Chìwū	赤烏	238–251
						Tàiyuán	太元	251–252
						Shénfèng	神鳳	252
Sun Liang	Sūn Liàng	孫亮	Ziming	子明	252–258	Jiànxīng	建興	252–253	–
						Wǔfèng	五鳳	254–256
						Tàipíng	太平	256–258
Sun Xiu	Sūn Xiū	孫休	Zilie	子烈	258–264	Yǒngān	永安	258–264	Emperor Jing	景帝
Sun Hao	Sūn Hào	孫皓	Yuanzong	元宗	264–280	Yuánxīng	元興	264–265	–
						Gānlù	甘露	265–266
						Bǎodǐng	寶鼎	266–269
						Jiànhéng	建衡	269–271
						Fènghuáng	鳳凰	272–274
						Tiāncè	天冊	275–276
						Tiānxǐ	天璽	276
						Tiānjì	天紀	277–280

Jin dynasty (晉朝) (265–420)

Main article: Jin dynasty (265–420)

See also: Jin emperors family tree

Chinese convention: Use "Jin" + posthumous name

Name by which most commonly known	Personal name		Reign	Era names (Nian Hao 年號) and their corresponding range of years			Posthumous name (Shi Hao 諡號)		Temple name (Miao Hao 廟號)
Western Jin (265–317)
Emperor Wu of Jin	Sīmǎ Yán	司馬炎	266–290	Tàishǐ	泰始	266–274	Emperor Wu	武帝	Shizu	世祖
				Xiánníng	咸寧	275–280
				Tàikāng	太康	280–289
				Tàixī	太熙	290
Emperor Hui of Jin	Sīmǎ Zhōng	司馬衷	290–306	Yǒngxī	永熙	290	Emperor Hui	惠帝	–
				Yǒngpīng	永平	291
				Yuánkāng	元康	291–299
				Yǒngkāng	永康	300–301
				Yǒngníng	永寧	301–302
				Tàiān	太安	302–303
				Yǒngān	永安	304
				Jiànwǔ	建武	304
				Yǒngān	永安	304
				Yǒngxīng	永興	304–306
				Guāngxī	光熙	306
Emperor Huai of Jin	Sīmǎ Chì	司馬熾	307–313	Yǒngjiā	永嘉	307–313	Emperor Huai	懷帝	–
Emperor Min of Jin	Sīmǎ Yè	司馬鄴	313–317	Jiànxīng	建興	313–317	Emperor Min	愍帝	–
Eastern Jin (317–420)
Emperor Yuan of Jin	Sīmǎ Ruì	司馬睿	317–322	Jiànwǔ	建武	317–318	Emperor Yuan	元帝	Zhōngzōng	中宗
				Dàxīng	大興	318–321
				Yǒngchāng	永昌	321–322
Emperor Míng of Jin	Sīmǎ Shào	司馬紹	322–325	Yǒngchāng	永昌	322–323	Emperor Ming	明帝	Suzu	肅祖
				Tàiníng	太寧	323–325
Emperor Cheng of Jin	Sīmǎ Yǎn	司馬衍	325–342	Tàiníng	太寧	325	Emperor Cheng	成帝	Xianzong	顯宗
				Xiánhé	咸和	326–334
				Xiánkāng	咸康	335–342
Emperor Kang of Jin	Sīmǎ Yuè	司馬岳	342–344	Jiànyuán	建元	343–344	Emperor Kang	康帝	–
Emperor Mu of Jin	Sima Dān	司馬聃	345–361	Yǒnghé	永和	345–356	Emperor Mu	穆帝	Xianzong	顯宗
				Shēngpíng	升平	357–361
Emperor Ai of Jin	Sīmǎ Pī	司馬丕	361–365	Lónghé	隆和	362–363	Emperor Ai	哀帝	–
				Xīngníng	興寧	363–365
Emperor Fei of Jin	Sīmǎ Yì	司馬奕	365–371	Tàihé	太和	365–371	Emperor Fei	廢帝	–
Emperor Jianwen of Jin	Sīmǎ Yù	司馬昱	371–372	Xiánān	咸安	371–372	Emperor Jianwen	簡文帝	Taizong	太宗
Emperor Xiaowu of Jin	Sīmǎ Yào	司馬曜	372–396	Níngkāng	寧康	373–375	Emperor Xiaowu	孝武帝	Lièzōng	烈宗
				Tàiyuán	太元	376–396
Emperor An of Jin	Sīmǎ Dézōng	司馬德宗	396–418	Lóngān	隆安	397–401	Emperor An	安帝	–
				Yuánxīng	元興	402–404
				Yìxī	義熙	405–418
Emperor Gong of Jin	Sīmǎ Déwén	司馬德文	419–420	Yuánxī	元熙	419–420	Emperor Gong	恭帝	–

Sixteen Kingdoms (十六国) (304–439)

Main article: Sixteen Kingdoms

Chinese convention: use personal name

Cheng Han (成漢) (303–347)

Note: addressed separately in traditional texts as Cheng (成) and Han (漢)

Personal name		Reign	Era names (Nian Hao 年號) and their corresponding range of years			Posthumous name (Shi Hao 諡號)		Temple name (Miao Hao 廟號)
Cheng (成) (303–338)
Li Te	李特	303	Jiànchū or Jǐngchū	建初 or 景初	303	Emperor Jing	景帝	Shízu or Shìzu	始祖 or 世祖
Li Liu	李流	several months in 303				Prince Qin Wen	秦文王	–
Li Xiong	李雄	303–334				Emperor Wu	武帝	Taizong	太宗
			Jiànxīng	建興	304–305
			Yànpīng	晏平	306–310
			Yùhéng	玉衡	311–334
Li Ban	李班	7 months in 334				Emperor Ai	哀帝	–
Li Qi	李期	334–338	Hànxīng	漢興	337–338	Duke You	幽公	–
Han (漢) (338–347)
Li Shou	李壽	338–343	Hànxīng (漢興) 338–343 (continuation)	漢興	338–343 (continuation)	Emperor Zhaowen	昭文帝	Zhongzong	中宗
Li Shi	李勢	343–347	Tàihé	太和	344–345	Marquis Guiyi	歸義侯	–
			Jiāníng	嘉寧	346–347 (until conquest by Jin)

Han Zhao (漢趙) (304–329)

Note: addressed separately in traditional texts as Han (漢) and Qian (Former) Zhao (前趙)

Personal name		Reign	Era names (Nian Hao 年號) and their corresponding range of years			Posthumous name (Shi Hao 諡號)		Temple name (Miao Hao 廟號)
Han (漢) (304–318)
Liu Yuan	劉淵	304–310	Jiànxīng	建興	304–307	Emperor Guangwen	光文帝	Gao Zu	高祖
			Yǒngfèng	永鳳	308
			Héruì	河瑞	309
			Guāngxīng	光興	310
Liu He	劉和	7 days in 310				Prince Liang	梁王	–
Liu Cong	劉聰	310–318				Emperor Zhaowu	昭武帝	Lie Zong	烈宗
			Jiāpíng	嘉平	311–315
			Jiànyuán	建元	316
			Línjiā	麟嘉	317–318
Liu Can	劉粲	a month and some days in 318	Hànchāng (until renaming as Former Zhao)	漢昌	318	Emperor Yin	隱帝	–
Qian (Former) Zhao (前趙) (318–329)
Liu Yao	劉曜	318–329	Guāngchū (until conquest by Later Zhao)	光初	318–329	Prince Hòu	後主	–
Hou (Later) Zhao (后趙) (329–351)
Shi Le	石勒	319–333	Prince Zhao	趙王	319–327	Emperor Ming	明帝	Gaozu	高祖
			Tàihé	太和	328–329
			Jiànpíng	建平	330–332
			Yánxī	延熙	333
Shi Hong	石弘	333–334	Yánxī	延熙	333	Prince Haiyang	海陽王	–
			Jiànwǔ	建武	334
Shi Hu	石虎	334–349	Jiànwǔ	建武	335–348	Emperor Wu	武帝	Taizu	太祖
			Taìníng	太寧	349
Shi Shi	石世	73 days in 349				Prince Qiao	譙王	–
Shi Zun	石遵	183 days in 349				Prince Pangcheng	彭城王	–
Shi Jian	石鑒	103 days within 349–350	Qīnglóng	青龍	(changed mid-year)	Prince Yiyang	義陽王	–
Shi Zhi	石祗	350–351	Yǒngníng	永寧	350–351 (until Ran Min's coup)	Prince Xinxing	新興王	–

Liang (凉) (320–421)

Personal name		Reign	Era names (Nian Hao 年號) and their corresponding range of years			Posthumous name (Shi Hao 諡號)		Temple name (Miao Hao 廟號)
Qian (Former) Liang (前凉) (320–376)
Zhang Mao	張茂	320–324	Jianxing	建興	320–354	Duke Cheng	成公	–
Zhang Jun	張駿	324–346				Duke Zhongcheng	忠成公	–
Zhang Chonghua	張重華	346–353				Duke Huan	桓公	–
Zhang Yaoling	張曜靈	3 months (the ninth to the twelfth month) in 353				Duke Ai	哀公	–
Zhang Zuo	張祚	353–355				Prince Wei	威王	–
			Heping	和平	354–355
Zhang Xuanjing	張玄靚	355–363	Jianxing	建興	355–361	Duke Jingdao or Duke Chong	敬悼公 or 沖公	–
			Shengping	升平	361–376
Zhang Tianxi	張天錫	364–376				Duke Dao	悼公	–
Hou (Later) Liang (后凉) (386–403)
Lü Guang	呂光	386–399	Taian	太安	386–389	Prince Yiwu	懿武王	Taizu	太祖
			Linjia	麟嘉	389–396
			Longfei	龍飛	396–399
Lü Shao	呂紹	399				Prince Yin	隱王	–
Lü Zuan	呂纂	399–401	Xianning	咸寧	399–401	Prince Ling	靈王	–
Lü Long	呂隆	401–403	Shending	神鼎	401–403	Duke Shangshu or Duke Jiankang	尚書公 or 建康公	–
Nan (Southern) Liang (南凉) (397–414)
Tufa Wugu	禿髮烏孤	397–399	Taichu	太初	397–399	Prince Wu	武王	Liezu	烈祖
Tufa Lilugu	禿髮利鹿孤	399–402	Jianhe	建和	399–402	Prince Kang	康王	–
Tufa Rutan	禿髮傉檀	402–414	Hongchang	弘昌	402–404	Prince Jǐng or Prince Jìng	景王 or 敬王	–
			Jiaping	嘉平)	409–414
Bei (Northern) Liang (北凉) (397–439) (as Kings of Gaochang (442–460))
Duan Ye	段業	397–401	Shenxi	神璽	397–399	–		–
			Tianxi	天璽	399–401
Juqu Mengxun	沮渠蒙遜	401–433	Yongan	永安	401–412	Prince Wuxuan	武宣王	Taizu	太祖
			Xuanshi	玄始	412–428
			Chengxuan	承玄	428–430
			Yihe	義和	430–433
Juqu Mujian	沮渠牧犍	433–439	Yonghe	永和	433–439	Prince Ai	哀王	–
Juqu Wuhui	沮渠無諱	442–444	Chengping	承平	442–443	–		–
			Qianshou	乾壽	443–444
Juqu Anzhou	沮渠安周	444–460	Chengping	承平	444–460	–		–
Xi (Western) Liang (西凉) (400–421)
Li Gao	李暠	400–417	Gengzi	庚子	400–405	Prince Wuzhao	武昭王	Taizu	太祖
			Jianchu	建初	406–416
Li Xin	李歆	417–420	Jiaxing	嘉興	417–420	Prince Hòu	後主	–
Li Xun	李恂	420–421	Yongjian	永建	420–421	Prince Hòu	後主	–

Yan (燕) (337–436)

Personal name		Reign	Era names (Nian Hao 年號) and their corresponding range of years			Posthumous name (Shi Hao 諡號)		Temple name (Miao Hao 廟號)
Qian (Former) Yan (前燕) (337–370)
Murong Huang	慕容皝	337–348	Yànwáng	燕王	337–348	Emperor Wenming	文明帝	Taizu	太祖
Murong Jun	慕容俊	348–360	Yànyuán	燕元	349–351	Emperor Jingzhao	景昭帝	Liezong	烈宗
			Yuánxǐ	元璽	352–357
			Shēngpíng	升平	357 (as vassal of Jin)
			Guāngshòu	光壽	357–359
Murong Wei	慕容暐	360–370	Jiànxī	建熙	359–365	Prince You	幽帝	–
			Jiànyuán	建元	366–370
Hou (Later) Yan (后燕) (384–407)
Murong Chui	慕容垂	384–396	Yànwáng	燕王	384–385	Emperor Wucheng	武成帝	Shizu	世祖
			Jianxing	建興	386–396
Murong Bao	慕容寶	396–398	Yongkang	永康	396–398	Emperor Huimin	惠愍帝	Liezong	烈宗
Murong Sheng	慕容盛	398–401	Jianping	建平	398	Emperor Zhaowu	昭武帝	Zhongzong	中宗
			Changle	長樂	399–401
Murong Xi	慕容熙	401–407	Guangshi	光始	401–406	Emperor Zhaowen	昭文帝	–
			Jianshi	建始	407
Nan (Southern) Yan (南燕) (398–410)
Murong De	慕容德	398–405	Yanwang	燕王	398–400	Emperor Xianwu	獻武帝	Shizong	世宗
			Jianping	建平	400–405
Murong Chao	慕容超	405–410	Taishang	太上	405–410	Emperor Hòu	後主帝	–
Bei (Northern) Yan (北燕) (407–436)
Gao Yun	高雲/慕容雲	407–409	Zhengshi	正始	407–409	Emperor Huiyi	惠懿帝	–
Feng Ba	馮跋	409–430	Taiping	太平	409–430	Emperor Wencheng	文成帝	Taizu	太祖
Feng Hong	馮弘	430–436	Daxing	大興	430–436	Emperor Zhaocheng	昭成帝	–

Qin (秦) (351–431)

Personal name		Reign	Era names (Nian Hao 年號) and their corresponding range of years			Posthumous name (Shi Hao 諡號)		Temple name (Miao Hao 廟號)
Qian (Former) Qin (前秦) (351–394)
Fu Jian	苻健	351–355	Huangshi (皇始) 351–355	皇始	351–355	Emperor Jingming	景明帝	Gaozu	高祖
Fu Sheng	苻生	355–357	Shouguang (壽光) 355–357	壽光	355–357	Prince Li	厲王	–
Fu Jian	苻堅	357–385	Yongxing	永興	357–359	Emperor Xuanzhao	宣昭帝	Shizu	世祖
			Ganlu	甘露	359–364
			Jianyuan	建元	365–385
Fu Pi	苻丕	385–386	Taian	太安	385–386	Emperor Aiping	哀平帝	–
Fu Deng	苻登	386–394	Taichu	太初	385–394	Emperor Gao	高帝	Taizong	太宗
Fu Chong	苻崇	several months in 394	Yanchu	延初	394	Prince Hòu	後主	–
Hou (Later) Qin (后秦) (384–417)
Yao Chang	姚萇	384–393	Baique	白雀	384–386	Emperor Wuzhao	武昭帝	Taizu	太祖
			Jianchu	建初	386–393
Yao Xing	姚興	394–416	Huangchu	皇初	394–399	Emperor Wenhuan	文桓帝	Gaozu	高祖
			Hongshi	弘始	399–416
Yao Hong	姚泓	416–417	Yonghe	永和	416–417	Prince Hòu	後主	–
Xi (Western) Qin (西秦) (385–400, 409–431)
Qifu Guoren	乞伏國仁	385–388	Jianyi	建義	385–388	Prince Xuanlie	宣烈王	Liezu	烈祖
Qifu Gangui	乞伏乾歸	388–400	Taichu	太初	388–400	Prince Wuyuan	武元王	Gaozu	高祖
		409–412	Gengshi	更始	409–412
Qifu Chipan	乞伏熾磐	412–428	Yongkang	永康	412–419	Prince Wenzhao	文昭王	Taizu	太祖
			Jianhong	建弘	420–428
Qifu Mumo	乞伏暮末	428–431	Yonghong	永弘	428–431	Prince Hòu	後主	–

Xia (夏) (407–431)

Personal name		Reign	Era names (Nian Hao 年號) and their corresponding range of years			Posthumous name (Shi Hao 諡號)		Temple name (Miao Hao 廟號)
Helian Bobo	赫連勃勃	407–425	Longsheng	龍升	407–413	Emperor Wulie	武烈帝	Shizu	世祖
			Fengxiang	鳳翔	413–418
			Changwu	昌武	418–419
			Zhenxing	真興	419–425
Helian Chang	赫連昌	425–428	Chengguang	承光	425–428	Prince Qin	秦王	–
Helian Ding	赫連定	428–431	Shengguang	勝光	425–428	Prince Pingyuan	平原王	–

Other sovereignties traditionally not counted in the Sixteen Kingdoms

Convention: use personal name

Ran Wei (冉魏) (350–352)

Note: addressed as Wei in traditional texts)

Personal name		Reign	Era names (Nian Hao 年號) (and their corresponding range of years)			Posthumous name (Shi Hao 諡號)
Ran Min	冉閔	350–352	Yongxing	永興	350–352	Heavenly King Wudao	武悼天王

Xi (Western) Yan (西燕) (384–394)

Personal name		Reign	Era names (Nian Hao 年號) (and their corresponding range of years)			Posthumous name (Shi Hao 諡號)
Murong Hong	慕容泓	384	Yanxing	燕興	384–385	Emperor Wei	威帝
Murong Chong	慕容沖	384–386
			Gengshi	更始	385–386	–
Duan Sui	段隨	386	Changping	昌平	386	–
Murong Yi	慕容顗	386	Jianming	建明	386	–
Murong Yao	慕容瑤	386	Jianping	建平	386	–
Murong Zhong	慕容忠	386	Jianwu	建武	386	–
Murong Yong	慕容永	386–394	Zhongxing	中興	386–394	–

Shu (蜀) (405–413)

Personal name		Reign	Era names (Nian Hao 年號) (and their corresponding range of years)			Posthumous name (Shi Hao 諡號)
Qiao Zong	譙縱	405–413	–			King Chengdu	成都王

Chieftains of Tiefu Tribe (匈奴支系鐵弗部首領) (mid 3rd century – 391)

Personal name		Reign	Era names (Nian Hao 年號) (and their corresponding range of years)			Posthumous name (Shi Hao 諡號)
Liu Qubei	劉去卑	mid-3rd century	–			–
Liu Gaoshengyuan	劉誥升爰	mid-3rd century – late 3rd century	–			–
Liu Hu	劉虎	early 4th century (309?) – 341	–			–
Liu Wuheng	劉務恒	341–356	–			–
Liu Eloutou	劉閼陋頭	356–358	–			–
Liu Xiwuqi	劉悉勿祈	358–359	–			–
Liu Weichen	劉衛辰	359–391	–			–

Chieftains of Yuwen Tribe (宇文部鮮卑首領) (late 3rd century – 345)

Personal name		Reign	Era names (Nian Hao 年號) (and their corresponding range of years)			Posthumous name (Shi Hao 諡號)
Yuwen Mohuai	宇文莫槐	late 3rd century – 293	–			–
Yuwen Puhui or Yuwen Pubo	宇文普回 or 宇文普撥	293 – late 3rd century	–			–
Yuwen Qiubuqin	宇文丘不勤	late 3rd century	–			–
Yuwen Mogui	宇文莫圭	late 3rd century (299?) – early 4th century (302?)	–			–
Yuwen Xiduguan	宇文悉獨官	early 3rd century	–			–
Yuwen Qidegui	宇文乞得歸	early 3rd century – 333	–			–
Yuwen Yidougui	宇文逸豆歸	333–345	–			–

Dukes of Liaoxi (遼西公) (303–338)

Personal name		Reign	Era names (Nian Hao 年號) (and their corresponding range of years)			Posthumous name (Shi Hao 諡號)
Duan Wuwuchen	段務勿塵	303 – 310 or 311	–			–
Duan Jilujuan	段疾陸眷	310 or 311 – 318	–			–
Duan Shefuchen	段涉復辰	318	–			–
Duan Pidi	段匹磾	318–321	–			–
Duan Mopei	段末柸	318–325	–			–
Duan Ya	段牙	325	–			–
Duan Liao	段遼	326–338	–			–

Chouchi (仇池) (late 2nd century – 473)

Personal name		Reign	Era names (Nian Hao 年號) (and their corresponding range of years)			Posthumous name (Shi Hao 諡號)
Qian (Former) Chouchi (前仇池) (late 2nd century – 371)
Yang Teng	楊騰	late 2nd century – early 3rd century	–			–
Yang Ju	楊駒	early 3rd century	–			–
Yang Qianwan	楊千萬	early 3rd century – mid-3rd century	–			–
Yang Feilong	楊飛龍	mid-3rd century – late 3rd century	–			–
Yang Maosou	楊茂搜	late 3rd century – 317	–			–
Yang Nandi	楊難敵	317–334	–			–
Yang Yi	楊毅	334–337	–			–
Yang Chu	楊初	337–355	–			–
Yang Guo	楊國	355–356	–			–
Yang Jun	楊俊	356–360	–			–
Yang Shi	楊世	360–370	–			–
Yang Cuan	楊篡	370–371	–			–
Hou (Later) Chouchi (后仇池) (385–473)
Yang Ding	楊定	385–394	–			King Wǔ	武王
Yang Sheng	楊盛	394–425	–			King Huìwén	惠文王
Yang Xuan	楊玄	425–429	–			King Xiàozhāo	孝昭王
Yang Baozong	楊保宗	429 and 443	–			–
Yang Nandang	楊難當	429–441	Jianyi	建義	436–440	–
Yang Baochi	楊保熾	442–443	–			–
Yang Wende	楊文德	443–454	–			–
Yang Yuanhe	楊元和	455–466	–			–
Yang Sengsi	楊僧嗣	466–473	–			–

Kings of Wuxing (武興王) (473–506 and 534–555)

Personal name		Reign	Era names (Nian Hao 年號) (and their corresponding range of years)	Posthumous name (Shi Hao 諡號)
Yang Wendu	楊文度	473–477	–	–
Yang Wenhong	楊文弘	477–482	–	–
Yang Houqi	楊後起	482–486	–	–
Yang Jishi	楊集始	482–503	–	King An	安王
Yang Shaoxian	楊紹先	503–506, 534–535	–	–
Yang Zhihui1	楊智慧	535–545	–	–
Yang Bixie1	楊辟邪	545–553	–	–
1 — Yang Zhihui and Yang Bixie could be the same person.

Kings of Yinping (陰平王) (477 – mid-6th century)

Personal name		Reign	Era names (Nian Hao 年號) (and their corresponding range of years)			Posthumous name (Shi Hao 諡號)
Yang Guangxiang	楊廣香	477–483?	–			–
Yang Jiong	楊炯	483–495	–			–
Yang Chongzu	楊崇祖	495-before 502	–			–
Yang Mengsun	楊孟孫	before 502–511	–			–
Yang Ding	楊定	511- ?	–			–

Chieftains of Tuoba Tribe (索頭部鮮卑族首領) (219–377) (as Kings of Dai (代王) (305?–377))

Personal name		Reign	Era names (Nian Hao 年號) (and their corresponding range of years)			Posthumous name (Shi Hao 諡號)
Tuoba Liwei3	拓拔力微	219–277	–			King Shényuán	神元王
Tuoba Xilu	拓拔悉鹿	277–286	–			King Zhāng	章王
Tuoba Chuo	拓拔綽	286–293	–			King Píng	平王
Tuoba Fu	拓拔弗	293–294	–			King Sī	思王
Tuoba Luguan	拓拔祿官	294–307	–			King Zhāo	昭王
Tuoba Yituo	拓拔猗㐌	295–305	–			Emperor Huán	桓帝
Tuoba Yilu	拓拔猗盧	295–316	–			King Mù	穆王
Tuoba Liugen	拓跋六根	316	–			–
Tuoba Pugen	拓拔普根	316	–			–
Tuoba Shisheng	拓跋始生	316	–			–
Tuoba Yulü	拓拔鬱律	316–321	–			King Píngwén	平文王
Tuoba Heru	拓拔賀傉	321–325	–			King Huì	惠王
Tuoba Hena	拓拔紇那	325–329 and 335–337	–			King Yáng	煬王
Tuoba Yihuai	拓拔翳槐	329–335 and 337–338	–			King Liè	烈王
Tuoba Shiyijian	拓拔什翼健	338–377	Jianguo	建國	338–377	King Zhāochéng	昭成王
1 — All chieftains were revered as emperors in Weishu and Beishi which they never were. They were denoted here as king (wáng) (王) which was inherited by all successors of Tuoba Yi Lu. 2 — The Tuoba clan was the ruling family of Northern Wei dynasty, founded by Tuoba Gui. Hence the Table of Northern Wei dynasty will start with him, not as a continuation of this table. 3 — Tuoba Liwei had the temple name Shizu (始祖). He was the only chieftain before Tuoba Gui revered with a temple name

Northern and Southern Dynasties (南北朝) (420–589)

Main article: Northern and Southern dynasties

Northern dynasties (北朝) (386–581)

Chinese convention: use dynasty name + posthumous name

Bei (Northern) Wei (北魏) (386–550)

Name by which most commonly known	Personal name		Reign	Era names (Nian Hao 年號) and their corresponding range of years			Posthumous name (Shi Hao 諡號)
Emperor Daowu of Northern Wei	Tuoba Gui	拓拔珪	386–409	Dengguo	登國	386–396	Emperor Daowu	道武帝
				Huangsh	皇始	396–398
				Tianxing	天興	398–404
				Tianci	天賜	404–409
Emperor Mingyuan of Northern Wei	Tuoba Si	拓拔嗣	409–423	Yongxing	永興	409–413	Emperor Mingyuan	明元帝
				Shenrui	神瑞	414–416
				Taichang	泰常	416–423
Emperor Taiwu of Northern Wei	Tuoba Tao	拓拔燾	424–452	Shiguang	始光	424–428	Emperor Taiwu	太武帝
				Shenjia	神䴥	428–431
				Yanhe	延和	432–434
				Taiyan	太延	435–440
				Taipingzhenjun	太平真君	440–451
				Zhengping	正平	451–452
Tuoba Yu	Tuoba Yu	拓拔余	452	Chengping	承平	452	Prince Nan'an	南安王
Emperor Wencheng of Northern Wei	Tuoba Jun	拓拔濬	452–465	Xingan	興安	452–454	Emperor Wencheng	文成帝
				Xingguang	興光	454–455
				Tai'an	太安	455–459
				Heping	和平	460–465
Emperor Xianwen of Northern Wei	Tuoba Hong	拓拔弘	466–471	Tian'an	天安	466–467	Emperor Xianwen	獻文帝
				Huangxing	皇興	467–471
Emperor Xiaowen of Northern Wei	Yuan1 Hong (Tuoba Hong)	元宏 (拓跋宏)	471–499	Yanxing	延興	471–476	Emperor Xiaowen	孝文帝
				Chengming	承明	476
				Taihe	太和	477–499
Emperor Xuanwu of Northern Wei	Yuan Ke	元恪	499–515	Jingming	景明	500–503	Emperor Xuanwu	宣武帝
				Zhengshi	正始	504–508
				Yongping	永平	508–512
				Yanchang	延昌	512–515
Emperor Xiaoming of Northern Wei	Yuan Xu	元詡	516–528	Xiping	熙平	516–518	Emperor Xiaoming	孝明帝
				Shengui	神龜	518–520
				Zhengguang	正光	520–525
				Xiaochang	孝昌	525–527
				Wutai	武泰	528
Yuan Zhao	Yuan Zhao	元釗	528	–			Prince Yòu	幼主
Emperor Xiaozhuang of Northern Wei	Yuan Ziyou	元子攸	528–530	Jianyi	建義	528	Emperor Xiaozhuang	孝莊帝
				Yong'an	永安	528–530
Yuan Ye	Yuan Ye	元曄	530–531	Jianming (建明) 530–531	建明	530–531	Prince Changguang	長廣王
Emperor Jiemin of Northern Wei	Yuan Gong	元恭	531–532	Putai (普泰) 531–532	普泰	531–532	Emperor Jiemin	節閔帝
Yuan Lang	Yuan Lang	元朗	531–532	Zhongxing (中興) 531–532	中興	531–532	Prince Anding	安定王
Emperor Xiaowu of Northern Wei	Yuan Xiu	元脩	532–535	Taichang	太昌	532	Emperor Xiaowu or Emperor Chu	孝武帝 or 出帝
				Yongxing	永興	532
				Yongxi	永熙	532–535
Dong (Eastern) Wei dynasty (東魏) (534–550)
Emperor Xiaojing of Eastern Wei	Yuan Shanjian	元善見	534–550	Tianping	天平	534–537	Emperor Xiaojing	孝靜帝
				Yuanxiang	元象	538–539
				Xinghe	興和	539–542
				Wuding	武定	543–550
Xi (Western) Wei dynasty (西魏) (535–556)
Emperor Wen of Western Wei	Yuan Baoju	元寶炬	535–551	Datong	大統	535–551	Emperor Wen	文帝
Emperor Fei of Western Wei	Yuan Qin	元欽	552–554	–			Emperor Fei	廢帝
Emperor Gong of Western Wei	Tuoba Kuo	拓拔廓	554–556	–			Emperor Gong	恭帝
1 – The Tuoba family changed their family name to 元 (yuán) during the reign of Xiaowen Di in 496 so that is reflected in the table as well.

Bei (Northern) Qi (北齊) (550–577)

Name by which most commonly known	Personal name		Reigns	Era names (Nian Hao 年號) and their corresponding range of years			Posthumous name (Shi Hao 諡號)
Emperor Wenxuan of Northern Qi	Gao Yang	高洋	550–559	Tianbao	天保	550–559	Emperor Wenxuan	文宣帝
Emperor Fei of Northern Qi	Gao Yin	高殷	559–560	Qianming	乾明	560	Emperor Fei	廢帝
Emperor Xiaozhao of Northern Qi	Gao Yan	高演	560–561	Huangjian	皇建	560–561	Emperor Xiaozhao	孝昭帝
Emperor Wucheng of Northern Qi	Gao Zhan	高湛	561–565	Taining	太寧	561–562	Emperor Wucheng	武成帝
				Heqing	河清	562–565
Gao Wei	Gao Wei	高緯	565–577	Tiantong	天統	565–569	Prince Hòu	後主
				Wuping	武平	570–576
				Longhua	隆化	576
Gao Heng	Gao Heng	高恆	577	Chengguang	承光	577	Prince Yòu	幼主
Gao Shaoyi	Gao Shaoyi	高紹義	577–579?	–			Prince Fanyang	范陽王

Bei (Northern) Zhou (北周) (557–581)

Name by which most commonly known	Personal name		Reigns	Era names (Nian Hao 年號) and their corresponding range of years			Posthumous name (Shi Hao 諡號)
Emperor Xiaomin of Northern Zhou	Yuwen Jue	宇文覺	557	–			Emperor Xiaomin	孝閔帝
Emperor Ming of Northern Zhou	Yuwen Yu	宇文毓	557–560	Wucheng	武成	559–560	Emperor Ming or Emperor Xiaoming	明帝 or 孝明帝
Emperor Wu of Northern Zhou	Yuwen Yong	宇文邕	561–578	Baoding	保定	560–565	Emperor Wu	武帝
				Tianhe	天和	566–572
				Jiande	建德	572–578
				Xuanzheng	宣政	578
Emperor Xuan of Northern Zhou	Yuwen Yun	宇文贇	578–579	Dacheng	大成	579	Emperor Xuan	宣帝
Emperor Jing of Northern Zhou	Yuwen Chan	宇文闡	579–581	Daxiang	大象	579–581	Emperor Jing	靜帝
				Dading	大定	581

Southern dynasties (南朝) (420–589)

Chinese convention: use dynasty name + posthumous name

Liu Song (劉宋) (420–479)

Name by which most commonly known	Personal name		Reign	Era names (Nian Hao 年號) and their corresponding range of years			Posthumous name (Shi Hao 諡號)
Emperor Wu of Liu Song	Liu Yu	劉裕	420–422	Yongchu	永初	420–422	Emperor Wu	武帝
Emperor Shao of Liu Song	Liu Yifu	劉義符	423–424	Jingping	景平	423–424	Emperor Shao	少帝
Emperor Wen of Liu Song	Liu Yilong	劉義隆	424–453	Yuanjia	元嘉	424–453	Emperor Wen	文帝
Emperor Xiaowu of Liu Song	Liu Jun	劉駿	454–464	Xiaojian	元嘉	454–456	Emperor Xiaowu	孝武帝
				Daming	大明	457–464
Emperor Qianfei of Liu Song	Liu Ziye	劉子業	465	Yongguang	永光	465	Emperor Qianfei	前廢帝
				Jinghe	景和	465
Emperor Ming of Liu Song	Liu Yu	劉彧	465–472	Taishi	泰始	465–471	Emperor Ming	明帝
				Taiyu	泰豫	472
Emperor Houfei of Liu Song	Liu Yu	劉昱	473–477	Yuanhui	元徽	473–477	Emperor Houfei or Prince Cangwu	後廢帝 or 蒼梧王
Emperor Shun of Liu Song	Liu Zhun	劉準	477–479	Shengming	昇明	477–479	Emperor Shun	順帝

Nán (Southern) Qi (南齊) (479–502)

Name by which most commonly known	Personal name		Reign	Era names (Nian Hao 年號) and their corresponding range of years			Posthumous name (Shi Hao 諡號)
Emperor Gao of Southern Qi	Xiao Daocheng	蕭道成	479–482	Jianyuan	建元	479–482	Emperor Gao	高帝
Emperor Wu of Southern Qi	Xiao Ze	蕭賾	482–493	Yongming	永明	483–493	Emperor Wu	武帝
Xiao Zhaoye	Xiao Zhaoye	蕭昭業	493–494	Longchang	隆昌	494	Prince of Yulin	鬱林王
Xiao Zhaowen	Xiao Zhaowen	蕭昭文	494	Yanxing	延興	494	Prince of Hailing	海陵王
Emperor Ming of Southern Qi	Xiao Luan	蕭鸞	494–498	Jianwu	建武	494–498	Emperor Ming	明帝
				Yongtai	永泰	498
Xiao Baojuan	Xiao Baojuan	蕭寶卷	499–501	Yongyuan	永元	499–501	Marquess of Donghun	東昏侯
Emperor He of Southern Qi	Xiao Baorong	蕭寶融	501–502	Zhongxing	中興	501–502	Emperor He	和帝

Nán (Southern) Liang (南梁) (502–557)

Name by which most commonly known	Personal name		Reign	Era names (Nian Hao 年號) and their corresponding range of years			Posthumous name (Shi Hao 諡號)
Emperor Wu of Liang	Xiao Yan	蕭衍	502–549	Tianjian	天監	502–519	Emperor Wu	武帝
				Putong	普通	520–527
				Datong	大通	527–529
				Zhongdatong	中大通	529–534
				Datong	大同	535–546
				Zhongdatong	中大同	546–547
				Taiqing	太清	547–549
Emperor Jianwen of Liang	Xiao Gang	蕭綱	549–551	Dabao	大寶	550–551	Emperor Jianwen	簡文帝
Xiao Dong	Xiao Dong	蕭棟	551–552	Tianzheng	天正	551–552	Prince of Yuzhang	豫章王
Emperor Yuan of Liang	Xiao Yi	蕭繹	552–555	Chengsheng	承聖	552–555	Emperor Yuan	元帝
Xiao Yuanming	Xiao Yuanming	蕭淵明	555	Tiancheng	天成	555	Emperor Zhengyang	貞陽侯
Emperor Jing of Liang	Xiao Fangzhi	蕭方智	555–557	Shaotai	紹泰	555–556	Emperor Jing	敬帝
				Taiping	太平	556–557
Western Liang (555–587) (西梁) (555–587)
Emperor Xuan of Western Liang	Xiao Cha	蕭詧	555–562	Dading	大定	555–562	Emperor Xuan	宣帝
Emperor Ming of Western Lian	Xiao Kui	蕭巋	562–585	Tianbao	天保	562–585	Emperor Xiaoming	孝明帝
Emperor Jing of Western Liang	Xiao Cong	蕭琮	585–587	Guangyun	廣運	562–585	Emperor Xiaojing or Duke Ju	孝靖帝 or 莒公

Chen (陳) (557–589)

Name by which most commonly known	Personal name		Reign	Era names (Nian Hao 年號) and their corresponding range of years			Posthumous name (Shi Hao 諡號)
Emperor Wu of Chen	Chen Baxian	陳霸先	557–559	Yongding	永定	557–559	Emperor Wu	武帝
Emperor Wen of Chen	Chen Qian	陳蒨	559–566	Tianjia	天嘉	560–566	Emperor Wen	文帝
				Tiankang	天康	566
Emperor Fei of Chen	Chen Bozong	陳伯宗	566–568	Guangda	光大	566–568	Emperor Fei	廢帝
Emperor Xuan of Chen	Chen Xu	陳頊	569–582	Taijian	太建	569–582	Emperor Xuan	宣帝
Chen Shubao	Chen Shubao	陳叔寶	583–589	Zhide	至德	583–586	Prince Hou	後主
				Zhenming	禎明	587–589

Sui dynasty (隋朝) (581–618)

Main article: Sui dynasty

See also: Sui emperors family tree

Chinese convention: use "Sui" + posthumous name

Name by which most commonly known	Personal name		Reign	Era names (Nian Hao 年號) (and the corresponding range of years)			Posthumous name (Shi Hao 諡號)
Emperor Wen of Sui	Yáng Jiān	楊堅	581–604	Kāihuáng	開皇	581–600	Emperor Wen	文帝
				Rénshòu	仁壽	601–604
Emperor Yang of Sui	Yáng Guǎng	楊廣	605–617	Dàyè	大業	605–617	Emperor Yang	煬帝
Yang You1	Yáng Yòu	楊侑	617–618	Yìníng	義寧	617–618	Emperor Gong	恭帝
Yang Hao2	Yáng Hào	楊浩	618	Huángtài	皇泰	618–619	Prince Qin	秦王
Yang Tong3	Yáng Tóng	楊侗	618–619				Emperor Gong (Prince Huangtai)	恭帝 (皇泰主)
1 — Declared emperor by Li Yuan (the later Emperor Gaozu of Tang), implying a retirement for Emperor Yang (whom he "honoured" as Taishang Huang, or retired emperor) at the western capital Daxing (Chang'an), but only the commanderies under Li's control recognized this change; for the other commanderies under Sui control, Emperor Yang was still regarded as emperor, not as retired emperor. Now generally regarded as a legitimate emperor, due to his recognition by Li Yuan. 2 — Declared emperor by Yuwen Huaji, the general under whose leadership the plot to kill Emperor Yang was carried out, but killed by him later in 618; Yuwen Huaji then declared himself emperor of a brief Xu (許) state. As Yang Hao was completely under Yuwen's control and only "reigned" briefly, he is not usually regarded as a legitimate emperor. 3 — After news of Emperor Yang's death in 618 reached Daxing and the eastern capital Luoyang, Li Yuan deposed Emperor Gong and took the throne himself, establishing Tang dynasty, but the Sui officials at Luoyang declared Emperor Gong's brother Yang Tong (later also known as Emperor Gong) emperor. The legitimacy of his reign is disputed.

Tang dynasty (唐朝) (608–907)

Main article: Tang dynasty

Chinese convention: use "Tang" + temple name (except for Emperor Shang and Emperor Ai; Emperor Xuanzong (唐玄宗) is sometimes referred as Emperor Ming of Tang Dynasty (唐明皇))

Name by which most commonly known	Personal name		Reign	Era names (Nian Hao 年號) (and the corresponding range of years)			Temple name (Miao Hao 庙号)
Emperor Gaozu of Tang	Lǐ Yuān	李渊	618–626	Wude	武德	618–626	Gaozu	高祖
Emperor Taizong of Tang	Lǐ Shìmín	李世民	627–649	Zhenguan	貞觀	627–649	Taizong	太宗
Emperor Gaozong of Tang	Lǐ Zhì	李治	650–683	Yonghui	永徽	650–655	Gaozong	高宗
				Xianqing	顯慶	656–661
				Longshuo	龍朔	661–663
				Linde	麟德	664–665
				Qianfeng	乾封	666–668
				Zongzhang	總章	668–670
				Xianheng	咸亨	670–674
				Shangyuan	上元	674–676
				Yifeng	儀鳳	676–679
				Tiaolu	調露	679–680
				Yonglong	永隆	680–681
				Kaiyao	開耀	681–682
				Yongchun	永淳	682–683
				Hongdao	弘道	683
Emperor Zhongzong of China	Li Xian or Li Zhe	李显 or 李哲	684 and 705–710	Sisheng	嗣聖	684	Zhongzong	中宗
				Shenlong	神龍	705–707
				Jinglong	景龍	707–710
Emperor Ruizong of Tang	Li Dan	李旦	684–690 and 710–712	Wenming	文明	684–690	Ruizong	睿宗
				Jingyun	景雲	710–711
				Taiji	太極	712
				Yanhe	延和	712
Interregnum (690–705)
Emperor Shang of Tang	Li Chongmao	李重茂	710	Tanglong	唐隆	710	–
Emperor Xuanzong of Tang	Li Longji	李隆基	712–756	Xiantian	先天	712–713	Xuanzong	玄宗
				Kaiyuan	開元	713–741
				Tianbao	天寶	742–756
Emperor Suzong of Tang	Li Heng	李亨	756–762	Jide	至德	756–758	Suzong	肅宗
				Qianyuan	乾元	758–760
				Shangyuan	上元	760–761
Emperor Daizong of Tang	Li Yu	李豫	762–779	Baoying	寶應	762–763	Daizong	代宗
				Guangde	廣德	763–764
				Yongtai	永泰	765–766
				Dali	大曆	766–779
Emperor Dezong of Tang	Li Gua	李适	780–805	Jianzhong	建中	780–783	Dezong	德宗
				Xingyuan	興元	784
				Zhenyuan	貞元	785–805
Emperor Shunzong of Tang	Li Song	李誦	805	Yongzhen	永貞	805	Shunzong	順宗
Emperor Xianzong of Tang	Li Chun	李純	806–820	Yuanhe	元和	806–820	Xianzong	憲宗
Emperor Muzong of Tang	Li Heng	李恆	821–824	Changqing	長慶	821–824	Muzong	穆宗
Emperor Jingzong of Tang	Li Zhan	李湛	824–826	Baoli	寶曆	824–826	Jingzong	敬宗
Emperor Wenzong of Tang	Li Ang	李昂	826–840				Wenzong	文宗
				Dahe or Taihe	大和 or 太和	827–835
				Kaicheng	開成	836–840
Emperor Wuzong of Tang	Li Yan	李炎	840–846	Huichang	會昌	841–846	Wuzong	武宗
Emperor Xuanzong of Tang	Li Chen	李忱	846–859	Dachong	大中	847–859	Xuanzong	宣宗
Emperor Yizong of Tang	Li Cui	李漼	859–873				Yizong	懿宗
				Xiantong	咸通	860–874
Emperor Xizong of Tang	Li Xuan	李儇	873–888				Xizong	僖宗
				Qianfu	乾符	874–879
				Guangming	廣明	880–881
				Zhonghe	中和	881–885
				Guangqi	光啟	885–888
				Wende	文德	888
Emperor Zhaozong of Tang	Li Ye	李曄	888–904	Longji	龍紀	889	Zhaozong	昭宗
				Dashun	大順	890–891
				Jingfu	景福	892–893
				Qianning	乾寧	894–898
				Guanghua	光化	898–901
				Tianfu	天復	901–904
				Tianyou	天佑	904
Emperor Ai of Tang	Li Zhu	李柷	904–907	Tianyou (天佑) 904–907	天佑	904–907	Zhaoxuan	昭宣帝
1 — Emperor Shao (少帝), Emperor Ai (哀帝), and Emperor Zhaoxuan (昭宣帝) are posthumous names, not temple names.

Zhou dynasty (周朝) (690–705)

Name by which most commonly known	Personal Name		Reign	Era names (Nian Hao 年號) and their corresponding range of years			Temple name (Miao Hao 廟號)
Wu Zetian	Wǔ Zhào	武曌	690–705	Tianshou	天授	690–692	–
				Ruyi	如意	692
				Changshou	長壽	692–694
				Yanzai	延載	694
				Zhengsheng	證聖	695
				Tiancewansui	天冊萬歲	695–696
				Wansuidengfeng	萬歲登封	696
				Wansuitongtian	萬歲通天	696–697
				Shengong	神功	697
				Shengli	聖曆	698–700
				Jiushi	久視	700
				Dazu	大足	701
				Chang'an	長安	701–705

Kingdom of Qi (齊國) (881–884)

Name by which most commonly known	Personal Name		Reign	Era names (Nian Hao 年號) and their corresponding range of years			Temple name (Miao Hao 廟號)
Emperor Huang Chao	Huang Chao	黃巢帝	881–884	Wángbà	王霸	878–880	–
				Jīntǒng	金統	881–884

Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms (五代十国) (907–960)

Main article: Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period

Five Dynasties (五代)

Chinese convention: name of dynasty + temple name or posthumous name

Hou (Later) Liang dynasty (后梁) (907–923)

Personal Name		Reign	Posthumous name (Shi Hao 諡號)		Era names (Nian Hao 年號) and their corresponding range of years			Temple name (Miao Hao 廟號)
Zhū Wēn	朱溫	907–912	Emperor Xianwu	獻武	Kaīpíng	開平	907–911	Taizu	太祖
					Qiánhuà	乾化	911–912
Zhu Yougui	朱友珪	912–913	–		Qiánhuà	乾化	912–913	–
					Fengli	?	913
Zhū Zhèn	朱瑱	913–923	Emperor Mo	末帝	Qiánhuà	乾化	913–915	–
					Zhēnmíng	貞明	915–921
					Lóngdé	龍德	921–923

Hou (Later) Tang dynasty (后唐) (923–936)

Personal Name		Reign	Posthumous name (Shi Hao 諡號)		Era names (Nian Hao 年號) and their corresponding range of years			Temple name (Miao Hao 廟號)
Lǐ Cúnxù	李存勗	923–926	–		Tongguang	同光	923–926	Zhuangzong	莊宗
Lǐ Sìyuán or Lǐ Dǎn	李嗣源 or 李亶	926–933	–		Tiancheng	天成	926–930	Mingzong	明宗
					Changxing	長興	930–933
Lǐ Cónghòu	李從厚	933–934	Emperor Min	閔帝	Yingshun	應順	933–934	–
Lǐ Cóngkē	李從珂	934–936	Emperor Mo	末帝	Qingtai	清泰	934–936	–

Hou (Later) Jin dynasty (后晋) (936–947)

Personal Name		Reign	Posthumous name (Shi Hao 諡號)		Era names (Nian Hao 年號) and their corresponding range of years			Temple name (Miao Hao 廟號)
Shi Jingtang	石敬瑭	936–942	–		Tianfu	天福	936–944	Gaozu	高祖
Shi Chonggui	石重貴	942–947	Emperor Chu	出帝				–
					Kaiyun	開運	944–947

Hou (Later) Han dynasty (后汉) (947–950)

Personal Name		Reign	Posthumous name (Shi Hao 諡號)		Era names (Nian Hao 年號) and their corresponding range of years			Temple name (Miao Hao 廟號)
Liu Zhiyuan	劉知遠	947–948	–		Tianfu	天福	947	Gaozu	高祖
Liu Chengyou	劉承祐	948–950	Emperor Yin	隱帝	Qianyou	乾祐	948–950	–

Hou (Later) Zhou dynasty (后周) (951–960)

Personal Name		Reign	Posthumous name (Shi Hao 諡號)		Era names (Nian Hao 年號) and their corresponding range of years			Temple name (Miao Hao 廟號)
Guo Wei	郭威	951–954	–		Guangshun	廣順	951–954	Taizu	太祖
Chai Rong	柴榮	954–959	–		Xiande	顯德	954–960	Shizong	世宗
Chai Zongxun	柴宗訓	959–960	Emperor Gong	恭帝				–

Ten Kingdoms (十國)

Chinese convention: use personal names, noted otherwise

Wu Yue (吳越) (904–978)

Personal Name		Reign	Posthumous name (Shi Hao 諡號)		Era names (Nian Hao 年號) and their corresponding range of years			Temple name (Miao Hao 廟號)
Qian Liu	錢鏐	904–932	King Wusu	武肅王	Tianbao	天寶	908–923	Taizu	太祖
					Baoda	寶大	923–925
					Baozheng	寶正	925–932
Qian Yuanguan	錢元瓘	932–941	King Wenmu	文穆王	–			Shizong	世宗
Qian Hongzuo	錢弘佐	941–947	King Zhongxian	忠獻王	–			Chengzong	成宗
Qian Hongzong	錢弘倧	947	King Zhongxun	忠遜王	–			–
Qian Chu (Qian Hongchu)	錢俶 (錢弘俶)	947–978	King Zhongyi	忠懿王	–			–

Min (閩) (909–945) (including Yin (殷) (943–945))

Personal Name		Reign	Posthumous name (Shi Hao 諡號)		Era names (Nian Hao 年號) and their corresponding range of years			Temple name (Miao Hao 廟號)
Wang Shenzhi	王審知	909–925	King Zhongyi	忠懿王	–			Taizu	太祖
Wang Yanhan	王延翰	925–926	–		–			–
Wang Yanjun	王延鈞	926–935	Emperor Hui	惠帝	Longqi	龍啟	933–935	Taizong	太宗
					Yonghe	永和	935
Wang Jipeng	王繼鵬	935–939	–		Tongwen	通文	936–939	Kangzong	康宗
Wang Yanxi	王延羲	939–944	–		Yonglong	永隆)	939–944	Jingzong	景宗
Wang Yanzheng	王延政	943–945	Emperor Tiande (as Emperor of Yin)	天德帝	Tiande	天德	943–945	–

Jingnan (荆南) (or Nanping (南平)) (906–963)

Personal Name		Reign	Posthumous name (Shi Hao 諡號)		Era names (Nian Hao 年號) and their corresponding range of years	Temple name (Miao Hao 廟號)
Gao Jixing	高季興	909–928	King Wuxin	武信王	–	–
Gao Conghui	高從誨	928–948	King Wenxian	文獻王	–	–
Gao Baorong	高寶融	948–960	King Zhenyi	貞懿王	–	–
Gao Baoxu	高寶勗	960–962	Emperor Shizhong	侍中	–	–
Gao Jichong	高繼沖	962–963	–		–	–

Chu (楚) (897–951)

Personal Name		Reign	Posthumous name (Shi Hao 諡號)		Era names (Nian Hao 年號) and their corresponding range of years	Temple name (Miao Hao 廟號)
Ma Yin	馬殷	897–930	King Wumu	武穆王	–	–
Ma Xisheng	馬希聲	930–932	King Hengyang	衡陽王	–	–
Ma Xifan	馬希範	932–947	King Wenzhao	文昭王	–	–
Ma Xiguang	馬希廣	947–950	King Fei	廢王	–	–
Ma Xi'e	馬希萼	950	King Gongxiao	恭孝王	–	–
Ma Xichong	馬希崇	950–951	–		–	–

Wu (吳) (904–937)

Personal Name		Reign	Posthumous name (Shi Hao 諡號)		Era names (Nian Hao 年號) and their corresponding range of years			Temple name (Miao Hao 廟號)
Yang Xingmi	楊行密	904–905	Emperor Xiaowu	孝武帝	Tianyou	天祐	904–919	Taizu	太祖
Yang Wo	楊渥	905–908	Emperor Jing	景帝				Liezong	烈宗
Yang Longyan	楊隆演	908–921	Emperor Xuan	宣帝				Gaozu	高祖
					Wuyi	武義	919–921
Yang Pu	楊溥	921–937	Emperor Rui	睿帝	Shunyi	順義	921–927	–
					Qianzhen	乾貞	927–929
					Dahe	大和	929–935
					Tianzuo	天祚	935–937

Nan (Southern) Tang (南唐) (937–975)

Chinese convention for this kingdom only: Use Nan (Southern) Tang + posthumous names.

Personal Name		Reign	Posthumous name (Shi Hao 諡號)		Era names (Nian Hao 年號) and their corresponding range of years			Temple name (Miao Hao 廟號)
Li Bian	李昪	937–943	–		Shengyuan	昇元	937–943	Xianzhu or Liezu	先主 or 烈祖
Li Jing	李璟	943–961	–		Baoda	保大	943–958	Zhongzhu or Yuanzong	中主 or 元宗
					Jiaotai	交泰	958
					Zhongxing	中興	958
Li Yu (Li Houzhu)	李煜	961–975	King Wu	武王	–			Houzhu	後主

Nan (Southern) Han (南漢) (917–971)

Personal Name		Reign	Posthumous name (Shi Hao 諡號)		Era names (Nian Hao 年號) and their corresponding range of years			Temple name (Miao Hao 廟號)
Liú Yán or Liú Yǎn	劉巖 or 劉龑	917–925	Emperor Tianhuang the Great	天皇大帝	Qiánhēng	乾亨	917–925	Gaozu	高祖
					Báilóng	白龍	925–928
					Dàyǒu	大有	928–941
Liú Bīn	劉玢	941–943	Emperor Shang	殤帝	Guāngtiān	光天	941–943	–
Liú Shèng	劉晟	943–958	–		Yìngqián	應乾	943	Zhongzong	中宗
					Qiánhé	乾和	943–958
Liú Chǎng	劉鋹	958–971	–		Dàbǎo	大寶	958–971	Houzhu	後主

Bei (Northern) Han (北漢) (951–979)

Personal Name		Reign	Posthumous name (Shi Hao 諡號)		Era names (Nian Hao 年號) and their corresponding range of years			Temple name (Miao Hao 廟號)
Liu Min	劉旻	951–954	Emperor Shenwu	神武帝	Qianyou	乾祐	951–957	Shizu	世祖
Liu Chengjun	劉承鈞	954–970	Emperor Xiaohe	孝和帝				Ruizong	睿宗
					Tianhui	天會	957–970
Liu Jien	劉繼恩	970	–		–			Shaozhu	少主
Liu Jiyuan	劉繼元	970–982	Emperor Yingwu	英武帝	Guangyun	廣運	970–982	–

Qian (Former) Shu (前蜀) (907–925)

Personal Name		Reign	Posthumous name (Shi Hao 諡號)	Era names (Nian Hao 年號) and their corresponding range of years			Temple name (Miao Hao 廟號)
Wang Jian	王建	907–918	–	Tianfu	天復	907	Gaozu	高祖
				Wucheng	武成	908–910
				Yongping	永平	911–915
				Tongzheng	通正	916
				Tianhan	天漢	917
				Guangtian	光天	918
Wang Zongyan	王宗衍	918–925	–	Qiande	乾德	918–925	Houzhu	後主
				Xiankang	咸康	925

Hou (Later) Shu (后蜀) (934–965)

Personal Name		Reign	Posthumous name (Shi Hao 諡號)	Era names (Nian Hao 年號) and their corresponding range of years			Temple name (Miao Hao 廟號)
Meng Zhixiang	孟知祥	934	–	Mingde (明德) 934	明德	934–938	Gaozu	高祖
Meng Chang	孟昶	938–965	–	Guangzheng	廣政	938–965	Houzhu	後主

Independent regimes during Ten Kingdoms

(local independent regimes during Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period traditionally not counted in the Ten Kingdoms)

Military Commissioner of Wuping/Hunan (武平/湖南節度使)

Personal name		Name of posts		Period on post
Liu Yan	劉言	Military Commissioner of Wuping	武平節度使	950–953
Wang Kui or Wang Jinkui	王逵 or 王進逵			953–956
Zhou Xingfeng	周行逢	Military Commissioner of Hunan	湖南節度使	956–962
Zhou Baoquan	周保權			962–963

Military Commissioner of Quanzhang (泉漳節度使)

Personal name		Name of posts		Period on post
Liu Congxiao	留從效	Commander-in-Chief of Quanzhang	泉漳都指揮使	945–962
Liu Shaozi	留紹鎡	Regent of Quanzhang	泉漳留守	962
Zhang Hansi	張漢思	Military Commissioner of Quanzhang	泉漳節度使	962–963
Chen Hongjin	陳洪進			963–978

Liao dynasty (遼朝) (907–1125)

Main articles: Liao dynasty and List of emperors of the Liao dynasty

Chinese convention: use "Liao" + temple name except Liao Tianzuodi who is referred using "Liao" + posthumous name

Name by which most commonly known	Personal name		Reign	Posthumous name (Shi Hao 諡號)	Era names (Nian Hao 年號) (and their corresponding range of years)			Temple name (Miao Hao 廟號)
Emperor Taizu of Liao	Yēlǜ Ābǎojī	耶律阿保機	907–926	–	Shence	神冊	916–922	Taizu	太祖
					Tianzan	天贊	922–926
					Tianxian	天顯	926
Emperor Taizong of Liao	Yēlǜ Déguāng	耶律德光	926–947	–	Tianxian	天顯	927–938	Taizong	太宗
					Huitong	會同	938–947
					Datong	大同	947
Emperor Shizong of Liao	Yēlǜ Ruǎn	耶律阮	947–951	–	Tianlu (天祿) 947–951	天祿	947–951	Shizong	世宗
Emperor Muzong of Liao	Yēlǜ Jǐng	耶律璟	951–969	–	Yingli (應曆) 951–969	應曆	951–969	Muzong	穆宗
Emperor Jingzong of Liao	Yēlǜ Xián	耶律賢	969–982	–	Baoning	保寧	969–979	Jingzong	景宗
					Qianheng	乾亨	979–982
Emperor Shengzong of Liao	Yēlǜ Lóngxù	耶律隆緒	982–1031	–	Qianheng	乾亨	982	Shengzong	聖宗
					Tonghe	統和	983–1012
					Kaitai	開泰	1012–1021
					Taiping	太平	1021–1031
Emperor Xingzong Liao	Yēlǜ Zōngzhēn	耶律宗真	1031–1055	–	Jingfu	景福	1031–1032	Xingzong	興宗
					Chongxi	重熙	1032–1055
Emperor Daozong of Liao	Yēlǜ Hóngjī	耶律洪基	1055–1101	–	Qingning	清寧	1055–1064	Daozong	道宗
					Xianyong	咸雍	1065–1074
					Taikang or Dakang	太康 or 大康	1075–1084
					Da'an	大安	1085–1094
					Shouchang or Shoulong	壽昌 or 壽隆	1095–1101
Emperor Tianzuo of Liao	Yēlǜ Yánxǐ	耶律延禧	1101–1125	Emperor Tianzuo	Qiantong	乾統	1101–1110	–
					Tianqing	天慶	1111–1120
					Baoda	保大	1121–1125

(Continued as Western Liao in Central Asia)

Western Liao (西遼) (1124–1218)

See also: Qara Khitai

Chinese convention: use personal name or "Western Liao" + posthumous name

Name by which most commonly know	Personal name		Reign	Posthumous name (Shi Hao 諡號)		Era names (Nian Hao 年號) (and their corresponding range of years)			Temple name (Miao Hao 廟號)
Yelü Dashi	Yēlǜ Dàshí or Yēlǜ Dáshí1	耶律大石 or 耶律達實	1124–1144	Emperor Tianyou Wulie	天祐武烈帝	Yanqing	延慶	1124 or 1125–1134	Dezong	德宗
						Kangguo	康國	1134–1144
Xiao Tabuyan	Xiāo Tǎbùyān	蕭塔不煙	1144–1150	Empress Gantian	感天皇后	Xianqing	咸清	1144–1150	–
Yelü Yilie	Yēlǜ Yíliè	耶律夷列	1150–1164	–		Shaoxing or Xuxing2	紹興 or 續興	1150–1164	Renzong	仁宗
Yelü Pusuwan	Yēlǜ Pǔsùwán	耶律普速完	1164–1178	Empress Dowager Chengtian	承天太后	Chongfu (崇福 Chóngfú) 1164–1178	崇福	1164–1178	–
Yelü Zhilugu	Yēlǜ Zhílǔgǔ	耶律直魯古	1178–1211	Lord Mo or Emperor Mo	末主 or 末帝	Tianxi (天禧 Tiānxī) 1178–1218	天禧	1178–1218	–
Kuchlug	Qūchūlǜ	屈出律	1211–1218	–		–			–
1 — "Dashi" might be the Chinese title "Taishi", meaning "vizier"; or, it could mean "Stone" in Turkish, as the Chinese transliteration suggests. 2 — Recently discovered Western Liao coins have the era name "Xuxing", suggesting that the era name "Shaoxing" recorded in Chinese sources may be incorrect.

Song dynasty (宋朝) (960–1275)

Main article: Song dynasty

Chinese convention: use "Song" + temple name or posthumous name (except last emperor who was revered as Song Di Bing (宋帝昺 Sòng Dì Bǐng))

Name by which most commonly known	Personal name		Reign	Posthumous name (Shi Hao 諡號)		Era names (Nian Hao 年號) and their corresponding range of years			Temple name (Miao Hao 廟號)
Bei (Northern) Song (北宋) (960–1127)
Emperor Taizu of Song	Zhao Kuangyin	趙匡胤	960–976	Emperor Xiao	孝帝	Jianlong	建隆	960–963	Taizu	太祖
						Qiande	乾德	963–968
						Kaibao	開寶	968–976
Emperor Taizong of Song	Zhao Kuangyi or Zhao Guangyi or Zhao Jiong	趙匡義 or 趙光義 or 趙炅	976–997	Emperor De	德帝	Taipingxingguo	太平興國	976–984	Taizong	太宗
						Yongxi	雍熙	984–987
						Duangong	端拱	988–989
						Chunhua	淳化	990–994
						Zhidao	至道	995–997
Emperor Zhenzong of Song	Zhao Heng	趙恆	997–1022	Emperor Zhang	章帝	Xianping	咸平	998–1003	Zhenzong	真宗
						Jingde	景德	1004–1007
						Dazhongxiangfu	大中祥符	1008–1016
						Tianxi	天禧	1017–1021
						Qianxing	乾興	1022
Emperor Renzong of Song	Zhao Zhen	趙禎	1022–1063	Emperor Wen	文帝	Tiansheng	天聖	1023–1032	Renzong	仁宗
						Mingdao	明道	1032–1033
						Jingyou	景祐	1034–1038
						Baoyuan	寶元	1038–1040
						Kangding	康定	1040–1041
						Qingli	慶曆	1041–1048
						Huangyou	皇祐	1049–1054
						Zhihe	至和	1054–1056
						Jiayou	嘉祐	1056–1063
Emperor Yingzong of Song	Zhao Shu	趙曙	1063–1067	Emperor Xuan	宣帝	Zhiping	治平	1064–1067	Yingzong	英宗
Emperor Shenzong of Song	Zhao Xu	趙頊	1067–1085	Emperor Qin	欽帝	Xining	熙寧	1068–1077	Shenzong	神宗
						Yuanfeng	元豐	1078–1085
Emperor Zhezong of Song	Zhao Xu	趙煦	1085–1100	Emperor Zhao	昭帝	Yuanyou	元祐	1086–1094	Zhezong	哲宗
						Shaosheng	紹聖	1094–1098
						Yuanfu	元符	1098–1100
Emperor Huizong of Song	Zhao Ji	趙佶	1100–1125	Emperor Xian	顯帝	Jianzhongjingguo	建中靖國	1101	Huizong	徽宗
						Chongning	崇寧	1102–1106
						Daguan	大觀	1107–1110
						Zhenghe	政和	1111–1118
						Chonghe	重和	1118–1119
						Xuanhe	宣和	1119–1125
Emperor Qinzong of Song	Zhao Huan	趙桓	1126–1127	Emperor Ren	仁帝	Jingkang	靖康	1125–1127	Qinzong	欽宗
Nan (Southern) Song (南宋) (1127–1279)
Emperor Gaozong of Song	Zhao Gou	趙構	1127–1162	Emperor Xian	憲帝	Jianyan	建炎	1127–1130	Gaozong	高宗
						Shaoxing	紹興	1131–1162
Emperor Xiaozong of Song	Zhao Shen	趙昚	1162–1189	Emperor Cheng	成帝	Longxing	隆興	1163–1164	Xiaozong	孝宗
						Qiandao	乾道	1165–1173
						Chunxi	淳熙	1174–1189
Emperor Guangzong of Song	Zhao Dun	趙惇	1189–1194	Emperor Ci	慈帝	Shaoxi	紹熙	1190–1194	Guangzong	光宗
Emperor Ningzong of Song	Zhao Kuo	趙擴	1194–1224	Emperor Gong	恭帝	Qingyuan	慶元	1195–1200	Ningzong	寧宗
						Jiatai	嘉泰	1201–1204
						Kaixi	開禧	1205–1207
						Jiading	嘉定	1208–1224
Emperor Lizong of Song	Zhao Yun	趙昀	1224–1264	Emperor An	安帝	Baoqing	寶慶	1225–1227	Lizong	理宗
						Shaoding	紹定	1228–1233
						Duanping	端平	1234–1236
						Jiaxi	嘉熙	1237–1240
						Chunyou	淳祐	1241–1252
						Baoyou	開慶	1253–1258
						Kaiqing	開慶	1259
						Jingding	景定	1260–1264
Emperor Duzong of Song	Zhao Qi	趙禥	1264–1274	Emperor Jing	景帝	Xianchun	咸淳	1265–1274	Duzong	度宗
Emperor Gongzong of Song	Zhao Xian	趙顯	1274–1276	Emperor Gong	恭帝	Deyou	德祐	1275–1276	Gongzong	恭宗
Emperor Duanzong of Song	Zhao Shi	趙昰	1276–1278	–		Jingyan	景炎	1276–1278	Duanzong	端宗
Zhao Bing	Zhao Bing	趙昺	1278–1279	Prince Wei	衛王	Xiangxing	祥興	1278–1279	–

Western Xia (西夏) (1038–1227)

Main article: Western Xia

Chinese convention: use "Western Xia" + temple name (or use personal name)

Name by which most commonly known	Personal Name		Reign	Posthumous name (Shi Hao 諡號)		Era names (Nian Hao 年號) and their corresponding range of years			Temple name (Miao Hao 廟號)
Emperor Jǐngzōng of Western Xia	Lǐ Yuánhào	李元昊	1032–1048	Emperor Wǔliè	武烈帝	Xiǎndào	顯道	1032–1034	Jǐngzōng	景宗
						Kāiyùn	開運	1034
						Guǎngpíng	廣平	1035–1036
						Dàqìng	大慶	1036–1038
						Tiānshòulǐfǎyánzuò	天授禮法延祚	1038–1048
Emperor Yìzōng of Western Xia	Lǐ Liàngzuò	李諒祚	1048–1067	Emperor Zhāoyīng	昭英帝	Yánsìníngguó	延嗣寧國	1048–1049	Yìzōng	毅宗
						Tiānyòuchuíshèng	天祐垂聖	1050–1052
						Fúshèngchéngdào	福聖承道	1053–1056
						Duǒdū	奲都	1036–1038
						Gǒnghuà	拱化	1063–1067
Emperor Huìzōng of Western Xia	Lǐ Bǐngcháng	李秉常	1067–1086	Emperor Kāngjìng	康靖帝	Qiándào	乾道	1067–1069	Huìzōng	惠宗
						Tiāncìlǐshèngguóqìng	天賜禮盛國慶	1070–1074
						Dà'ān	大安	1075–1085
						Tiān'ānlǐdìng	天安禮定	1085–1086
Emperor Chóngzōng of Western Xia	Lǐ Qiánshùn	李乾順	1086–1139	Emperor Shèngwén	聖文帝	Tiānyízhìpíng	天儀治平	1086–1089	Chóngzōng	崇宗
						Tiānyòumín'ān	天祐民安	1090–1097
						Yǒng'ān	永安	1098–1100
						Zhēnguān	貞觀	1101–1113
						Yōngníng	雍寧	1114–1118
						Yuándé	元德	1119–1127
						Zhèngdé	正德	1127–1134
						Dàdé	大德	1135–1139
Emperor Rénzōng of Western Xia	Lǐ Rénxiào	李仁孝	1139–1193	Emperor Shèngzhēn	聖禎帝	Dàqìng	大慶	1139–1143	Rénzōng	仁宗
						Rénqìng	人慶	1144–1148
						Tiānshèng	天盛	1149–1170
						Qiányòu	乾祐	1170–1193
Emperor Huánzōng of Western Xia	Lǐ Chúnyòu	李純佑	1193–1206	Emperor Zhāojiǎn	昭簡帝	Tiānqìng	天慶	1193–1206	Huánzōng	桓宗
Emperor Xiāngzōng of Western Xia	Lǐ Ānquán	李安全	1206–1211	Emperor Jǐngwǔ	景武帝	Qìngtiān	慶天	1206–1209	Xiāngzōng	襄宗
						Huángjiàn	皇建	1210–1211
Emperor Shénzōng of Western Xia	Lǐ Zūnxū	李遵頊	1211–1223	Emperor Yīngwén	英文帝	Guāngdìng	光定	1211–1223	Shénzōng	神宗
Emperor Xiànzōng of Western Xia	Lǐ Déwàng	李德旺	1223–1226	–		Qiándìng	乾定	1223–1226	Xiànzōng	獻宗
Emperor Mòzhǔ of Western Xia	Lǐ Xiàn	李晛	1226–1227	–		Bǎoyì	寶義	1226–1227	Mòzhǔ	末主

Jin dynasty (金朝) (1115–1234)

Main article: Jin dynasty (1115–1234)

Chinese convention: use "Jin" + temple name or posthumous name in Chinese

Jin dynasty 1115–1234

Name by which most commonly known	Personal name		Reign	Era names (Nian Hao 年號) and their corresponding range of years			Posthumous name (Shi Hao 諡號)		Temple name (Miao Hao 廟號)
Emperor Taizu of Jin	Āgǔdǎ or Wányán Mǐn	阿骨打 or 完顏旻	1115–1123	Shōuguó	收國	1115–1116	–		Tàizǔ	太祖
				Tiānfǔ	天輔	1117–1123
Emperor Taizong of Jin	Wúqǐmǎi or Wányán Shèng	吳乞買 or 完顏晟	1123–1134	Tiānhuì	天會	1123–1134	–		Tàizōng	太宗
Emperor Xizong of Jin	Hélá or Wányán Dǎn	合剌 or 完顏亶	1135–1149	Tiānhuì	天會	1135–1138	–		Xīzōng	熙宗
				Tiānjuàn	天眷	1138–1141
				Huángtǒng	皇統	1141–1149
Wanyan Liang	Dígǔnǎi or Wányán Liàng	迪古乃 or 完顏亮	1149–1161	Tiāndé	天德	1149–1153	Prince Yáng of Hǎilíng or Prince of Hǎilíng	海陵煬王 or 海陵王	–
				Zhènyuán	貞元	1153–1156
				Zhènglóng	正隆	1156–1161
Emperor Shizong of Jin	Wūlù or Wányán Yōng	烏祿 or 完顏雍	1161–1189	Dàdìng	大定	1161–1189	–		Shìzōng	世宗
Emperor Zhangzong of Jin	Mádágě or Wányán Jǐng	麻達葛 or 完顏璟	1190–1208	Míngchāng	明昌	1190–1196	–		Zhāngzōng	章宗
				Chéng'ān	承安	1196–1200
				Tàihé	泰和	1200–1208
Wanyan Yongji	Wányán Yǒngjì	完顏永濟	1209–1213	Dà'ān	大安	1209–1212	Prince Shào of Weì or Prince of Weì	衛紹王 or 衛王	–
				Chóngqìng	崇慶	1212–1213
				Zhìníng	至寧	1213
Emperor Xuanzong of Jin	Wúdúbǔ or Wányán Xú	吾睹補 or 完顏珣	1213–1223	Zhēnyòu	貞祐	1213–1217	–		Xuānzōng	宣宗
				Xīngdìng	興定	1217–1222
				Yuánguāng	元光	1222–1223
Emperor Aizong of Jin	Níngjiǎsù or Wányán Shǒuxù	寧甲速 or 完顏守緒	1224–1234	Zhèngdà	正大	1224–1232	–		Āizōng	哀宗
				Kāixīng	開興	1232
				Tiānxīng	天興	1232–1234
Emperor Mo of Jin	Hūdūn or Wányán Chénglín	呼敦 or 完顏承麟	1234	–			Emperor Mò	末帝	–

Yuan dynasty (元朝) (1271–1368)

Main article: Yuan dynasty

Chinese convention: for rulers before Kublai Khan use given name (e.g. Temüjin) or Khan names, use "Yuan" + temple name or posthumous name after

Note:
1) The Mongol Great Khans before Khublai were only declared Yuan emperors after the creation of Yuan dynasty in 1271
2) To non-Chinese readers, usually the khan names are the most familiar names.
3) Timur or Temür means the same Mongolian words but Temür will be used for avoiding confusion with Timur the lame (Tamerlane).

Khan Name	Personal name		Reign	Era names (Nian Hao 年號) and their corresponding range of years			Posthumous name (Shi Hao 諡號)		Temple name (Miao Hao 廟號)
Genghis Khan	Borjigin Temüjin	孛兒只斤鐵木真	1206–1227	–			–		Tàizǔ	太祖
Tolui	Borjigin Tolui	孛兒只斤拖雷	1228	–			–		Ruìzōng	睿宗
Ögedei Khan	Borjigin Ögedei	孛兒只斤窩闊台	1229–1241	–			–		Tàizōng	太宗
Güyük Khan	Borjigin Güyük	孛兒只斤貴由	1246–1248	–			–		Dìngzōng	定宗
Möngke Khan	Borjigin Möngke	孛兒只斤蒙哥	1251–1259	–			–		Xiànzōng	憲宗
Kublai Khan	Borjigin Kublai	孛兒只斤忽必烈	1260–1294	Zhōngtǒng	中統	1260–1264	–		Shìzǔ	世祖
				Zhìyuán	至元	1264–1294
Temür Khan	Borjigin Temür	孛兒只斤鐵穆耳	1294–1307	Yuánzhēn	元貞	1295–1297	–		Chéngzōng	成宗
			1307–1308	Dàdé	大德	1297–1307
Külüg Khan	Borjigin Qayshan	孛兒只斤海山	1308–1311	Zhìdà	至大	1308–1311	–		Wǔzōng	武宗
Ayurbarwada Buyantu Khan	Borjigin Ayurparibhadra	孛兒只斤愛育黎拔力八達	1311–1320	Huángqìng	皇慶	1312–1313	–		Rénzōng	仁宗
			1320–1321	Yányòu	延祐	1314–1320
Gegeen Khan	Borjigin Suddhipala	孛兒只斤碩德八剌	1321–1323	Zhìzhì	至治	1321–1323	–		Yīngzōng	英宗
Yesün Temür1	Borjigin Yesün-Temür	孛兒只斤也孫鐵木兒	1323–1328	Tàidìng	泰定	1324–1328	Emperor Tàidìng2	泰定帝	–
				Zhìhé	致和	1328
Ragibagh Khan1	Borjigin Arigaba	孛兒只斤阿速吉八	1328	Tiānshùn	天順	1328	Emperor Tiānshùn2	天順帝	–
Jayaatu Khan Tugh Temür	Borjigin Toq-Temür	孛兒只斤圖帖睦爾	1328–1329 and 1329–1332	Tiānlì	天曆	1328–1330	–		Wénzōng	文宗
				Zhìshùn	至順	1330–1332
Khutughtu Khan Kusala	Borjigin Qoshila	孛兒只斤和世剌	1329				–		Míngzōng	明宗
Rinchinbal Khan	Borjigin Irinchibal	孛兒只斤懿璘質班	1332				–		Níngzōng	寧宗
Toghon Temür1	Borjigin Toghan-Temür	孛兒只斤妥懽帖睦爾	1333–1368			1333	Emperor Shundi	順帝	Huìzōng	惠宗
				Yuántǒng	元統	1333–1335
				Zhìyuán	至元	1335–1340
				Zhìzhèng	至正	1341–1368
				Zhìyuán	至元	1368–1370
1 — Chinese convention: for these sovereigns only, use "yuan" + posthumous name (e.g. 元泰定帝 Yuán Tàidìng Dì).2 — Not actually a posthumous name, but adopted from era name.

Note:

1) To non-Chinese readers, usually the khan names are the most familiar names.

2) Timur or Temür means the same Mongolian words but Temür will be used for avoiding confusion with the Timur (Timurlane or Tamerlane) who attempted to restore the Mongolian Empire in Central Asia.

Convention: for the following sovereign only, use "yuan" + posthumous name.

Northern Yuan (北元) (1368 – early 15th century)

after being overthrown by the Ming dynasty in China in 1368 (1368 – early 15th century)

Convention: use khan names or birth names.

Khan Names	Personal Name		Reign	Era names (Nian Hao 年號) and their corresponding range of years			Posthumous name (Shi Hao 諡號)		Temple name (Miao Hao 廟號)
Toghon Temür (same person as the last Yuan emperor)	Borjigin Toghan-Temür	孛兒只斤妥懽帖睦爾	1368–1370	Zhìshùn	至順	1333	Emperor Shundi	順帝	Huìzōng	惠宗
				Yuántǒng	元統	1333–1335
				Zhìyuán	至元	1335–1340
				Zhìzhèng	至正	1341–1368
				Zhìyuán	至元	1368–1370
Biligtü Khan Ayushiridara	Borjigin Ayushiridara	孛兒只斤愛猷識里達臘	1370–1378	Xuānguāng	宣光	1371–1378	–		Zhàozōng	昭宗
Uskhal Khan Tögüs Temür	Borjigin Tögüs Temür	孛兒只斤脫古思帖木兒	1378–1387	Tiānyuán or Tiānguāng1	天元 or 天光	1378–1387	–		–
1 — Recently discovered Northern Yuan coins have the era name "Tianguang", suggesting that the era name "Tianyuan" recorded in Chinese sources may be incorrect.

Ming dynasty (明朝) (1368–1644)

Main articles: Ming dynasty and List of emperors of the Ming dynasty

Name by which most commonly known	Personal name		Reign	Era names (Nian Hao 年號) and their corresponding range of years			Posthumous name1 (Shi Hao 諡號)		Temple name1 (Miao Hao 廟號)
Hongwu Emperor	Zhū Yuánzhāng	朱元璋	1368–1398	Hóngwǔ	洪武	1368–1398	Emperor Gāo	高帝	Tàizǔ	太祖
Jianwen Emperor	Zhū Yǔnwén	朱允炆	1398–1402	Jiànwén	建文	1398–1402	Emperor Huì	惠帝	Huizong²	惠宗
Yongle Emperor	Zhū Dì	朱棣	1402–1424	Yǒnglè	永樂	1402–1424	Emperor Wēn	文帝	Chéngzǔ or Tàizōng	成祖 / 太宗
Hongxi Emperor	Zhū Gāochì	朱高熾	1424–1425	Hóngxī	洪熙	1424–1425	Emperor Zhāo	昭帝	Rénzōng	仁宗
Xuande Emperor	Zhū Zhānjī	朱瞻基	1425–1435	Xuāndé	宣德	1425–1435	Emperor Zhāng	章帝	Xuānzōng	宣宗
Zhengtong Emperor	Zhū Qízhèn	朱祁鎮	1435–1449 and 1457–1464³	Zhèngtǒng and Tiānshùn	正統 and 天順	1435–1449 and 1457–1464	Emperor Ruì	睿帝	Yīngzōng	英宗
Jingtai Emperor	Zhū Qíyù	朱祁鈺	1449–1457	Jǐngtài	景泰	1449–1457	Emperor Jǐng	景帝	Dàizōng	代宗
Chenghua Emperor	Zhū Jiànshēn	朱見深	1464–1487	Chénghuà	成化	1464–1487	Emperor Chún	純帝	Xiànzōng	憲宗
Hongzhi Emperor	Zhū Yòutáng	朱祐樘	1487–1505	Hóngzhì	弘治	1487–1505	Emperor Jìng	敬帝	Xiàozōng	孝宗
Zhengde Emperor	Zhū Hòuzhào	朱厚照	1505–1521	Zhèngdé	正德	1505–1521	Emperor Yì	毅帝	Wǔzōng	武宗
Jiajing Emperor	Zhū Hòucōng	朱厚熜	1521–1566	Jiājìng	嘉靖	1521–1566	Emperor Sù	肅帝	Shìzōng	世宗
Longqing Emperor	Zhū Zǎihòu	朱載垕	1566–1572	Lóngqìng	隆慶	1566–1572	Emperor Zhuāng	莊帝	Mùzōng	穆宗
Wanli Emperor	Zhū Yìjūn	朱翊鈞	1572–1620	Wànlì	萬曆	1572–1620	Emperor Xiǎn	顯帝	Shénzōng	神宗
Taichang Emperor	Zhū Chángluò	朱常洛	1620	Tàichāng	泰昌	1620	Emperor Zhēn	貞帝	Guāngzōng	光宗
Tianqi Emperor	Zhū Yóujiào	朱由校	1620–1627	Tiānqǐ	天啓	1620–1627	Emperor Zhé	悊帝	Xīzōng	熹宗
Chongzhen Emperor	Zhū Yóujiǎn	朱由檢	1627–1644	Chóngzhēn	崇禎	1627–1644	Emperor Zhuānglièmǐnhuáng	莊烈愍皇帝	Sīzōng or Yìzōng	思宗 / 毅宗
1 — As posthumous and temple names were often shared by emperors of different dynasties, they are usually preceded by the dynastic name, in this case, Ming, to avoid confusion. For example, the Hongwu emperor is frequently referred to as Ming Taizu. 2 — The Yongle emperor assumed the throne of his nephew the Jianwen emperor, who was officially said to have died in a palace fire but who was suspected of escaping to live as a recluse. The Yongle emperor wiped out the record of his nephew's reign and no temple name was given him. In 1644 the Prince of Fu (福王), the new self-proclaimed emperor of the Southern Ming, conferred on Emperor Jianwen the temple name Huizong. 3 — After listening to the poor advice of his eunuch advisers, the Zhengtong Emperor personally led a campaign in 1449 against the mongols and was captured. His brother the Jingtai Emperor assumed the throne and as a hostage no longer of any value, the mongols released the Zhengtong Emperor who returned to live in seclusion. However the Zhengtong Emperor was able to regain his position, choosing the reign name Tianshun.

Shun dynasty (順朝) (1644–1645)

The Shun dynasty was an imperial dynasty created in the brief lapse from Ming to Qing rule in China. It was a state set up by the peasants' rebellion, in which they defeated the Ming forces, but former Ming general Wu Sangui led the Qing forces into Beijing and the Qing forces defeated the rebels.

Name most commonly known by	Personal name		Reign years	Era names (Nian Hao 年號) and their corresponding range of years			Temple name (Miao Hao 廟號)
Li Zicheng	Li Zicheng	李自成	1644–1645	Yongchang	永昌	1644–1645	Chuǎng Wáng (The Dashing King)	闖王

Southern Ming (南明) (1644–1662)

The Southern Ming dynasty refers to the Ming loyalist regimes that existed in Southern China from 1644 to 1662. The regime was established by the princes of the already destroyed Ming dynasty. All of these monarchs had their regimes crushed by the Qing forces very quickly. Koxinga (Zheng Chenggong) used the Ming dynasty's name and gathered forces before fleeing to Taiwan.

Name by which most commonly known	Personal name		Reign	Era names (Nian Hao 年號) and their corresponding range of years			Temple name (Miao Hao 廟號)
Zhu Yousong	Zhū Yóusōng	朱由崧	1644–1645	Hóngguāng	弘光	1644–1645	Ānzōng	安宗
Zhu Yujian	Zhū Yùjiàn	朱聿鍵	1645–1646	Lóngwǔ	隆武	1645–1646	Shàozōng	紹宗
Zhu Changfang	Zhū Chángfāng	朱常淓	1645	None given, but sometimes referred to as the "Regency of the Prince of Lu/Luh" (Lù Wáng Lín Guó)	潞王臨國	1646	–
Zhu Yihai	Zhū Yǐhǎi	朱以海	1645–1653				–
Zhu Yuyue	Zhū Yùyuè	朱聿𨮁	1646	Shàowǔ	紹武	1646	Wénzōng	文宗
Zhu Youlang	Zhū Yóuláng	朱由榔	1646–1662	Yǒnglì	永曆	1646–1662	Zhāozōng	昭宗

*The two characters are homonyms, both pronounced Lu; to distinguish them, one is usually kept as Lu and the other spelled differently. Luh is from Cambridge History of China; Lou is from A.C. Moule's Rulers of China (1957). When one irregular spelling is used, the other is kept as regular (Lu). The two systems are distinct and not used simultaneously.

Qing dynasty (清朝) (1636–1912)

Main articles: Qing dynasty and List of emperors of the Qing dynasty

Name by which most commonly known	Personal name1		Reign	Era names (Nian Hao 年號) (and their corresponding range of years)				Posthumous name2 (Shi Hao 諡號)		Temple name2 (Miao Hao 廟號)
Nurhaci	Nurhaci	努爾哈赤	1616–16263	Tiānmìng	天命	Abkai fulingga	1616–1626	Emperor Gāo	高皇帝	Tàizǔ	太祖
Huang Taiji	Hong Taiji4	皇太極	1626–1643	Tiāncōng	天聰	Abkai sure	1627–1636	Emperor Wén	文皇帝	Tàizōng	太宗
				Chóngdé	崇德	Wesihun erdemungge	1636–1643
Shunzhi Emperor	Fúlín	福臨	1643–16615	Shùnzhì	順治	Ijishūn dasan	1643–1661	Emperor Zhāng	章皇帝	Shìzǔ	世祖
Kangxi Emperor	Xuányè	玄燁	1661–1722	Kāngxī	康熙	Elhe taifin	1661–1722	Emperor Rén	仁皇帝	Shèngzǔ	聖祖
Yongzheng Emperor	Yìnzhēn	胤禛	1722–1735	Yōngzhèng	雍正	Hūwaliyasun tob	1722–1735	Emperor Xiàn	憲皇帝	Shìzōng	世宗
Qianlong Emperor	Hónglì	弘曆	1735–17966	Qiánlóng	乾隆	Abkai wehiyehe	1735–1796	Emperor Chún	純皇帝	Gāozōng	高宗
Jiaqing Emperor	Yóngyǎn	顒琰	1796–1820	Jiāqìng	嘉慶	Saicungga fengšen	1796–1820	Emperor Ruì	睿皇帝	Rénzōng	仁宗
Daoguang Emperor	Mínníng	旻寧	1820–1850	Dàoguāng	道光	Doro eldengge	1820–1850	Emperor Chéng	成皇帝	Xuānzōng	宣宗
Xianfeng Emperor	Yìzhǔ	奕詝	1850–1861	Xiánfēng	咸豐	Gubci elgiyengg	1850–1861	Emperor Xiǎn	顯皇帝	Wénzōng	文宗
Tongzhi Emperor	Zǎichún	載淳	1861–18757	Tóngzhì	同治	Yooningga dasan	1861–1875	Emperor Yì	毅皇帝	Mùzōng	穆宗
Guangxu Emperor	Zǎitián	載湉	1875–19087	Guāngxù	光緒	Badarangga doro	1875–1908	Emperor Jǐng	景皇帝	Dézōng	德宗
Xuantong Emperor	Pǔyí (also known as Henry)	溥儀	1908–191210	Xuāntǒng	宣統	Gehungge yoso	1908–1912	Emperor Xùn8	/	-9
1 — The Qing imperial family name was Aisin Gioro (愛新覺羅 aixin jueluo), but it was not common Manchu practice to include the family or clan name in an individual's personal name.2 — As posthumous and temple names were often shared by emperors of different dynasties, they are usually preceded by the dynastic name, in this case, Qing, to avoid confusion. For example, the Qianlong emperor is frequently referred to as Qing Gaozong. 3 — Nurhaci founded the Jin (金) or Later Jin (後金) dynasty in 1616, but it was his son Hong Taiji who changed the name of the dynasty to Qing in 1636. Nurhaci adopted the reign name Tianming but his Qing titles were all conferred posthumously. 4 — Hong Taiji is referred to erroneously in some historical literature as Abahai (阿巴海). 5 — The Shunzhi emperor was the first Qing emperor to rule over China proper following the occupation of Beijing in 1644. 6 — The Qianlong emperor officially retired in 1796, taking the title Emperor Emeritus (太上皇帝). This was an act of filial piety to ensure that he would not reign longer than his illustrious grandfather, the Kangxi emperor. However, he remained the ultimate authority until his death in 1799, at which point his son, the Jiaqing emperor, began to exercise the power that had been his in name only from 1796. 7 — The Empress Dowager Cixi, concubine of the Xianfeng emperor, mother of the Tongzhi emperor, and adoptive mother of the Guangxu emperor, used her considerable skills of political manipulation to act as the power behind the throne or on the throne from 1861 until her death in 1908. She acted as a regent during the minorities of the two young emperors and confined the Guangxu emperor in the Summer Palace after he attempted to introduce reforms in 1898. The death of the Guangxu emperor was announced the day before her own. 8 — Xundi ("The Abdicated Emperor") is the posthumous name given by mainland China and Taiwan's history books to Puyi. 9 — In 2004 the descendants of the Qing imperial family have conferred a posthumous name and temple name upon the late Puyi. Posthumous name: Mindi (愍帝). Temple name: Gongzong (恭宗). It remains to be seen whether these names will be accepted by the Chinese public. 10 — The Xinhai Revolution started on October 10, 1911. The last emperor, Puyi, abdicated officially on February 12, 1912. The Qing dynasty was overthrown with his abdication on that day. However, that same day the Chinese Republic granted the "Articles of Favourable Treatment of the Emperor of the Great Qing after his Abdication" (清帝退位優待條件) which allowed Puyi to retain his imperial title and stated that he should be treated by the government of the Republic of China with the protocol attached to a foreign monarch. These articles were revised on November 5, 1924, after the coup by General Feng Yuxiang: the revised articles stated that Puyi was losing his imperial title and henceforth becoming a regular citizen of the Republic. Puyi was expelled from the Forbidden City that same day. Thus, Puyi was ruling emperor until February 12, 1912 (and also briefly between July 1 and July 12, 1917 in the Manchu Restoration), and non-ruling emperor between February 12, 1912 and November 5, 1924. Puyi also later became the puppet leader of Japanese-controlled Manchukuo under the reign name Datong (大同) (1932–1934), then the puppet emperor of Manchukuo under the reign name Kangde (康德) (1934–1945).

Taiping Heavenly Kingdom (1851–1864)

Main articles: Taiping Heavenly Kingdom and Taiping Rebellion

Name by which most commonly known	Personal name		Reign	Era name (Nian Hao 年號)
Hong Xiuquan	Hong Xiuquan	洪秀全	11 January 1851 – 1 June 1864	Yuánnián	元年
Hong Tianguifu	Hong Tianguifu	洪天貴福	6 June 1864 – 18 November 1864	–

Empire of China (中華帝國) (1915–1916)

Main article: Empire of China (1915–1916)

A short-lived attempt by statesman and general Yuan Shikai who attempted to establish himself as emperor in 1915, but his rule is universally accepted as inauthentic. After 83 days, his reign ended.

Name by which most commonly known	Personal name		Reign	Era name (Nian Hao 年號)
Yuan Shikai	Yuan Shikai	袁世凱	22 December 1915 – 22 March 1916	Hóngxiàn	洪憲

See also

• Timeline of Chinese history
• List of Chinese leaders
• List of Presidents of the Republic of China
• Leader of the Communist Party of China
• Paramount leader, an informal list of those who have been considered the highest leader of the party and the People's Republic of China

External links

• List of Chinese rulers