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National Guard of Ukraine

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Not to be confused with Ukrainian territorial defence battalions, Special Police Forces (Ukraine), Special forces of Ukraine, or Guards unit.

National Guard of Ukraine
Національна гвардія України
Patch of the National Guard
Patch of the National Guard
Emblem of the National Guard
Emblem of the National Guard
Badge of the National Guard
Badge of the National Guard
Ensign
Ensign
AbbreviationNGU
MottoЧесть, Мужність, Закон
Honor, Courage, Law
Agency overview
FormedMarch 13, 2014[1]
Preceding agency
Employees60,000 (2022)[2]
~90,000 (2022)[3]
Jurisdictional structure
Operations jurisdictionUkraine
Constituting instrument
  • Law on the National Guard of Ukraine, 2014[1]
General nature
Operational structure
HeadquartersKyiv
Agency executive
  • General Oleksandr Pivnenko[4], Commander
Parent agencyMinistry of Internal Affairs
Notables
Significant operations
Anniversary
Website
ngu.gov.ua/en

The National Guard of Ukraine (NGU; Ukrainian: Національна гвардія України, romanized: Natsionalna hvardiia Ukrainy, IPA: [nɐt͡s⁽ʲ⁾ioˈnɑlʲnɐ ˈɦʋɑrd⁽ʲ⁾ijɐ ʊkrɐˈjinɪ], abbr. НГУ) is the Ukrainian national gendarmerie and internal military force. It is part of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, responsible for public security. Originally created as an agency under the direct control of the Verkhovna Rada on 4 November 1991, following Ukrainian independence, it was later disbanded and merged into the Internal Troops of Ukraine in 2000 by President Leonid Kuchma as part of a "cost-saving" scheme. Following the 2014 Revolution of Dignity, amidst the Russian intervention, the National Guard was re-established, and the Internal Troops were disbanded.[1]

The purpose of the National Guard is to serve as a military unit with law enforcement powers. Its mission is to ensure state security, protect state borders (supporting the State Border Service), participate in activities to neutralize paramilitary armed groups, terrorist organizations, organized groups[clarification needed] and criminal organizations, protect critical infrastructure such as Ukraine's nuclear power plants, diplomatic missions, and buildings of the Ministry of Internal Affairs.[7] The NGU has sent personnel to UN peacekeeping missions.[8] During peacetime the National Guard focuses on civilian public security, combating organized crime and controlling civil unrest.[1] During wartime the National Guard can be mobilized as a regular military force and take part in combat operations alongside the Armed Forces of Ukraine,[1] which it has done during the war in Donbas[9] and the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine.[10]

History

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Original formation

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The National Guard of Ukraine was originally created by the Law of Ukraine "On the National Guard of Ukraine" dated 4 November 1991, No. 1775 -XII. It was created on the basis of part of the Internal Troops of the Soviet Union in the Ukrainian SSR, while the Internal Troops of Ukraine also was established at almost the same time in 1992 as parts of the Ukrainian branch of the old Soviet Internal Troops.[11] The National Guard claimed to inherit the traditions and legacy of the Gendarmerie of the Ukrainian People's Republic, which existed from 1918 to 1919.[12]

During its early existence, the National Guard was indirectly involved in the Transnistria War of the Transnistria conflict during the spring and summer of 1992, helping to defend the border against a threatened spill-over of the conflict into Ukraine. Formations involved were the 3rd, 4th and 5th divisions NGU (equipment transferred from the 93rd Motorized Rifle Division was also used in this deployment). Afterwards, up until 1998, National Guard units backed up the border guards in anti-smuggling operations conducted on the border with Moldova and Moldova's breakaway Transnistria region. In 1994, the National Guard was also involved in the 1992–1994 Crimean Crisis, which was an attempt by the Autonomous Republic of Crimea to declare itself sovereign after the 1991 Crimean sovereignty referendum. The National Guard was sent to restore order and Ukrainian sovereignty over Crimea.[13]

In 1995, there were calls for the dissolution of the National Guard by political opponents of President Leonid Kuchma, who accused him of dictatorial behavior after he resubordinated the guard to himself by decree. After Kuchma's re-election after the 1999 Ukrainian presidential election, the opposition continued to demand the extinction of the National Guard, which was done in 2000 as part of a concession to the opposition by Kuchma and justified as part of a "cost-saving scheme".[14]

The National Guard was dissolved by the Law of Ukraine "On Amendments and Additions to Certain Legislative Acts of Ukraine" dated 11 January 2000, and merged with the Internal Troops of Ukraine, while some NGU formations were reassigned to the Armed Forces of Ukraine and thus were included in the order of battle of the Ukrainian Ground Forces.[1]

Badges of the NGU 1991–2000

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Badge of NGU
  • Headquarters
    Headquarters
  • 1st Kyiv division
    1st Kyiv division
  • 2nd Eastern division
    2nd Eastern division
  • 3rd Southern division
    3rd Southern division
  • 4th Northern division
    4th Northern division
  • 5th Western division
    5th Western division
  • 6th Eastern division
    6th Eastern division
  • 7th Crimea division
    7th Crimea division

Reformation

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In 2014, amidst Russian intervention to Crimea, the reformed force was created partially on the basis of the Internal Troops of Ukraine, with plans for the "Volunteer Battalions", militias and armed wings from certain of Ukraine's political parties and organisations, including the Euromaidan movement, to be also incorporated into it. Direct recruitment from military academies was also intended.[15] The National Guard was recreated in accordance with the Law of Ukraine "On the National Guard of Ukraine" [Law number 4393] dated 12 March 2014,[1] (the draft legislation being originally introduced to the Ukrainian parliament on 11 March). A previous attempt by then President Yushchenko to bring back the National Guard during civil unrest in 2008 had been blocked in the Rada. It was finally re-established in March 2014 after the beginning of the annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation.[16] On 16 March, the Yatsenyuk Government announced plans to recruit 10,000 people within the next 15 days for the by now revived National Guard.[17] Individual volunteers were also accepted.

The 2014 law provided for an initial authorised strength of 33,000 personnel. It also tasks the National Guard with maintaining public order, protecting sites like nuclear power plants and "upholding the constitutional order and restoring the activity of state bodies",[18] in part a reference to the situation in Crimea, as well as to the perceived Russian threat to Ukraine as a whole. In the eastern parts of the country in particular, not only will the National Guard reinforce regular military units defending against a feared Russian invasion, it will also be expected to uphold Part 1 of Art. 109 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine [a] (i.e. it is intended to act as a counterinsurgency force against fifth columnists and infiltrators).

The National Guard will be receiving a large proportion of the money from the emergency budgetary reprogramming approved by parliament for the funding of weapons procurement, equipment repair, and training (said reprogramming is equivalent to $600 million in 2014 Dollars).[19] It is hoped that, eventually, the strength of the National Guard will rise to 60,000 personnel. The pay for National Guard regulars is approximately 214 Euros ($297) a month, equivalent to an average Ukrainian's monthly income. Officers receive about twice that amount.[20] There are also some attached Internal Troops personnel, mostly for training and/or logistical support purposes,

e.g. K-9 teams that have been taking part in training and demonstration sessions.

During the ongoing war in the Donbas region of Ukraine, the forces of the revived National Guard have fought against pro-Russian separatists and Russian troops disguised as separatists. Due to lack of reserves, earlier in the conflict willing civilians and political groups created their own militias and paramilitary groups, known as the "Volunteer Battalions", to fight the separatists on their own.[21] The Battalions were credited to have held the line against the separatists and allowed the National Guard and the Armed Forces to reorganize and strike back. Some of the Battalions were placed under the aegis of the Ministry of Internal Affairs[21] Two of them were the Azov and Donbas battalions, which were the largest volunteer units by far with a strength of 1,000 and 900 soldiers. Due to the size and operational success of those Battalions, they were transferred to be under the command of the National Guard.[22][23][24][25]

On May, the National Guard saw one of its first combat operations at the First Battle of Mariupol, where they clashed with pro-Russia militants and demonstrators during the unrest in Mariupol. They first attempted to occupy several government buildings before they were routed by National Guard riot troops, but soon the unrest evolved into heavy fighting between government and separatist militia forces.[26][27] Around the same time on May, separatist troops captured the terminal buildings of Donetsk International Airport, the National Guard circled the separatist forces, issuing an ultimatum demanding the surrender of the separatists — which was denied — and the paratroopers launched an assault on the airport. The incident became known as the First Battle of Donetsk Airport.[28] On the same month, National Guard Major General Serhiy Kulchytsky was killed during the Siege of Sloviansk, when his helicopter was shot down by separatists.[29] On early June, a Border Guard base and a National Guard were besieged in Luhansk and after 10 hours of battle the base fell after the guardsmen ran out of ammunition.[30]

On October 13, several National Guards troops protested outside the Ukrainian presidential administration building in Kyiv, they demanded the end of conscription and their own demobilisation. According to Kyiv Post, many of the protesters were former Internal Troops who had clashed with Euromaidan protesters, and they were not in favour of that movement or the new government.[31]

Three National Guardsmen died in a riot on 31 August 2015 at the Verkhovna Rada when a policeman on leave threw a grenade outside the facade.[32]

According to official figures, by mid-April 2016, the Interior Ministry and the National Guard have lost 308 personnel since the war in Donbas broke out, including 108 from the National Guard's volunteer battalions.[33]

Russo-Ukrainian War

[edit]
Main article: 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine

Beginning Thursday, 24 February 2022, the day the Russian Armed Forces invaded Ukraine,[10] the NGU has been active in many of the land battles fought by Ukrainian forces during the current war.

On the first day of the war, the Russian Airborne Forces (VDV) attempted an air assault on the Antonov Airport in Hostomel, northwest Kyiv, in order to do an air lift and bring more troops and heavier equipment to the capital in a military engagement that became known as the Battle of Antonov Airport. In the initial phases of the assault, the VDV expelled a small garrison of the National Guard and took control of the airport. However, the 4th Rapid Reaction Brigade of the Ukrainian National Guard swiftly reacted by launching an extensive counter-attack, using armored vehicles and artillery, that encircling the unsupported Russian troops and repelled the attack.[34] The airport was captured by a renewed Russian offensive the next day, but the airport was rendered unusable by battle damage. The actions of the 4th Brigade were credited with preventing the quick capitulation of Kyiv,[35] and led to the Russian offensive on Kyiv stalling and eventually withdrawing.[35]

169 National Guard troops were captured after the battle of Chernobyl. Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs claimed that "Currently, control over the situation at the Chernobyl NPP is being exercised jointly by Russian servicemen, Ukrainian specialists, the plant's civilian personnel, and that country's National Guard".[36] But later reports indicated they were captured and locked in a bunker for 30 days.[37] On 6 April, the Ukrainians officially announced the National Guard had retaken and reestablished control over the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant.[38]

The Azov Regiment was heavily involved in the Siege of Mariupol, being one of the primary defenders of the city.[39] The other units of the National Guard defending the city were the 23rd Separate Protection of Public Order Brigade [ru; uk] 12th Operational Brigade [ru; uk].[40] The Azov's origins as a neonazi and ultranationalist militia, and its legitimization by the Ukrainian government and inclusion in the official structure of the National Guard has been a point of contention. It has been used by Russia to paint the Ukrainian government as Nazi-leaning, as justification for the brutality in Mariupol and as a casus belli for the invasion itself.[41]

After the retreat of Russian forces from the Kyiv axis, the 4th Rapid Reaction Brigade was redeployed to Eastern Ukraine, to fight on the eastern front of the war.[42] In the east, unit was involved at the Battle of Severodonetsk and Lysychansk, where they fought a month-long defense of the twin cities.[43][44] And later in the year, the unit was deployed at Bakhmut to fight in the grueling Battle of Bakhmut.[45]

The National Guard began the raising of an additional 6 "Offensive Guard" Infantry Brigades in February 2023 to bolster its fighting forces under the recommendation of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, with the remaining two under other agencies.[46] These brigades, unlike those under Army wartime control, report directly to NGU General Headquarters in Kyiv through operational commanders. Under these circumstances, and with most of the former Azov Regiment veterans of Mariupol (by now released if living) and other battles now reporting under the Armed Forces' overall command, the regiment was reflagged and reactivated, this time, as a National Guard Offensive Infantry Brigade, organized in like manner as the rest of its fellow brigades.

Structure

[edit]

The National Guard of Ukraine is a military force under the command of Ukrainian Ministry of Internal Affairs, and is tasked to protect public order, strategically important facilities and counter illegal paramilitary groups.[47] Originally formed in 1991, in 2000 the National Guard was disbanded due to financial issues, then restored in 2014 after the Maidan revolution on the basis of the former Internal Troops of Ukraine, which formerly co-existed with the first iteration of the NGU.[48] During martial law periods, the units of National Guard are subordinated to Ukrainian Armed Forces.[45]

As of 2023 the National Guard is structured in five Operational-Territorial Commands:

Directly reporting formations under GHQ National Guard

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Volunteer units

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Operational brigades

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Protection of public order

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Mixed units

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Transport protection units

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State Objects Protection units

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CBRN Guards

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Commanders

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Training

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See also: National Guard Military Academy of Ukraine

New recruits (those not transferring in from the Internal Troops, Ground Forces or military academies) will undergo an initial two-week compressed training course, covering a range of areas from firearms and unarmed combat, to map reading and communications. Those signing up to be full-time members of the Guard will receive at least an additional four weeks of training.[b] For those part-time members who complete their two-week training and return to their communities to await call-up, the authorities appear to be planning to implement a variation of the March battalion system; based where possible around existing civilian militias and armed groupings. Most of those use the sotnya as their basic unit, as does the National Guard itself.

In March 2015, the National Guard of Ukraine received training from the U.S. 173rd Airborne Brigade Combat Team. The training took place at the Yavoriv training center near the western Ukrainian city of Lviv. The 173rd Airborne paratroopers trained the Ukrainians on how to better defend themselves against "Russian and rebel artillery and rockets." Training also included securing roads, bridges, and other infrastructure and treating and evacuating casualties.[55]

Officers and NCOs of the NGU are trained under the aegis of the National Guard Military Academy of Ukraine.

Ranks and insignia

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Officers

Rank group General / flag officers Senior officers Junior officers
 Ukrainian Ground Forces[56]
Генерал
Heneral 		Генерал-лейтенант
Heneral-leitenant 		Генерал-майор
Heneral-maior 		Бригадний генерал
Bryhadnyi heneral 		Полковник
Polkovnyk 		Підполковник
Pidpolkovnyk 		Майор
Maior 		Капітан
Kapitan 		Старший лейтенант
Starshyi leitenant 		Лейтенант
Leitenant 		Молодший лейтенант
Molodshyi leitenant

Other Ranks and NCOs

Rank group Senior NCOs Junior NCOs Enlisted
 Ukrainian Ground Forces[56]
Головний майстер-сержант
Holovnyi maister-serzhant 		Старший майстер-сержант
Starshyi maister-serzhant 		Майстер-сержант
Maister-serzhant 		Штаб-сержант
Shtab-serzhant 		Головний сержант
Holovnyi serzhant 		Старший сержант
Starshyi serzhant 		Сержант
Serzhant 		Молодший сержант
Molodshyi serzhant 		Старший солдат
Starshyi soldat 		Солдат
Soldat

Long Service Medal

[edit]
  • 25 years in service
    25 years in service
  • 20 years in service
    20 years in service
  • 15 years in service
    15 years in service
  • 10 years in service
    10 years in service

Equipment

[edit]
Main article: Equipment of the National Guard of Ukraine
[edit]
Robed woman, seated, with sword on her lap
National Guard K-9 unit at the JFO zone, 2019.
Robed woman, seated, with sword on her lap
Soldiers of the National Guard of Ukraine in 2022.
Robed woman, seated, with sword on her lap
Female soldier of the NGU at a security checkpoint
Robed woman, seated, with sword on her lap
4th Rapid Reaction Brigade soldiers during the Battle of Hostomel Airport

See also

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Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ "Actions aimed at the violent overthrow, change of constitutional order, or the seizure of state power"
  2. ^ However, at least one regular battalion has been stood up with only three weeks total of training.[Early April 2014]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d e f g "Ukraine: National Guard Restored". Library of Congress. 4 April 2014. Retrieved 15 June 2020.
  2. ^ Flanagan, Stephen J.; Kepe, Marta (26 February 2022). "What kind of resistance can Ukraine mount?". www.defensenews.com.
  3. ^ Мільйон українців у формі захищає Україну від росіян
  4. ^ "Zelenskyy appoints new commander of the National Guard".
  5. ^ Yaroslav Mezentsev (10 May 2011). Холодна війна за Крим. Як ділили флот у 1990–х [Cold war over Crimea. How the fleet was divided in 1990.] (in Ukrainian). istpravda.com.ua.
  6. ^ "President declares March 26 Day of National Guard". Interfax-Ukraine. 18 March 2015.
  7. ^ "Завдання - НГУ". ngu.gov.ua. Retrieved 24 May 2022.
  8. ^ "Офіційна сторінка миротворчої діяльності Нацгвардії України". nguinunpeaceoperations.tilda.ws. Retrieved 24 May 2022.
  9. ^ "РАДА СТВОРИЛА НАЦІОНАЛЬНУ ГВАРДІЮ". Українська правда (in Ukrainian). Retrieved 13 April 2022.
  10. ^ a b "Conflict in Ukraine". Global Conflict Tracker. Council on Foreign Relations. 28 February 2022. Retrieved 28 February 2022.
  11. ^ "Про внесення змін до деяких законодавчих актів України". Офіційний вебпортал парламенту України (in Ukrainian). Retrieved 13 April 2022.
  12. ^ "ЖАНДАРМЕРІЯ ЗАХІДНОУКРАЇНСЬКОЇ НАРОДНОЇ РЕСПУБЛІКИ". resource.history.org.ua. Retrieved 13 April 2022.
  13. ^ Yaroslav Mezentsev (10 May 2011). Холодна війна за Крим. Як ділили флот у 1990–х [Cold war over Crimea. How the fleet was divided in 1990.] (in Ukrainian). istpravda.com.ua.
  14. ^ БОДНЯ, Тетяна (26 March 2015). "Національна гвардія: на перших рубежах". Урядовий Кур’єр. Retrieved 12 June 2022.
  15. ^ "Ukraine creates National Guard ahead of Crimea vote". BBC.com. 13 March 2014.
  16. ^ В Украине объявили о создании Национальной гвардии: Начинается мобилизация опытных военных [The establishment of the National Guard of Ukraine is announced: Mobilization of expert military begins]. www.NR2.ru (in Russian). 11 March 2014. Archived from the original on 11 March 2014.
  17. ^ Chris Morris (16 March 2014). "Kiev expects West response after Crimea vote". BBC.com.
  18. ^ "Ukrainian National Guard". GlobalSecurity.org. Retrieved 24 March 2014.
  19. ^ Anthony Faiola (17 March 2014). "Ukraine mobilizes reservists but relies on diplomacy". Washington Post. Retrieved 24 March 2014.
  20. ^ Roman Goncharenko (20 March 2014). "Can the National Guard save Ukraine?". Deutsche Welle.
  21. ^ a b "Добровольчі батальйони на Сході України: хто вони?". Uacrisis.org (in Ukrainian). 16 March 2015. Retrieved 8 April 2022.
  22. ^ "Ultra-nationalist Ukrainian battalion gears up for more fighting". Reuters. 25 March 2015. Retrieved 15 June 2015.
  23. ^ "Volunteers Bolster Ukraine's Fighting Force". Institute for War and Peace Reporting. Retrieved 15 June 2015.
  24. ^ Ukraine underplays role of far right in conflict, BBC News (13 December 2014)
  25. ^ "The women fighting on the frontline in Ukraine". The Guardian. 5 March 2015. Retrieved 15 June 2015.
  26. ^ Post, Kyiv (9 May 2014). "Avakov says 21 dead in Mariupol after clashes between police and separatists on Victory Day (VIDEO) - May. 09, 2014". KyivPost. Retrieved 30 August 2022.
  27. ^ "Ukraine forces briefly occupy city hall in eastern Mariupol". Reuters. 7 May 2014. Retrieved 30 August 2022.
  28. ^ "Battle at Donetsk airport; new Ukraine leader says no talks with 'terrorists'". Reuters. 27 May 2014. Retrieved 30 August 2022.
  29. ^ "Obituary: Major General Serhiy Kulchytsky". BBC News. 29 May 2014. Retrieved 23 December 2022.
  30. ^ "6 militants killed, 3 Ukrainian troops injured in Luhansk - National | Globalnews.ca". Global News. Retrieved 30 August 2022.
  31. ^ Sukhov, Oleg (14 October 2014). "Politicians, activists slam National Guard protest as unpatriotic - Oct. 14, 2014". KyivPost. Retrieved 30 August 2022.
  32. ^ "Death Toll Rises To Three From Grenade Attack Near Ukrainian Parliament". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 2 September 2015. Retrieved 4 October 2018.
  33. ^ "Avakov speaks of losses of National Guard". UNIAN. 18 April 2016. Retrieved 18 April 2016.
  34. ^ Roblin, Sebastien (25 February 2022). "Pictures: In Battle for Hostomel, Ukraine Drove Back Russia's Attack Helicopters and Elite Paratroopers". 19FortyFive. Retrieved 12 April 2022.
  35. ^ a b McGregor (8 March 2022). "Russian Airborne Disaster at Hostomel Airport | Aberfoyle International Security". Retrieved 12 April 2022.
  36. ^ "Situation at Chernobyl NPP under joint control — Russian diplomat". TASS. 9 May 2022. Archived from the original on 13 March 2022. Retrieved 26 March 2022.
  37. ^ Al-Arshani, Sarah. "169 Ukrainian National Guardsmen were locked in underground nuclear bunker by Russian forces that took over Chernobyl, report says". Business Insider. Retrieved 20 April 2022.
  38. ^ "The National Guard of Ukraine units assumed control over the Chernobyl nuclear power plant". 6 April 2022. Retrieved 20 April 2022.
  39. ^ Welle (www.dw.com), Deutsche. "The Azov Battalion: Extremists defending Mariupol | DW | 16.03.2022". DW.COM. Retrieved 12 April 2022.
  40. ^ Zelenskyy, Volodymyr (19 March 2022). "Meaningful talks on peace and security for Ukraine are the only chance for Russia to reduce the damage from its own mistakes". President of Ukraine. Retrieved 2 April 2022.
  41. ^ "The Azov Battalion: How Putin built a false premise for a war against "Nazis" in Ukraine". www.cbsnews.com. 22 March 2022. Retrieved 20 April 2022.
  42. ^ "Watch Video: Ukrainian tank hits Russian armoured vehicle from long-range, destroys it completely". Free Press Journal. Retrieved 25 July 2022.
  43. ^ "Ukrainians cede land on eastern front, but hold on to hope". news.yahoo.com. Retrieved 3 August 2022.
  44. ^ "The soldiers of the National Guard of Ukraine showed how they blew up the bridge between Rubizhne and Sievierodonetsk". 18 May 2022.
  45. ^ a b "Ніде на фронті не пасуємо перед ворогом, на визначених ділянках готуємо майбутні успіхи – звернення Президента України [Nowhere on the front are we grazing in front of the enemy, in certain areas we are preparing future successes - address of the President of Ukraine]". ПРЕЗИДЕНТ УКРАЇНИ ВОЛОДИМИР ЗЕЛЕНСЬКИЙ. 18 November 2022. Retrieved 16 December 2022.
  46. ^ "Thousands of volunteers enroll in Ukraine's offensive brigades on first day of call". 6 February 2023.
  47. ^ Detsch, Jack (March 2023). "How Ukraine Learned to Fight". Foreign Policy. Retrieved 2 March 2023.
  48. ^ "Russo-Ukraine War - 01 March 2023". www.globalsecurity.org. Retrieved 2 March 2023.
  49. ^ "Батальйон спеціального призначення "Донбас"". БСП "Донбас" (in Ukrainian). Retrieved 28 May 2024.
  50. ^ NGU Commander Guard Lt.General V. Kukharets. Spetsnaz NGU. 24 March 2013
  51. ^ NGU Commander Guard Lt.General O.Kuzmuk. Spetsnaz NGU. 24 March 2013
  52. ^ NGU Commander Guard Lt.Guard I.Valkov. Spetsnaz NGU. 24 March 2013
  53. ^ NGU Commander Guard Lt.General O.Chapovsky. Spetsnaz NGU. 24 March 2013
  54. ^ a b (in Ukrainian) Shooting in Dnipro: Zelensky officially fired the commander of the National Guard, TSN (27 January 2022)
  55. ^ Fox News
  56. ^ a b "Наказ від 04.11.2020 № 398". ips.ligazakon.net (in Ukrainian). Ministry of Justice of Ukraine. 4 November 2020. Retrieved 13 January 2024.
  57. ^ Замок, Високий (11 August 2023). "Кіновиробник Туарон здобули премію за кращий ігровий короткометражний фільм "Бог простить" — Високий Замок". wz.lviv.ua (in Ukrainian). Retrieved 8 December 2023.
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