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Toledo, Ohio

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City of Toledo
City
Flag of City of Toledo
Flag
Official seal of City of Toledo
Seal
Nickname(s): 
The Glass City; T-town
Location in the state of Ohio
Location in the state of Ohio
Location of Toledo within Lucas County, Ohio.
Location of Toledo within Lucas County, Ohio.
CountryUnited States
StateOhio
CountyLucas
Founded1833
Government
 • MayorMichael Bell (I)
Area
 • City84.1 sq mi (217.8 km2)
 • Land80.6 sq mi (208.8 km2)
 • Water3.5 sq mi (8.9 km2)
Elevation
614 ft (187 m)
Population
 (2007 revised)
 • City316,851 (Density multiplied by sq. mi. gives you an estimate near 316,851)
 • Density3,768/sq mi (1,454.7/km2)
 • Urban
503,008
 • Metro
650,955
Time zoneUTC−5 (EST)
 • Summer (DST)UTC−4 (EDT)
Area code(s)419, 567
FIPS code39-77000Template:GR
GNIS feature ID1067015Template:GR
Websitehttp://www.toledo.oh.gov/

Toledo is the fourth most populous city in the U.S. state of Ohio and is the county seat of Lucas County.Template:GR The municipality is located in northwest Ohio on the western end of Lake Erie, and borders the State of Michigan. The city was founded in 1833 on the west bank of the Maumee River, originally incorporated as part of Monroe County, Michigan Territory; then re-founded in 1837, after conclusion of theToledo War, when it was incorporated in Ohio. Toledo grew quickly as a result of the Miami and Erie Canal and its position on the railway line between New York and Chicago. It has since become a city well known for its industry, particularly in glass and auto assembly (Jeep headquarters and related auto parts production), as well as for its art community, education, and local sports teams.

Population by city, county, multi-county MSA, region

In the 2000 census, the city proper had a population of 313,619 and was the 57th largest in the United States. It is the principal city in the Toledo Metropolitan Statistical Area. The Lucas county metropolitan area had a population of 650,955,[1] while the larger Toledo/Fremont Metropolitan Statistical Area had a population of 711,952.[2] According to the Toledo Metropolitan Council of Governments, the Toledo/Northwest Ohio region of 10 counties has over 1 million residents.

History

The area was first settled by Americans in 1794, after the Battle of Fallen Timbers, with the founding of Fort Industry. However, many settlers fled the area during the War of 1812. Resettlement began around 1817 when a Cincinnati syndicate purchased a 974-acre (3.9 km2) tract at the mouth of Swan Creek and named it Port Lawrence, creating the modern downtown area. Immediately to the north of that, another syndicate founded the town of Vistula, the historic north end.[3] These two towns physically bordered each other with Cherry Street dividing them (this is why present day streets on the northeast side of Cherry Street run at a slightly different angle from those to the southwest of it).

In 1825, the Ohio state legislature authorized the construction of Miami and Erie Canal and later its Wabash and Erie Canal extension in 1833. The canal's purpose was to connect the city of Cincinnati to Lake Erie because at that time no highways existed in the state and it was thus very difficult for goods produced locally to reach the larger markets east of the Appalachian Mountains. During the canal’s planning phase, many small towns along the northern shores of Maumee River heavily competed to be the ending terminus of the canal knowing it would give them a profitable status.[4] The towns of Port Lawrence and Vistula merged in 1833 to better compete against the towns of Waterville, Maumee, and Manhattan.

The inhabitants of this joined settlement chose the name Toledo, "but the reason for this choice is buried in a welter of legends. One recounts that Washington Irving, who was traveling in Spain at the time, suggested the name to his brother, a local resident; this explanation ignores the fact that Irving returned to the United States in 1832. Others award the honor to Two Stickney, son of the major who quaintly numbered his sons and named his daughters after States. The most popular version attributes the naming to Willard J. Daniels, a merchant, who reportedly suggested Toledo because it 'is easy to pronounce, is pleasant in sound, and there is no other city of that name on the American continent."[3] Despite Toledo’s efforts, the final terminus was decided to be built in Manhattan a half mile to the north of Toledo because it was closer to the lake. As a compromise, the state placed two sidecuts before the terminus, one in Toledo at Swan Creek and another in Maumee.

An almost bloodless conflict between Ohio and the Michigan Territory, called the Toledo War (1835-1836), was "fought" over a narrow strip of land from the Indiana border to Lake Erie, now containing the city and the suburbs of Sylvania and Oregon. The strip—which varied between five and eight miles (13 km) in width—was claimed by the state of Ohio and the Michigan Territory due to conflicting legislation concerning the location of the Ohio-Michigan state line. Militias from both states were sent but never engaged. The only casualty of the conflict was a Michigan deputy sheriff—stabbed in the leg by Two Stickney during the arrest of his elder brother, One Stickney—and the loss of two horses, two pigs and a few chickens stolen from an Ohio farm by lost members of the Michigan militia. In the end, the state of Ohio was awarded the land after the state of Michigan was given a larger portion of the Upper Peninsula in exchange. Stickney Avenue in Toledo is named for One and Two Stickney.[5]

Toledo was very slow to expand in its first two decades of existence. Its very first lot was sold in the Port Lawrence section of the city in 1833. It held 1,205 persons in 1835, and five years later it held just seven more men. Settlers came and went quickly through Toledo and between 1833 and 1836, ownership of land had changed so many times that none of the original parties still existed. The canal and its Toledo sidecut entrance were completed in 1843; soon after the canal was functional, the canal boats became too large to use the shallow waters at the terminus in Manhattan. More boats began using the Swan Creek sidecut than its official ending, quickly putting the Manhattan warehouses out of business and triggering a rush to move business to Toledo.

A 1955 map of Toledo

Most of Manhattan's residents moved out by 1844. The 1850 census gives Toledo 3,829 residences and Manhattan 541. The 1860 census shows Toledo with a population of 13,768 and Manhattan with 788. While the towns were only a mile apart, Toledo grew by 359% in ten years while Manhattan only grew by 148% because of the change in the canal outlet. By the 1880s, Toledo expanded over the vacant streets of Manhattan and Tremainsville, a small town to the west.[4][6]

In the last half of the 19th century, railroads slowly began to replace canals as the major form of transportation. Toledo soon became a hub for several railroad companies and a hotspot for industries like furniture producers, carriage makers, breweries, glass manufacturers, and others. Large immigrant populations came to the area, attracted by the many factory jobs available and the city's easy accessibility. By 1880, Toledo was one of the largest cities in Ohio.

Toledo continued to expand in population and industry into the early 20th century, but because of a dependency on manufacturing, the city was hit hard by the Great Depression. Many large scale WPA projects were constructed to reemploy citizens in the 1930s. Some of these include the amphitheater and aquarium at the Toledo Zoo and a major expansion to the Toledo Museum of Art.

The city rebounded, but the slump of American manufacturing in the second half of the 20th century, along with the nationwide epidemic of white flight from cities to suburbs, led to a depressed city by the time of the 1980s national recession. The destruction of many buildings downtown, along with several failed business ventures in housing in the core, led to a reverse city-suburb wealth problem common in small cities with land to spare.

In recent years, downtown Toledo has undergone significant redevelopment to draw residents back to the city. Fifth Third Field opened in 2002, and the Lucas County Arena opened in 2009. The riverfront area adjacent to International Park has been upgraded with walking trails, landscaping and several restaurants have opened nearby.

Geography

Toledo is located at 41°39′56″N 83°34′31″W / 41.66556°N 83.57528°W / 41.66556; -83.57528Invalid arguments have been passed to the {{#coordinates:}} function (41.665682, -83.575337).Template:GR According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 84.1 square miles (217.8 km²), of which 80.6 square miles (208.8 km²) is land and 3.5 square miles (8.9 km²) (4.10%) is water. The city straddles the Maumee River at the southern end of Maumee Bay, the westernmost inlet of Lake Erie. Toledo sits north of what had been the Great Black Swamp, giving rise to another nickname, Frog Town. An important ecological site, Toledo sits within the borders of a sandy oak savanna called the Oak Openings Region that once took up over 300 square miles.[7]

Climate

Main article: Climate of Toledo, Ohio

Toledo, like several other cities in the Great Lakes region, experiences a lake-moderated Humid continental climate (Köppen Dfa), characterized by four distinct seasons varying significantly in temperature and precipitation. Lake Erie moderates its climate somewhat, especially in late spring and fall, when air and water temperature differences are maximal. However, this effect is tempered in the winter by the fact that Lake Erie freezes over much more readily than the other Great Lakes, coupled with prevailing winds that are often westerly. Southerly and westerly prevailing winds combined with warm surface waters of Lake Erie in summer also negate the lake's cooling ability on the city, however the lake's presence increases humidity.

The warmest month of the year is July, when high temperatures average 83 °F (30 °C), and overnight low temperatures average 63 °F (19 °C), the warmest of any Great Lakes city. January is the coldest month, when high temperatures average 31 °F (-1 °C), and low temperatures average 16 °F (-9 °C). The wettest month of the year is June, when 3.84 inches (97.5 mm) of precipitation falls. The driest month is January, when 2.00 inches (50.8 mm) of precipitation falls, mostly as snowfall. The warmest temperature ever recorded in Toledo was 105 °F (41 °C) on July 14, 1936. The coldest temperature ever recorded was -20 °F (-29 °C), on January 21, 1984. The record high in the month of January in Toledo was set January 7, 2008 with the high temperature at 68 °F (20 °C) recorded at Toledo Express Airport.[8]

Climate data for Toledo
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Source: The Weather Channel[9]

Cityscape

Downtown Toledo's skyline from across the Maumee River

Neighborhoods and suburbs

Main article: Toledo Neighborhoods

Toledo is divided into the following neighborhoods:

Toledo Metropolitan Area

According to the US Census Bureau, the Toledo Metropolitan Area covers 4 Ohio counties and combines with other micropolitan areas and counties for a combined statistical area. Some of the suburbs in Ohio include:Bowling Green, Holland, Lake Township, Maumee, Millbury, Monclova Township, Northwood, Oregon, Ottawa Hills, Perrysburg, Rossford, Springfield Township, Sylvania, Walbridge, Waterville, Whitehouse, Washington Township

The eleven county Northwest Ohio/Toledo/Fremont media market includes over 1 million residents.[10]

Culture

Fine art

Greek revival facade of the Monroe Street entrance, Toledo Museum of Art
The Stranahan Theater is a major concert hall located on the city's south side. The historic Valentine Theatre is in Downtown. The Toledo Repertoire Theatre was created in 1933 and performs both Broadway hits and lesser-known original works. The Collingwood Arts Center is housed in a 1905 building designed by architect E. O. Fallis in the "Flemish Gothic" style. The parlor is used to showcase art exhibitions while the second and third floor rooms are rented to local artists. The Toledo Museum of Art is an internationally-acclaimed museum located in a Greek Revival building. Its Center for Visual Arts addition by Frank Gehry was added recently and the Museum's new Glass Pavilion across Monroe Street opened in August 2006. The Ballet Theatre of Toledo provides an opportunity for area students to study ballet and perform their art.[11]

Media

Main article: Media in Toledo, Ohio
The front page of Toledo Blade

The Blade, a daily newspaper, is the primary newspaper in Toledo and was founded in 1835. Page one of each issue asserts "One of America's Great Newspapers." The city's arts and entertainment weekly is the Toledo City Paper. In March 2005, the weekly newspaper Toledo Free Press began publication, and it has a focus on news and sports. Other weeklies include the West Toledo Herald, El Tiempo, La Prensa, Sojourner's Truth, Toledo Journal, and now Midwesturban Newspaper. Toledo Tales provides satire and parody of life in the Glass City. The Old West End Magazine is published monthly and highlights "The Best in Urban Historic Living". The Midwest Urban Newspaper and Toledo Journal are African-American owned newspapers. It is published weekly, and normally focuses on African-American issues. Monthly issues are also published on the Old West End Association web site. http://www.toledooldwestend.com/main.aspx

The eight Toledo television stations are: 5 (Cable Only) WT05 - CW, 11 WTOL - CBS, 13 WTVG - ABC, 24 WNWO-TV - NBC, 30 WGTE-TV - PBS, 36 WUPW - Fox, 40 WLMB - FN, 58 (Cable Only) WMNT-CA - My Network TV and 68 W22CO - Trinity Broadcast Network

Fourteen radio stations are licensed in Toledo.

Sites of interest

Toledo Zoo pedestrian bridge
Looking onto Fifth Third Field

Sports

Club League Venue Established Championships
Toledo Mud Hens IL, Baseball Fifth Third Field 1897 3
Toledo Walleye ECHL, Ice hockey Lucas County Arena 2009 0
Toledo Bullfrogs af2, Arena football Lucas County Arena 2010 0
  • Racing- Toledo Speedway is a local auto racetrack that features, among other events, stock car racing and concerts. Raceway Park hosts harness racing and features an enclosed grandstand.
  • Rugby Union- The Toledo Celtics are a division II men's rugby football club that began in 1974. The team has enjoyed much success including a DIII Midwest Championship and 3rd place finish in the national standings in 2006. The team website is http://toledorugby.com/ .

Demographics

Historical population
CensusPop.Note%±
18401,222—
18503,829213.3%
186013,768259.6%
187031,584129.4%
188050,13758.7%
189081,43462.4%
1900131,82261.9%
1910168,49727.8%
1920243,16444.3%
1930290,71819.6%
1940282,349−2.9%
1950303,6167.5%
1960318,0034.7%
1970383,81820.7%
1980354,635−7.6%
1990332,943−6.1%
2000313,619−5.8%
2007 (est.)316,851
U.S. Census Bureau[15]

As of the censusTemplate:GR of 2000, there were 313,619 people, 128,925 households, and 77,355 families residing in the city. The population density was 3,890.2 people per square mile (1,502.0/km²). There were 139,871 housing units at an average density of 1,734.9/sq mi (669.9/km²). The racial makeup of the city was 70.23% White, 23.55% Black or African American, 0.31% Native American, 1.03% Asian, 0.02% Pacific Islander, 2.28% from other races, and 2.57% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 5.47% of the population. The top 5 largest ancestries include German (23.4%), Irish (10.8%), Polish (10.1%), English (6.0%), and French (4.6%).[16]

In 2000 there were 128,925 households in Toledo, out of which 29.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 38.2% were married couples living together, 17.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 40.0% were non-families. 32.8% of all households were made up of individuals and 11.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.38 and the average family size was 3.04.

In the city the population was spread out with 26.2% under the age of 18, 11.0% from 18 to 24, 29.8% from 25 to 44, 19.8% from 45 to 64, and 13.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 33 years. For every 100 females there were 91.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 87.7 males. There was a total of 139,871 housing units in the city, of which 10,946 (7.8%) were vacant.

The median income for a household in the city was $32,546, and the median income for a family was $41,175. Males had a median income of $35,407 versus $25,023 for females. The per capita income for the city was $17,388. About 14.2% of families and 17.9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 25.9% of those under age 18 and 10.4% of those age 65 or over.

The U.S. Census Bureau estimated Toledo's population as 297,806 in 2006 and 295,029 in 2007. In response to an appeal by the City of Toledo, the Census Bureau's July 2007 estimate was revised to 316,851, slightly more than in 2000.[17]

Economy

One SeaGate, the tallest building in Toledo, is the location of Fifth-Third Bank's Northwest Ohio headquarters.

Before the industrial revolution, Toledo was a port city on the Great Lakes. But with the advent of the automobile, the city became best known for industrial manufacturing, although these industries have declined considerably in recent decades. Both General Motors and Chrysler had factories in metropolitan Toledo, and automobile manufacturing has been important at least since Kirk[18] began operations early in the 20th Century. The metro area is home to three Fortune 500 companies: Dana Corporation, Owens Corning and Owens Illinois. Formerly located at One SeaGate, O-I has recently relocated to suburban Perrysburg. One SeaGate is currently the location of Fifth-Third Bank's Northwest Ohio headquarters. HCR Manor Care is an up and coming Fortune 1000 company headquartered in Toledo. Though the largest employer in Toledo was Jeep for much of the 20th century, this honor has recently gone to the University of Toledo. Manufacturing as a whole now employs fewer Toledoans than does the healthcare industry, now the city's biggest employer. In 2001, a taxpayer lawsuit was filed against Toledo that challenged the constitutionality of tax incentives it extended to DaimlerChrysler for the expansion of its Jeep plant. The case was won by the city on a technical issue after it reached the U.S. Supreme Court in DaimlerChrysler Corp. v. Cuno, 547 U.S. ___ (2006).

Toledo is the primary market city for northwest Ohio, a region of nine counties with a population in excess of one million. As such there is a high concentration of retail establishments and medical facilities in Toledo.

Toledo is known as the Glass City because of its long history of innovation in all aspects of the glass industry: windows, bottles, windshields, construction materials, and glass art, which the Toledo Museum of Art has a large collection. Several large glass companies have their origins here. Owens-Illinois, Owens Corning, Libbey Glass, Pilkington North America (formerly Libbey Owens Ford), and Therma-Tru have long been a staple of Toledo's economy. Other off-shoots and spinoffs of these companies also continue to play important roles in Toledo's economy. Fiberglass giant Johns Manville's two plants in the metro area were originally built by a subsidiary of Libbey Owens Ford. Many other companies that service the glass industry also began in Toledo, such as Toledo Engineering and Glasstech.[19][20]

Several large, Fortune 500 automotive related companies had their headquarters in Toledo. Electric AutoLite, Sheller-Globe Corporation, Champion Spark Plug, Questor, and Dana Corporation are examples of large auto parts companies that began in Toledo. Faurecia Exhaust Systems, which is a $2 billion subsidiary to France's Faurecia SA, is located in Toledo. Only Dana Corporation is still in existence as an independent entity.

Toledo is home of Jeep headquarters and has 2 production facilities, one in the city and one in suburban Perrysburg. The manufacturing dependency continued into World War II when Toledo became involved in wartime production of several products, particularly the Willys Jeep.[21] Willys-Overland was a major automaker headquartered in Toledo until 1953.

While Toledo has a "rust belt" reputation due to its manufacturing history, in the 2000s, the city received a lot of interest and growth in "green jobs" due to economic development around solar energy. For example, the University of Toledo and Bowling Green State University received Ohio grants for solar energy research.[22] Also, companies like Xunlight opened plants in Toledo and the surrounding area.[23]

The National Arbor Day Foundation has designated Toledo as a Tree City USA.[24]

Education

Colleges and universities

These higher education institutions operate campuses in Metro Toledo:

Primary and secondary schools

Toledo Public Schools operates public schools within much of the city limits, along with the Washington Local School District in northern Toledo. Toledo is also home to several public charter schools including two Imagine Schools.

Additionally, several private and parochial primary and secondary schools are present within the Toledo area. The Roman Catholic Diocese of Toledo operates Roman Catholic primary and secondary schools.

Private high schools in Toledo include Central Catholic High School, Maumee Valley Country Day School, St. Francis de Sales High School, St. John's Jesuit High School and Academy, Notre Dame Academy, St. Ursula Academy (Ottawa Hills), Cardinal Stritch High School (Oregon), the Toledo Islamic Academy, Freedom Christian Academy, Toledo Christian Schools, Emmanuel Christian, the David S. Stone Hebrew Academy (Sylvania), and Apostolic Christian Academy.

Charter Schools Include : Horizon Science Academy, Toledo School for the Arts (TSA), and Star Academy of Toledo.

Transportation

Major roads

The Veterans' Glass City Skyway over the Maumee River
  • (northbound) - Erie Street (Anthony Wayne Trail to Cherry Street), Cherry Street (Erie Street to Greenbelt Parkway)
  • (southbound) - Michigan Avenue (Spielbusch Avenue to Anthony Wayne Trail), Spielbusch Avenue (Greenbelt Parkway to Michigan Avenue)

In addition to the above highways, the Ohio Turnpike carries long distance east-west traffic through the area on Interstate 80 and Interstate 90, and is the major east-west highway through the area. The Turnpike is connected to Toledo via highways leading to the city from 5 exits on the Turnpike (Exits 52, 59, 64, 71, and 81, although only Exits 59, 64, and 71 are signed on the Turnpike as leading to Toledo). The Turnpike connects Toledo to South Bend and Chicago to the West and Cleveland to the East. While the Turnpike enters Lucas County and the city limits of Toledo, due to the fact that the 5 Toledo area exits are spaced widely apart (2 are in Lucas County, 2 are in Wood County, and 1 is in Ottawa County, with none of the 5 exits within the city limits of Toledo), the Turnpike itself has only a limited role in the local transportation infrastructure.

CN SD60-F sits in Toledo, Ohio

Air

Toledo Express Airport serves the city. For international flights and expanded destinations, the Detroit Metropolitan Wayne County Airport is a 50 minute drive north.

Rail transportation

See also: Martin Luther King, Jr. Plaza (Toledo)

Amtrak, the national passenger rail system, provides service to Toledo under the Capitol Limited and the Lake Shore Limited. Both lines stop at Martin Luther King, Jr. Plaza, which is the train station in Toledo.

Freight rail service in Toledo is operated by the Norfolk Southern Railway, CSX Transportation, Canadian National Railway, Ann Arbor Railroad, and Wheeling and Lake Erie Railway. All except the Wheeling have local terminals; the Wheeling operates into Toledo from the east through trackage rights on Norfolk Southern to connect with the Ann Arbor and the CN.


Local bus service is provided by the Toledo Area Regional Transit Authority. Intercity bus service is provided by Greyhound Lines who's station is located at 811 Jefferson Ave. in Downtown Toledo which provides daily stops seven days a week. Megabus (North America) also provides daily trips to Chicago, IL (main hub) and Cleveland, OH.

  • John Denver sang a disparaging song about visiting Toledo entitled "Saturday Night In Toledo, Ohio" which was composed by Randy Sparks. It was written in 1967 when Sparks and his group arrived in Toledo at 10pm on a Saturday night, and found everything closed. The song was written as they drove down to Kansas City and their next gig.[25]
  • Toledo is also mentioned in a song, "Our Song" by Yes from their 1983 album 90125.[26]
  • The fantasy novel, The Kingdom of Ohio, by Matthew Flaming, published in 2009 by G. P. Putnam's Sons, has scenes set in an alternate universe Toledo of the 1890s and one of its two main characters is a former resident of that city. The novel also postulates an alternate history of the founding and naming of the city.
  • The character of Klinger from M*A*S*H is notorious for his antics, including dressing as a woman to get kicked out of the military so he can return home to Toledo. Klinger is often shown wearing Toledo Mud Hens merchandise and talks about eating Tony Packo's food.
  • Crystal Bowersox wrote a song called "Holy Toledo" which was released during her time on American Idol. It was the first original composition of a contestant to ever be played by the show. When she reached the Top 3, she performed the song in Downtown Toledo.

Notable residents

Main article: List of people from Toledo, Ohio

Toledo has produced a number of famous artists, including actors Jamie Farr (as well as his character from M*A*S*H, Maxwell Q. Klinger) and Katie Holmes, musicians Tom Scholz, Crystal Bowersox and Scott Shriner, jazz pianist Art Tatum. Famous writers and journalists from the city include P. J. O'Rourke, Christine Brennan and Gloria Steinem. Famous athletes include Baseball Hall of Fame members Roger Bresnahan and Addie Joss,Kevin Koger plays for University of Michigan, U.S. boxing Olympian Devin Vargas, and professional basketball player John Amaechi.

Sister cities

Toledo linked with Toledo, Spain as sister cities in 1931, creating the first Sister Cities relationship in North America. In total Toledo has eight sister cities, as designated by Sister Cities International (SCI):

As of March 2007, Toledo also had five "friendship cities":[28]

See also

References

  1. ^ "Annual Estimates of the Population of Metropolitan and Micropolitan Statistical Areas: April 1, 2000 to July 1, 2007 (CBSA-EST2007-01)" (CSV). 2007 Population Estimates. United States Census Bureau, Population Division. 2007-03-27. Retrieved 2009-03-19.
  2. ^ "Annual Estimates of the Population of Combined Statistical Areas: April 1, 2000 to July 1, 2007" (CSV). 2007 Population Estimates. United States Census Bureau, Population Division. 2008-03-27. Retrieved 2009-03-19.
  3. ^ a b Federal Writers' Project. "The Ohio Guide", 1940
  4. ^ a b Gieck, Jack A photo album of Ohio’s canal era, 1825-1913. Chapters 1,7,8. Kent, Ohio: Kent State University Press, 1988
  5. ^ [1]
  6. ^ Simonis, Louis A. Maumee River, 1835: with the William C. Holgate journal, May 16-June 24, 1835, from Utica, New York, to Huntington, Indiana. Defiance, Ohio: Defiance County Historical Society, 1979
  7. ^ http://www.oakopen.org/history/
  8. ^ Toledo Normals and Records for January
  9. ^ "Monthly Averages for Toledo, OH". The Weather Channel. 2009. Retrieved 2008-12-09.
  10. ^ Toledo Regional Alliance
  11. ^ "Arts and Entertainment" from the doToledo website: http://www.dotoledo.org/gtcvb/members/display.asp?id=arts retrieved on April 19th, 2009
  12. ^ http://www.tonypackos.com/history.php
  13. ^ "Ohio DOT endorses design for Maumee River crossing". Civil Engineering. 70 (9): 12. 2000. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  14. ^ [2]
  15. ^ "City of Toledo Population". U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved 2009-11-28.
  16. ^ Toledo city, Ohio - QT-P13. Ancestry: 2000
  17. ^ "Thousands added to Toledo census count". Toledo Blade. 2009-01-14. Retrieved 2009-02-14.
  18. ^ Clymer, Floyd. Treasury of Early American Automobiles, 1877-1925 (New York: Bonanza Books, 1950), p.158.
  19. ^ Toledo Engineering Co - Offices (also see: About Us)
  20. ^ Glasstech - About Us
  21. ^ "Toledo, Ohio", Ohio History Central, July 1, 2005, http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/entry.php?rec=808
  22. ^ State awards solar research grant to UT, BGSU
  23. ^ Old US Industrial Town Looking Forward to a Green Future
  24. ^ Tree Cities at arborday.org
  25. ^ Toledo Free Press interview 12/26/2008
  26. ^ >/ "Our Song" - Lyrics</
  27. ^ [3]
  28. ^ Toledo Sister Cities International (via archive.org)
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