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Line 9: Line 9:
| the catch in ''uh-oh''
| the catch in ''uh-oh''
|-
|-
|align="center"|<big>{{IPAlink|b}}</big>
|align="center"|<big>{{IPAlink|p}}</big>
| '''b'''
| '''b'''
|'''b'''ill<ref>The "Native Languages" website said it can also be realized as {{IPAlink|p}} in s'''p'''illl</ref>
|s'''p'''ill<ref>"Native Languages" website</ref>
|-
|-
|align="center"|<big>{{IPAlink|tʃ}}</big>
|align="center"|<big>{{IPAlink|tʃʰ}}</big>
| '''ch'''
| '''ch'''
| '''ch'''ild
| '''ch'''ild
|-
|-
|align="center"|<big>{{IPAlink|tʃ}}ʼ</big>
|align="center"|<big>{{IPAlink|tʃ'}}</big>
| '''ch''''
| '''ch''''
|somewhat like '''ch'''ild<ref name="glot" >[[glottalization|glottalized]] (pop of air)</ref>
|a [[glottalization|glottalized]] version of '''ch'''</ref>
|-
|-
|align="center"|<big>{{IPAlink|d}}</big>
|align="center"|<big>{{IPAlink|t}}</big>
| '''d'''
| '''d'''
| '''d'''ay<ref>The "Native Languages" website said it can also be realized as {{IPAlink|t}} in s'''t'''ay</ref>
| s'''t'''ay<ref>"Native Languages" website</ref>
|-
|-
|align="center"|<big>{{IPAlink|d}}</big><big>{{IPAlink|ɬ}}</big>
|align="center"|<big>{{IPAlink|t}}</big><big>{{IPAlink|ɬ}}</big>
| '''dl'''
| '''dl'''
|somewhat like la'''dle'''
|somewhat like a'''tl'''as
|-
|-
|align="center"|<big>{{IPAlink|dz}}</big>
|align="center"|<big>{{IPAlink|ts}}</big>
| '''dz'''
| '''dz'''
|E'''ds'''el
|ca'''ts'''
|-
|-
|align="center"|<big>[[Voiced velar stop|g]]</big>
|align="center"|<big>{{IPAlink|k}}</big>
|'''g'''
|'''g'''
|'''g'''ate<ref>The "Native Languages" website said it can also be realized as {{IPAlink|k}} in s'''k'''ate</ref>
|s'''k'''ate<ref>"Native Languages" website</ref>
|-
|-
|align="center"|<big>{{IPAlink|ɰ}}</big>
|align="center"|<big>{{IPAlink|ɰ}}</big>
Line 48: Line 48:
|align="center"|<big>{{IPAlink|hʷ}}</big>
|align="center"|<big>{{IPAlink|hʷ}}</big>
|'''hw'''
|'''hw'''
|(blowing out a candle)
|blowing out a candle, or as in '''wh'''ich
|-
|-
|align="center"|<big>{{IPAlink|dʒ}}</big>
|align="center"|<big>{{IPAlink|tʃ}}</big>
| '''j'''
| '''j'''
|'''j'''ar
|tea'''ch'''er
|-
|-
|align="center"|<big>{{IPAlink|kʰ}}</big>
|align="center"|<big>{{IPAlink|kʰ}}</big>
| '''k'''
| '''k'''
|hard "k" in '''k'''ing
|'''k'''ing
|-
|-
|align="center"|<big>{{IPAlink|k}}ʼ</big>
|align="center"|<big>{{IPAlink|k'}}</big>
| '''k''''
| '''k''''
|somewhat like '''k'''<ref name="glot" />
|somewhat like bi'''k'''e, with [[glottalization]]<ref name="glot" />
|-
|-
|align="center"|<big>{{IPAlink|kʷ}}</big>
|align="center"|<big>{{IPAlink|kʷ}}</big>
Line 72: Line 72:
|align="center"|<big>{{IPAlink|ɬ}}</big>
|align="center"|<big>{{IPAlink|ɬ}}</big>
|'''ł'''
|'''ł'''
|no English equivalent
|somewhat like '''l'''ake
|-
|-
|align="center"|<big>{{IPAlink|m}}</big>
|align="center"|<big>{{IPAlink|m}}</big>
Line 92: Line 92:
|align="center"|<big>{{IPAlink|tʰ}}</big>
|align="center"|<big>{{IPAlink|tʰ}}</big>
| '''t'''
| '''t'''
|hard "t" in '''t'''ie
|"t" in '''t'''ie
|-
|-
|align="center"|<big>{{IPAlink|t}}ʼ</big>
|align="center"|<big>{{IPAlink|t}}ʼ</big>
| '''t''''
| '''t''''
|somewhat like '''t'''<ref name="glot" />
|somewhat like righ'''t'' with [[glottalization]]'<ref name="glot" />
|-
|-
|align="center"|<big>{{IPAlink|tɬ}}</big>
|align="center"|<big>{{IPAlink|tɬʰ}}</big>
|'''tł'''
|'''tł'''
|no English equivalent
|no English equivalent
|-
|-
|align="center"|<big>{{IPAlink|tɬ}}ʼ</big>
|align="center"|<big>{{IPAlink|tɬ'}}</big>
|'''tł''''
|'''tł''''
|no English equivalent<ref name="glot" />
|no English equivalent<ref name="glot" />
|-
|-
|align="center"|<big>{{IPAlink|ts}}</big>
|align="center"|<big>{{IPAlink|tsʰ}}</big>
|'''ts'''
|'''ts'''
|ca'''ts''' with [[aspiration (linguistics)|aspiration]]
|ca'''ts'''
|-
|-
|align="center"|<big>{{IPAlink|ts}}ʼ</big>
|align="center"|<big>{{IPAlink|ts'}}</big>
|'''ts''''
|'''ts''''
|somewhat like ca'''ts'''<ref name="glot" />
|somewhat like ca'''ts''' with [[glottalization]]<ref name="glot" />
|-
|-
|align="center"|<big>{{IPAlink|w}}</big>
|align="center"|<big>{{IPAlink|w}}</big>
Line 124: Line 124:
|align="center"|<big>{{IPAlink|z}}</big>
|align="center"|<big>{{IPAlink|z}}</big>
| '''z'''
| '''z'''
|'''z'''ipper
|wa'''s''
|-
|-
|align="center"|<big>{{IPAlink|ʒ}}</big>
|align="center"|<big>{{IPAlink|ʒ}}</big>

Revision as of 21:41, 20 October 2015

The charts below show the way in which the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) represents Navajo pronunciations in Wikipedia articles based on the pronunciation guide at "Native Languages".

Consonants
IPA Orthography English approximation
ʔ ’ the catch in uh-oh
p b spill[1]
tʃʰ ch child
Error using {{IPA symbol}}: "tʃ'" not found in list ch' a glottalized version of ch</ref>
t d stay[2]
tɬ dl somewhat like atlas
ts dz cats
k g skate[3]
ɰ gh no English equivalent
h h he[4]
hʷ hw blowing out a candle, or as in which
tʃ j teacher
kʰ k king
Error using {{IPA symbol}}: "k'" not found in list k' somewhat like bike, with glottalization[5]
kʷ kw' queen
l l lake
ɬ ł no English equivalent
m m man
n n nice
s s sad
ʃ sh shell
tʰ t "t" in tie
tʼ t' somewhat like righ't with glottalization'[5]
tɬʰ tł no English equivalent
Error using {{IPA symbol}}: "tɬ'" not found in list tł' no English equivalent[5]
tsʰ ts cats with aspiration
Error using {{IPA symbol}}: "ts'" not found in list ts' somewhat like cats with glottalization[5]
w w was
j y yellow
z z wa's
ʒ zh garage, pleasure
Oral vowels
IPA Orthography English approximation
a˩ a somewhat like bra (low tone)
a˥ á somewhat like bra (high tone)
aː˩ aa long "a" in bra (low tone)
aː˥ áá long "a" in bra (high tone)
e˩ e met (low tone)
e˥ é met (high tone)
eː˩ ee long "e" in met (low tone)
eː˥ éé long "e" in met (high tone)
i˩ i[6] see (low tone)
i˥ í see (high tone)
iː˩ ii long "ee" in see (low tone)
iː˥ íí long "ee" in seet (high tone)
o˩ o somewhat like go[7] (low tone)
o˥ ó somewhat like go (high tone)
oː˩ oo long "o" (low tone)
oː˥ óó long "o" (high tone)
Nasal vowels
IPA Orthography English approximation
ãː˩ ą nasal "a" for bra (low tone)
ã˥ ą́ nasal "a" for bra (high tone)
ã˩ ąą long nasal "a" for bra (low tone)
ãː˥ ą́ą́ long nasal "a" for bra (high tone)
ẽ˩ ę nasal "e" for met (low tone)
ẽ˥ ę́ nasal "e" for met (high tone)
ẽː˩ ęę long nasal "e" for met (low tone)
ẽː˥ ę́ę́ long nasal "e" for met (high tone)
ĩ˩ į nasal "ee" for see (low tone)
ĩ˥ į́ nasal "ee" for see (high tone)
ĩː˩ įį long nasal "ee" for see (low tone)
ĩː˥ į́į́ long nasal "ee" for see (high tone)
õ˩ ǫ nasal "oa" for coat (low tone)
õ˥ ǫ́ nasal "oa" for coat (high tone)
õː˩ ǫǫ long nasal "oa" for coat (low tone)
õː˥ ǫ́ǫ́ long nasal "oa" for coat (high tone)

Notes

  1. ^ "Native Languages" website
  2. ^ "Native Languages" website
  3. ^ "Native Languages" website
  4. ^ The "Native Languages" website said it can also be realized as the raspy x that is somewhat like the "h" in he
  5. ^ a b c d Cite error: The named reference glot was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  6. ^ "Native Languages" says this vowel can also be realized as the "i" in sit (ɪ)
  7. ^ The Navajo /o/ doesn't quite line up with any English vowel, though the nearest equivalents are the vowel of coat (for most English dialects) and the vowel of saw.

References

  • "Navajo pronunciation and spelling guide". Native Languages of the Americas. 2012. Retrieved September 16, 2012.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Help:IPA/Navajo&oldid=686719477"