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In [[Greek mythology]], '''Phthonus''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|θ|oʊ|n|ə|s}}; [[Ancient Greek]]: Φθόνος ''Phthónos''), or sometimes '''Zelus''', was the personification of jealousy and envy,<ref>{{cite book |last1=Accorinti |first1=Domenico |url=https://brill.com/view/book/edcoll/9789004310698/B9789004310698_009.xml |title=Brill's Companion to Nonnus of Panopolis |date=11 March 2016 |publisher=Brill |doi=10.1163/9789004310698_009 |isbn=9789004310698 |access-date=5 July 2022}}</ref> most prominently in matters of romance. In [[Nonnus]]'s ''[[Dionysiaca]]'', he is by proxy the cause of [[Semele]]'s death, having informed [[Hera]] of [[Zeus]]'s affair with the princess. He also appears in [[Callimachus]]'s Hymn to [[Apollo]], goading the god into an argument.<ref name="greekmythology">{{cite web |title=Phthonus |url=https://www.greekmythology.com/Other_Gods/Minor_Gods/Phthonus/phthonus.html |website=greekmythology.com |access-date=20 November 2021}}</ref><ref name="theoi">{{cite web |title=PHTONOS |url=https://www.theoi.com/Daimon/Phthonos.html |website=Theoi Project |access-date=20 November 2021}}</ref>
In [[Greek mythology]], '''Phthonus''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|θ|oʊ|n|ə|s}}; [[Ancient Greek]]: Φθόνος ''Phthónos''), or sometimes '''Zelus''', was the personification of jealousy and envy,<ref>{{cite book |last1=Accorinti |first1=Domenico |url=https://brill.com/view/book/edcoll/9789004310698/B9789004310698_009.xml |title=Brill's Companion to Nonnus of Panopolis |date=11 March 2016 |publisher=Brill |doi=10.1163/9789004310698_009 |isbn=9789004310698 |access-date=5 July 2022}}</ref> most prominently in matters of romance. In [[Nonnus]]'s ''[[Dionysiaca]]'', he is by proxy the cause of [[Semele]]'s death, having informed [[Hera]] of [[Zeus]]'s affair with the princess. He also appears in [[Callimachus]]'s Hymn to [[Apollo]], goading the god into an argument.<ref name="greekmythology">{{cite web |title=Phthonus |url=https://www.greekmythology.com/Other_Gods/Minor_Gods/Phthonus/phthonus.html |website=greekmythology.com |access-date=20 November 2021}}</ref><ref name="theoi">{{cite web |title=PHTONOS |url=https://www.theoi.com/Daimon/Phthonos.html |website=Theoi Project |access-date=20 November 2021}}</ref> He is often compared and linked to the goddess of chaos and discord, [[Eris (mythology)|Éris]], for always causing the same effects as the goddess, using and abusing jealousy and envy to create fights between everyone. Furthermore, they are both [[Daimon|Daemons]].


His female counterpart was [[Nemesis]], personification of revenge. In contrast to Phthonus’ domain being closely tied to romantic and sexual jealousy, Nemesis was more closely related to violent retribution.<ref name="greekmythology" />
His female counterpart was [[Nemesis]], personification of revenge. In contrast to Phthonus’ domain being closely tied to romantic and sexual jealousy, Nemesis was more closely related to violent retribution.<ref name="greekmythology" />

Revision as of 22:55, 27 December 2023

Phthonus
Personification of Envy and Jealousy
Armento vase painting 375-350 BC
Equivalents
Roman equivalentInvidia

In Greek mythology, Phthonus (/ˈθnəs/; Ancient Greek: Φθόνος Phthónos), or sometimes Zelus, was the personification of jealousy and envy,[1] most prominently in matters of romance. In Nonnus's Dionysiaca, he is by proxy the cause of Semele's death, having informed Hera of Zeus's affair with the princess. He also appears in Callimachus's Hymn to Apollo, goading the god into an argument.[2][3] He is often compared and linked to the goddess of chaos and discord, Éris, for always causing the same effects as the goddess, using and abusing jealousy and envy to create fights between everyone. Furthermore, they are both Daemons.

His female counterpart was Nemesis, personification of revenge. In contrast to Phthonus’ domain being closely tied to romantic and sexual jealousy, Nemesis was more closely related to violent retribution.[2]

According to Irenaeus, Gnostics believed that the first angel and Authadia conceived the children Kakia (wickedness), Zelos (emulation), Phthonus (envy), Erinnys (fury), and Epithymia (lust).[4]

References

  1. ^ Accorinti, Domenico (11 March 2016). Brill's Companion to Nonnus of Panopolis. Brill. doi:10.1163/9789004310698_009. ISBN 9789004310698. Retrieved 5 July 2022.
  2. ^ a b "Phthonus". greekmythology.com. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
  3. ^ "PHTONOS". Theoi Project. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
  4. ^ Irenaeus. Against Heresies. Sacred-Texts.