Jump to content

Cockney: Difference between revisions

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Browse history interactively
← Previous editNext edit →
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
Line 163: Line 163:


====Phonemic correspondence====
====Phonemic correspondence====
* {{IPA|/ɪ, ʊ, e, ə, əː, ɔː, æ, ɑː, əw/}} correspond to the RP sounds (though {{IPA|/əː/}} and {{IPA|/əw/}} are most commonly written with {{angbr IPA|ɜː}} and {{angbr IPA|əʊ}}, respectively). {{IPA|/ɔː/}} can be considered to be a positional variant of {{IPA|/ɔw/}}, whereas {{IPA|/əw/}} has a positional variant {{IPA|/ɒw/}} - see below.{{sfnp|Beaken|1971|pp=189–90}}{{sfnp|Wells|1982|p=304}}
* {{IPA|/ɪ, ʊ, e, ə, əː, ɔː, æ, ɑː, əw/}} correspond to the RP sounds (though {{IPA|/əː/}} and {{IPA|/əw/}} are most commonly written with {{angbr IPA|ɜː}} and {{angbr IPA|əʊ}}, respectively). {{IPA|/ɔː/}} can be considered to be a positional variant of {{IPA|/ɔw/}} (with both corresponding to RP {{IPA|/ɔː/}}), whereas {{IPA|/əw/}} has a positional variant {{IPA|/ɒw/}} (with both corresponding to RP {{IPA|/əʊ/}}) - see below.{{sfnp|Beaken|1971|pp=189–90}}{{sfnp|Wells|1982|p=304}}
* {{IPA|/ɔ/}} corresponds to RP {{IPA|/ɒ/}}.{{sfnp|Beaken|1971|p=189}}
* {{IPA|/ɔ/}} corresponds to RP {{IPA|/ɒ/}}.{{sfnp|Beaken|1971|p=189}}
* {{IPA|/a/}} corresponds to RP {{IPA|/ʌ/}}.{{sfnp|Beaken|1971|p=189}}
* {{IPA|/a/}} corresponds to RP {{IPA|/ʌ/}}.{{sfnp|Beaken|1971|p=189}}

Revision as of 23:07, 12 July 2024

For other uses, see Cockney (disambiguation).

Cockney
Cockney dialect
Native toEngland
RegionLondon (Middlesex, Essex, Hertfordshire, Kent, Surrey)
Early forms
Latin (English alphabet)
Language codes
ISO 639-3–
GlottologNone
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.
Example of a Cockney accent
Voice of Michael Caine, who grew up in Southwark, London, recorded September 2010 from the BBC Radio 4 programme Front Row
Problems playing this file? See media help.
Example of a Cockney accent
Voice of Danny Baker, who grew up in Bermondsey, London, recorded July 2007 from the BBC Radio 4 programme Desert Island Discs
Problems playing this file? See media help.

Cockney is a dialect of the English language, mainly spoken in London and its environs, particularly by Londoners with working-class and lower middle-class roots. The term Cockney is also used as a demonym for a person from the East End,[1][2][3] or, traditionally, born within earshot of Bow Bells.[4][5][6]

Estuary English is an intermediate accent between Cockney and Received Pronunciation, also widely spoken in and around London, as well as in wider South Eastern England.[7][8][9] In multicultural areas of London, the Cockney dialect is, to an extent, being replaced by Multicultural London English—a new form of speech with significant Cockney influence.

Words and phrases

Etymology of Cockney

The earliest recorded use of the term is 1362 in passus VI of William Langland's Piers Plowman, where it is used to mean "a small, misshapen egg", from Middle English coken + ey ("a cock's egg").[10] Concurrently, the mythical land of luxury Cockaigne (attested from 1305) appeared under a variety of spellings, including Cockayne, Cocknay, and Cockney, and became humorously associated with the English capital London.[11][13]

The current meaning of Cockney comes from its use among rural Englishmen (attested in 1520) as a pejorative term for effeminate town-dwellers,[15][10] from an earlier general sense (encountered in "The Reeve's Tale" of Geoffrey Chaucer's The Canterbury Tales c. 1386) of a "cokenay" as "a child tenderly brought up" and, by extension, "an effeminate fellow" or "a milksop".[16] This may have developed from the sources above or separately, alongside such terms as "cock" and "cocker" which both have the sense of "to make a nestle-cock ... or the darling of", "to indulge or pamper".[18][19] By 1600, this meaning of cockney was being particularly associated with the Bow Bells area.[4][20] In 1617, the travel writer Fynes Moryson stated in his Itinerary that "Londoners, and all within the sound of Bow Bells, are in reproach called Cockneys."[21] The same year, John Minsheu included the term in this newly restricted sense in his dictionary Ductor in Linguas.[25]

Other terms

  • Cockney sparrow: Refers to the archetype of a cheerful, talkative Cockney.
  • Cockney diaspora: The term Cockney diaspora refers to the migration of Cockney speakers to places outside London, especially new towns.[26] It also refers to the descendants of those people, in areas where there was enough migration for identification with London to persist in subsequent generations.
  • Mockney: Refers to a fake Cockney accent, though the term is sometimes also used as a self-deprecatory moniker by second, third, and subsequent generations of the Cockney diaspora.

Region

Initially, when London consisted of little more than the walled City, the term applied to all Londoners, and this lingered into the 19th century.[11] As the city grew, the definitions shifted to alternatives based on dialect or more specific areas; the East End and the area within earshot of Bow Bells.

The East End of London and the vicinity of Bow bells are often used interchangeably, representing the identity of the East End. The region within the audible range of the bells varies depending on the direction of the wind, but there is a correlation between the two geographic definitions under the typical prevailing wind conditions. The term can apply to East Londoners who do not speak the dialect and those who do.[27]

London's East End

The traditional core districts of the East End include Middlesex towns of Bethnal Green, Whitechapel, Spitalfields, Stepney, Wapping, Limehouse, Poplar, Haggerston, Aldgate, Shoreditch, the Isle of Dogs, Hackney, Hoxton, Bow and Mile End. The informal definition of the East End gradually expanded to include towns in south-west Essex such as Forest Gate, East Ham, Leyton, Plaistow, Stratford, Walthamstow and West Ham as these formed part of London's growing conurbation.

Bow Bells' audible range

The church of St Mary-le-Bow

The church of St Mary-le-Bow is one of the oldest, largest, and historically most important churches in the City of London. The definition based on being born within earshot of the bells,[28] cast at the Whitechapel Bell Foundry, reflects the early definition of the term as relating to all of London.

The audible range of the Bells is dependent on geography and wind conditions. The east is mostly low lying, a factor which combines with the strength and regularity of the prevailing wind, blowing from west-south-west for nearly three-quarters of the year,[29] to carry the sound further to the east, and more often. A 2012 study[30] showed that in the 19th century, and under typical conditions, the sound of the bells would carry as far as Clapton, Bow and Stratford in the east but only as far as Southwark to the south and Holborn in the west. An earlier study[31] suggested the sound would have carried even further. The 2012 study showed that in the modern era, noise pollution means that the bells can only be heard as far as Shoreditch. According to legend, Dick Whittington heard the bells 4.5 miles away at Highgate Hill, in what is now north London. The studies mean that it is credible that Whittington might have heard them on one of the infrequent days that the wind blows from the south.

The church of St Mary-le-Bow was destroyed in 1666 by the Great Fire of London and rebuilt by Sir Christopher Wren. Although the bells were destroyed again in 1941 in the Blitz, they had fallen silent on 13 June 1940 as part of the British anti-invasion preparations of World War II. Before they were replaced in 1961, there was a period when, by the "within earshot" definition, no "Bow Bell" Cockneys could be born.[32] The use of such a literal definition produces other problems since the area around the church is no longer residential, and the noise pollution means few are born within earshot.[33]

Dialect

This article contains phonetic transcriptions in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. For the distinction between [ ], / / and ⟨ ⟩, see IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters.

Cockney speakers have distinctive accents and dialects and occasionally use rhyming slang. The Survey of English Dialects took a recording from a long-time resident of Hackney in the 1950s, and the BBC made another recording in 1999 which showed how the accent had changed.[34][35] One of the characteristic pronunciations of Cockney is th-fronting.

The early development of Cockney vocabulary is obscure, but appears to have been heavily influenced by Essex and related eastern dialects,[36] while borrowings from Yiddish, including kosher (originally Hebrew, via Yiddish, meaning legitimate) and shtum (/ʃtʊm/ originally German, via Yiddish, meaning mute),[37] as well as Romani, for example wonga (meaning money, from the Romani "wanga" meaning coal),[38] and cushty (Kushty) (from the Romani kushtipen, meaning good) reflect the influence of those groups on the development of the speech.

Recording from 1899 of "My Old Dutch" by Albert Chevalier, a music hall performer who based his material on life as a Cockney costermonger in Victorian London.

John Camden Hotten, in his Slang Dictionary of 1859, refers to "their use of a peculiar slang language" when describing the costermongers of London's East End.

Migration and evolution

A dialectological study of Leytonstone in 1964 found that the area's dialect was very similar to that recorded in Bethnal Green by Eva Sivertsen, but there were still some features that distinguished Leytonstone speech from Cockney.[39]

Linguistic research conducted in the early 2010s suggests that today, some aspects of the Cockney accent are declining in usage within multicultural areas, where some traditional features of Cockney have been displaced by Multicultural London English, a multiethnolect particularly common amongst young people from diverse backgrounds.[40] Nevertheless, the glottal stop, double negatives, and the vocalisation of the dark L (and other features of Cockney speech) are among the Cockney influences on Multicultural London English, and some rhyming slang terms are still in common usage.

An influential July 2010 report by Paul Kerswill, professor of sociolinguistics at Lancaster University, Multicultural London English: the emergence, acquisition, and diffusion of a new variety, predicted that the Cockney accent would disappear from London's streets within 30 years.[40] The study, funded by the Economic and Social Research Council, said that the accent, which has been around for more than 500 years, is being replaced in London by a new hybrid language. "Cockney in the East End is now transforming itself into Multicultural London English, a new, melting-pot mixture of all those people living here who learned English as a second language", Kerswill said.[40]

A series of new and expanded towns have often had a strong influence on local speech. Many areas beyond the capital have become Cockney-speaking to a greater or lesser degree, including the new towns of Hemel Hempstead, Basildon, and Harlow, and expanded towns such as Grays, Chelmsford and Southend. However, this is, except where least mixed, difficult to discern because of common features: linguistic historian and researcher of early dialects Alexander John Ellis in 1890 stated that Cockney developed owing to the influence of Essex dialect on London speech.[36]

Writing in 1981, the dialectologist Peter Wright identified the building of the Becontree estate in Dagenham as influential in the spread of the Cockney dialect. This vast estate was built by the Corporation of London to house poor East Enders in a previously rural area of Essex. The residents typically kept their Cockney dialect rather than adopt an Essex dialect.[41] Wright also reports that the Cockney dialect spread along the main railway routes to towns in the surrounding counties as early as 1923, spreading further after World War II when many refugees left London owing to the bombing, and continuing to speak Cockney in their new homes.[42]

A more distant example where the accent stands out is Thetford in Norfolk, which tripled in size from 1957 in a deliberate attempt to attract Londoners by providing social housing funded by the London County Council.[43]

Typical features

Ranges of the short monophthongs of Cockney on a vowel chart, from Beaken (1971:189, 193). The schwa /ə/ is the word-internal variety; the word-final variety often overlaps with /a/ or even /æ/, which do not occur word-finally. /e/ can overlap with /æ/ in the [ɛ] region.
Long monophthongs of Cockney on a vowel chart, from Beaken (1971:197). All but /əː/ and /ɑː/ can feature a centering glide: [ɪə, eə, ɔə, æə]. /æː/ has an alternative pronunciation [æw], shown on the chart. The CURE vowel /ʊː/ is not shown.
Diphthongs of Cockney on a vowel chart, from Beaken (1971:197, 200). /ɪj/ and /ʉw/ are shown on the chart with an unrounded mid central starting point: [əj, əw]. /əw/ too begins more open: [ɐw], in the STRUT area.

As with many accents of the United Kingdom, Cockney is non-rhotic. A final -er is pronounced [ə] or lowered [ɐ] in broad Cockney. As with all or nearly all non-rhotic accents, the paired lexical sets COMMA and LETTER, PALM/BATH and START, THOUGHT and NORTH/FORCE, are merged. Thus, the last syllable of words such as cheetah can be pronounced [ɐ] as well in broad Cockney.[44][45][46]

A broad /ɑː/ is used in words such as bath, path, demand. This originated in London in the 16th–17th centuries and is also part of Received Pronunciation (RP).[47]

The accent features T-glottalisation, with use of the glottal stop as an allophone of /t/ in various positions,[48][49] including after a stressed syllable. Glottal stops also occur, albeit less frequently for /k/ and /p/, and occasionally for mid-word consonants. For example, Richard Whiteing spelled "Hyde Park" as Hy' Par'. Like and light can be homophones. "Clapham" can be said as Cla'am (i.e., [ˈkl̥æʔm̩]).[47] /t/ may also be flapped intervocalically, e.g. utter [ˈaɾə]. London /p, t, k/ are often aspirated in intervocalic and final environments, e.g., upper [ˈapʰə], utter [ˈatʰə], rocker [ˈɹɔkʰə], up [ˈaʔpʰ], out [ˈæːʔtʰ], rock [ˈɹɔʔkʰ], where RP is traditionally described as having the unaspirated variants. Also, in broad Cockney at least, the degree of aspiration is typically greater than in RP, and may often also involve some degree of affrication [pᶲʰ, tˢʰ, kˣʰ]. Affricatives may be encountered in initial, intervocalic, and final position.[50][51] This feature results in Cockney being often mentioned in textbooks about Semitic languages while explaining how to pronounce the glottal stop.

Cockney also demonstrates:

  • Th-fronting:[52]
    • /θ/ can become [f] in any environment. [fɪn] "thin", [mæfs] "maths".
    • /ð/ can become [v] in any environment except word-initially when it can be [ð, ð̞, d, l, ʔ, ∅]. [dæj] "they", [ˈbɔvə] "bother".[53][54]
  • Yod-coalescence, in words such as tune [tʃʰʉwn] or reduce [ɹɪˈdʒʉws] (compare traditional RP [ˈtjuːn, ɹɪˈdjuːs]).[55]
  • The alveolar stops /t/, /d/ are often omitted in informal Cockney, in non-prevocalic environments, including some that cannot be omitted in Received Pronunciation. Examples include [ˈdæzɡənə] Dad's gonna and [ˈtəːn ˈlef] turn left.[56]
  • H-dropping. Sivertsen considers that [h] is to some extent a stylistic marker of emphasis in Cockney.[57][58]
Vowels of Cockney[59]
Front Central Back
Short Long Short Long Short Long
Close ɪ ɪː ʊ (ʊː)
Mid e eː ə əː ɔ (ɔː)
Near-open æ æː
Open a ɑː
Diphthongs ɪj   æj   ɑj   oj   ʉw   əw   ɔw   (ɒw)

Phonemic correspondence

  • /ɪ, ʊ, e, ə, əː, ɔː, æ, ɑː, əw/ correspond to the RP sounds (though /əː/ and /əw/ are most commonly written with ⟨ɜː⟩ and ⟨əʊ⟩, respectively). /ɔː/ can be considered to be a positional variant of /ɔw/ (with both corresponding to RP /ɔː/), whereas /əw/ has a positional variant /ɒw/ (with both corresponding to RP /əʊ/) - see below.[60][61]
  • /ɔ/ corresponds to RP /ɒ/.[62]
  • /a/ corresponds to RP /ʌ/.[62]
  • /ɪː, ʊː, eː/ correspond to the centering diphthongs /ɪə, ʊə, eə/ in traditional RP. /ʊː/ is often missing from Cockney, being replaced with /ɔː ~ ɔw/ or a disyllabic /ʉwə/.[61][63]
  • /æː/ corresponds to RP /aʊ/.[64]
  • /ɪj/ and /ʉw/ correspond to relatively less diphthongal /iː/ and /uː/ in traditional RP.[65]
  • /æj, ɑj, oj/ correspond to /eɪ, aɪ, ɔɪ/ in RP.[61][66]

Phonetic realization

The diphthong offsets are only fully close in /ɪj/ and /ʉw/: [əi̯, əʉ̯]. In all other cases, they are more similar to [ɪ̯, ʊ̯] or [e̯, o̯]. According to Beaken, /æj/ and /ɑj/ typically glide towards [e]: [æe̯, ɑe̯], /oj/ towards [ɪ]: [oɪ̯], /əw/ and the wide allophone of /æː/ towards [ʊ]: [ɐʊ̯, æʊ̯], whereas /ɔw/ and /ɒw/ both towards [o]: [ɔo̯, ɒo̯].[67] According to Mott, [e̯, o̯] do not occur at all as glides: [æɪ̯, ɑɪ̯, oɪ̯, ɐʊ̯, æʊ̯, ɒʊ̯] (he does not show /ɪj, ʉw, ɔw/ on his charts).[68] Furthermore, Wells remarks on the laxness of the unrounded offset of /əw/, which is a kind of a centralized [ɤ]: [ɐɤ̯].[69]

In the rest of the article, this is treated as a simple allophonic rule and only ⟨j⟩ and ⟨w⟩ are used for the diphthong offsets. In narrow phonetic transcription, their rounded and unrounded counterparts are written with ⟨ɥ⟩ and ⟨ɰ⟩ (phonetically [ʏ̯ ~ ø̯] and [ɯ̜̽ ~ ɤ̯] in fully narrow transcription). Only the central offglides [ə̯] and [ʉ̯] are transcribed as non-syllabic vowels due to the lack of appropriate glide symbols.

Diphthong alterations in Cockney are:[70]

  • /ɪj/ is realized as [əj~ɐj]:[71][72] [bəjʔ] "beet"
  • /æj/ is realized as [æj~aj]:[73] [bæjʔ] "bait"
  • /ɑj/ is realized as [ɑj] or even [ɒj] in "vigorous, dialectal" Cockney. The second element may be reduced or absent (with compensatory lengthening of the first element), so that there are variants such as [ɑ̟ə̯~ɑ̟ː]. This means that pairs such as laugh-life, Barton-biting may become homophones: [lɑːf], [ˈbɑːʔn̩]. But this neutralisation is an optional, recoverable one:[74] [bɑjʔ] "bite"
  • /oj/ is realized as [ɔ̝j~oj]:[74] [ˈtʃʰojs] "choice"
  • /ʉw/ is realized as [əʉ̯] or a monophthongal [ʉː], perhaps with little lip rounding, [ɨː] or [ʊː]:[71][75] [bʉːʔ] "boot"
  • /əw/ typically starts in the area of /a/, [æ̈~ɐ]. The endpoint glides towards [w], but more commonly, it is completely unrounded, i.e. [ɰ]. Thus, the most common variants are [æ̈ɰ] and [ɐɰ], with [æ̈w] and [ɐw] also being possible. The broadest Cockney variant approaches [aw]. There is also a variant that is used only by women, namely [ɐɥ ~ œ̈ɥ]. In addition, there are two monophthongal pronunciations, [ʌ̈ː] as in 'no, nah' and [œ̈], which is used in non-prominent variants.[76] [kʰɐɰʔ] "coat"
  • /ɪː, ʊː, eː, ɔː, æː/ may all feature centering glides [ɪə̯, ʊə̯, eə̯, ɔə̯, æə̯]. Alternatively, /æː/ may be realized as a closing diphthong [æw]. Wells states that "no rigid rules can be given for the distribution of monophthongal and diphthongal variants, though the tendency seems to be for the monophthongal variants to be commonest within the utterance, but the diphthongal realizations in utterance-final position, or where the syllable in question is otherwise prominent."[77] Furthermore, the main difference between /ɪː, eː, ɔː, æː/ and /ɪ, e, ɔ, æ/ is length, with the quality being secondary. The contrast appears only in the word-internal position, exactly where the monophthongal variants of /ɪː, eː, ɔː, æː/ are the most common. Thus, word pairs such as his /ɪz/ – here's /ɪːz/, merry /ˈmerɪj/ – Mary /ˈmeːrɪj/, at /æt/ – out /æːt/ and Polly /ˈpɔlɪj/ – poorly /ˈpɔːlɪj/ contrast mainly by length, though /ɔː/ may be slightly higher than /ɔ/.[78]
  • Disyllabic [ɪjə, ɛjə, ɔwə, æjə] realizations of /ɪː, eː, ɔː, æː/ are also possible, and at least [ɛjə, ɔwə, æjə] are regarded as very strongly Cockney.[79] Among these, the triphthongal realization of /ɔː/ occurs most commonly.[80] There is not a complete agreement about the distribution of these; according to Wells (1982), they "occur in sentence-final position",[72] whereas according to Mott (2012), these are "most common in final position".[80]
  • When diphthongal, /ɪː/ and /eː/ have higher starting points than in RP: [iə̯, e̞ə̯].[46][68] However, Beaken considers the former to be unshifted in comparison with traditional RP: [ɪə̯].[66]

Other vowel differences include

  • /æ/ may be [ɛ] or [ɛj], with the latter occurring before voiced consonants, particularly before /d/:[46][81] [bɛk] "back", [bɛːjd] "bad"
  • /e/ may be [eə̯], [ej], or [ɛj] before certain voiced consonants, particularly before /d/:[46][82][83][84] [bejd] "bed"
  • According to Wells, /ɔ/ may be somewhat less open than RP /ɒ/, that is [ɔ].[46] Beaken, on the other hand, considers variants no more open than [ɔ] to be the norm:[85] [kʰɔʔ] "cot"
  • /ɑː/ has a fully back variant, qualitatively equivalent to cardinal 5, which Beaken (1971) claims characterizes "vigorous, informal" Cockney.[46]
  • /əː/ is on occasion somewhat fronted and lightly rounded, giving Cockney variants such as [ə̟ː], [œ̝̈ː].[46]
  • /a/ is realized as [ɐ̟] or a quality like that of cardinal 4, [a]:[46][81] [dʒamʔˈtˢapʰ] "jumped up"
  • /ɔw/ is realized as [oː] or a closing diphthong of the type [ɔw~ow] when in non-final position, with the latter variants being more common in broad Cockney:[86][87] [sɔws] "sauce"-"source", [lɔwd] "laud"-"lord", [ˈwɔwʔə] "water."
  • /ɔː/ is realized as [ɔː] or a centering diphthong/triphthong of the type [ɔə~ɔwə] when in final position, with the latter variants being more common in broad Cockney; thus [sɔə] "saw"-"sore"-"soar", [lɔə] "law"-"lore", [wɔə] "war"-"wore". The diphthong is retained before inflectional endings, so that board /bɔwd/ and pause /pɔwz/ contrast with bored /bɔːd/ and paws /pɔːz/.[87] [ɔə] has a somewhat tenser onset than the cardinal [ɔ], that is [ɔ̝ə].[68]
  • /əw/ becomes something around [ɒw~ɔw] or even [aɰ] in broad Cockney before dark l. These variants are retained when the addition of a suffix turns the dark l clear. Thus a phonemic split has occurred in London English, exemplified by the minimal pair wholly /ˈɒwlɪj/ vs. holy /ˈəwlɪj/. The development of L-vocalisation (see next section) leads to further pairs such as sole-soul [sɒw] vs. so-sew [sɐɰ], bowl [bɒw] vs. Bow [bɐɰ], shoulder [ˈʃɒwdə] vs. odour [ˈɐɰdə], while associated vowel neutralisations may make doll a homophone of dole, compare dough [dɐɰ]. All this reinforces the phonemic nature of the opposition and increases its functional load. It is now well-established in all kinds of London-flavoured accents, from broad Cockney to near-RP.[88]
  • /ʊ/ in some words (particularly good)[89] is central [ʊ̈].[89] In other cases, it is near-close near-back [ʊ], as in traditional RP.[89]

The dialect uses the vocalisation of dark L, hence [ˈmɪwwɔw] for Millwall. The actual realization of a vocalized /l/ is influenced by surrounding vowels, and it may be realized as [u], [ʊ], [o] or [ɤ]. It is also transcribed as a semivowel [w] by some linguists, e.g., Coggle and Rosewarne.[90] However, according to Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996), the vocalized dark l is sometimes an unoccluded lateral approximant, which differs from the RP [ɫ] only by the lack of the alveolar contact.[91] Relatedly, there are many possible vowel neutralisations and absorptions in the context of a following dark L ([ɫ]) or its vocalized version; these include:[92]

  • In broad Cockney, and to some extent in general popular London speech, a vocalized /l/ is entirely absorbed by a preceding /ɔw/: e.g., salt and sort become homophones (although the contemporary pronunciation of salt /sɔlt/[93] would prevent this from happening), and likewise fault-fought-fort, pause-Paul's, Morden-Malden, water-Walter. Sometimes such pairs are kept apart, in a more deliberate speech at least, by a kind of length difference: [ˈmɔwdn̩] Morden vs. [ˈmɔwːdn̩] Malden.
  • A preceding /ə/ is also fully absorbed into vocalised /l/. The reflexes of earlier /əl/ and earlier /ɔw(l)/ are thus phonetically similar or identical; speakers are usually ready to treat them as the same phoneme. Thus awful can best be regarded as containing two occurrences of the same vowel, /ˈɔwfɔw/. The difference between musical and music-hall, in an H-dropping broad Cockney, is thus nothing more than a matter of stress and perhaps syllable boundaries.
  • With the remaining vowels, a vocalized /l/ is not absorbed but remains phonetically present as a back vocoid in such a way that /Vl/ and /V/ are kept distinct.
  • The clearest and best-established neutralisations are those of /ɪ~ɪj~ɪː/ and /ʊ~ʉw/. Thus rill, reel and real fall together in Cockney as [ɹɪɰ]; while full and fool are [fow~fʊw] and may rhyme with cruel [ˈkʰɹʊw]. Before clear (i.e., prevocalic) /l/ the neutralisations do not usually apply, thus [ˈsɪlɪj] silly but [ˈsɪjlɪn] ceiling-sealing, [ˈfʊlɪj] fully but [ˈfʉwlɪn] fooling.
  • In some broader types of Cockney, the neutralisation of /ʊ~ʉw/ before non-prevocalic /l/ may also involve /ɔw/, so that fall becomes homophonous with full and fool [fɔw].
  • The other pre-/l/ neutralisation which all investigators agree on is that of /æ~æj~æː/. Thus, Sal and sale can be merged as [sæɰ], fail and fowl as [fæɰ], and Val, vale-veil and vowel as [væɰ]. The typical pronunciation of railway is [ˈɹæwwæj].
  • According to Siversten, /ɑː/ and /ɑj/ can also join in this neutralisation. They may, on the one hand, neutralize concerning one another so that snarl and smile rhyme, both ending [-ɑɰ], and Child's Hill is in danger of being mistaken for Charles Hill; or they may go further into a fivefold neutralization with the one just mentioned, so that pal, pale, foul, snarl and pile all end in [-æɰ]. But these developments are restricted to broad Cockney, not being found in London speech in general.
  • A neutralization discussed by Beaken (1971) and Bowyer (1973), but ignored by Siversten (1960), is that of /ɔ~ɔw~a/. It leads to the possibility of doll, dole and dull becoming homophonous as [dɒw] or [da̠ɰ]. Wells' impression is that the doll-dole neutralization is rather widespread in London, but that involving dull less so.
  • One further possible neutralization in the environment of a following non-prevocalic /l/ is that of /e/ and /əː/, so that well and whirl become homophonous as [wɛw].

Cockney has been occasionally described as replacing /ɹ/ with /w/. For example, thwee (or fwee) instead of three, fwasty instead of frosty. Peter Wright, a Survey of English Dialects fieldworker, concluded that this was not a universal feature of Cockneys but that it was more common to hear this in the London area than elsewhere in Britain.[94] This description may also be a result of mishearing the labiodental R as /w/, when it is still a distinct phoneme in Cockney.

An unstressed final -ow may be pronounced [ə]. In broad Cockney, this can be lowered to [ɐ].[45][46] This is common to most traditional, Southern English dialects except for those in the West Country.[95]

Regarding grammar, Cockney uses me instead of my, for example, "At's me book you got 'ere" [ˈæʔs mɪ ˈbʊk jə ˈɡɔʔ eː]. (where 'ere' means 'there'). It cannot be used when "my" is emphasized; e.g., "At's my book you got 'ere" [æʔs ˈmɑj ˈbʊk jə ˈɡɔʔ eː]. It also uses the term ain't, as well as double negatives, for example, "I didn't see nuffink".[96]

By the 1980s and 1990s, most of the features mentioned above had partly spread into more general south-eastern speech, giving the accent called Estuary English; an Estuary speaker will use some but not all of the Cockney sounds.[97][98][99]

Perception

The Cockney accent has long been regarded as an indicator of low status. For example, in 1909 the Conference on the Teaching of English in London Elementary Schools issued by the London County Council, stating that "the Cockney mode of speech, with its unpleasant twang, is a modern corruption without legitimate credentials, and is unworthy of being the speech of any person in the capital city of the Empire".[100] Others defended the language variety: "The London dialect is really, especially on the South side of the Thames, a perfectly legitimate and responsible child of the old Kentish tongue [...] the dialect of London North of the Thames has been shown to be one of the many varieties of the Midland or Mercian dialect, flavoured by the East Anglian variety of the same speech".[100] Since then, the Cockney accent has been more accepted as an alternative form of the English language rather than a lesser one, though the low status mark remains. In the 1950s, the only accent to be heard on the BBC (except in entertainment programs such as The Sooty Show) was the RP of Standard English, whereas nowadays many different accents, including Cockney or accents heavily influenced by it, can be heard on the BBC.[101] In a survey of 2,000 people conducted by Coolbrands in the autumn of 2008, Cockney was voted equal fourth coolest accent in Britain with 7% of the votes, while The Queen's English was considered the coolest, with 20% of the votes.[102] Brummie was voted least popular, receiving just 2%. The Cockney accent often featured in films produced by Ealing Studios and was frequently portrayed as the typical British accent of the lower classes in movies by Walt Disney, though this was only so in London.

Spread

Studies have indicated that the heavy use of South East England accents on television and radio may have caused the spread of Cockney English since the 1960s.[103][104][105][106] Cockney is more and more influential and some claim that in the future many features of the accent may become standard.[107]

Scotland

Studies have indicated that working-class adolescents in areas such as Glasgow have begun to use certain aspects of Cockney and other Anglicisms in their speech.[108] infiltrating the traditional Glasgow patter.[109] For example, TH-fronting is commonly found, and typical Scottish features such as the postvocalic /r/ are reduced.[110] Research suggests the use of English speech characteristics is likely to be a result of the influence of London and South East England accents featuring heavily on television, such as the popular BBC One soap opera EastEnders.[103][104][105][106] However, such claims have been criticized.[111]

England

Certain features of Cockney – Th-fronting, L-vocalisation, T-glottalisation, and the fronting of the GOAT and GOOSE vowels – have spread across the south-east of England and, to a lesser extent, to other areas of Britain.[112] However, Clive Upton has noted that these features have occurred independently in some other dialects, such as TH-fronting in Yorkshire and L-vocalisation in parts of Scotland.[113]

The term Estuary English has been used to describe London pronunciations slightly closer to RP than Cockney. The variety first came to public prominence in an article by David Rosewarne in the Times Educational Supplement in October 1984.[114] Rosewarne argued that it may eventually replace Received Pronunciation in the south-east. The phonetician John C. Wells collected media references to Estuary English on a website. Writing in April 2013, Wells argued that research by Joanna Przedlacka "demolished the claim that EE was a single entity sweeping the southeast. Rather, we have various sound changes emanating from working-class London speech, each spreading independently".[115]

Pearly tradition

The Pearly Kings and Queens are famous as an East End institution, but that perception is not wholly correct as they are found in other places across London, including Peckham and Penge in south London.[citation needed]

A costume associated with Cockneys is that of the pearly King or Queen, worn by London costermongers who sew thousands of pearl buttons onto their clothing in elaborate and creative patterns.

Notable Cockneys

Use in films and media

See also

References

  1. ^ Green, Jonathon "Cockney" Archived 6 July 2014 at the Wayback Machine. Oxford English Dictionary. Retrieved 10 April 2017.
  2. ^ Miller, Marjorie (8 July 2001). "Say what? Paris's cockney culture looks a bit different" Archived 10 April 2017 at the Wayback Machine. Chicago Tribune.
  3. ^ Oakley, Malcolm (30 September 2013). "History of The East London Cockney". East London History. Archived from the original on 29 April 2023.
  4. ^ a b "Born within the sound of Bow Bells". Phrases.org.uk. Archived from the original on 16 January 2013. Retrieved 18 January 2013.
  5. ^ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Cockney" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 6 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 627.
  6. ^ "Cockney | Accent, Rhyming Slang, & Facts | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Archived from the original on 12 November 2020. Retrieved 31 January 2022.
  7. ^ "Estuary English Q and A - JCW". Phon.ucl.ac.uk. Archived from the original on 11 January 2010. Retrieved 16 August 2010.
  8. ^ Roach, Peter (2009). English Phonetics and Phonology. Cambridge. p. 4. ISBN 978-0-521-71740-3.
  9. ^ Trudgill, Peter (1999), The Dialects of England (2nd ed.), Wiley, p. 80, ISBN 0-631-21815-7
  10. ^ a b Oxford English Dictionary (Second ed.). Oxford University Press. 1989. Archived from the original on 22 June 2011. Retrieved 24 March 2009.
  11. ^ a b Hotten, John Camden (1859). "Cockney". A Dictionary of Modern Slang, Cant, and Vulgar Words. p. 22. Archived from the original on 14 August 2021. Retrieved 25 October 2020. Cockney: a native of London. An ancient nickname implying effeminacy, used by the oldest English writers, and derived from the imaginary fool's paradise, or lubber-land, Cockaygne.
  12. ^ Oxford English Dictionary (Second ed.). Oxford University Press. 2009.
  13. ^ Note, however, that the earliest attestation of this particular usage provided by the Oxford English Dictionary is from 1824 and consists of a tongue-in-cheek allusion to an existing notion of "Cockneydom".[12]
  14. ^ Whittington, Robert. Vulgaria. 1520.
  15. ^ "This cokneys and tytyllynges ... [delicati pueri] may abide no sorrow when they come to age ... In these great cytees as London, York, Perusy, and such ... the children be so nicely and wantonly brought up ... that commonly they can little good.[14]
  16. ^ Cumberledge, Geoffrey. F. N. Robinson (ed.). The Poetical Works of Geoffrey Chaucer. Oxford University Press. p. 70 & 1063.
  17. ^ Locke, John (1695). Some thoughts concerning education (Third ed.). p. 7.
  18. ^ "... I shall explain myself more particularly; only laying down this as a general and certain observation for the women to consider, viz. that most children's constitutions are spoiled, or at least harmed, by cockering and tenderness."[17]
  19. ^ Oxford English Dictionary, 1st ed. "cocker, v.1" & "cock, v.6". Oxford University Press (Oxford), 1891
  20. ^ Rowlands, Samuel. The Letting of Humours Blood in the Head-Vaine. 1600.
  21. ^ "Bow Bells". London.lovesguide.com. Archived from the original on 12 July 2014. Retrieved 1 October 2010.
  22. ^ "Cockney. Bow Bells. St Mary-le-Bow. St Thomas Becket. London Walks. (London Walks)". Archived from the original on 16 August 2007. Retrieved 5 August 2007.
  23. ^ "Cockney (Grose 1811 Dictionary)". Fromoldbooks.org. Archived from the original on 27 September 2007. Retrieved 18 January 2013.
  24. ^ Grose, Francis. "A classical dictionary of the vulgar tongue". Project Gutenberg e-text. gutenberg.org. Archived from the original on 26 September 2008. Retrieved 24 March 2009.
  25. ^ "A Cockney or a Cocksie, applied only to one born within the sound of Bow bell, that is in the City of London". Note, however, that his proffered etymology — from either "cock" and "neigh" or from the Latin incoctus — were both erroneous.[22] The humorous folk etymology which grew up around the derivation from "cock" and "neigh" was preserved by Francis Grose's 1785 A Classical Dictionary of the Vulgar Tongue: "A citizen of London, being in the country, and hearing a horse neigh, exclaimed, Lord! How that horse laughs! A by-stander telling him that noise was called Neighing; the next morning, when the cock crowed, the citizen to shew he had not forgotten what was told him, cried out, Do you hear how the Cock Neighs?"[23][24]
  26. ^ Academic paper on speech changes in the Cockney diaspora https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/files/98762773/The_PRICE_MOUTH_crossover_in_the_Cockney_Diaspora_Cole_Strycharczuk.pdf Archived 10 June 2020 at the Wayback Machine
  27. ^ Evening Standard article on attempts to promote both the cockney dialect and identity https://www.standard.co.uk/news/london/east-londoners-want-cockney-recognised-as-official-language-b1067950.html
  28. ^ "St Mary-le-Bow". www.stmarylebow.co.uk. Archived from the original on 20 May 2015. Retrieved 5 January 2012.
  29. ^ Prevailing wind al LHR https://www.heathrow.com/content/dam/heathrow/web/common/documents/company/local-community/noise/reports-and-statistics/reports/community-noise-reports/CIR_Ascot_0914_0215.pdf Archived 4 October 2020 at the Wayback Machine
  30. ^ By 24 Acoustics for the Times Atlas of London https://www.standard.co.uk/news/london/bow-bells-to-be-given-audio-boost-to-curb-decline-of-cockneys-7880794.html Archived 21 July 2020 at the Wayback Machine
  31. ^ In 2000for, the City of London - unable to find the details anywhere, but it said the bells would have been heard up to six miles to the east, five miles to the north, three miles to the south, and four miles to the west. http://public.oed.com/aspects-of-english/english-in-use/cockney/ Archived 6 July 2014 at the Wayback Machine
  32. ^ J. Swinnerton, The London Companion (Robson, 2004), p. 21.
  33. ^ Wright (1981), p. 11.
  34. ^ British Library (10 March 2009). "Survey of English Dialects, Hackney, London". Sounds.bl.uk. Archived from the original on 15 August 2011. Retrieved 1 October 2010.
  35. ^ British Library (10 March 2009). "British Library Archival Sound Recordings". Sounds.bl.uk. Archived from the original on 12 August 2011. Retrieved 1 October 2010.
  36. ^ a b Ellis (1890), pp. 35, 57, 58.
  37. ^ "Definition of shtumm". Allwords.com. 14 September 2007. Archived from the original on 16 March 2013. Retrieved 18 January 2013.
  38. ^ "money slang history, words, expressions and money slang meanings, london cockney money slang words meanings expressions". Businessballs.com. Retrieved 18 January 2013.
  39. ^ Werth, P.N. (1965). The Dialect of Leytonstone, East London (Bachelor). University of Leeds. p. 16. Archived from the original on 28 February 2018. Retrieved 27 February 2018.
  40. ^ a b c "Cockney to disappear from London 'within 30 years'". BBC. 1 July 2010. Archived from the original on 19 March 2021. Retrieved 1 October 2010.
  41. ^ Wright (1981), p. 146.
  42. ^ Wright (1981), p. 147.
  43. ^ The Cockneys of Thetford Archived 18 June 2020 at the Wayback Machine, The Economist, 21 December 2019
  44. ^ Wright (1981), pp. 133–135.
  45. ^ a b "Cockney English". Ic.arizona.edu. Archived from the original on 16 March 2013. Retrieved 1 October 2010.
  46. ^ a b c d e f g h i Wells (1982), p. 305.
  47. ^ a b Wright (1981), pp. 136–137.
  48. ^ Sivertsen (1960), p. 111.
  49. ^ Hughes & Trudgill (1979), pp. 34.
  50. ^ Sivertsen (1960), p. 109.
  51. ^ Wells (1982), p. 323.
  52. ^ Sivertsen (1960), p. 124.
  53. ^ Wright (1981), p. 137.
  54. ^ Wells (1982), p. 329.
  55. ^ "Cockney accent - main features". rogalinski.com.pl – Journalist blog. 31 July 2011. Archived from the original on 9 March 2012. Retrieved 21 September 2011.
  56. ^ Wells (1982), p. 327.
  57. ^ Robert Beard. "Linguistics 110 Linguistic Analysis: Sentences & Dialects, Lecture Number Twenty-One: Regional English Dialects of the World". Departments.bucknell.edu. Archived from the original on 14 June 2010. Retrieved 1 October 2010.
  58. ^ Wells (1982:322)
  59. ^ Beaken (1971), pp. 189–190.
  60. ^ Beaken (1971), pp. 189–90.
  61. ^ a b c Wells (1982), p. 304.
  62. ^ a b Beaken (1971), p. 189.
  63. ^ Beaken (1971), pp. 151, 190.
  64. ^ Beaken (1971), pp. 151–2, 190.
  65. ^ Beaken (1971), pp. 152, 190.
  66. ^ a b Beaken (1971), p. 190.
  67. ^ Beaken (1971), pp. 197, 200.
  68. ^ a b c Mott (2012), p. 77.
  69. ^ Wells (1982), p. 308.
  70. ^ Hughes & Trudgill (1979), pp. 39–41.
  71. ^ a b Matthews (1938), p. 78.
  72. ^ a b Wells (1982), p. 306.
  73. ^ Wells (1982), pp. 307–308.
  74. ^ a b Wells (1982), pp. 308, 310.
  75. ^ Wells (1982), pp. 306–307.
  76. ^ Wells (1982), pp. 308–310.
  77. ^ Wells (1982), pp. 305–306.
  78. ^ Beaken (1971), pp. 194–5.
  79. ^ Wells (1982), pp. 306, 310.
  80. ^ a b Mott (2012), p. 78.
  81. ^ a b Hughes & Trudgill (1979), p. 35.
  82. ^ Sivertsen (1960), p. 54.
  83. ^ Wells (1982), p. 129.
  84. ^ Cruttenden (2001), p. 110.
  85. ^ Beaken (1971), pp. 189, 253.
  86. ^ Matthews (1938), p. 35.
  87. ^ a b Wells (1982), pp. 310–311.
  88. ^ Wells (1982), pp. 312–313.
  89. ^ a b c Mott (2012), p. 75.
  90. ^ Sivertsen (1960), p. 132.
  91. ^ Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996), p. 193.
  92. ^ Wells (1982), pp. 313–317.
  93. ^ "Phonological change in spoken English". Bl.uk. 12 March 2007. Archived from the original on 28 October 2010. Retrieved 1 October 2010.
  94. ^ Wright (1981), p. 135.
  95. ^ Wright (1981), p. 134.
  96. ^ Wright (1981), p. 122.
  97. ^ "Rosewarne, David (1984). "Estuary English". Times Educational Supplement, 19 (October 1984)". Phon.ucl.ac.uk. 21 May 1999. Archived from the original on 7 March 2005. Retrieved 1 October 2010.
  98. ^ "Wells, John (1994). "Transcribing Estuary English - a discussion document". Speech Hearing and Language: UCL Work in Progress, volume 8, 1994, pp. 259–67". Phon.ucl.ac.uk. Archived from the original on 18 April 2021. Retrieved 1 October 2010.
  99. ^ "Altendorf, Ulrike (1999). "Estuary English: is English going Cockney?" In: Moderna Språk, XCIII, 1, 1–11" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 21 November 2021. Retrieved 1 October 2010.
  100. ^ a b "5" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 February 2011. Retrieved 1 October 2010.
  101. ^ "BBC English". BBC English. Archived from the original on 17 January 2011. Retrieved 1 October 2010.
  102. ^ Irvine, Chris (September 2008). "RP still most popular accent". The Daily Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on 17 June 2009. Retrieved 18 March 2009.
  103. ^ a b "Soaps may be washing out accent - BBC Scotland". BBC News. 4 March 2004. Archived from the original on 1 August 2017. Retrieved 1 October 2010.
  104. ^ a b "We fink, so we are from Glasgow". Timesonline.co.uk. Archived from the original on 14 August 2011. Retrieved 21 January 2013.
  105. ^ a b ""Scots kids rabbitin' like Cockneys" - "Sunday Herald"". Findarticles.com. Archived from the original on 4 September 2015. Retrieved 21 January 2013.
  106. ^ a b [1] Archived 30 May 2008 at the Wayback Machine
  107. ^ Rogaliński, Paweł (2011). British Accents: Cockney, RP, Estuary English. p. 15.
  108. ^ Is TV a contributory factor in accent change in adolescents? – ESRC Society Today
  109. ^ "Cockney creep puts paid to the patter – "Evening Times"". Pqasb.pqarchiver.com. 4 March 2004. Archived from the original on 16 March 2013. Retrieved 21 January 2013.
  110. ^ Stuart-Smith, Jane; Timmins, Claire; Tweedie, Fiona (17 April 2007). "'Talkin' Jockney'? Variation and change in Glaswegian accent". Journal of Sociolinguistics. 11 (2): 221–260. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9841.2007.00319.x. Archived from the original on 5 January 2013. Retrieved 1 October 2010.
  111. ^ A Handbook of Varieties of English, Volume 1, p. 185.
  112. ^ "Joanna Przedlacka, 2002. Estuary English? Frankfurt: Peter Lang" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 20 September 2012. Retrieved 21 September 2013.
  113. ^ Upton, Clive (2012). "Modern Regional English in the British Isles". In Mugglestone, Lynda (ed.). The Oxford History of English. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 395.
  114. ^ "Rosewarne, David (1984). "Estuary English". Times Educational Supplement, 19 (October 1984)". Phon.ucl.ac.uk. 21 May 1999. Archived from the original on 7 March 2005. Retrieved 16 August 2010.
  115. ^ Wells, John (17 April 2013). "estuariality". Archived from the original on 4 September 2015. Retrieved 1 June 2014.
  116. ^ "From melodic scouse to Adele's cockney – I love the UK's regional accents | Hannah Jane Parkinson". The Guardian. 20 November 2020. Archived from the original on 4 June 2021. Retrieved 4 June 2021.
  117. ^ "Danny Baker". www.timedetectives.co.uk. Archived from the original on 18 September 2021. Retrieved 4 June 2021.
  118. ^ "Grease performers are Barrymore's kind of people". Warrington Guardian. 5 May 2000. Archived from the original on 4 June 2021. Retrieved 4 June 2021.
  119. ^ "BFI Screenonline: Bass, Alfie (1920-1987) Biography". www.screenonline.org.uk. Archived from the original on 25 October 2021. Retrieved 4 June 2021.
  120. ^ a b "Amy Winehouse and David Beckham have UK's most hated accents". www.telegraph.co.uk. 20 October 2008. Archived from the original on 4 June 2021. Retrieved 4 June 2021.
  121. ^ "Rob Beckett profile | Taskmaster | Dave Channel". dave.uktv.co.uk. Archived from the original on 4 June 2021. Retrieved 4 June 2021.
  122. ^ "Billy Bragg Biography". musicianguide.com. Archived from the original on 18 June 2021. Retrieved 4 June 2021.
  123. ^ "Eric Bristow: The Crafty Cockney - a darts pioneer". BBC Sport. 6 April 2018. Archived from the original on 4 June 2021. Retrieved 4 June 2021.
  124. ^ "Screening Room Special: Michael Caine". No. 29 October 2007. CNN. 25 June 2015. Archived from the original on 29 October 2019. Retrieved 5 November 2015.
  125. ^ a b c d Wright (1981), p. 23.
  126. ^ "Charlie Chaplin: A Look Back". www.cbsnews.com. 31 December 2003. Archived from the original on 16 April 2021. Retrieved 4 June 2021.
  127. ^ The Subcultures Network (10 March 2017). Fight Back: Punk, Politics, and Resistance. Oxford University Press. p. 39.
  128. ^ "The rise and fall of the cockney Pele". www.spiked-online.com. Archived from the original on 4 June 2021. Retrieved 4 June 2021.
  129. ^ "Brian McFadden Gets Free KFC For A Year Thanks To Gemma Collins". Extra.ie. 14 September 2018. Archived from the original on 4 June 2021. Retrieved 4 June 2021.
  130. ^ "Roisin Conaty: Destiny's Dickhead - Review". Funny Women. 23 August 2011. Archived from the original on 4 June 2021. Retrieved 4 June 2021.
  131. ^ Simper, Paul (18 June 2021). "EastEnders star Brian Conley reveals the exceptional way he proposed to his wife". Metro. Archived from the original on 19 June 2022. Retrieved 19 June 2022.
  132. ^ "It's because he's a Londoner". East London and West Essex Guardian Series. 4 March 2010. Archived from the original on 4 June 2021. Retrieved 4 June 2021.
  133. ^ Reines, Jeff (14 November 2018). "Jim Davidson 'cancels' Cornwall gig because 'people don't want me'". CornwallLive. Archived from the original on 4 June 2021. Retrieved 4 June 2021.
  134. ^ "Peter Dean | Aston Management". 18 September 2014. Archived from the original on 4 June 2021. Retrieved 4 June 2021.
  135. ^ "The Cockney geezer who rode the punk wave to fame". The Independent. 16 August 2013. Archived from the original on 4 June 2021. Retrieved 4 June 2021.
  136. ^ Archive-Kara-Manning. "Cockney Rocker Ian Dury Dead At 57". MTV News. Archived from the original on 4 June 2021. Retrieved 4 June 2021.
  137. ^ "Danny Dyer: everything you need to know about the regal cockney". Closer. Archived from the original on 4 June 2021. Retrieved 4 June 2021.
  138. ^ Odell, Michael. "'It's weird that a reality show got me here. But no one can have a life which is a pure fantasy'". The Times. ISSN 0140-0460. Archived from the original on 4 June 2021. Retrieved 4 June 2021.
  139. ^ "Reality star Joey Essex displays bizarre 'living Ken doll' look at premiere". JOE.ie. 6 October 2011. Archived from the original on 4 June 2021. Retrieved 4 June 2021.
  140. ^ Metro, Larushka Ivan-Zadeh for (2 December 2020). "Craig Fairbrass on not being a soap person' and getting typecast a 'hard man'". Metro. Archived from the original on 4 June 2021. Retrieved 4 June 2021.
  141. ^ "Contents; Cover story: Perry Fenwick. - Free Online Library". www.thefreelibrary.com. Archived from the original on 4 June 2021. Retrieved 4 June 2021.
  142. ^ "Camden New Journal - BOOKS". www.thecnj.com. Archived from the original on 1 May 2011. Retrieved 4 June 2021.
  143. ^ "Alan Ford". IMDb. Archived from the original on 16 August 2021. Retrieved 4 June 2021.
  144. ^ "East End Boys: Cockney Gangster Legends". zapbangmagazine.com. Archived from the original on 4 June 2021. Retrieved 4 June 2021.
  145. ^ "BBC - Derby - Around Derby - Richard Blackwood and Dean Gaffney in Derby". www.bbc.co.uk. Archived from the original on 4 June 2021. Retrieved 4 June 2021.
  146. ^ "Darts players target world record". 26 January 2002. Archived from the original on 24 August 2021. Retrieved 24 August 2021.
  147. ^ "Clash of the Titans". 9 January 2002. Archived from the original on 24 August 2021. Retrieved 24 August 2021.
  148. ^ Bryant, Toby (17 March 2021). "Len Goodman leaves Tipping Point viewers in stitches with unique tactics". KentLive. Archived from the original on 4 June 2021. Retrieved 4 June 2021.
  149. ^ Owen, Jonny. "Something that touched people's lives for the better died with greats such as Roger Hunt and Jimmy Greaves". The Times. ISSN 0140-0460. Archived from the original on 2 May 2022. Retrieved 19 June 2022.
  150. ^ Company, Sudo Null. "Sudo Null - Latest IT News". SudoNull. Archived from the original on 5 August 2021. Retrieved 5 August 2021. {{cite web}}: |last= has generic name (help)
  151. ^ O'Sullivan, Kevin (2 June 2007). "WHACKY GOINGS ON IN E17". mirror. Archived from the original on 4 June 2021. Retrieved 4 June 2021.
  152. ^ Gibsone, Harriet (30 April 2022). "Barry and Eddie Hearn look back: 'When I turned 16 he took me to a boxing ring and we sparred. It was pretty violent!'". The Guardian. Retrieved 5 March 2024.
  153. ^ Rayner, Stuart (15 November 2014). "Eddie Hearn tells North East boxers: Come and join me". ChronicleLive. Archived from the original on 7 September 2022. Retrieved 4 June 2021.
  154. ^ "Exclusive: Behind-the-scenes of Roy Hodgson's mascot rage". news.paddypower.com. 25 August 2018. Archived from the original on 4 June 2021. Retrieved 4 June 2021.
  155. ^ Lawless, Jill (22 May 2014). "'Who Framed Roger Rabbit' actor Bob Hoskins dies at 71". Daily Hampshire Gazette. Northampton, USA. Archived from the original on 29 November 2020. Retrieved 5 September 2020.
  156. ^ Hildebrandt, Melinda (16 May 2016). "Bob Hoskins". In McFarlane, Brian; Slide, Anthony (eds.). Encyclopedia of British film. Manchester, UK: Manchester University Press.
  157. ^ "Actor Bob Hoskins dies of pneumonia, aged 71". ITV. London, UK. 30 April 2014. Archived from the original on 25 November 2020. Retrieved 5 September 2020.
  158. ^ "Bob Hoskins - from big top to big time". BT News. London, UK. 30 April 2014. Archived from the original on 27 November 2020. Retrieved 5 September 2020.
  159. ^ "Bob Hoskins - obituary". The Daily Telegraph. London, UK. 30 April 2014. Archived from the original on 30 April 2014. Retrieved 5 September 2020.
  160. ^ Confirmed on Desert Island Discs, 18th November 1988 Archived 7 September 2022 at the Wayback Machine
  161. ^ Kelly, Fergus (13 September 2012). "Former Daily Express Editor Derek Jameson dies of a heart attack". Express.co.uk. Archived from the original on 7 September 2022. Retrieved 4 June 2021.
  162. ^ Gensler, Andy (2 February 2016). "Former Sex Pistol Steve Jones Returns to LA Radio After Seven Years: Q&A". Billboard. Archived from the original on 12 December 2021. Retrieved 16 December 2021.
  163. ^ "Why Steve Jones Was The Coolest Sex Pistol". Kerrang!. 3 September 2020. Archived from the original on 16 December 2021. Retrieved 16 December 2021.
  164. ^ "Steve Jones Was a Teenage Sex Pistol". www.vice.com. 13 January 2017. Archived from the original on 16 December 2021. Retrieved 16 December 2021.
  165. ^ "Ken vs. Boris in race to be London's Olympic mayor". FOX Sports. Archived from the original on 17 May 2021. Retrieved 16 May 2021.
  166. ^ "The last and only time the Sex..." Chicago Tribune. 24 March 1996. Archived from the original on 8 April 2022. Retrieved 4 June 2021.
  167. ^ Dillon, John (11 August 2014). "Frank Maloney, a personal take on his story and new life". Express.co.uk. Archived from the original on 4 June 2021. Retrieved 4 June 2021.
  168. ^ "Former Chislehurst boxing legend Frank Maloney, now Kellie, speaks out over sex change and return to the sport". News Shopper. 29 May 2015. Archived from the original on 4 June 2021. Retrieved 4 June 2021.
  169. ^ Read An East End Life: My Story Online by Derek Martin | Books. Archived from the original on 17 August 2021. Retrieved 4 June 2021.
  170. ^ "East End send-off for a 'diamond geezer'". The Independent. 22 October 2011. Archived from the original on 4 June 2021. Retrieved 4 June 2021.
  171. ^ "An Evening With". Only Authentics. Archived from the original on 7 September 2022. Retrieved 10 July 2022.
  172. ^ "Joe Pasquale - Comedian with an unforgettable voice. He won New Faces and became a regular face on TV, hosting and guesting". www.performingartistes.co.uk. Archived from the original on 4 June 2021. Retrieved 4 June 2021.
  173. ^ Goal of the Day Teddy Sheringham v Sheffield Wednesday Tuesday 3 August 2021, archived from the original on 20 September 2021, retrieved 19 June 2022
  174. ^ Radhyan, Chirag (21 March 2023). "Fan Willing to Get Knocked the 'Spark Out' by Tyson Fury". EssentiallySports. Retrieved 17 September 2023. He's liked by people mainly because of his unique Cockney accent
  175. ^ "981947007282663429". Twitter. Archived from the original on 4 June 2021. Retrieved 4 June 2021.
  176. ^ Gall, Charlie (1 December 2008). "Exclusive: I'm a Scot at heart, reveals I'm A Celebrity star Joe Swash". Daily Record. Archived from the original on 4 June 2021. Retrieved 4 June 2021.
  177. ^ "Profile: Spurred from Queer Street to Wembley: Terry Venables is in a". The Independent. 23 October 2011. Archived from the original on 24 June 2021. Retrieved 19 June 2021.
  178. ^ "Profile: Terry Venables: The wide boy with a history of trouble off the pitch". The Times. ISSN 0140-0460. Archived from the original on 24 June 2021. Retrieved 19 June 2021.
  179. ^ "A grand unified theory of Gregg Wallace". www.newstatesman.com. 17 December 2020. Archived from the original on 18 August 2021. Retrieved 19 June 2021.
  180. ^ "Ray Winstone: Me cockney accent won the role". WhatsonTV. No. 13 November 2016. Archived from the original on 28 January 2018. Retrieved 17 January 2017.
  181. ^ "EastEnders star Jake Wood is 'tipped' for latest series of I'm A Celeb". www.msn.com. Archived from the original on 4 June 2021. Retrieved 4 June 2021.
  182. ^ Quinn, Angie (24 June 2021). "EastEnders legend Adam Woodyatt's net worth and life away from being Ian Beale". MyLondon. Archived from the original on 10 July 2022. Retrieved 10 July 2022.
  183. ^ "I'm a Celebrity's Adam Woodyatt's Welsh life and how his job as a butcher almost cost him Ian Beale role". MSN. Archived from the original on 10 July 2022. Retrieved 10 July 2022.
  184. ^ "Mark Wright". Who Do You Think You Are Magazine. Archived from the original on 4 June 2021. Retrieved 4 June 2021.
  185. ^ "Stephen Lewis, actor - obituary". The Daily Telegraph. London. 13 August 2015. Archived from the original on 10 February 2022. Retrieved 13 August 2015.
  186. ^ "IMDB - Bronco Bullfrog (1970) - Taglines". IMDb. Archived from the original on 18 August 2021. Retrieved 20 July 2019.

Bibliography

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cockney&oldid=1234168264"