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On October 19, 2008 a girder launcher and a part of the Blue Line Indraprastha-New Ashok Nagar extension under construction overhead metro line in Laxmi Nagar, [[East Delhi]] collapsed and fell on passing vehicles underneath. Workers were lifting a 400-tonne concrete span of the bridge with the help of a crane when the launcher collapsed along with a 34m long span of the bridge on top of a Blueline bus killing the driver and a labourer.<ref name="Delhi Metro bridge collapses; 1 dead">{{cite news|url=http://www.ibnlive.com/news/delhi-metro-bridge-collapses-1-dead--your-say--pics/76209-3.html?from=rssfeed|title=Delhi Metro bridge collapses; 1 dead|date=2008-10-19|work=CNN-IBN|publisher=IBN Live|accessdate=2008-10-19}}</ref>
On October 19, 2008 a girder launcher and a part of the Blue Line Indraprastha-New Ashok Nagar extension under construction overhead metro line in Laxmi Nagar, [[East Delhi]] collapsed and fell on passing vehicles underneath. Workers were lifting a 400-tonne concrete span of the bridge with the help of a crane when the launcher collapsed along with a 34m long span of the bridge on top of a Blueline bus killing the driver and a labourer.<ref name="Delhi Metro bridge collapses; 1 dead">{{cite news|url=http://www.ibnlive.com/news/delhi-metro-bridge-collapses-1-dead--your-say--pics/76209-3.html?from=rssfeed|title=Delhi Metro bridge collapses; 1 dead|date=2008-10-19|work=CNN-IBN|publisher=IBN Live|accessdate=2008-10-19}}</ref>


On July 12, 2009 a portion of a bridge under construction collapsed when its launching girder lost balance as it was being erected at Zamrudpur, near East of Kailash, on the [[Central Secretariat]]- Badarpur corridor slated to be opened September 2010. Six people were killed and 15 others injured.<ref name="Delhi Metro bridge collapses; 5 dead">{{cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/StoryPage/StoryPage.aspx?sectionName=HomePage&id=5c45c17b-12b7-4ae9-95ae-f78927740f10&Headline=A+chronology+of+Delhi+Metro+accidents|title=A chronology of Delhi Metro accidents|date=2009-07-12|work=Indo-Asian News Service|publisher=Hindustan Times Online|accessdate=2009-07-12}}</ref> The day after, on July 13, 2009 a crane that was removing the debris collapsed, and with a bowling pin effect collapsed two other nearby cranes, injuring six.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/NEWS-City-Delhi-Day-2-3-cranes-fall-Metro-image-takes-beating/articleshow/4774296.cms|title=Day 2: 3 cranes fall, Metro image takes beating|publisher=The Times of India|date=2009-07-14|author=Megha Suri|accessdate=2010-01-06}}</ref> On July 22, 2009 a steel beam fell on a worker at the under-construction Ashok Park Metro station.<ref>http://www.centralchronicle.com/viewnews.asp?articleID=10567</ref> On October 3, 2009, another crane toppled at an under construction site in South Delhi's Saidullah Ajab area, causing no injuries.<ref>{{cite new|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/news/city/delhi/Metro-crane-does-a-90-degree-turn/articleshow/5084858.cms|title=Metro crane does a 90 degree turn|date=2009-10-04|author=Dwaipayan Ghosh|publisher=The Times of India|Accessdate=2009-10-15}}</ref> Over a hundred people, including 93 workers, have died since work on the metro began in 1998.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://epaper.hindustantimes.com/ArticleImage.aspx?article=07_12_2009_006_006&mode=1|title=City's nightmare on wheels|publisher=Hindustan Times|date=2009-12-07|author=Atul Mathur|accessdate=2009-12-08}}</ref>
On July 12, 2009 a portion of a bridge under construction collapsed when its launching girder lost balance as it was being erected at Zamrudpur, near East of Kailash, on the [[Central Secretariat]]- Badarpur corridor slated to be opened September 2010. Six people were killed and 15 others injured.<ref name="Delhi Metro bridge collapses; 5 dead">{{cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/StoryPage/StoryPage.aspx?sectionName=HomePage&id=5c45c17b-12b7-4ae9-95ae-f78927740f10&Headline=A+chronology+of+Delhi+Metro+accidents|title=A chronology of Delhi Metro accidents|date=2009-07-12|work=Indo-Asian News Service|publisher=Hindustan Times Online|accessdate=2009-07-12}}</ref> The day after, on July 13, 2009 a crane that was removing the debris collapsed, and with a bowling pin effect collapsed two other nearby cranes, injuring six.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/NEWS-City-Delhi-Day-2-3-cranes-fall-Metro-image-takes-beating/articleshow/4774296.cms|title=Day 2: 3 cranes fall, Metro image takes beating|publisher=The Times of India|date=2009-07-14|author=Megha Suri|accessdate=2010-01-06}}</ref> On July 22, 2009 a steel beam fell on a worker at the under-construction Ashok Park Metro station.<ref>http://www.centralchronicle.com/viewnews.asp?articleID=10567</ref> On October 3, 2009, another crane toppled at an under construction site in South Delhi's Saidullah Ajab area, causing no injuries.<ref>{{cite new|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/news/city/delhi/Metro-crane-does-a-90-degree-turn/articleshow/5084858.cms|title=Metro crane does a 90 degree turn|date=2009-10-04|author=Dwaipayan Ghosh|publisher=The Times of India|Accessdate=2009-10-15}}</ref>


==Technical details==
==Technical details==

Revision as of 17:09, 30 January 2010

Delhi Metro
दिल्ली मेट्रो
File:Delhi Metro Logo.svg
Overview
LocaleDelhi and Noida
Transit typeRapid transit
Number of lines3
Number of stations83[1]
Daily ridership900,000[1]
Chief executiveE. Sreedharan
HeadquartersMetro Bhawan, Barakhamba Road, New Delhi
Websitehttp://www.delhimetrorail.com
Operation
Began operationDecember 24, 2002
Operator(s)Delhi Metro Rail Corporation Ltd (DMRC)
Number of vehicles84 trains[2]
Train length4-6 coaches[3]
Technical
System lengthTemplate:Km to mi[1]
Track gauge1676 broad gauge
Electrification25 kV, 50 Hz AC through overhead catenary

The Delhi Metro (Hindi: दिल्ली मेट्रो Dillī Meṭro), is a rapid transit system in the Indian city of Delhi that is being built and is operated by the Delhi Metro Rail Corporation Limited (DMRC).[4]

The first section of the Delhi Metro was opened on December 24, 2002. It is the second underground rapid transit system in India, after Kolkata. The Delhi Metro has a combination of elevated, at-grade and underground lines, and has carried over a billion commuters in the seven years since its inauguration.[5]

History

The concept of a mass rapid transit for Delhi first emerged from a traffic and travel characteristics study carried out in the city in 1969.[6]: 279  Over the next several years, many official committees by a variety of government departments were commissioned to examine issues related to technology, route alignment and governmental jurisdiction.[6]: 279–280  In 1984, the Delhi Development Authority and the Urban Arts Commission came up with a proposal for developing a multi-modal transport system, which would consist of constructing three underground mass rapid transit corridors as well augmenting the city's existing suburban railway and road transport networks.[7]

While extensive technical studies and search for financing the project were in progress, the city expanded significantly resulting in a two-fold rise in population and a fivefold rise in the number of vehicles between 1981 and 1998.[7] Consequently, traffic congestion and pollution soared, as an increasing number of commuters took to private vehicles with the existing bus system unable to bear the load.[6]: 279  An attempt at privatising the bus transport system in 1992 merely compounded the problem, with inexperienced operators plying poorly maintained, noisy and polluting buses on lengthy routes, resulting in long waiting times, unreliable service, extreme overcrowding, unqualified drivers, speeding and reckless driving.[8] To rectify the situation, the Government of India and the Government of Delhi jointly set up a company called the Delhi Metro Rail Corporation (DMRC) on March 5, 1995.[9]

Physical construction work on the Delhi Metro started on October 1, 1998.[10] After the previous problems experienced by the Calcutta Metro, which was badly delayed and 12 times over budget due to "political meddling, technical problems and bureaucratic delays", the DMRC was given full powers to hire people, decide on tenders and control funds.[11] As a result, construction proceeded smoothly, except from one major disagreement in 2000, where the Ministry of Railways forced the system to use broad gauge despite the DMRC's preference for standard gauge.[12] . The first line opened on December 24, 2002 and the entire Phase I of the project was completed in December 2005, on budget and almost three years ahead of schedule, an achievement described as "nothing short of a miracle".[13]

Network

Phase I of the network comprises 65.11 km of route length with 13.01 km underground corridor and 52.10 km surface/elevated corridor.

Phase II of the network comprises 128 km of route length and 79 stations, and is presently under construction, with the first section opened in June 2008 and a target completion date of 2010.[14]

Phase III (112 km) and IV (108.5 km) are planned to be completed by 2015 and 2020 respectively, with the network spanning 413.8 km by then.

Current routes

Main articles: Red Line (Delhi Metro), Yellow Line (Delhi Metro), and Blue Line (Delhi Metro)

As of January 2010, the whole of Phase-I and parts of Phase-II are complete, with the network comprised of three lines having a total length of 96 km (60 mi).[15]

Delhi Metro lines in operation
Name Number Terminals Length (km) Stations Rolling stock
Red 1 Dilshad Garden - Rithala 25.09[16] 21 23 trains[16]
Yellow 2 Jahangirpuri - Central Secretariat 17.36[16] 15 16 trains[16]
Blue 3 Noida City Centre - Yamuna Bank - Dwarka Sector 9 47.40[17] 42 43 trains[2]
4 Yamuna Bank - Anand Vihar 6.25[1] 5 4 trains[1]

Routes under construction

Main articles: Green Line (Delhi Metro), Violet Line (Delhi Metro), and Airport Express (Delhi Metro)

Phase II consists of 127 km (79 mi) of new rail, of which the following sections are under construction.[18] This phase has completion deadline of 2010. Overall progress of Phase-II has been 37% as of July, 2009.[19][20]

Construction work in progress for the Phase II extension to Gurgaon.
Planned Opening Date Route Terminals Length(km) Stations
March 2010[21] ■ Yellow Line Qutub Minar - Sushant Lok (Gurgaon) 14.47 8
March 2010[21] ■ Green Line Inderlok - Mundka 15.15 13
June 2010[21] ■ Yellow Line Central Secretariat - Qutub Minar 12.53 11
June 2010[21] ■ Green Line Kirti Nagar - Ashok Park 3.32 2
September 2010[21] ■ Blue Line Dwarka Sector 9 - Sector 21 2.76 2
September 2010[21] ■ Airport Express New Delhi Railway Station - IGI Airport 19.2 6
September 2010[21] ■ Blue Line Anand Vihar - Vaishali (Ghaziabad) 2.5 2
September 2010[21] ■ Violet Line Central Secretariat - Badarpur 20.16 15

Route map

A map of Phase I and Phase II of the Delhi Metro, showing operational and under-construction lines as of January 2010.

Future extensions

Phase III with a total length of 112 kilometres (70 mi), has a 2015 deadline, and tentatively includes extensions to Badli, Mukundpur, Bahadurgarh, Shiv Vihar, Barwala, Ghaziabad, Gurgaon and Faridabad.[22] Phase IV has a 2020 deadline, and tentatively includes further extensions to Sarai Kale Khan ISBT, Sonia Vihar, Reola Khanpur, Mukundpur, Palam, Najafgarh, Ghazipur, Noida Sector 62, Gurgaon and Faridabad, having a total length of 108.5 km (67.4 mi).[22]

Apart from these lines in Phases I-IV, plans have been mooted to construct a new line from Noida Sector-62 to Greater Noida which will intersect Indraprastha - Noida Sector-32 line.[23] The Ghaziabad Development Authority is planning to extend Delhi Metro lines further deep into Ghaziabad in 5 phases, like extension of Indraprastha - Anand Vihar - Vaishali line to Mehrauli via Indirapuram.[24][25]

The independently operated Gurgaon Metro, if built, will also interchange with the Delhi Metro.

Finances

Funding

The capital cost of Phases I & II has been estimated to be ₹14,430 crore (US$1.7 billion) at 2004 prices.[26] However, more recent estimates have placed the cost of construction at ₹200 crore (US$24 million) per kilometre.[27] Thirty percent of the total investment for Phases I & II has been raised through equity capital with the Government of India (GoI) and Government of Delhi contributing equal shares, and approximately another 60 percent has been raised as either long-term or subordinate debt. The rest of the investment is proposed to be recovered from internal revenues through operations and property development.[26] The Metro also received ₹339.65 crore (US$41 million) as grant-in-aid from the GoI, NOIDA and Haryana Urban Development Authority for the financial year ending March 2008, as well as ₹130 crore (US$16 million) from the Ghaziabad Development Authority in April 2008, as part of its funding for Phase II extensions.[28]

Revenue and profits

In 2007, the Delhi Metro claimed to be one of only five metro systems in the world that operated at a profit without government subsidies. This was enabled by keeping maintenance costs to a minimum and harnessing additional revenue from advertisements and property development, apart from ticket sales.[29][30] For the financial year ended March 2008, the Metro reported operating revenues of ₹305.27 crore (US$37 million) and a profit before tax of ₹19.98 crore (US$2.4 million).[28]

Operations

Trains operate at intervals of 3 to 4.5 minutes between 6:00 to 23:00. Trains operating within the network typically travel at speeds below 80 km/h (50 mph), and stop about 20 seconds at each MRTS station. Automated station announcements are recorded in Hindi and English. Many stations have services such as ATMs, food outlets, cafés and convenience stores. Eating, drinking, smoking, and chewing of gum are prohibited in the entire system.

Security

All metro stations and trains are monitored constantly by more than 1200 closed-circuit cameras, and specially trained CISF personnel are stationed at all stations and trains to deal with law and order issues in the system. Trains are at platform level with a small platform gap to allow easy movement of passengers. The Delhi Metro is also one of the few metros in the world to have plainclothed metro-marshals on trains. Intercoms are provided in each train car for emergency communication between the passengers and the driver.

Ticketing

File:Delhi metro smart card.jpg
Delhi metro smart card
Delhi metro single journey token

Delhi Metro commuters have the following choices for ticket purchase.

  • Smart card: Valid for one year from the date of purchase or the date of last recharge (whichever is later), these cards are available in denominations of Rs.50 to Rs. 800. A 10% discount is given on all travel made on it.[31] A deposit of Rs.50 needs to be made to buy a new card.[31] These cards are most convenient for frequent commuters.
  • RFID Token: These tokens are valid only for a single journey on the day of purchase and the value depends on the destination. Fares are decided based on the destination station using the token table. Fares for a single journey range from Rs.8 to Rs.30.[32]
  • Tourist card: These cards can be used for unlimited travels on the Delhi metro network over a short period of time. There are two kinds of tourist cards - the 1 day and the 3 day. Cost of 1-day card is Rs. 100 and 3-day card is Rs. 250.

Issues

A long line of commuters waiting to purchase tickets at the Yamuna Bank station in east Delhi.

As the network has expanded, high ridership and technical snags in new trains have led to increasing instances of overcrowding and delays on the Delhi Metro.[33][34] To alleviate the problem, orders for new coaches have been placed and an increase in the frequency of trains has been proposed.[33] Infrequent, overcrowded and erratic feeder bus services connecting stations to nearby localities have also been reported as an area of concern.[35][36]

Accidents

On October 19, 2008 a girder launcher and a part of the Blue Line Indraprastha-New Ashok Nagar extension under construction overhead metro line in Laxmi Nagar, East Delhi collapsed and fell on passing vehicles underneath. Workers were lifting a 400-tonne concrete span of the bridge with the help of a crane when the launcher collapsed along with a 34m long span of the bridge on top of a Blueline bus killing the driver and a labourer.[37]

On July 12, 2009 a portion of a bridge under construction collapsed when its launching girder lost balance as it was being erected at Zamrudpur, near East of Kailash, on the Central Secretariat- Badarpur corridor slated to be opened September 2010. Six people were killed and 15 others injured.[38] The day after, on July 13, 2009 a crane that was removing the debris collapsed, and with a bowling pin effect collapsed two other nearby cranes, injuring six.[39] On July 22, 2009 a steel beam fell on a worker at the under-construction Ashok Park Metro station.[40] On October 3, 2009, another crane toppled at an under construction site in South Delhi's Saidullah Ajab area, causing no injuries.[41]

Technical details

Rolling stock

A Phase I broad gauge train, manufactured by BEML.
A Phase II broad gauge train, manufactured by Bombardier.

The Metro uses rolling stock of two different gauges. Phase I lines use 1,676 millimetres (5.499 ft) broad gauge rolling stock, while some future lines in Phase II will use standard gauge rolling stock.

The broad gauge rolling stock is manufactured by two major suppliers:

  • Rolling stock for phase I was supplied by a consortium of companies comprising Hyundai Rotem, Mitsubishi Corporation, and MELCO, with the coaches are being built by BEML at its Bangalore factory through a technology transfer arrangement.[42] These trains consist of four 3.2 metre wide stainless steel lightweight coaches with vestibules permitting movement throughout their length and can carry up to 1500 passengers,[43] with 50 seated and 330 standing passengers per coach.[44] The coaches are fully airconditioned, equipped with automatic doors, microprocessor controlled brakes and secondary air suspension,[45] and are capable of maintaining an average speed of 32 km/h (20 mph) over a distance of 1.1 km (0.68 mi).[44] The system is extensible up to 8 coaches, and platforms have been designed accordingly.[43]
  • Rolling stock for phase II is being supplied by Bombardier, which has been awarded a $590 million contract for over 400 coaches. While initial trains will be manufactured in Germany and Sweden, the remainder will be built at Bombardier's Indian factory in Savli, near Vadodara.[46] These trains are a mix of four-car and six-car consists, capable of accommodating 1178 and 1792 commuters per train respectively. The coaches possess several improved features like CCTV cameras with eight-hour backup for added security, charging points in all coaches for cell phones and laptops, improved air conditioning to provide a temperature of 25 degrees Celsius even in packed conditions and heaters for winter.[47]

The standard gauge rolling stock is manufactured by BEML at its factory in Bangalore. The trains are four-car consists with a capacity of 1506 commuters per train,[48] accommodating 50 seated and 292 standing passengers in each coach.[44] These trains will have CCTV cameras in and outside the coaches, power supply connections inside coaches to charge mobiles and laptops, better humidity control, microprocessor-controlled disc brakes,[49] and will be capable of maintaining an average speed of 34 km/h (21 mph) over a distance of 1.1 km (0.68 mi).[44]

At present, DMRC runs 84 trains operating 1400 schedules daily,[2] and the number of trains is expected to increase to 153 with 900 coaches by September 2010.[50] Trains are maintained at four depots at Khyber Pass, Najafgarh, Shastri Park and Yamuna Bank.

Signalling and telecommunication

The Delhi Metro uses cab signalling along with a centralised Automatic Train Control system comprising of automatic train operation, Automatic Train Protection and automatic train signalling modules.[51]

A 380 MHz digital trunked TETRA radio communication system from Motorola is used on all 3 lines to carry both voice and data information. [52] For Line 3, Siemens Transportation Systems has supplied the electronic interlocking Sicas, the operation control system Vicos OC 500 and the automation control system LZB 700 M.[53] An integrated system comprising optical fibre cable, on-train radio, CCTV, and a centralised clock and public address system is used for telecommunication during train operations as well as emergencies.[54]

Environment and aesthetics

An elevated metro station in Dwarka, Delhi

The Delhi Metro has won awards for environmentally friendly practices from organisations including the United Nations,[55] RINA,[56] and the International Organization for Standardization,[56] becoming the first metro in the world to be ISO 14001 certified for environmentally friendly construction.[57] Most of the Metro stations on the Blue Line conduct rainwater harvesting as an environmental protection measure[58]. The Delhi Metro has established large optimally-designed catchment areas at many stations.

The Metro has been promoted as an integral part of community infrastructure, and community artwork depicting the local way of life has been put on display at stations.[6]: 284  Students of local art colleges have also designed decorative murals at Metro stations.[59]

The Delhi Metro has been a popular filming location for production houses, and several films and advertisements have been shot on board.[60] In 2008-2009, it featured in six Bollywood films - Bewafaa, Black & White, Delhi 6, Dev D, Love Aaj Kal and Paa - besides a teleserial and several ad-films.[61] The shootings also generate revenue for DMRC, as producers have to pay as much as Rs. 1 lakh for every hour of filming, besides a security deposit and insurance.[60] Despite the heavy cost, the Metro retains its appeal for producers due to its increasing association with Delhi as an image of the city's everyday life.[61] It has also been featured in a Discovery Channel documentary 24 Hours with the Delhi Metro,[62] as well as in the Toronto Film Festival Production Amal directed by Richie Mehta.[63] Two books have been published about the Delhi Metro, in 2003[64] and 2008.[65]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d e "Delhi Anand Vihar Metro line opens for public". The Economic Times. 2010-01-07. Retrieved 2010-01-08.
  2. ^ a b c Megha Suri Singh (2010-01-07). "With only 131 trains, Metro's crowded". The Times of India. Retrieved 2010-01-08.
  3. ^ "Delhi Metro to add extra coaches". Business Standard. 2010-01-06. Retrieved 2010-01-06.
  4. ^ "Delhi Metro Rail Corporation Ltd.: About Us". Official webpage of DMRC. Retrieved 2009-09-10.
  5. ^ "Delhi Metro crosses billion mark". 2009-11-28. Retrieved 2010-01-25.
  6. ^ a b c d Siemiatycki, Matti (2006). "Message in a Metro: Building Urban Rail Infrastructure and Image in Delhi, India" (PDF). International Journal of Urban and Regional Research. 30 (2): 277–292. Retrieved 2009-09-17. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  7. ^ a b "History". Official webpage of DMRC. Retrieved 2009-09-17.
  8. ^ Pucher, John (2004). "The Crisis of Public Transport in India" (PDF). Journal of Public Transportation. 7 (4): 1–20. Retrieved 2009-09-17. {{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |month= (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  9. ^ "Need for a Metro". Official webpage of DMRC. Retrieved 2009-09-17.
  10. ^ "Delhi metro rail work begins but without fanfare". The Indian Express. 1998-10-02. Retrieved 2009-09-18.
  11. ^ "Delhi Metro showcases public sector success". The Indian Express. 2007-04-13. Retrieved 2009-09-10.
  12. ^ "Delhi Metro Rail to adopt BG system". The Hindu Business Line. 2000-08-07. Retrieved 2009-09-10.
  13. ^ Nandini Lakshman (2007-03-19). "The Miracle-Worker of the Delhi Metro". BusinessWeek. Retrieved 2009-09-10.
  14. ^ Smriti Kak Ramachandran (2007-09-17). "Delhi Metro confident of meeting deadline". The Hindu. Retrieved 2009-09-10.
  15. ^ http://netindian.in/news/2010/01/06/0004697/delhi-metros-yamuna-bank-anand-vihar-line-opened
  16. ^ a b c d Atul Mathur (2009-09-17). "A swankier, smarter Metro". Hindustan Times. Retrieved 2009-11-12.
  17. ^ "Metro enters Noida, set to change travelling habits of people". Daily News and Analysis. 2009-11-12. Retrieved 2009-1-12. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  18. ^ Map of extensions, DMRC
  19. ^ Status of the Phase-II
  20. ^ Phase I and Phase-II distances
  21. ^ a b c d e f g h "Target Opening Dates of Various Corridors of Phase - II". Official webpage of DMRC. Retrieved 2010-01-06.
  22. ^ a b http://www.delhimetrorail.com/commuters/images/metro_map_big.jpg
  23. ^ Gaurav Vivek Bhatnagar (2006-12-25). "Delhi Metro map to cover Greater Noida". The Hindu. Retrieved 2009-09-10.
  24. ^ Ghaziabad on fast track - Yahoo! India News
  25. ^ Ghaziabad Development Authority
  26. ^ a b M.N. Murty (October 2006). "Social Cost-Benefit Analysis of Delhi Metro" (PDF). Institute of Economic Growth. Retrieved 2009-11-24. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |Place= ignored (|place= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  27. ^ Madhav G. Badami (2009). "Urban Transport Policy as if People and the Environment Mattered: Pedestrian Accessibility the First Step" (PDF). Economic and Political Weekly. 44 (33): 43–51. Retrieved 2009-11-24.
  28. ^ a b "Annual Report, 2007-2008" (PDF). Delhi Metro Rail Corporation. Retrieved 2009-11-24.
  29. ^ "Increase in DMRC profit". The Hindu. 2007-09-24. Retrieved 2009-11-24.
  30. ^ Amy Yee (2009-11-05). "Delhi's Subway Builder". Forbes. Retrieved 2009-11-24.
  31. ^ a b "10 % Discount on Metro SMART CARDS". Official webpage of DMRC.
  32. ^ "Metro Fares". Official webpage of DMRC. Retrieved 2008-12-29.
  33. ^ a b Sweta Dutta (2009-11-16). "Widening reach, Metro looks at ways to ease rush". The Indian Express. Retrieved 2009-11-21.
  34. ^ Atul Mathur (2009-11-19). "Crowded stations, slow trains". Hindustan Times. Retrieved 2009-11-21.
  35. ^ Atul Mathur (2009-12-08). "Feeder service or the lack of it". Hindustan Times. Retrieved 2009-12-08.
  36. ^ "Parking, feeder bus woes on Metro's Noida line". India Today. 2009-11-12. Retrieved 2009-12-08.
  37. ^ "Delhi Metro bridge collapses; 1 dead". CNN-IBN. IBN Live. 2008-10-19. Retrieved 2008-10-19.
  38. ^ "A chronology of Delhi Metro accidents". Indo-Asian News Service. Hindustan Times Online. 2009-07-12. Retrieved 2009-07-12.
  39. ^ Megha Suri (2009-07-14). "Day 2: 3 cranes fall, Metro image takes beating". The Times of India. Retrieved 2010-01-06.
  40. ^ http://www.centralchronicle.com/viewnews.asp?articleID=10567
  41. ^ Dwaipayan Ghosh (2009-10-04). "Metro crane does a 90 degree turn". The Times of India. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |Accessdate= ignored (|accessdate= suggested) (help)
  42. ^ P. Manoj (2005-08-25). "BEML to rake in big money from proposed metro projects". The Hindu. Retrieved 2009-09-26.
  43. ^ a b "Second Metro rail arrives in Delhi". The Times of India. 2002-10-15. Retrieved 2009-09-26.
  44. ^ a b c d "Rolling Stock: Ensuring Passenger Comfort, Safety and Reliability". Official webpage of DMRC. Retrieved 2009-11-23.
  45. ^ "Metro Rail gets first train". The Hindu. 2002-07-27. Retrieved 2009-09-26.
  46. ^ http://www.projectsmonitor.com/detailnews.asp?newsid=14183
  47. ^ "Metro to get swankier, bigger coaches". The Times of India. 2009-09-17. Retrieved 2009-09-26.
  48. ^ "BEML delivers India's 1st standard gauge metro car". The Economic Times. 2009-09-11. Retrieved 2009-09-26.
  49. ^ Smriti Kak Ramachandran (2009-07-30). "Trial run begins on first standard gauge Metro line". The Hindu. Retrieved 2009-07-26.
  50. ^ Sweta Dutta (2009-05-13). "Eight depots for Metro as it chugs along ever-widening network". The Indian Express. Retrieved 2009-09-26.
  51. ^ "Technical Notes: Signalling". Official webpage of DMRC. Retrieved 2009-11-23.
  52. ^ "Delhi Metro Railway Corporation, India" (PDF). Motorola Electronics. Retrieved 2010-01-03.
  53. ^ "Metro Line 3, New Delhi, India". Siemens AG. Retrieved 2008-07-06.
  54. ^ "Technical Notes: Telecommunication". Official webpage of DMRC. Retrieved 2009-11-23.
  55. ^ "Delhi Metro gets UN certificate for preventing carbon emission". The Times of India. 2009-02-22. Retrieved 2009-09-10.
  56. ^ a b "Delhi Metro gets OHSAS 18001". Official webpage of DMRC. Retrieved 2009-09-10.
  57. ^ "Metro Receives ISO 14001 Certificate". Official webpage of DMRC. Retrieved 2009-09-10.
  58. ^ "Metro doing rain water harvesting". Official webpage of DMRC.
  59. ^ Anuradha Mukherjee (2002-12-13). "Vibrant murals bring cheer". The Times of India. Retrieved 2009-11-30.
  60. ^ a b Sweta Dutta (2009-12-28). "On silver screen, Metro a symbol of urban Delhi". The Indian Express. Retrieved 2010-01-25.
  61. ^ a b Garima Sharma (2009-12-28). "Metro Movie". The Times of India. Retrieved 2010-01-25.
  62. ^ "24 hours with the Delhi Metro". Discovery channel collaboration (press).
  63. ^ "Amal". {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |Publisher= ignored (|publisher= suggested) (help)
  64. ^ Gaurav Vivek Bhatnagar (2003-10-27). "Recording the journey of Metro". The Hindu. Retrieved 2009-09-10.
  65. ^ "Press Release". Official webpage of DMRC. Retrieved 2009-09-10.
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