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*[[Gas chamber|Gases or gas mixtures]], often carbon dioxide is used to induce unconsciousness and then death.<ref name="Independent" />
*[[Gas chamber|Gases or gas mixtures]], often carbon dioxide is used to induce unconsciousness and then death.<ref name="Independent" />
*[[Cervical dislocation]] (breaking the neck)
*[[Cervical dislocation]] (breaking the neck)
*[[Electrocution]], a new method that has been touted as being cheap, reliable, and humane by its developers<ref>[http://www.agri.gov.il/AGEN/Reports/Shamir001.html Humane Killing of Male Chicks at the Laying Branch<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>{{dead link|date=February 2015}}
*[[Electrocution]], a new method that has been touted as being cheap, reliable, and humane by its developers<ref>[http://www.agri.gov.il/AGEN/Reports/Shamir001.html Humane Killing of Male Chicks at the Laying Branch<!-- Bot generated title -->] {{wayback|url=http://www.agri.gov.il/AGEN/Reports/Shamir001.html |date=20070927010751 }}</ref>
*[[Suffocation]] in plastic bags<ref name="Saraswathy" />
*[[Suffocation]] in plastic bags<ref name="Saraswathy" />


Revision as of 06:02, 21 March 2016

Chick culling is the process of killing newly hatched poultry for which the industry has no use. Due to modern selective breeding, laying hen strains differ from meat production strains. As male birds of the laying strain do not lay eggs, they are generally killed soon after they hatch[1] and shortly after being sexed. Methods of culling include cervical dislocation, asphyxiation by carbon dioxide and maceration using a high speed grinder.[2]

History

Prior to the development of modern broiler meat breeds, most male chickens (cockerels) were slaughtered for meat, whereas females (pullets) would be kept for egg production. However, once the industry bred separate meat and egg-producing hybrids, there was no reason to keep males of the egg-producing hybrid. As a consequence, the males of egg-laying chickens are killed as soon as possible after hatching and sexing to reduce losses incurred by the breeder. Special techniques have been developed to accurately determine the sex of chicks at as young an age as possible.

It has been reported that in India for example, more than 180 million male chicks per year are culled. The egg industry in India is growing at the rate of 8-12% yearly, and is the third largest egg producer.[3]

Chicks are also culled in the production of foie gras. After hatching, the ducklings are sexed. Males put on more weight than females, so the females are killed, sometimes in an industrial macerator. Up to 40 million female ducks per year may be killed in this way. The remains of female ducklings are later used in cat food, fertilisers and in the pharmaceutical industry.[4]

Methods

Chick grinding machine

Several methods can be used to kill chicks:

Maceration ensures the chick is killed within 1 sec if performed effectively and competently. This method is considered more humane than gassing the chicks with high concentrations of carbon dioxide. Gassing results in gasping and head shaking, and can take up to two minutes for the chick to die.[6]

The American Veterinary Medical Association recommends cervical dislocation, maceration, and asphyxiation by carbon dioxide as the better options.[7]

The 2005-2006 American Veterinary Medical Association Executive Board proposed a policy change, which was recommended by the Animal Welfare Committee on disposal of unwanted chicks, poults, and pipped eggs. The policy states "Unwanted chicks, poults, and pipped eggs should be killed by an acceptable humane method, such as use of a commercially designed macerator that results in instantaneous death. Smothering unwanted chicks or poults in bags or containers is not acceptable. Pips, unwanted chicks, or poults should be killed prior to disposal. A pipped egg, or pip, is one where the chick or poult has not been successful in escaping the egg shell during the hatching process."[8]

Controversy

Animal rights and animal welfare advocates maintain that many of the current practices surrounding chicken slaughtering are unethical.[9]

Alternatives

A Unilever spokesperson has been quoted as saying "We have also committed to providing funding and expertise for research and introduction of alternative methods such as in-ovo gender identification (sexing) of eggs. This new technology offers the potential to eliminate the hatching and culling of male chicks."[3]

See also

References

  1. ^ "Egg laying and male birds". Vegsoc.org.
  2. ^ a b c Saul, H. (March 5, 2015). "Hatched, discarded, gassed: What happens to male chicks in the UK". Retrieved July 1, 2015.
  3. ^ a b c Saraswathy, M. "Unilever working to end the culling of male chicks". Business Standard. Retrieved February 5, 2015.
  4. ^ Hughes, I. (2014). "Shocking video shows hundreds of live ducklings 'thrown into mincer' on cruel 'foie gras farm'". The Mirror. Retrieved March 14, 2015.
  5. ^ Humane Killing of Male Chicks at the Laying Branch Archived 2007-09-27 at the Wayback Machine
  6. ^ "What happens with male chicks in the egg industry?". RSPCA (Australia). Retrieved February 5, 2015.
  7. ^ https://www.avma.org/KB/Policies/Documents/euthanasia.pdf
  8. ^ Executive Board meets pressing needs - September 15, 2006
  9. ^ DA asks for more information in chicken chipping case
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