Cleveland
Cleveland, Ohio | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nickname: The Forest City | |||||
| Location in Cuyahoga County, Ohio Location in Cuyahoga County, Ohio | |||||
| County | Cuyahoga | ||||
| Government | |||||
| • Mayor | Jane Campbell | ||||
| Population (2000) | |||||
| • Total | 478,403 | ||||
| 2,148,048 (metro area) | |||||
| Time zone | UTC-5 (EST) | ||||
| • Summer (DST) | UTC-4 (EDT) | ||||
| Website | http://www.city.cleveland.oh.us | ||||
| |||||
- For the Cleveland area, see Greater Cleveland.
The city of Cleveland is the county seat of Cuyahoga County in the U.S. state of Ohio. The city is located on the southern shore of Lake Erie, in the Western Reserve in northeastern Ohio on the Cuyahoga River, approximately 60 miles west of the Pennsylvania border. It was founded in 1796 near the mouth of the river, and became a manufacturing center because of access to transportation routes. After the decline of heavy manufacturing, the city's industry has developed more in the financial services, insurance, and healthcare sectors.
As of the 2000 Census, the city proper had a total population of 478,403, making it the 33rd-largest city in the nation. It is the center of Greater Cleveland, the largest metropolitan area in Ohio, which spans several counties and may be defined in several different ways by the United States Census Bureau. The Cleveland-Elyria-Mentor Metropolitan Statistical Area has around 2,100,000 people and is the 23rd largest in the country. Cleveland is also part of the larger Cleveland-Akron-Elyria Combined Statistical Area (CSA), which is currently the 14th largest CSA in the country with a population of 2,945,831 as of the 2000 Census.
City residents and tourists benefit from investments made by wealthy residents in the city's heyday in arts and cultural institutions, and philanthropy also helped to establish a robust public library system in the region. More recent investments have provided the city with tourist attractions in the downtown area, such as Jacobs Field, the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, and Playhouse Square Center. In a study conducted by The Economist and published on October 3, 2005, Cleveland was ranked the most livable city in the United States, tying with Pittsburgh [1]. Nevertheless, the city also faces some continuing challenges, notably from concentrated poverty in some neighborhoods and from difficulties in funding and delivering high-quality public education.
History
In 1765, George Washington predicted, "Where the Cuyahoga River flows into Lake Erie shall rise a community of vast commercial importance." The city obtained its name on July 22, 1796, when surveyors of the Connecticut Land Company named an area in Ohio "Cleaveland" after General Moses Cleaveland, the superintendent of the surveying party, a month after white settlers had signed a treaty with local Native Americans to acquire the land. Cleaveland laid out the plan for the modern Public Square area before returning home. He never visited the area again. The spelling of the city's name was later changed to "Cleveland" when, in 1831, an "a" was dropped so the name could fit a newspaper's masthead.
Though not initially apparent—the city was surrounded by swampland and the harsh winters did not encourage settlement—the location proved providential. The city began to grow rapidly after the completion of the Ohio and Erie Canal in 1832, turning the city into a key link between the Ohio River and the Great Lakes, and particularly once the city railroad links were added. In 1837, the city, then located on the eastern banks of the Cuyahoga River, nearly erupted into open warfare with neighboring Ohio City, Ohio (since annexed), over a bridge connecting the two. As a halfway point for iron ore coming from Minnesota across the Great Lakes and for coal and other raw materials coming by rail from the south, the site flourished. Cleveland also enjoyed its position as the major break-in-bulk center for Ohio.
Cleveland became one of the major manufacturing and population centers of the United States, home of numerous major steel firms. Standard Oil founder John D. Rockefeller made his fortune there. By 1920, it was the fourth largest city in the country. The city was also one of the centers of the national progressive movement, locally headed by Mayor Tom L. Johnson. Many Clevelanders of this era are buried in the historic Lake View Cemetery, including the 20th President of the United States, James A. Garfield.
The city experienced a downturn in the post-World War II period, as heavy industries slumped and residents sought new housing in the suburbs; see white flight. The city witnessed racial unrest in the 1960s, culminating in riots in Hough July 18–23, 1966, and Glenville July 23–25, 1968. The city's nadir is often considered to be its default on its loans on December 15, 1978, when under young Mayor Dennis Kucinich it became the first major American city to enter default since the Great Depression. Kucinich's administration claimed that the city had been forced into default by local banks and a local electric provider which attempted to force the city to sell off Cleveland Public Power, the small city-owned electric utility. National media began referring to Cleveland as "the mistake by/on the lake" around this time, in reference to both the city's financial difficulties as well as a 1969 fire on the Cuyahoga River (the oil and waste on the river's surface caught on fire). Clevelanders have struggled to shed this nickname ever since, though in recent times national media have been much kinder to the city, using it as the poster child for downtown revitalization and urban renaissance.
The metropolitan area began a recovery thereafter under Mayors George Voinovich and Michael White. Redevelopment within the city limits has been strongest in the downtown area near the Gateway complex—consisting of Jacobs Field and Quicken Loans Arena—and near the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Cleveland Browns Stadium. Many of the inner-city residential neighborhoods remain troubled, and the public school system continues to experience serious problems despite the highest level of per-student funding in the state. Economic development, retention of young professionals, and capitalizing upon its Lake Erie waterfront are current municipal priorities.
Geography
Cleveland is located at 41°28′56″ North, 81°40′11″ West (41.482301, -81.669718)Template:GR.
According to the United States Census Bureau[2], the city has a total area of 82.4 mi² (213.5 km²). 200.9 km² (77.6 mi²) of it is land and 12.5 km² (4.8 mi²) of it is water. The total area is 5.87% water.
The shore of Lake Erie is 569 feet (173 meters) above sea level; however, the city lies on a series of irregular bluffs lying roughly parallel to the lake. In Cleveland these bluffs are cut principally by the Cuyahoga River, Big Creek, and Euclid Creek. The land rises quickly from the lakeshore. Downtown Cleveland, less than a mile inland, sits at an elevation of 650 feet (198 meters), and Hopkins Airport, only five miles inland from the lake, is at an elevation of 770 feet (235 meters).
Neighborhoods
Downtown Cleveland includes several neighborhoods, such as the Flats and the Warehouse District, which are predominantly occupied by restaurants and bars, although residential opportunities in townhomes, lofts, and apartments increased downtown during the late 1990s and the first half of the following decade.
Cleveland residents often define themselves in terms of whether they live on the west side or the east side of the Cuyahoga River. This map gives the location of each neighborhood within the city limits, and shows that the west side of the city includes the following neighborhoods: Brooklyn Center, Clark-Fulton, Cudell, Edgewater, Kamm's Corners, Jefferson, Ohio City, Old Brooklyn, Puritas-Longmead, Riverside, Stockyards, West Boulevard, and West Park.
Three neighborhoods are on the west side of the river, but are sometimes referred to as the south side: Industrial Valley, Slavic Village (North and South Broadway), and Tremont.
The east side includes the following neighborhoods: Buckeye-Shaker Square, Central, Collinwood, Corlett, Detroit Shoreway, Euclid-Green, Fairfax, Forest Hills, Glenville, Goodrich-Kirtland, Hough, Kinsman, Lee-Miles, Mount Pleasant, St. Clair-Superior, Union-Miles Park, University Circle-Little Italy, and Woodland Hills.
Demographics
| City of Cleveland Population by year [3] | |
| 1840 | 6,071 |
| 1850 | 17,034 |
| 1860 | 43,417 |
| 1870 | 92,829 |
| 1880 | 160,146 |
| 1890 | 261,353 |
| 1900 | 381,768 |
| 1910 | 560,663 |
| 1920 | 796,841 |
| 1930 | 900,429 |
| 1940 | 878,336 |
| 1950 | 914,808 |
| 1960 | 876,050 |
| 1970 | 750,903 |
| 1980 | 573,822 |
| 1990 | 505,616 |
| 2000 | 478,403 |
As of the censusTemplate:GR of 2000, there are 478,403 people, 190,638 households, and 111,904 families residing in the city. The population density is 2,380.9/km² (6,166.5/mi²). There are 215,856 housing units at an average density of 1,074.3/km² (2,782.4/mi²). The racial makeup of the city is 41.49% White, 50.99% Black or African American, 0.30% Native American, 1.35% Asian, 0.04% Pacific Islander, 3.59% from other races, and 2.24% from two or more races. 7.26% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race.
There are 190,638 households out of which 29.9% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 28.5% are married couples living together, 24.8% have a female householder with no husband present, and 41.3% are nonfamilies. 35.2% of all households are made up of individuals and 11.1% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.44 and the average family size is 3.19. The population is spread out with 28.5% under the age of 18, 9.5% from 18 to 24, 30.4% from 25 to 44, 19.0% from 45 to 64, and 12.5% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 33 years. For every 100 females there are 90.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 85.2 males.
The median income for a household in the city is $25,928, and the median income for a family is $30,286. Males have a median income of $30,610 versus $24,214 for females. The per capita income for the city is $14,291. 26.3% of the population and 22.9% of families are below the poverty line. Out of the total population, 37.6% of those under the age of 18 and 16.8% of those 65 and older are living below the poverty line.
Cleveland was hit hard by white flight and suburbanization, further exacerbated by the busing-based desegregation of Cleveland schools required by the United States Supreme Court. Although busing ended in the 1990s, Cleveland continued to slide into poverty, reaching a nadir in 2004 when it was named the poorest large city in the United States [4]. The 2005 rankings announced the city had dropped from first in poverty to twelfth, with the rate dropping from 31.3% to 23.2% [5].
Government and politics
See also: List of Mayors of Cleveland, Ohio, Notable Cleveland Politicians
Cleveland's politics have been decisively left-leaning since its inception. Cleveland was known for its political progressivism in the early 1900s, and this has long influenced the city's history. The city is also largely still a union town as a result of its manufacturing heritage, which breeds strong support for Democratic candidates and the Democratic party to a greater degree than areas of the state farther south. Historically, the party has had the support of both white and black ethnic voters, especially Catholics. During the 2004 Presidential election, although George W. Bush carried Ohio, John Kerry carried Cuyahoga County, which gave him the strongest support in the state.
The city of Cleveland operates on the mayor-council (strong mayor) form of government. The mayor is the chief executive of the city, and the office is currently held by Democrat Jane Campbell, who is standing for re-election to a second four-year term in November 2005. Previous mayors of Cleveland include Republican Senator George Voinovich and Democratic Representative Dennis Kucinich. The Cleveland city council is led by president Frank Jackson, who is Campbell's opposition in the November mayoral election. While council controls the budgetary constraints of Cleveland government, the heads of all city departments are solely responsible to the mayor through the mayor's chief of staff, currently Chris Ronayne.
Economy
Cleveland's location on the Cuyahoga River and Lake Erie proved providential in the growth of the city and its industry. Cleveland experienced explosive growth after the opening of the Ohio and Erie Canal, establishing the city as one of the manufacturing centers of America. Steel and many other manufactured goods were major industries.
The city was hit hard by the fall of manufacturing, but has diversified its economy to include service-based industries. Cleveland is the corporate headquarters of many large companies such as National City Corporation, Eaton Corporation, Forest City Enterprises, Sherwin Williams Company, and KeyCorp, after which the highest skyscraper in Cleveland is named (Key Tower). NASA also maintains a facility in Cleveland, the Glenn Research Center, named after native Ohioan and former Senator John Glenn.
Cleveland has also become a world leader in health care and health sciences. The world-famous Cleveland Clinic, the area's largest employer, boasts the distinction of being the #1 heart hospital in the United States for eleven years running. It is also ranked #2 in urology and #14 in cancer research by U.S. News & World Report. The Clinic is also on the US News "honor roll" and is ranked as the #4 overall hospital in the United States. Cleveland's healthcare industry also includes University Hospitals of Cleveland, a noted competitor of the Clinic's which is ranked #18 in cancer research, and MetroHealth medical center. Cleveland is emerging as a leader in biotechnology and fuel cell research, led by Case Western Reserve University, the Cleveland Clinic, and University Hospitals of Cleveland. Cleveland is now one of the top areas in receiving seed money for biotech start-ups and research. Case Western Reserve, the Clinic, and University Hospitals have recently announced plans to build a large biotechnology research center and incubator on the site of the former Mt. Sinai Medical Center, creating a research campus to employ 7,000 as well as to serve to stimulate biotech startup companies that can be spun off from research conducted in the city. NASA operates an aircraft research lab in Cleveland, named the Glenn Research Center after native Ohioan and former astronaut John Glenn.
Additionally, Cleveland has recently stepped up efforts to cultivate a technology sector in its economy. The mayor has appointed a "tech czar", whose job is to actively recruit tech companies to the downtown office market, offering connections to the high-speed fiber networks that run underneath downtown streets in several "high-tech offices", focused on the Euclid Avenue area. Additionally, Cleveland State University has recently hired a Technology Transfer Officer to work full time on cultivating technology transfers from CSU research to marketable ideas and companies in the Cleveland area. Case Western Reserve University is also involved in technology initiatives such as the OneCleveland project, a high-speed fiber optic network connecting all nonprofits in the area at high speeds, intended to breed collaboration among the area's major research centers and produce jobs for the city and region. Cleveland was recently named as an Intel "Worldwide Digital City" with Corpus Christi, Texas, and Philadelphia. This distinction will give the region around $12 million to use for marketing and expansion of regional technology partnerships and a tech economy. Intel credited OneCleveland as a defining reason for the award, and the city looks to capitalize on the publicity and technology partnerships it will bring.
Education
Cleveland is home to a number of colleges and universities. Most prominent among these is Case Western Reserve University, a world-renowned research and teaching institution based in University Circle, east of Downtown. Case is a private university with its enrollment having a higher percentage of graduate students than undergraduate. However, Case has recently increased its freshman class enrollment in all areas. University Circle is also home to the Cleveland Institute of Art, the Cleveland Institute of Music, and the Ohio College of Podiatric Medicine. Cleveland State University, based in downtown Cleveland, is the city's public four-year university. Cleveland State has generally been considered an open-enrollment commuter school since its inception; however, the school has recently instituted new enrollment standards and a master plan to change both of these stigmas. In addition to CSU, downtown hosts the metropolitan campus of Cuyahoga Community College, the county's two-year higher education institution, as well as Myers University.
The Cleveland Municipal School District is an underperforming urban district, though test scores have recently improved under mayoral control and school CEO Barbara Byrd-Bennett. Bennett has announced her resignation as the system's CEO, effective as soon as the district can find a replacement. She leaves with mixed results, as the schools improved in academics and attendance and passed a $1.2 billion school building construction/replacement issue. However, it failed to pass an operating levy during her tenure and currently faces large budget shortfalls and the possibility of slipping back into "academic emergency" as rated by the Ohio Department of Education in 2005. These issues will face the next CEO as he/she attempts to rebuild the city's central school system and create success from the ground up.
See also: List of Cleveland Public Schools
Culture
Five miles (8 km) east of downtown Cleveland is University Circle, a 500-acre (2 km²) concentration of cultural, educational, and medical institutions, including Case Western Reserve University, Severance Hall, University Hospitals, and the Cleveland Museum of Art. Cleveland is also home to the I. M. Pei-designed Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, located on a Lake Erie harbor immediately north of downtown Cleveland. Neighboring attractions include Cleveland Browns Stadium, the Great Lakes Science Center, the Steamship Mather Museum, and the USS Cod, a World War II submarine.
Cleveland is home to Playhouse Square Center, the second largest performing arts center in the United States (Lincoln Center in New York City is the largest). Playhouse Square includes the State, Palace, Allen, Hanna, and Ohio theaters within what is known as the Theater District of Downtown Cleveland. Playhouse Square's resident performing arts companies include the Cleveland Opera, Ohio Ballet, and the Great Lakes Theater Festival. The center also hosts various Broadway musicals, special concerts, speaking engagements, and other events throughout the year. One Playhouse Square, a building within Playhouse Square Center, was originally used as the broadcast studios of WJW Radio, where disc jockey Alan Freed purportedly first coined the term "rock and roll".
Additionally, Cleveland is home to the Cleveland Orchestra, widely considered one of the finest orchestras in the world, and often referred to as the finest in the United States [6]. It is one of the so-called "Big Five" major orchestras in the United States. The Orchestra plays in Severance Hall during the winter and performs at Blossom Music Center at the Blossom Music Festival during the summer.
Cleveland is home to many festivals throughout the year. Cultural festivals such as the annual Feast of the Assumption in the Little Italy neighborhood and the Polish Festival in the Slavic Village neighborhood are popular events. Vendors at the West Side Market in Ohio City offer many different ethnic foods for sale. Cleveland hosts an annual parade on Saint Patrick's Day that brings thousands to the streets of downtown.
In addition to the cultural festivals, Cleveland also hosts the CMJ Rock Hall Music Fest, which features national and local acts, including both established artists and up-and-coming acts. The city recently incorporated an annual art and technology festival, known as Ingenuity, which took place on the streets of downtown on September 1–4, 2005. Ingenuity was a unique festival in that featured a combination of art and technology in various installations and performances throughout lower Euclid Avenue. Both the Rock Hall Music Fest and Ingenuity will return in summer 2006.
Media
See also: Media in Cleveland, Ohio
Cleveland is served in print by The Plain Dealer, the city's sole remaining daily newspaper; the competing Cleveland Press ceased publication in 1982. Cleveland is ranked as the 16th largest television market by Nielsen Media Research [7]. The market is served by stations affiliated with major American networks including WKYC 3 (NBC), WEWS 5 (ABC), WJW 8 (FOX), WOIO 19 (CBS), WUAB 43 (UPN), and WBNX 55 (WB). Cleveland is also served by WVPX 23 (i) and Spanish-language channel WQHS 61 (Univision). WVIZ 25 and WEAO 49 are members of PBS. A Cleveland first in television was The Morning Exchange program on WEWS, which defined the morning show format, and served as the inspiration for Good Morning America. Local television celebrities include Ghoulardi, Big Chuck and Little John, Dick Goddard, and Dorothy Fuldheim. Cleveland is served by a variety of AM and FM radio formats. WKNR 850 is a sports radio station while WTAM 1100, WERE 1300, WHK 1420 are (news/talk) stations. FM radio station WCPN 90.3 is a member of NPR.
Professional sports
Cleveland's professional sports teams include the Cleveland Indians (Major League Baseball), Cleveland Browns (National Football League), Cleveland Cavaliers (National Basketball Association), Cleveland Barons (American Hockey League), and Cleveland Force (Major Indoor Soccer League). Annual sporting events held in Cleveland include the Champ Car Grand Prix of Cleveland, the Cleveland Marathon, and the Ohio Classic college football game. From 2002 to 2004, the city hosted the Gravity Games, an extreme sports series. Local sporting facilities include Jacobs Field, Cleveland Browns Stadium, Quicken Loans Arena, and the Wolstein Center.
Cleveland has long been known as a "football town", and the Browns dominated the NFL from 1950 to 1956. The team's franchise is one of the most storied in football, though it last won an NFL championship in 1964 and has never won the Super Bowl. The Cleveland Indians last reached the World Series in 1995 and 1997, though they lost to the Atlanta Braves and Florida Marlins, respectively, and have not won the series since 1948. Between 1995 and 2001, Jacobs Field sold out for 455 consecutive games, a Major League Baseball record. The Cleveland Cavaliers are experiencing a renaissance with Cleveland fans thanks to LeBron James, a native of nearby Akron and the number one overall draft pick of 2003. The city's recent lack of success in sports have earned it a reputation of being a cursed sports city, which ESPN validated by proclaiming Cleveland as its "most tortured sports city" in 2004 [8].
At the 2005 Major League Soccer All-Star Game in Columbus, MLS commissioner Don Garber announced that Cleveland was one of several top areas in contention for an expansion team in 2007. Cleveland fielded an NHL team, the Cleveland Barons, from 1976 to 1978, which was later merged into the Minnesota North Stars. The city remains without major-league hockey to the present, although today's Cleveland Barons, the AHL affiliate of the San Jose Sharks, maintain a tradition of professional hockey in Cleveland stretching back to 1937 [9].
Transportation
The city is home to two airports. Cleveland Hopkins International Airport is the city's major facility and a large international airport that serves as one of three main hubs for Continental Airlines. It holds the distinction of having the first airport-to-downtown rapid transit connection, established in 1968. In 1930, the airport was the site of the first airfield lighting system and the first air traffic control tower. In addition to Hopkins, Cleveland is served by Burke Lakefront Airport, on the north shore of downtown between Lake Erie and the Shoreway. Burke is primarily a commuter and business airport.
Cleveland currently has a bus and rail mass transit system operated by the Greater Cleveland Regional Transit Authority, also known as "RTA". The rail portion is officially called the Cleveland Rapid Transit, but is better known as The Rapid, and consists of two light rail lines and a heavy rail line. The light rail lines, the Green line (commonly called the Shaker rapid) and the Blue line (Van Aken rapid) begin near Burke Lakefront Airport and serve Browns Stadium and the east bank of the Flats, exit downtown Cleveland via the Tower City Center (Terminal Tower) station, run through Shaker Square, and terminate in the streetcar suburb of Shaker Heights. The heavy rail line, known as the Red line, begins at Hopkins Airport in southwest Cleveland, and runs northeast through downtown and University Circle to a station in East Cleveland. RTA is currently installing a bus rapid transit line, coined the "Silver Line", which will run along Euclid Avenue from downtown to University Circle [10].
Three two-digit Interstate highways serve Cleveland directly. Interstate 71 begins just southwest of downtown and is the major route from downtown Cleveland to the airport. I-71 runs through the southwestern suburbs of Brook Park, Middleburg Heights and Strongsville, and eventually connects Cleveland with the state capital, Columbus. Interstate 77 begins in downtown Cleveland and runs almost due south through the southern suburbs, including Independence, Seven Hills and Broadview Heights. I-77 sees the least traffic of the three interstates, although it does connect Cleveland to its nearest large city, Akron. Interstate 90 connects the two sides of Cleveland, and is the northern terminus for both I-71 and I-77. Running due east/west through the west side suburbs of Westlake, Rocky River and Lakewood, I-90 turns northeast at the junction with I-71 and I-490, and is known as the Innerbelt through downtown. At the junction with the Shoreway, I-90 makes a 90-degree turn known in the area as "Dead Man's Curve", then continues northeast to serve Bratenahl and Euclid before entering Lake County at the eastern split with Ohio 2.
Cleveland is also served by two three-digit interstates, Interstate 480, which enters Cleveland briefly at a couple points and Interstate 490, which connects I-77 with the junction of I-90 and I-71 just south of downtown.
Two other limited-access highways serve Cleveland. The Cleveland Memorial Shoreway (commonly shortened to simply "The Shoreway") carries Ohio 2 along its length, and at varying points also carries US 6, US 20 and I-90. Interestingly, the East Shoreway is typically called such, and not I-90; this is because the Shoreway itself predates I-90. The Jennings Freeway (Ohio 176) connects I-71 just south of I-90 to I-480 near the suburbs of Parma and Brooklyn Heights. A third highway, the Berea Freeway (Ohio 237), connects I-71 to the airport, and forms part of the boundary between Cleveland and Brook Park.
See also
- List of people from Cleveland, Ohio
- Cleveland East Ohio Gas Explosion
- Cleveland Torso Murderer (Kingsbury Run murders)
References
- ^ "Vancouver tops liveability ranking according to a new survey by the Economist Intelligence Unit". Accessed October 11, 2005.
- ^ Cleveland, Ohio Fact Sheet (United States Census Bureau). Accessed October 11, 2005.
- ^ Gibson, Campbell. Population of the 100 Largest Cities and Other Urban Places in the United States: 1790 to 1990. Accessed October 11, 2005.
- ^ The Associated Press. Cleveland rated poorest big city in U.S. Accessed via MSNBC, October 12, 2005.
- ^ Exner, Rich, and Smith, Robert L. "Cleveland no longer poorest U.S. big city", The Plain Dealer. (August 31, 2005)
- ^ Walsh, Michael. "The Finest Orchestra? (Surprise!) Cleveland", Time. (January 10, 1994)
- ^ Nielsen Media Research: Metered Markets. Accessed October 11, 2005.
- ^ Darcy, Kieran. ESPN.com: Page 2 : Mistakes by the lake (July 13, 2004). Accessed October 11, 2005.
- ^ Sports E-cyclopedia: Cleveland Barons (1976-1978). Accessed October 11, 2005.
- ^ The Euclid Corridor Transportation Project. Accessed October 11, 2005.
- The Encyclopedia Of Cleveland History (2002). Case Western Reserve University.
External links
Definitions from Wiktionary
Media from Commons
News from Wikinews
Quotations from Wikiquote
Texts from Wikisource
Textbooks from Wikibooks
Resources from Wikiversity
- City Of Cleveland Home Page
- Greater Cleveland Convention and Visitors Bureau
- Cleveland Memory Project
- IMDB: Movies made in Cleveland
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