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John F. Kennedy International Airport

Coordinates: 40°38′23″N 073°46′44″W / 40.63972°N 73.77889°W / 40.63972; -73.77889
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For the regional airport in Wisconsin, see John F. Kennedy Memorial Airport.
John F. Kennedy International Airport
USGS aerial image as of 8 Apr 1994
  • IATA: JFK
  • ICAO: KJFK
  • FAA LID: JFK
    John F. Kennedy International Airport is located in New York
    John F. Kennedy International Airport
    John F. Kennedy International Airport
    Location of airport in New York state
Summary
Airport typePublic
OwnerCity of New York[1]
OperatorPort Authority of New York and New Jersey[1]
ServesNew York City
LocationNew York City
Hub for
Elevation AMSL13 ft / 4 m
Coordinates40°38′23″N 073°46′44″W / 40.63972°N 73.77889°W / 40.63972; -73.77889
Website[2]
Runways
Direction Length Surface
ft m
4L/22R 11,351 3,460 Asphalt/Concrete
4R/22L 8,400 2,560 Asphalt
13L/31R 10,000 3,048 Asphalt
13R/31L 14,572 4,442 Asphalt/Concrete
Helipads
Number Length Surface
ft m
H1 60 18 Asphalt
H2 60 18 Asphalt
H3 60 18 Asphalt
H4 60 18 Asphalt
Statistics (2008)
Aircraft operations471,482
Enplanements (FAA)[3]23,601,779
Passengers (ACI)[4]47,807,816
Source: Federal Aviation Administration[5]
FAA airport diagram as of 20 Nov 2008
Map showing New York City and the locations of JFK (1), LaGuardia (2) and Newark (3) airports

John F. Kennedy International Airport (IATA: JFK, ICAO: KJFK, FAA LID: JFK) is an international airport located in Queens County, New York in southeastern New York City about 12 miles (19 km) from Lower Manhattan. It is the busiest international air passenger gateway to the United States[6] and is also the leading freight gateway to the country by value of shipments.[7]

JFK airport is the base of operations for JetBlue Airways and is a major international getaway hub for American Airlines and Delta Air Lines. It also serves as a focus city for Avianca. Over ninety airlines operate out of JFK.[8] The airport was renamed after John F. Kennedy, the 35th President of the United States.

The airport is operated by the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey, which also manages the two other major airports in the New York metropolitan area, Newark Liberty and LaGuardia.

History

Construction

JFK Airport was originally known as Idlewild Airport (IATA: IDL, ICAO: KIDL, FAA LID: IDL) after the Idlewild Golf Course that it displaced. The airport was originally envisioned as a reliever for LaGuardia Airport, which was already showing signs of insufficient capacity in the late 1930s. Construction began in 1943; approximately $60 million was initially spent, but only 1,000 acres (400 ha) of land on the site of the Idlewild golf course were earmarked for use.[9]

The project was renamed Major General Alexander E. Anderson Airport in 1943 after a Queens resident who had commanded a Federalized National Guard unit in the southern United States and who had died in late 1942. In March 1948, the New York City Council again changed the name of the airport to New York International Airport, Anderson Field, but the name "Idlewild" remained in common use until 1963.[10]

The Port Authority leased the airport property from the City of New York in 1947 and maintains this lease as of the late 2000s.[1] The first commercial flight at the airport was on July 1, 1948; the opening ceremony was attended by President Harry Truman.[9] Upon opening Idlewild, the Port Authority cancelled foreign airlines' permits to use LaGuardia, effectively forcing them to move to the new airport.[11]

The airport was renamed John F. Kennedy International Airport on December 24, 1963, one month after the assassination of President John F. Kennedy.[12]

Development

The Port Authority originally envisioned a single 55-gate terminal for the airport, but the major airlines of the time did not agree with this plan, arguing that the terminal would be far too small for future traffic.[13] Architect Wallace Harrison then designed a master plan under which each major airline at the airport would be given its own space to develop its own terminal design.[14] This scheme made construction more practical, made terminals more navigable and introduced incentives for airlines to compete with each other for the best design.[13] The revised master plan met airline approval in 1955.[10]

  • The International Arrivals Building was the first new terminal project at the airport. It was designed by Skidmore, Owings & Merrill and featured perpendicular "finger" piers to allow a greater number of aircraft to park, a major design innovation at the time.[10]
  • United Airlines opened Terminal 9, a Skidmore design similar to that of the IAB, in October 1959. Eastern Airlines opened its Chester L. Churchill-designed Terminal 1 one month later.[10][15]
  • American Airlines opened its Terminal 8 in 1960. The terminal was designed by Kahn and Jacobs[10] and became known for its 317 feet (97 m) stained glass facade designed by Robert Sowers, which was the largest stained glass installation in the world until 1979. The facade was removed in 2007 as the terminal was demolished to make room for the new Terminal 8; American cited the prohibitive cost of removing the enormous installation.[16]
  • Pan American World Airways opened the Worldport (now Terminal 3) in 1960. It featured a large, elliptical roof suspended by 32 sets of radial posts and cables; the roof extended 114 feet (35 m) beyond the base of the terminal to cover the passenger loading area. It was one of the first airline terminals in the world to feature Jetways that connected to the terminal and that could be moved to provide an easy walkway for passengers from the terminal to a docked aircraft, rather than having to board the plane outside via airstairs, which descend from an aircraft, via truck-mounted mobile stairs, or via wheeled stairs.[17]
  • Trans World Airlines opened the TWA Flight Center in 1962, designed by Eero Saarinen with a distinctive winged-bird shape. With the demise of TWA in 2001, the terminal remained vacant until 2005 when JetBlue Airways and the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey (PANYNJ) financed the construction of a new 26 gate terminal partially encircling the Saarinen building. Called now Terminal 5 (or simply T5), the new terminal opened October 22, 2008. T5 will be connected to the Saarinen central building through the original passenger departure-arrival tubes which connected the building to the outlying gates; the Port Authority is working on renovations of the remaining original Saarinen terminal, also known as the head house.[18]
  • Northwest Airlines, Braniff International and Northeast Airlines opened a joint terminal in 1962.[17]
  • National Airlines opened the Sundrome (now Terminal 6) in 1970. The terminal was designed by Pei Cobb Freed & Partners. In 2001, United Airlines planned to redevelop this terminal and the TWA Flight Center as a new United terminal,[19] but the airline later reduced its operation at JFK and abandoned plans for a future JFK hub.[citation needed] Terminal 6 was used by JetBlue Airways from 2001 through 2008 and vacated when JetBlue moved to Terminal 5.

JFK was designed to accommodate aircraft no larger than a Douglas DC-6 and had to be significantly modified in the late 1960s to accommodate Boeing 747s.[20]

By the mid-1980s, JFK had overtaken Newark International Airport to become New York City's busiest airport.[citation needed] The supersonic Concorde, operated by Air France and British Airways, provided scheduled trans-Atlantic supersonic service to JFK from November 22, 1977 until October 24, 2003, when Concorde was retired by both carriers.[21][22][23] JFK had the most Concorde operations annually of any airport in the world.[citation needed]

JFK is currently undergoing a $10.3 billion redevelopment. The airport began construction of the AirTrain JFK rapid transit system in 1998; completed in December 2003, the rail network links each airport terminal to New York City subways and regional commuter trains at Howard Beach and Jamaica, Queens. The airport opened a new Terminal 1 on May 28, 1998, and the $1.4 billion replacement for the International Arrivals Building, Terminal 4, opened on May 24, 2001.[24][25] Construction has been completed on JetBlue Airways's new Terminal 5, which incorporates the historic landmark TWA FlightCenter terminal, while Terminals 8 and 9 are undergoing redevelopment as one single Terminal 8 for the American Airlines hub. In 2008 the Port Authority Board of Commissioners approved a $20 million planning study for the redevelopment of Terminals 2 and 3, the hub of Delta Air Lines.[26]

On March 19, 2007, JFK became the first airport in the United States to receive the Airbus A380 with passengers aboard. The route-proving flight with more than 500 passengers was operated jointly by Lufthansa and Airbus and arrived at Terminal 1. On August 1, 2008, JFK received the first regularly-scheduled commercial A380 flight to the United States, operated by Emirates on its New York–Dubai route using Terminal 4.[27] This service was suspended indefinitely in 2009, due to poor passenger demand.[28]

Terminals, airlines and destinations

JFK has eight passenger terminals containing 151 gates. The terminal buildings are arranged in a deformed U-shaped wavy pattern around a central area containing parking, hotels, a power plant, and other airport facilities. The terminals are connected by the AirTrain system and access roads. Wayfinding signage throughout the terminals was designed by Paul Mijksenaar.[29] A 2006 survey by J.D. Power and Associates in conjunction with Aviation Week found JFK ranked second in overall traveller satisfaction among large airports in the United States, behind McCarran International Airport which serves the Las Vegas metropolitan area.[30]

Terminals

The airport has eight terminals (nine until the early 2000s), seven of which are currently in use.

Terminal 1
Terminal 1

The original Terminal 1, built as a hub for Eastern Airlines, was demolished.[31]

The current Terminal 1 was opened in 1998, 50 years after the opening of JFK, at the direction of the Terminal One Group, a consortium of four key operating carriers: Air France, Japan Airlines, Korean Air and Lufthansa.[32] This partnership was founded after the four airlines reached agreement that existing international carrier facilities were inadequate for their needs.[33] Terminal One has the capability to handle the Air France A380 route from Paris Charles De Gaulle. Terminal 1 has 11 gates.

Terminal 2

Terminal 2 was opened in 1962 as the home of Northeast Airlines, Braniff and Northwest Airlines. After the demise of Northeast Airlines and Braniff the building was taken over by Delta Air Lines. Delta hopes to merge its two terminals at JFK (2 & 3) into a single modern terminal in the future.[26] It has 7 jetway-equipped gates (20-22, 26-29) and 17 stands for Delta Connection carriers (23A-H, 23J, 25K-N, 25P-S).

Terminal 3
Further information: [[:Terminal 3 Worldport]]

Terminal 3 was built as the Worldport in 1960 for Pan American, and substantially expanded for the introduction of the 747 in 1970. Delta Air Lines currently uses the entire terminal, and has a connector to Terminal 2, its other terminal at JFK. Terminal 3 has 16 jetway equipped gates: 1-10, 12, 14-18 with two hardstand gates (Gate 11) and a helipad on Taxiway 'KK'. Delta is seeking a plan to replace Terminal 3, and unconfirmed rumors claim the company has recently announced plans to employees to demolish Terminal 3 and rebuild it, with a supposed target time for demolition of late summer 2010.[34]

Terminal 4
Terminal 4 replaced the former International Arrivals Building in May 2001

Terminal 4, the international terminal, is able to handle the Airbus A380 and was developed by LCOR, Inc and is managed by the Schiphol Group. It was the first airport terminal in the United States to be managed by a foreign airport operator. Terminal 4 is the major gateway for International Arrivals at JFK. Opened in 2001, the new 1,500,000-square-foot (140,000 m2) building was built at a cost of $1.4 billion and replaced JFK's old International Arrivals Building, or simply IAB, which opened in 1957. Terminal 4 has 17 gates in two concourses: A2-A7, B20, B22-B31.

Concourse A has six gates, numbered A2-A7. Concourse B has eleven gates, numbered B20-B31, excluding B21. As Terminal 4 was built during the construction of the AirTrain, the AirTrain station was built inside the terminal building. Other AirTrain stations are built across from terminal buildings. Terminal 4’s expansive shopping mall offers a wide range of retail options before security so passengers and their families can enjoy shopping and dining together. Four chapels are located on the fourth floor (departure level).

Terminal 5
Main article: TWA Flight Center

Terminal 5, also known as the TWA Flight Center, is the new home of JetBlue Airways. The active 26 gate terminal sits behind the Eero Saarinen built terminal has been branded by JetBlue as T5. The Saarinen building is closed for refurbishment, it is unclear when the building will reopen and what purpose it will have. Terminal 5 has 26 gates: 1-12, 14-27

Terminal 6
File:IMG 0873r.jpg
Terminals 6 and 7
Main article: Sundrome

Terminal 6, built in 1970 as the National Airlines Sundrome designed by I. M. Pei, has 14 gates. On June 1, 2006, JetBlue opened a temporary terminal complex that added seven gates onto the terminal and increased the capacity for more flights. Terminal 6 is now closed. It had 14 gates and is the former home of JetBlue Airways. United Airlines used it for its transcontinental flights until JetBlue came to the terminal. Its future is unknown at this point, but the seven temporary gates were demolished.[35]

Terminal 7

Terminal 7 was built for BOAC and Air Canada in the early 1970s. It is currently owned and operated by British Airways. In 1997, the Port Authority entered an agreement with British Airways to expand the terminal. The renovated terminal has 12 gates.[36] On May 21, 2008, British Airways announced that it would undertake a $30 million, 18-month-long project to enhance its premium ground facilities at the terminal. Scheduled to launch in June 2009, the project will involve creation of a new premium check-in "pavilion" with dedicated curbside drop-off for FIRST and Executive Gold Club customers, an enhanced and dedicated check-in area for Club World and Executive Club Silver customers and renovation of Terraces, First Class and Concorde Lounges.[citation needed] British Airways is currently evaluating the future of Terminal 7, as it's lease with the Port Authority ends in 2015. Management has indicated a desire to relocate British Airways' operations to a new pier located east and connected to Terminal 8, pending on approval of an alliance with American Airlines and Iberia.[37]

Terminal 8

In 1999, American Airlines began an eight-year program to build the largest passenger terminal at JFK to replace terminals 8 and 9. The new terminal was built in four phases, which involved the construction of a new midfield concourse, demolition of the old Terminal 9, and finally demolition of the old Terminal 8. It opened in stages between 2005 and its "official" opening in August 2007.[38]

The terminal is about 50% larger than Madison Square Garden. It offers dozens of retail and food outlets, 84 ticket counters, 44 self-service kiosks, 10 security lanes and a U.S. Customs and Border Protection facility that can process more than 1,600 people an hour.[citation needed] It has two American Airlines Admirals Clubs and a Flagship Lounge for premium class passengers.

Terminal 8 has 29 gates: 12 gates in Concourse B (1-8, 10, 12, 14, and 16) and 17 gates in Concourse C (31-47).[39] Gate 31 is further subdivided into 5 regional service gates for small jets, 31A-31E. Gate 32 is subdivided into 4 regional service gates for small jets, 32F-32I. The total number of jetbridges is, therefore, 36. Concourse C is unusual in that to reach the concourse, passengers must descend on an escalator (or elevator) and walk through a short tunnel, then ascend another escalator to the concourse. Of interest are a history of American Airlines logos on display between the security checkpoint and the concourses.

Airlines and destinations

AirlinesDestinationsTerminal
Aer Lingus Dublin, Shannon 4
Aeroflot Moscow-Sheremetyevo 1
Aerogal Guayaquil, Quito 4
Aeroméxico Mexico City, Puerto Vallarta 1
Aerosvit Airlines Kiev-Boryspil 4
Air Berlin Düsseldorf [seasonal] 8
Air China Beijing-Capital 1
Air Europa Madrid 4
Air France Paris-Charles de Gaulle 1
Air India Delhi, Mumbai 4
Air Jamaica Kingston [ends April 12], Montego Bay [ends April 12] 4
Alitalia Milan-Malpensa, Rome-Fiumicino 1
All Nippon Airways Tokyo-Narita 7
American Airlines Aruba, Austin [begins July 2], Barbados, Barcelona, Bermuda, Brussels, Buenos Aires-Ezeiza, Cancún, Caracas, Chicago-O'Hare, Dallas/Fort Worth, Eagle/Vail [seasonal], Havana [charter], Las Vegas, London-Heathrow, Los Angeles, Madrid [begins May 1], Manchester (UK) [begins May 13; seasonal], Miami, Milan-Malpensa, Montego Bay, Orlando, Paris-Charles de Gaulle, Port-au-Prince, Providenciales, Punta Cana, Rome-Fiumicino, St. Kitts, St. Lucia [seasonal], St. Maarten, St. Thomas, San Diego, San Francisco, San José de Costa Rica, San Juan, Santiago de los Caballeros, Santo Domingo, São Paulo-Guarulhos, Seattle/Tacoma, Tampa, Tokyo-Narita, Zürich 8
American Eagle Baltimore, Boston, Cleveland, Columbus (OH), Halifax, Montréal-Trudeau, Pittsburgh, Raleigh/Durham, St. Louis [begins July 2], Toronto-Pearson, Washington-Reagan 8
Arik Air Lagos 4
Asiana Airlines Seoul-Incheon 4
Austrian Airlines Vienna 1
Avianca Bogotá, Cali, Medellin-Cordova 4
British Airways London-City, London-Heathrow 7
Caribbean Airlines Kingston [begins April 12], Montego Bay [begins April 12], Port of Spain 4
Cathay Pacific Airways Hong Kong, Vancouver 7
Cayman Airways Grand Cayman 1
China Airlines Taipei-Taoyuan 1
China Eastern Airlines Shanghai-Pudong 1
Copa Airlines Panama City 4
Delta Air Lines London-Heathrow, Los Angeles, San Francisco 2
Delta Air Lines Abuja, Accra, Amman, Antigua, Aruba, Athens, Atlanta, Barcelona, Bogotá, Bonaire [seasonal], Boston, Brussels, Budapest, Cairo, Cincinnati/Northern Kentucky [begins May 1], Copenhagen [begins May 27], Dakar, Denver, Detroit, Dublin, Fort Lauderdale, Georgetown, Grand Cayman [seasonal; begins June 12], Grenada [seasonal], Istanbul-Atatürk, Kiev-Boryspil [seasonal], Las Vegas, Madrid, Málaga [seasonal], Manchester (UK) [seasonal], Mexico City, Miami, Milan-Malpensa, Minneapolis/St. Paul, Moscow-Sheremetyevo, Nice, Orlando, Phoenix, Pisa [seasonal], Port-au-Prince, Port of Spain, Portland (OR), Prague, Puerto Plata, Punta Cana, Rome-Fiumicino, St. Thomas, Salt Lake City, San Diego, San Juan, Santiago de los Caballeros, Santo Domingo, São Paulo-Guarulhos, Seattle/Tacoma, Shannon [seasonal], Stockholm-Arlanda [begins May 27], Tampa, Tel Aviv, Valencia [seasonal], Venice-Marco Polo, West Plam Beach, Zürich [seasonal] 3
Delta Air Lines Amsterdam, Berlin-Tegel, Frankfurt, Kingston, Montego Bay, Tokyo-Narita 4
Delta Connection operated by Chautauqua Airlines Baltimore, Columbus (OH) 3
Delta Connection operated by Comair Albany (NY), Baltimore, Bangor, Boston, Buffalo, Burlington (VT), Charlotte, Charlottetown [seasonal], Chicago-O'Hare, Cincinnati/Northern Kentucky, Cleveland, Columbus (OH), Dallas/Fort Worth, Detroit, Freeport, Hartford/Springfield, Houston-Intercontinental, Indianapolis, Kansas City, Montréal-Trudeau, Nantucket [seasonal], Nashville, Norfolk, Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, Portland (ME), Raleigh/Durham, Richmond, Rochester (NY), St. Louis, Syracuse, Toronto-Pearson, Washington-Dulles, Washington-Reagan 3
Delta Connection operated by Compass Airlines Memphis, Minneapolis/St. Paul 3
EgyptAir Cairo 4
El Al Tel Aviv 4
Emirates Dubai 4
Etihad Airways Abu Dhabi 4
Finnair Helsinki 8
Iberia Airlines Madrid 7
Icelandair Reykjavik-Keflavík 7
Japan Airlines São Paulo-Guarulhos, Tokyo-Narita 1
Jet Airways Brussels, Chennai 8
JetBlue Airways Aguadilla, Aruba, Austin, Barbados, Bermuda, Boston, Buffalo, Burbank, Burlington, Cancún, Charlotte, Chicago-O'Hare, Denver, Fort Lauderdale, Fort Myers, Houston-Hobby, Jacksonville (FL), Kingston, Los Angeles, Las Vegas, Long Beach, Montego Bay, Nantucket [seasonal], Nassau, New Orleans, Oakland, Orlando, Phoenix, Pittsburgh, Ponce, Portland (ME), Portland (OR), Puerto Plata, Punta Cana [begins May 6], Raleigh/Durham, Richmond, Rochester, Sacramento, St Lucia, St Maarten, Salt Lake City, San Diego, San Francisco, San Jose (CA), San Juan, Santiago de los Caballeros, Santo Domingo, Sarasota/Bradenton, Seattle/Tacoma, Syracuse, Tampa, Washington-Dulles, West Palm Beach 5
KLM Amsterdam 4
Korean Air Seoul-Incheon 1
Kuwait Airways Kuwait, London-Heathrow 4
LACSA San José de Costa Rica 4
LAN Airlines Lima, Santiago de Chile, Toronto-Pearson 4
LAN Ecuador Guayaquil 4
LAN Peru Lima, Toronto-Pearson 4
LOT Polish Airlines Rzeszów [seasonal], Warsaw 4
Lufthansa Frankfurt, Munich 1
Meridiana Naples [seasonal], Palermo [seasonal] 4
Mexicana Cancún, Guadalajara, Mexico City, Monterrey 8
Pakistan International Airlines Karachi, Lahore 4
Qantas Airways Sydney 7
Qatar Airways Doha 4
Royal Air Maroc Casablanca 1
Royal Jordanian Amman 4
Saudi Arabian Airlines Jeddah, Riyadh 1
Singapore Airlines Frankfurt, Singapore 4
South African Airways Johannesburg 4
Sun Country Airlines Minneapolis/St. Paul 4
Swiss International Air Lines Geneva, Zürich 4
TACA San Pedro Sula, San Salvador 4
TAM Airlines Rio de Janeiro-Galeão, São Paulo-Guarulhos 4
Turkish Airlines Istanbul-Atatürk 1
United Airlines Los Angeles, San Francisco 7
United Express operated by Atlantic Southeast Airlines Washington-Dulles 7
United Express operated by Mesa Airlines Washington-Dulles 7
United Express operated by Shuttle America Washington-Dulles 7
US Airways Charlotte, Phoenix 7
US Airways Express operated by Republic Airlines Charlotte 7
Uzbekistan Airways Riga, Tashkent 4
Virgin America Las Vegas, Los Angeles, San Francisco 4
Virgin Atlantic Airways London-Heathrow 4
Vision Airlines Havana [scheduled charter] 4
XL Airways France Paris-Charles de Gaulle [seasonal] 4
Cities served by direct flights from JFK

Infrastructure and services

Runways and operational infrastructure

Four runways (two pairs of parallel runways) surround the airport's central terminal area.[40]

Number Length Width ILS Notes
13R-31L 14,572 feet (4,442 m) 150 feet (46 m) Cat. I (31L) Second-longest commercial runway in North America (the longest is a 16,000 feet (4,900 m) runway at Denver International Airport). Adjacent to Terminals 1, 2 and 3. Handles approximately one half of the airport's scheduled departures. Is a backup runway for space shuttle missions.[41] Closed for four months starting March 1, 2010. The reconstruction of the runway will widen it from 150 feet to 200 feet with a concrete base instead of asphalt.
4R-22L 8,400 feet (2,600 m) 200 feet (61 m) Cat. III (both directions) Equipped at both ends with Approach Lighting Systems (ALS) with sequenced flashers, and touchdown zone (TDZ) lighting. The first Engineered Materials Arresting System (EMAS) in North America was installed at the northeast end of the runway in 1996. The bed consists of cellular cement material, which can safely decelerate and stop an aircraft that overruns the runway. The arrestor bed concept was originated and developed by the Port Authority and installed at JFK Airport as a joint research and development project with the FAA and industry.
4L-22R 11,351 feet (3,460 m) 150 feet (46 m) Cat. I (both directions) Adjacent to Terminals 4 and 5. Both ends allow instrument landings down to three-quarters of a mile visibility. Takeoffs can be conducted with one-eighth of a mile visibility.
13L-31R 10,000 feet (3,000 m) 150 feet (46 m) Cat. II (13L); Cat. I (31R) Equipped at both ends with ILS and ALS systems. Runway 13L has two additional visual aids for landing aircraft, a Visual Approach Slope Indicator System (VASI) and a Lead-In Lighting System (LDIN). The ILS on 13L, along with TDZ lighting, allows landings down to half a mile visibility. Takeoffs can be made with visibility of one-eighth of a mile.
Plane queue on the taxiway

JFK has over 25 miles (40 km) of taxiways to move aircraft in and around the airfield. The standard width of these taxiways is 75 feet (23 m), with 25-foot (7.6 m) heavy-duty shoulders and 25-foot (7.6 m) erosion control pavements on each side. The taxiways have centerline lights and are generally of asphalt concrete composition 15 to 18 inches (460 mm) thick. An illuminated sign system provides directional information for taxiing aircraft.[citation needed] The Air Traffic Control Tower, designed by Pei Cobb Freed & Partners and constructed on the ramp-side of Terminal 4, began full FAA operations in October 1994.[42] An Airport Surface Detection Equipment (ASDE) radar unit sits atop the tower. A gas-fired electric cogeneration plant generates electricity for the airport, with an output of about 90 megawatts. It uses thermal energy from the capture of waste heat to heat and cool all of the passenger terminals and other facilities in the central terminal area.[43]

Aircraft service facilities include seven aircraft hangars, an engine overhaul building, a 32-million gallon aircraft fuel storage facility, and a truck garage.[citation needed]

Information services

In the immediate vicinity of the airport, parking and other information can be obtained by tuning to a highway advisory radio station at 1630 AM.[44] A second station at 1700 AM provides information on traffic concerns for drivers leaving the airport.

Kennedy Airport, along with LaGuardia and Newark airports, uses a uniform style of signing throughout the airport properties. Yellow signs direct passengers to airline gates, ticketing and other flight services; green signs direct passengers to ground transportation services, and black signs lead to restrooms, telephones and other passenger amenities.

A former New York City traffic reporter, Bernie Wagenblast, provides the voice for the airport's radio stations and the messages heard onboard AirTrain JFK and in its stations.[45]

Traffic and statistics

In 2008, JFK handled 47,807,816 passengers.

The airport contributes about $30.1 billion in economic activity to the New York City region, generating 229,000 jobs and about $9.8 billion in wages and salaries. About 35,000 people are employed at the airport.[46]

By passengers carried, the five largest airlines at JFK are:[47]

  1. JetBlue Airways (25.5%)
  2. Delta Air Lines (including the Delta Connection carriers) (21.9%)
  3. American Airlines (including American Eagle) (16.7%)
  4. British Airways (2.8%)
  5. Air France (1.9%)

Nearly 100 airlines from over 50 countries operate regularly scheduled flights from JFK. The JFK-London Heathrow route is the leading U.S. international airport pair with over 2.9 million passengers in 2008. Domestic travel also accounts for a large share of airport traffic, particularly transcontinental and Florida service.[6]

Busiest International Routes from JFK (2008) [47]
Rank City Passengers Top Carriers
1 London-Heathrow, United Kingdom 2,928,307 American, British Airways, Delta, Virgin Atlantic, Kuwait Airways
2 Paris-Charles de Gaulle, France 1,177,019 Air France, American, XL Airways France
3 Frankfurt, Germany 646,900 Delta, Lufthansa, Singapore Airlines
4 Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic 579,954 American, Delta, JetBlue
5 Rome-Fiumicino, Italy 564,110 Alitalia, American, Delta, Eurofly
6 Santiago de los Caballeros, Dominican Republic 556,668 American, JetBlue, Delta
7 Tokyo-Narita, Japan 552,504 American, ANA, Delta, JAL
8 Tel Aviv, Israel 546,135 Delta, El Al
9 Amsterdam, the Netherlands 533,667 Delta, KLM
10 Seoul-Incheon, South Korea 516,414 Asiana, Korean Air
11 Mexico City, Mexico 464,775 Aeroméxico, Delta, Mexicana
12 São Paulo-Guarulhos, Brazil 461,064 American, Delta, JAL, TAM
13 Madrid, Spain 459,613 Air Europa, American Delta, Iberia
14 Dublin, Ireland 455,706 Aer Lingus, Delta
15 Dubai, UAE 418,665 Emirates
16 Zürich, Switzerland 367,214 American, Delta, Swiss
17 Hong Kong, China 341,418 Cathay Pacific
18 Cancún, Mexico 327,252 American, JetBlue, Mexicana
19 Montego Bay, Jamaica 315,301 Air Jamaica, American, JetBlue
20 Milan-Malpensa, Italy 283,637 Alitalia, American, Delta
21 Oranjestad, Aruba 272,291 American, Delta, JetBlue
22 Istanbul-Atatürk, Turkey 270,832 Delta, Turkish Airlines
23 Port of Spain, Trinidad & Tobago 246,789 Caribbean Airlines, Delta
24 Athens, Greece 245,551 Delta
25 Moscow-Sheremetyevo , Russia 229,873 Aeroflot, Delta
26 Bogotá, Colombia 228,443 Avianca, Delta
27 Brussels, Belgium 222,413 American, Delta, Jet Airways
28 Munich, Germany 218,166 Lufthansa
29 Cairo, Egypt 216,870 Delta, EgyptAir
30 Mumbai, India 215,477 Air India
Busiest Domestic Routes from JFK (2008) [47]
Rank City Passengers Top Carriers
1 Los Angeles, California 1,898,020 American, Delta, JetBlue, United, Virgin America
2 San Francisco, California 1,551,630 American, Delta, JetBlue, United, Virgin America
3 Orlando, Florida 1,183,270 American, Delta, JetBlue
4 Las Vegas, Nevada 1,066,390 American, Delta, JetBlue, Virgin America
5 San Juan, Puerto Rico 1,033,010 American, Delta, JetBlue
6 Fort Lauderdale, Florida 1,009,000 Delta, JetBlue
7 Miami, Florida 927,640 American, Delta
8 Tampa, Florida 665,750 American, Delta, JetBlue
9 Buffalo, New York 624,820 JetBlue, Delta
10 Boston, Massachusetts 573,530 Delta, JetBlue, American
11 West Palm Beach, Florida 536,640 JetBlue
12 Washington-Dulles, District of Columbia 471,730 American, Delta, JetBlue, United
13 San Diego, California 462,360 American, Delta, JetBlue
14 Seattle-Tacoma, Washington 459,150 American, Delta, JetBlue
15 Phoenix, Arizona 447,600 Delta, JetBlue, US Airways
16 Chicago, Illinois 439,470 American, Delta, JetBlue
17 Atlanta, Georgia 386,100 Delta
18 Long Beach, California 360,300 JetBlue
19 Minneapolis-Saint Paul, Minnesota 360,180 Delta
20 Fort Myers, Florida 337,390 Delta, JetBlue
21 Burbank, California 334,030 JetBlue
22 Salt Lake City, Utah 326,500 Delta, JetBlue
23 Raleigh-Durham, North Carolina 307,720 American, JetBlue, Delta
24 Houston-Intercontinental, Texas 296,140 Delta
25 Rochester, New York 275,540 Delta, JetBlue
26 Oakland, California 257,580 JetBlue
27 Charlotte, North Carolina 235,540 JetBlue, US Airways
28 Denver, Colorado 224,990 Delta, JetBlue
29 New Orleans, Louisiana 214,630 Delta, JetBlue
30 Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 209,910 American, Delta, JetBlue

Air freight

JFK is the nation’s busiest international air freight gateway by value of shipments and the second busiest overall by value including all air, land and sea U.S. freight gateways. Over 21% of all U.S. international air freight by value and 11% by tonnage moved through JFK in 2003.[7]

The JFK air cargo complex is a Foreign Trade Zone which legally lies outside the customs area of the United States.[48] JFK is a major hub for air cargo between the United States and Europe. London, Brussels and Frankfurt are JFK's three top trade routes.[7] The European airports are mostly a link in a global supply chain, however. The top destination markets for cargo flying out of JFK in 2003 were Tokyo, Seoul and London. Similarly, the top origin markets for imports at JFK were Seoul, Hong Kong, and Taipei, with London taking the fourth spot.[7]

Nearly 100 cargo air carriers operate out of JFK,[7] among them: Air China Cargo, ABX Air, Air Atlanta Icelandic, Asiana, Astar Air Cargo, Atlas Air, CAL Cargo Air Lines, Cargolux, Cargoitalia, Cathay Pacific Cargo, China Airlines, DHL, EVA Air, Evergreen International Airlines, Nippon Cargo Airlines, FedEx Express, DHL Air UK, Kalitta Air, Korean Air, Lufthansa Cargo, Prince Edward Air, United Cargo, UPS, Southern Air. Top 5 carriers together transported 33.1% of all “revenue” freight in 2005: American Airlines (10.9% of the total), FedEx Express (8.8%), Lufthansa Cargo (5.2%), Korean Air Cargo (4.9%), China Airlines (3.8%).[49]

Most cargo and maintenance facilities at JFK are located north and west of the main terminal area. DHL, FedEx Express, Japan Airlines, Lufthansa, Nippon Cargo Airlines and United Airlines have cargo facilities at JFK.[7][50] In 2000, Korean Air Cargo opened a new $102 million cargo terminal at JFK with total floor area of 81,124 square feet (7,536.7 m2) and capability of handling 200,000 tons annually.[51] In 2007, American Airlines opened a new priority parcel service facility at their Terminal 8, featuring 30-minute drop-offs and pick-ups for priority parcel shipments within the US.[52]

Ground transportation

Main article: Transportation to New York City area airports

Rail

The Howard Beach-JFK Airport subway station in Howard Beach

JFK is connected to New York's subway and commuter rail system by AirTrain JFK. AirTrain stops at all terminals, parking lots, hotel shuttle areas, car rental lots, 2 subway stations & the Long Island Rail Road. It is free within the airport. Travel time between JFK and Midtown Manhattan is approximately 30–40 minutes (depending on the originating/terminating terminal at JFK) using AirTrain and the Long Island Rail Road at Jamaica Station; or approximately 75 minutes between JFK and Downtown Manhattan using AirTrain and the New York City Subway A train at Howard Beach-JFK Station or the E (to Midtown Manhattan), J and Z (to Downtown Manhattan) trains at Sutphin Boulevard Station.[53]

A Lower Manhattan-Jamaica/JFK Transportation Project has been proposed to connect the AirTrain to Lower Manhattan.

Bus

Several city bus lines link JFK to the New York City Subway and Long Island Rail Road, including the Q3, Q6, Q7, Q10 (Local/Limited), and B15, with free transfers provided for subway connections. The buses are handicapped accessible. There are also many private bus lines operating express buses to Manhattan, the Hudson Valley, and Long Island.

Taxi

New York City's yellow cabs, licensed by the New York City Taxi & Limousine Commission, offer a flat rate service of $45 from JFK airport to Manhattan, excluding tips and tolls. Since November 30, 2006, this flat rate fare (excluding tips and tolls) applies to travel from Manhattan to JFK as well. Depending on the time of day, taxi travel from JFK to Midtown Manhattan can be as quick as 35 minutes. Door-to-door Car Service is another popular transportation option.

Car

JFK Airport is easily accessible by car and is located in southern Queens on the Van Wyck Expressway (I-678), which can be accessed from the Belt Parkway, the Grand Central Parkway and Queens Boulevard. A ring road connects the airport terminals to the Belt Parkway and the Van Wyck Expressway. The airport offers customers over 17,000 parking spaces, included in multi-level parking garages, surface spaces in the Central Terminal Area, a long-term parking lot and valet parking.[54]

Van Wyck Expressway twists through the terminal nucleus and turns into the JFK Expressway. This four-lane expressway allows for more convenient access to the airport for Long Island users via the westbound Belt Parkway. Because it lies almost entirely within Kennedy Airport, the JFK Expressway was constructed, and is maintained by the Port Authority. The JFK Expressway was built as part of an ongoing, multi-billion overhaul of Kennedy Airport that began in the late 1980s. It was designed to relieve up to 30 percent of the traffic volume from the Van Wyck Expressway.[55] Approximately 6 major rental car companies serve JFK Airport, with rental locations located on and off the airport. Each terminal's arrivals level (usually near the baggage carousel) has either a rental car counter or courtesy telephone for each of the car rental companies.

Helicopter

US Helicopter departing from the Downtown Manhattan Heliport

US Helicopter operated regularly scheduled flights every hour between Terminal 3 and the East 34th Street Heliport. Passengers traveling by helicopter to the airport passed through a security checkpoint at the heliport, not at JFK. On May 14, 2007, US Helicopter moved its operations from Terminal 9 to Terminal 3.[56] US Helicopter announced that it was temporarily suspending operations on September 25, 2009 due to financial difficulties.[57]

New York Airways provided helicopter service from JFK to other area airports and heliports from 1955 to 1979, and Pan American World Airways continued Manhattan helicopter service during the 1980s in order to feed its JFK flights. During the 1970s, New York Helicopter offered JFK flights from the top of the Pan Am Building in midtown Manhattan, but this service was cancelled after a major accident in 1977.[58]

Accidents and incidents

Template:Wikinewspar3 JFK has been the site of several notable aviation accidents and incidents.

  • December 18, 1954 - a Linee Aeree Italiane Douglas DC-6 crashed on its fourth approach attempt to land at Idlewild (the former name of JFK), after circling for 2.5 hours. 26 of the 32 passengers on board were killed.
  • November 10, 1958 - Vickers Viscount, CF-TGL of Trans-Canada Air Lines was destroyed by fire after it was struck by Lockheed L-749 Super Constellation N6503C of Seaboard & Western Airlines which had crashed on take-off.[60]
  • December 16, 1960 - a United Airlines Douglas DC-8 collided with a TWA Super Constellation on approach to the airport; the United jet crashed in a Brooklyn neighborhood, the TWA plane on Staten Island, killing 127 people on board and five on the ground.
  • March 1, 1962 - American Airlines Flight 1,[61] a Boeing 707 crashed on takeoff from Idlewild after its rudder separated from the tail. All 95 passengers and 12 crew members were killed.
  • November 30, 1962 - an Eastern Air Lines Douglas DC-7 crashed into the ground during a missed approach.
  • February 8, 1965 - an Eastern Air Lines Douglas DC-7 crashed off Jones Beach after takeoff when the pilots found themselves on an apparent collision course with an inbound Pan Am Boeing 707 and made evasive maneuvers.
  • 1967 - The Air France Robbery targeted $420,000 in cash brought in as Air France cargo.
  • September 8, 1970 - a Trans International Airlines DC-8-63CF ferry flight to Dulles International Airport crashed on takeoff from runway 13R, killing all 11 crewmembers on board. The DC-8 freighter started rotating in a nose-high attitude 1,500 feet (460 m) into the take-off. After becoming airborne at 2,800 feet (850 m) down the runway, the aircraft climbed to about 300–500 feet, rolled 20 degrees to the left, crashed and caught fire. The loss of pitch control was caused by the entrapment of a pointed, asphalt-covered object between the leading edge of the right elevator and the right horizontal spar web access door in the aft part of the stabilizer.
  • December 1, 1974 - Northwest Orient Flight 6231 a Boeing 727 chartered to pick up the Baltimore Colts in Buffalo crashed near Thiells, New York. The flight departed John F. Kennedy International Airport with only the cockpit crew onboard. The pitot heat was not turned on and the tube iced over during climb out making the airspeed readings unreliable. The plane stalled passing 23,000' and the crew was unable to regain control. All 3 crewmembers onboard were killed.
  • June 24, 1975 - Eastern Air Lines Flight 66, a Boeing 727 on final approach from New Orleans, crashed into the runway lights short of runway 22L, killing 112 passengers and crew. The cause of the crash was wind shear during a heavy thunderstorm.
  • December 11, 1978 - The Lufthansa heist targeted over $5 million in cash and jewels on a Lufthansa flight arriving from Germany; at the time, it was the largest cash robbery ever committed on American soil.
  • January 25, 1990 - Avianca Flight 52, a Boeing 707-321B arriving from Bogotá and Medellin, crashed at Cove Neck, Long Island, after a missed approach at JFK and subsequently running out of fuel. 73 passengers and crew perished. 85 survived.[62]
  • July 30, 1992 - TWA Flight 843, a Lockheed L-1011 departing for San Francisco, aborted takeoff shortly after liftoff. There were no fatalities among the 280 passengers, although the aircraft was destroyed.[63]
  • November 12, 2001 - American Airlines Flight 587, an Airbus A300 crashed while en route to Santo Domingo in the Dominican Republic. During climb, the aircraft lost most of its vertical fin due to the co-pilot's overcontrol of the rudder while encountering wake turbulence, and crashed into the Belle Harbor neighborhood of Queens. The crash killed all 260 people on the plane and five people on the ground.
  • On September 6, 2007, TAM Airlines Flight 8080 suffered a heavy landing due to the elevators not responding in the landing flare. An investigation revealed that #2 flight control primary computer did not match #1 and #3 computers, sending erroneous messages to the actuators for the elevators.[64]
  • January 16, 2010 - Terminal 8 was evacuated and passengers rescreened after a person bypassed security. According to a spokesman for the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey, which operates the airport, the evacuation was triggered when a man left an American Airlines first-class lounge through a restricted door.[65]
  • February 16-17, 2010 - Air Traffic Controller Glenn Duffy brought his seven year old son to work and allowed him to direct two airliners. The following day, he brought in his eight year old daughter and also allowed her to direct several airliners. These incidents prompted Duffy and his supervisor to be suspended from their jobs, and an FAA investigation.[66][67]

Other accidents and incidents involving JFK include:

As one of the major international gateways in the United States, JFK possesses a high profile in popular culture. The British Invasion began with the arrival of The Beatles at JFK in 1964, who held their first American press conference at the airport.

The Beatles arrive at JFK Airport

Rapper Notorious B.I.G. references the airport's code name in the song "Going Back to Cali." The theme song of the 1960s comedy TV series Car 54, Where Are You? contained a line reading: "There's a scout troop short a child, [Nikita] Khrushchev's due at Idlewild," referencing the airport's previous name, Idlewild. In his one-man show Red diaper baby, Josh Kornbluth's eccentric communist father insists on referring to JFK as the "Bay of Pigs Memorial Airport". JFK is also mentioned in the U2 song, "Angel of Harlem", as well as the song "The City" by Joe Purdy. In the Simpsons episode "$pringfield (Or, How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love Legalized Gambling)" Mr. Burns builds the 'Spruce Moose' a parody of Howard Hughes's 'Spruce Goose' airplane, which he claims will fly from New York's Idlewild Airport to the Belgian Congo in seventeen minutes. A futuristic version of JFK was featured in The Fifth Element. In I Love Lucy, Lucy misses the USS Constitution bound for Europe and is forced to take a helicopter out of Idlewild Airport. Idlewild Airport was also mentioned in a Twilight Zone episode in which a plane en route to Idlewild travels through time.

Many films have used JFK as a setting:

References

  1. ^ a b c "Governor Pataki and Mayor Bloomberg Announce Closing of Multi-Billion Dollar Agreement to Extend Airport Leases" (Press release). Port Authority of New York and New Jersey. 2004-11-30. Retrieved 2007-08-08. The Port Authority has operated JFK and LaGuardia for more than 55 years. The original 50-year lease [with the City of New York] was signed in 1947 and extended to 2015 under an agreement struck in 1965.
  2. ^ "John F. Kennedy International Airport". Panynj.gov. Retrieved 2010-03-11.
  3. ^ FAA Passenger Boarding Data for calendar year 2008 (preliminary). Federal Aviation Administration. July 15, 2009.
  4. ^ Passenger Traffic 2008 FINAL. Airports Council International. July 28, 2009.
  5. ^ FAA Airport Form 5010 for JFK PDF. Federal Aviation Administration. August 27, 2009.
  6. ^ a b Bureau of Transportation Statistics, U.S. Department of Transportation (2006). "U.S. International Travel and Transportation Trends, BTS02-03" (PDF). Retrieved 2008-06-15.
  7. ^ a b c d e f Bureau of Transportation Statistics, U.S. Department of Transportation (2004). "America's Freight Transportation Gateways" (PDF). Retrieved 2007-02-18.
  8. ^ Port Authority of New York and New Jersey (2006). "2006 Airport Traffic Report" (PDF). Retrieved 2008-07-30.
  9. ^ a b Major Airports Take Off, Newsday.
  10. ^ a b c d e TRANS WORLD AIRLINES FLIGHT CENTER (now TWA Terminal A) AT NEW YORK INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT, Landmarks Preservation Commission.
  11. ^ Hub of the World, TIME, July 12, 1948.
  12. ^ Benjamin, Philip (December 25, 1963). "Idlewild Is Rededicated as John F. Kennedy Airport". New York Times. Retrieved 2010-03-13.
  13. ^ a b Alastair Gordon, Naked Airport (U. of Chicago Press)
  14. ^ Hugh Pearman, Airports (Laurence King).
  15. ^ Bigger Than Grand Central, TIME, November 9, 1959.
  16. ^ Ford, Ruth (July 23, 2006). "Demolishing a Celebrated Wall of Glass". New York Times. Retrieved September 16, 2009.
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  18. ^ JetBlue - Terminal 5 History
  19. ^ PORT AUTHORITY, UNITED AIRLINES LAUNCH MAJOR REDEVELOPMENT OF TERMINALS 5 AND 6 AT JFK - Project Pushes Total Cost of Kennedy Airport's Record Redevelopment to $10 Billion Mark
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  22. ^ Witkin, Richard (November 23, 1977). "Concordes From London and Paris Land at Kennedy As 16-Month Trial Passenger Service Is Initiated". The New York Times. Retrieved 2010-03-20.
  23. ^ Kilgannon, Corey (October 25, 2003). "Covering Their Ears One Last Time for Concorde". The New York Times. Retrieved 2010-03-20.
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  28. ^ "Emirates Airline A380 Emirates to stop flying A380s to NY". eTurboNews.com. 2009-03-18. Retrieved 2010-03-11.
  29. ^ ""New York and New Jersey Airports"". 2009-05-18.
  30. ^ "Survey: JetBlue is best low-cost carrier". Associated Press. June 30, 2006. Retrieved September 16, 2009.
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  32. ^ Terminal One Group website
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  35. ^ Temporary gates to be demolished.
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  43. ^ JFK Plane Queue Picture -Shows relative sizing
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  45. ^ "About My Services". Bernie Wagenblast Voice Services. Retrieved 2010-03-08.
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  48. ^ Unique Foreign Trade Zone Status, Port Authority of New York and New Jersey.
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  51. ^ New York JFK, Korean Air Cargo.
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  53. ^ AirTrain website
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  55. ^ "JFK Expressway - Historic Overview". Eastern Roads Website.
  56. ^ "Delta Cuts Travel Time between Manhattan and JFK to Just Eight Minutes with US Helicopter's Airport Shuttle Service" (PDF). US Helicopter. 2007-05-10. Retrieved 2007-08-02.
  57. ^ McGeehan, Patrick (September 25, 2009). "U.S. Helicopter Halts Shuttle Service to J.F.K. and Newark". New York Times. Retrieved September 26, 2009.
  58. ^ McGeehan, Patrick (February 6, 2006). "New Helicopter Service Promises Wall St. to J.F.K., in 9 Minutes". New York Times. Retrieved September 16, 2009.
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  62. ^ McQuiston, John T. (January 26, 1990). "Plane Crashes on L.I. With 149 Aboard". The New York Times. Retrieved 2010-03-08.
  63. ^ McFadden, Robert D. (July 31, 1992). "Escape from Flight 843". The New York Times. Retrieved 2010-03-08.
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  65. ^ Healy, Jack; Baker, Al (January 16, 2010). "J.F.K. Terminal Evacuated After Security Breach". The New York Times. Retrieved 2010-01-16.
  66. ^ Kid Directs Planes at JFK airport
  67. ^ Audiotape Reveals 2nd Kid Controller
  68. ^ Connor, Tracy (2007-06-03). "Inner workings of twisted plan: How gang of fanatics hatched mission code-named 'The Chicken Farm'". New York Daily News. Retrieved 2007-08-02.
  69. ^ Archerd, Army (2002-04-30). "Who will fill Frank Sinatra's shoes?". Variety. Retrieved 2008-07-01.

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