Star Wars
Star Wars is an American epic space opera film series conceived by George Lucas. The first film in the series was originally released on May 25, 1977, under the title Star Wars, by 20th Century Fox, and became a worldwide pop culture phenomenon, followed by two sequels, released at three-year intervals. Sixteen years after the release of the trilogy's final film, the first in a new prequel trilogy of films was released, again at three-year intervals, with the final film released on May 19, 2005.
As of 2008, the overall box office revenue generated by the six Star Wars films has totalled approximately $4.41 billion,[1] making it the third-highest-grossing film series,[2] behind only the Harry Potter and James Bond films.
The Star Wars film series has spawned a media franchise including books, television series, video games, and comic books. These supplements to the film trilogies comprise the Star Wars Expanded Universe, and have resulted in significant development of the series' fictional universe. These media kept the franchise going in the interim between the film trilogies. In 2008, Star Wars: The Clone Wars was released to theaters as the first ever worldwide theatrical Star Wars film outside of the main trilogies. It was the franchise's first animated film, and was intended as an introduction to the Expanded Universe series of the same name, a 3D CGI animated series based on a previous 2D animated series of a similar name.
Setting
The events depicted in Star Wars media take place in a fictional galaxy. Many species of alien creatures (often humanoid) are depicted. Robotic droids are also commonplace and are generally built to serve their owners. Space travel is common, and many planets in the galaxy are members of a Galactic Republic, later reorganized as the Galactic Empire.
One of the prominent elements of Star Wars is the "Force", an omnipresent energy that can be harnessed by those with that ability. It is described in the first produced film as "an energy field created by all living things [that] surrounds us, penetrates us, [and] binds the galaxy together."[3] The Force allows users to perform a variety of supernatural feats (such as telekinesis, clairvoyance, precognition, and mind control) and also can amplify certain physical traits, such as speed and reflexes; these abilities vary between characters and can be improved through training. While the Force can be used for good, it has a dark side that, when pursued, imbues users with hatred, aggression, and malevolence. The six films feature the Jedi, who use the Force for good, and the Sith, who use the dark side for evil in an attempt to take over the galaxy. In the Star Wars Expanded Universe, many dark side users are Dark Jedi rather than Sith, mainly because of the "Rule of Two" (see Sith Origin).[3][4][5][6][7][8]
Feature films
The film series began with Star Wars, released on May 25, 1977. This was followed by two sequels: The Empire Strikes Back, released on May 21, 1980, and Return of the Jedi, released on May 25, 1983. The opening crawl of the sequels disclosed that they were numbered as "Episode V" and "Episode VI" respectively, though the films were generally advertised solely under their subtitles. Though the first film in the series was simply titled Star Wars, it later had the subtitle Episode IV: A New Hope added to distinguish it from its sequels and prequels.[9]
In 1997, to correspond with the 20th anniversary of Star Wars, Lucas released "Special Editions" of the three films to theaters. The re-releases featured alterations to the original films, primarily motivated by the improvement of CGI and other special effects technologies, which allowed visuals that were not possible to achieve at the time of the original filmmaking. Lucas continued to make changes to the original trilogy for subsequent releases, such as the first ever DVD release of the trilogy on September 21, 2004.[10]
More than two decades after the release of the original Star Wars, the film series continued with the long-awaited prequel trilogy, consisting of Episode I: The Phantom Menace, released on May 19, 1999; Episode II: Attack of the Clones, released on May 16, 2002; and Episode III: Revenge of the Sith, released on May 19, 2005.[11]
Plot overview
The prequel trilogy follows the early life of Anakin Skywalker. He is discovered by the Jedi Knight Qui-Gon Jinn, who believes him to be the "Chosen One" foretold by Jedi prophecy to bring balance to the Force. The Jedi Council, led by Yoda, sense that Anakin's future is clouded by fear, but reluctantly allow Qui-Gon's apprentice Obi-Wan Kenobi to train Anakin after Qui-Gon is killed by the Sith Lord Darth Maul. At the same time, the planet Naboo is under attack, and its ruler, Queen Padmé Amidala, seeks the assistance of the Jedi to repel the attack. The Sith Lord Darth Sidious secretly planned the attack to give his alter-ego, Senator Palpatine, a pretense to overthrow the Supreme Chancellor of the Galactic Republic and take his place.[4] The remainder of the prequel trilogy chronicles Anakin's gradual fall to the dark side of the Force as he fights in the Clone Wars, which Palpatine secretly engineers in order to destroy the Republic and lure Anakin into his service.[5] Anakin and Padmé fall in love and secretly wed, and eventually Padmé becomes pregnant. Anakin has a prophetic vision of Padmé dying in childbirth, and Palpatine convinces him that the dark side holds the power to save her life; desperate, Anakin submits to the dark side and takes the Sith name Darth Vader. While Palpatine re-organizes the Republic into the tyrannical Galactic Empire—appointing himself Emperor for life—Vader participates in the extermination of the Jedi Order, culminating in a lightsaber battle between himself and Obi-Wan. Obi-Wan ultimately defeats his former apprentice and friend, severing his limbs and leaving him for dead beside a lava flow. However, Palpatine arrives shortly afterward and saves Vader, putting him into a black, mechanical suit of armor that keeps him alive. At the same time, Padmé dies while giving birth to twins Luke and Leia. The twins are hidden from Vader and are not told who their real parents are.[6]
The original trilogy begins 19 years later as Vader nears completion of the massive Death Star space station, which will allow the Empire to crush the Rebel Alliance, which has formed to combat Palpatine's tyranny. Vader captures Princess Leia Organa, who has stolen the plans to the Death Star and hidden them in the astromech droid R2-D2. R2-D2, along with his counterpart C-3PO, escape to the planet Tatooine. There, the droids are purchased by Luke Skywalker and his step-uncle and aunt. While Luke is cleaning R2-D2, he accidentally triggers a message put into the droid by Leia, who asks for assistance from Obi-Wan. Luke later assists the droids in finding the Jedi Knight, who is now passing as an old hermit under the alias Ben Kenobi. When Luke asks about his father, Obi-Wan tells him that Anakin was a great Jedi who was betrayed and murdered by Vader.[13] Obi-Wan and Luke hire the smuggler Han Solo and his Wookiee co-pilot Chewbacca to take them to Alderaan, Leia's homeworld, which they eventually find has been destroyed by the Death Star. Once onboard the space station, Obi-Wan allows himself to be killed during a lightsaber rematch with Vader; his sacrifice allows the group to escape with the plans that help the rebels destroy the Death Star. It is Luke himself who fires the shot that destroys the deadly space station.[3]
Three years later, Luke travels to find Yoda and start his Jedi training, but is interrupted when Vader lures him into a trap by capturing Han and the others. During a fierce lightsaber duel, Vader reveals that he is Luke's father and attempts to turn him to the dark side.[7] Luke escapes, and, after rescuing Han from the gangster Jabba the Hutt a year later, returns to his training with Yoda, who by this time is on his deathbed. Before he passes away, Yoda confirms that Vader is Luke's father; moments later, Obi-Wan's spirit tells Luke that he must face his father before he can become a Jedi, and that Leia is his twin sister. As the Rebels attack the second Death Star, Luke confronts Vader as Palpatine watches; both Sith Lords intend to turn Luke to the dark side and take him as their apprentice. During the subsequent lightsaber duel, Luke succumbs to his anger and brutally overpowers Vader, but controls himself at the last minute; realizing that he is about to suffer his father's fate, he spares Vader's life and proudly declares his allegiance to the Jedi. An enraged Palpatine then attempts to kill Luke with Force lightning, a sight that moves Vader to turn on and kill his master, suffering mortal wounds in the process. Redeemed, Anakin Skywalker dies in his son's arms. Luke becomes a full-fledged Jedi, and the Rebels destroy the second Death Star and, with it, the Empire.[8]
Cast and characters
Themes
Star Wars features elements such as knights, witches, and princesses that are related to archetypes of the fantasy genre.[15] The Star Wars world, unlike science-fiction and fantasy films that featured sleek and futuristic settings, was portrayed as dirty and grimy. Lucas' vision of a "used future" was further popularized in the science fiction-horror films Alien,[16] which was set on a dirty space freighter; Mad Max 2, which is set in a post-apocalyptic desert; and Blade Runner, which is set in a crumbling, dirty city of the future. Lucas made a conscious effort to parallel scenes and dialogue between films, and especially to parallel the journeys of Luke Skywalker with that of his father Anakin when making the prequels.[4]
Technical information
All six films of the Star Wars series were shot in an aspect ratio of 2.40:1. The original trilogy was shot with anamorphic lenses. Episodes IV and V were shot in Panavision, while Episode VI was shot in Joe Dunton Camera (JDC) scope. Episode I was shot with Hawk anamorphic lenses on Arriflex cameras, and Episodes II and III were shot with Sony's CineAlta high-definition digital cameras.[17]
Lucas hired Ben Burtt to oversee the sound effects on A New Hope. Burtt's accomplishment was such that the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences presented him with a Special Achievement Award because it had no award at the time for the work he had done.[18] Lucasfilm developed the THX sound reproduction standard for Return of the Jedi.[19] John Williams composed the scores for all six films. Lucas' design for Star Wars involved a grand musical sound, with leitmotifs for different characters and important concepts. Williams' Star Wars title theme has become one of the most famous and well-known musical compositions in modern music history.[20]
The technical lightsaber choreography for the original trilogy was developed by Hollywood sword-master Bob Anderson. Anderson trained actor Mark Hamill (Luke Skywalker) and performed all the sword stunts as Darth Vader during the lightsaber duels in The Empire Strikes Back and Return of the Jedi, wearing Vader's costume. Anderson's role in the original Star Wars trilogy was highlighted in the film Reclaiming the Blade, where he shares his experiences as the fight choreographer developing the lightsaber techniques for the movies.[21]
Production history
Original trilogy
In 1971, Universal Studios agreed to make American Graffiti and Star Wars in a two-picture contract, although Star Wars was later rejected in its early concept stages. American Graffiti was completed in 1973 and, a few months later, Lucas wrote a short summary called "The Journal of the Whills", which told the tale of the training of apprentice C.J. Thorpe as a "Jedi-Bendu" space commando by the legendary Mace Windy.[22] Frustrated that his story was too difficult to understand, Lucas then wrote a 13-page treatment called The Star Wars, which was a loose remake of Akira Kurosawa's The Hidden Fortress.[23] By 1974, he had expanded the treatment into a rough draft screenplay, adding elements such as the Sith, the Death Star, and a protagonist named Annikin Starkiller. For the second draft, Lucas made heavy simplifications, and also introduced the young hero on a farm as Luke Skywalker. Anakin became Luke's father, a wise Jedi knight. "The Force" was also introduced as a supernatural power. The next draft removed the father character and replaced him with a substitute named Ben Kenobi, and in 1976 a fourth draft had been prepared for principal photography. The film was titled Adventures of Luke Starkiller, as taken from the Journal of the Whills, Saga I: The Star Wars. During production, Lucas changed Luke's name to Skywalker and altered the title to simply The Star Wars and finally Star Wars.[24]
At that point, Lucas was not expecting the film to become part of a series. The fourth draft of the script underwent subtle changes that made it more satisfying as a self-contained film, ending with the destruction of the Empire itself by way of destroying the Death Star. However, Lucas had previously conceived of the film as the first in a series of adventures. Later, he realised the film would not in fact be the first in the sequence, but a film in the second trilogy in the saga. This is stated explicitly in George Lucas' preface to the 1994 reissue of Splinter of the Mind's Eye:
It wasn't long after I began writing Star Wars that I realized the story was more than a single film could hold. As the saga of the Skywalkers and Jedi Knights unfolded, I began to see it as a tale that could take at least nine films to tell—three trilogies—and I realized, in making my way through the back story and after story, that I was really setting out to write the middle story.
The second draft contained a teaser for a never-made sequel about "The Princess of Ondos," and by the time of the third draft some months later Lucas had negotiated a contract that gave him rights to make two sequels. Not long after, Lucas met with author Alan Dean Foster, and hired him to write these two sequels as novels.[25] The intention was that if Star Wars were successful, Lucas could adapt the novels into screenplays.[26] He had also by that point developed a fairly elaborate backstory to aid his writing process.[27]
When Star Wars proved successful, Lucas decided to use the film as the basis for an elaborate serial, although at one point he considered walking away from the series altogether.[28] However, Lucas wanted to create an independent filmmaking center—what would become Skywalker Ranch—and saw an opportunity to use the series as a financing agent.[29] Alan Dean Foster had already begun writing the first sequel novel, but Lucas decided to abandon his plan to adapt Foster's work; the book was released as Splinter of the Mind's Eye the following year. At first Lucas envisioned a series of films with no set number of entries, like the James Bond series. In an interview with Rolling Stone in August 1977, he said that he wanted his friends to each take a turn at directing the films and giving unique interpretations on the series. He also said that the backstory in which Darth Vader turns to the dark side, kills Luke's father and fights Ben Kenobi on a volcano as the Galactic Republic falls would make an excellent sequel.
Later that year, Lucas hired science fiction author Leigh Brackett to write Star Wars II with him. They held story conferences and, by late November 1977, Lucas had produced a handwritten treatment called The Empire Strikes Back. The treatment is very similar to the final film, except that Darth Vader does not reveal he is Luke's father. In the first draft that Brackett would write from this, Luke's father appears as a ghost to instruct Luke.[30]
Brackett finished her first draft in early 1978; Lucas has said he was disappointed with it, but before he could discuss it with her, she died of cancer.[31] With no writer available, Lucas had to write his next draft himself. It was this draft in which Lucas first made use of the "Episode" numbering for the films; Empire Strikes Back was listed as Episode II.[32] As Michael Kaminski argues in The Secret History of Star Wars, the disappointment with the first draft probably made Lucas consider different directions in which to take the story.[33] He made use of a new plot twist: Darth Vader claims to be Luke's father. According to Lucas, he found this draft enjoyable to write, as opposed to the year-long struggles writing the first film, and quickly wrote two more drafts,[34] both in April 1978. He also took the script to a darker extreme by having Han Solo imprisoned in carbonite and left in limbo.[7]
This new story point of Darth Vader being Luke's father had drastic effects on the series. Michael Kaminski argues in his book that it is unlikely that the plot point had ever seriously been considered or even conceived of before 1978, and that the first film was clearly operating under an alternate storyline where Vader was separate from Luke's father;[35] there is not a single reference to this plot point before 1978. After writing the second and third drafts of Empire Strikes Back in which the point was introduced, Lucas reviewed the new backstory he had created: Anakin Skywalker was Ben Kenobi's brilliant student and had a child named Luke, but was swayed to the dark side by Emperor Palpatine (who became a Sith and not simply a politician). Anakin battled Ben Kenobi on the site of a volcano and was wounded, but then resurrected as Darth Vader. Meanwhile Kenobi hid Luke on Tatooine while the Republic became the Empire and Vader systematically hunted down and killed the Jedi.[36]
With this new backstory in place, Lucas decided that the series would be a trilogy, changing Empire Strikes Back from Episode II to Episode V in the next draft.[34] Lawrence Kasdan, who had just completed writing Raiders of the Lost Ark, was then hired to write the next drafts, and was given additional input from director Irvin Kershner. Kasdan, Kershner, and producer Gary Kurtz saw the film as a more serious and adult film, which was helped by the new, darker storyline, and developed the series from the light adventure roots of the first film.[37]
By the time he began writing Episode VI in 1981 (then titled Revenge of the Jedi), much had changed. Making Empire Strikes Back was stressful and costly, and Lucas' personal life was disintegrating. Burned out and not wanting to make any more Star Wars films, he vowed that he was done with the series in a May 1983 interview with Time magazine. Lucas' 1981 rough drafts had Darth Vader competing with the Emperor for possession of Luke—and in the second script, the "revised rough draft", Vader became a sympathetic character. Lawrence Kasdan was hired to take over once again and, in these final drafts, Vader was explicitly redeemed and finally unmasked. This change in character would provide a springboard to the "Tragedy of Darth Vader" storyline that underlies the prequels.[38]
Prequel trilogy
After losing much of his fortune in a divorce settlement in 1987, Lucas had no desire to return to Star Wars, and had unofficially canceled his sequel trilogy by the time of Return of the Jedi.[39] Nevertheless, the prequels, which were quite developed at this point, continued to fascinate him. After Star Wars became popular once again, in the wake of Dark Horse's comic book line and Timothy Zahn's trilogy of novels, Lucas saw that there was still a large audience. His children were older, and with the explosion of CGI technology he was now considering returning to directing.[40] By 1993 it was announced, in Variety among other sources, that he would be making the prequels. He began outlining the story, now indicating the series would be a tragic one examining Anakin Skywalker's fall to the dark side. Lucas also began to change how the prequels would exist relative to the originals; at first they were supposed to be a "filling-in" of history, backstory, existing parallel or tangential to the originals, but now he saw that they could form the beginning of one long story that started with Anakin's childhood and ended with his death. This was the final step towards turning the film series into a "Saga".[41]
In 1994, Lucas began writing the first screenplay titled Episode I: The Beginning. Following the release of that film, Lucas announced that he would also be directing the next two, and began working on Episode II at that time.[42] The first draft of Episode II was completed just weeks before principal photography, and Lucas hired Jonathan Hales, a writer from The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles, to polish it.[43] Unsure of a title, Lucas had jokingly called the film "Jar Jar's Great Adventure."[44] In writing The Empire Strikes Back, Lucas initially decided that Lando Calrissian was a clone and came from a planet of clones which caused the "Clone Wars" mentioned by Obi-Wan Kenobi in A New Hope;[45][46] he later came up with an alternate concept of an army of clone shocktroopers from a remote planet which attacked the Republic and were repelled by the Jedi.[47] The basic elements of that backstory became the plot basis for Episode II, with the new wrinkle added that Palpatine secretly orchestrated the crisis.[5]
Lucas began working on Episode III before Attack of the Clones was released, offering concept artists that the film would open with a montage of seven Clone War battles.[48] As he reviewed the storyline that summer, however, he says he radically re-organized the plot.[49] Michael Kaminski, in The Secret History of Star Wars, offers evidence that issues in Anakin's fall to the dark side prompted Lucas to make massive story changes, first revising the opening sequence to have Palpatine kidnapped and his apprentice, Count Dooku, murdered by Anakin as the first act in the latter's turn towards the dark side.[50] After principal photography was complete in 2003, Lucas made even more massive changes in Anakin's character, re-writing his entire turn to the dark side; he would now turn primarily in a quest to save Padmé's life, rather than the previous version in which that reason was one of several, including that he genuinely believed that the Jedi were evil and plotting to take over the Republic. This fundamental re-write was accomplished both through editing the principal footage, and new and revised scenes filmed during pick-ups in 2004.[51]
Lucas often exaggerated the amount of material he wrote for the series; much of it stemmed from the post–1978 period when the series grew into a phenomenon. Michael Kaminski explained that these exaggerations were both a publicity and security measure. Kaminski rationalized that since the series' story radically changed throughout the years, it was always Lucas' intention to change the original story retroactively because audiences would only view the material from his perspective.[6][52]
Sequel trilogy
The sequel trilogy was a reportedly planned trilogy of films (Episodes VII, VIII and IX) by Lucasfilm as a sequel to the original Star Wars trilogy (Episodes IV, V and VI) released between 1977 and 1983.[53] While the similarly discussed Star Wars prequel trilogy (Episodes I, II and III) was ultimately released between 1999 and 2005, Lucasfilm and George Lucas have for many years denied plans of making a sequel trilogy, insisting that Star Wars is meant to be a six-part series.[54][55]
Future releases
At a ShoWest convention in 2005, Lucas demonstrated new technology and stated that he planned to release the six films in a new 3-D film format, beginning with A New Hope in 2007.[56] However, by January 2007, Lucasfilm stated on StarWars.com that "there are no definitive plans or dates for releasing the Star Wars saga in 3-D." At Celebration Europe in July 2007, Rick McCallum confirmed that Lucasfilm is "planning to take all six films and turn them into 3-D," but they are "waiting for the companies out there that are developing this technology to bring it down to a cost level that makes it worthwhile for everybody".[57] In July 2008, Jeffrey Katzenberg, the CEO of Dreamworks Animations, revealed that Lucas plans to redo all six of the movies in 3D.[58] In late September 2010, it was announced that The Phantom Menace will be theatrically re-released in 3-D during 2012.[59] All six films will be re-released in order, with the 3-D conversion process taking at least a year to complete per film.[60]
Lucas has hinted in the past that he will release future, more definitive editions of the six Star Wars films on a next-generation home-video format.[61][62] There have been discussions that he will take this opportunity to make any final adjustments, changes, additions, and/or subtractions to his films for this final release. An altered clip from The Phantom Menace included in a featurette on the DVD release of Revenge of the Sith features a computer generated Yoda replacing the original puppet; animation director Rob Coleman stated that the clip had been created as test footage of Yoda prior to work on Revenge of the Sith.[63] Lucasfilm Vice President of Marketing Jim Ward announced that Lucasfilm is likely to do more work on the films, stating "As the technology evolves and we get into a high-definition platform that is easily consumable by our customers, the situation is much better, but there will always be work to be done."[64] At Chicago Comics and Entertainment Expo 2010, Steve Sansweet, Lucasfilm's Director of Fan Relations, revealed that "a very full set of all six movies on Blu-ray with lots of extra material" is being prepared for release.[65] On August 14, 2010, George Lucas announced that all six Star Wars films will be released on Blu-ray Disc in the Fall of 2011.[66] On January 6, 2011, Lucasfilm announced the release of the Star Wars saga on Blu-ray for September 2011. In May 2011, a website counted down to May the Fourth, and now has more information about the Blu-ray edition.[67]
Box office performance
| Film | Release date | Box office revenue | Box office ranking | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| United States | Foreign | Worldwide | Adjusted for inflation (US) |
All-time domestic | All-time worldwide | ||
| Star Wars Episode IV: A New Hope[68] | May 25, 1977 | $460,998,007 | $314,400,000 | $775,398,007 | $2,317,901,017 | #4 | #30 |
| Star Wars Episode V: The Empire Strikes Back[69] | May 21, 1980 | $290,475,067 | $247,900,000 | $538,375,067 | $1,074,147,703 | #38 | #62 |
| Star Wars Episode VI: Return of the Jedi[70] | May 25, 1983 | $309,306,177 | $165,800,000 | $475,106,177 | $946,210,276 | #29 | #80 |
| Original Star Wars trilogy | $1,060,779,251 | $728,100,000 | $1,788,879,251 | $4,338,258,996 | |||
| Star Wars Episode I: The Phantom Menace[71] | May 19, 1999 | $431,088,301 | $493,229,257 | $924,317,558 | $788,462,742 | #7 | #11 |
| Star Wars Episode II: Attack of the Clones[72] | May 16, 2002 | $310,676,740 | $338,721,588 | $649,398,328 | $526,282,374 | #27 | #42 |
| Star Wars Episode III: Revenge of the Sith[73] | May 19, 2005 | $380,270,577 | $468,728,238 | $848,998,815 | $593,245,426 | #11 | #20 |
| Prequel Star Wars trilogy | $1,122,035,618 | $1,300,679,083 | $2,422,714,701 | $1,907,990,542 | |||
| Star Wars: The Clone Wars[74] | August 15, 2008 | $35,161,554 | $33,121,290 | $68,282,844 | 49,758,762 | #1,557 | — |
| Complete Star Wars film series | $2,217,976,423 | $2,061,900,373 | $4,279,876,796 | $6,296,008,300 | |||
Critical reaction
| Film | Rotten Tomatoes | Metacritic | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Overall | Cream of the Crop | ||
| Star Wars Episode IV: A New Hope | 94% (65 reviews)[75] | 88% (17 reviews)[76] | 91 (13 reviews)[77] |
| Star Wars Episode V: The Empire Strikes Back | 97% (72 reviews)[78] | 88% (16 reviews)[79] | 78 (15 reviews)[80] |
| Star Wars Episode VI: Return of the Jedi | 78% (64 reviews)[81] | 76% (17 reviews)[82] | 52 (14 reviews)[83] |
| Star Wars Episode I: The Phantom Menace | 62% (160 reviews)[84] | 40% (47 reviews)[85] | 52 (35 reviews)[86] |
| Star Wars Episode II: Attack of the Clones | 67% (218 reviews)[87] | 40% (40 reviews)[88] | 53 (39 reviews)[89] |
| Star Wars Episode III: Revenge of the Sith | 80% (253 reviews)[90] | 67% (43 reviews)[91] | 68 (40 reviews)[92] |
| Star Wars: The Clone Wars | 19% (152 reviews)[93] | 15% (26 reviews)[94] | 35 (30 reviews)[95] |
| Average | 71% | 59% | 61 |
Academy Awards
The six films together were nominated for a total of 25 Academy Awards, of which they won ten. Three of these were Special Achievement Awards.
| Award | Awards Won | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| IV: A New Hope | V: The Empire Strikes Back | VI: Return of the Jedi | I: The Phantom Menace | II: Attack of the Clones | III: Revenge of the Sith | |
| Actor in a Supporting Role | Nomination (Alec Guinness) |
|||||
| Art Direction-Set Decoration | Win | Nomination | Nomination | |||
| Costume Design | Win | |||||
| Director | Nomination (George Lucas) |
|||||
| Film Editing | Win | |||||
| Makeup | Nomination | |||||
| Music (Original Score) | Win | Nomination | Nomination | |||
| Picture | Nomination | |||||
| Screenplay – Original | Nomination | |||||
| Sound Editing | Nomination | Nomination | ||||
| Sound (Mixing) | Win | Win | Nomination | Nomination | ||
| Visual Effects | Win | Nomination | Nomination | |||
| Special Achievement Award | Win (Alien, Creature and Robot Voices) |
Win (Visual Effects) |
Win (Visual Effects) |
|||
Expanded Universe
The term Expanded Universe (EU) is an umbrella term for officially licensed Star Wars material outside of the six feature films. The material expands the stories told in the films, taking place anywhere from 25,000 years before The Phantom Menace to 140 years after Return of the Jedi. The first Expanded Universe story appeared in Marvel Comics' Star Wars #7 in January 1978 (the first six issues of the series having been an adaptation of the film), followed quickly by Alan Dean Foster's novel Splinter of the Mind's Eye the following month.[96]
George Lucas retains artistic control over the Star Wars universe. For example, the death of central characters and similar changes in the status quo must first pass his screening before authors are given the go-ahead. In addition, Lucasfilm Licensing devotes efforts to ensure continuity between the works of various authors across companies.[97] Elements of the Expanded Universe have been adopted by Lucas for use in the films, such as the name of capital planet Coruscant, which first appeared in Timothy Zahn's novel Heir to the Empire before being used in The Phantom Menace. Additionally, Lucas so liked the character Aayla Secura, who was introduced in Dark Horse Comics' Star Wars series, that he included her as a character in Attack of the Clones.[98]
Lucas has played a large role in the production of various television projects, usually serving as storywriter or executive producer.[99] Star Wars has had numerous radio adaptations. A radio adaptation of A New Hope was first broadcast on National Public Radio in 1981. The adaptation was written by science fiction author Brian Daley and directed by John Madden. It was followed by adaptations of The Empire Strikes Back in 1983 and Return of the Jedi in 1996. The adaptations included background material created by Lucas but not used in the films. Mark Hamill, Anthony Daniels, and Billy Dee Williams reprised their roles as Luke Skywalker, C-3PO, and Lando Calrissian, respectively, except in Return of the Jedi in which Luke was played by Joshua Fardon and Lando by Arye Gross. The series also used John Williams' original score from the films and Ben Burtt's original sound designs.[100]
Other films
In addition to the two trilogies, several authorized films have been produced:
- The Star Wars Holiday Special, a 1978 two-hour television special, shown only once and never released on video. Notable for the introduction of Boba Fett.
- Caravan of Courage: An Ewok Adventure, a 1984 American made-for-TV film—released theatrically overseas.
- Ewoks: The Battle for Endor, a 1985 American made-for-TV film—released theatrically overseas.
- The Great Heep, a 1986 animated television special from the Star Wars: Droids TV series.
- Star Wars: The Clone Wars, a 2008 animated theatrical release that leads into the animated TV series of the same name.
- Lego Star Wars: The Quest for R2-D2, a 2009 official comedy spoof primarily based on The Clone Wars film.
Animated series
Following the success of the Star Wars films and their subsequent merchandising, several animated television series have been created for the younger fan base:
- Star Wars: Droids, also known as Droids, which premiered in September 1985, focused on the travels of R2-D2 and C-3P0 as they shift through various different owners/masters, and vaguely fills in the gaps between the events of Star Wars Episode III: Revenge of the Sith and Star Wars Episode IV: A New Hope.
- Star Wars: Ewoks and colloquially as The Ewoks, was simultaneously released in September 1985 and focused on the adventures of Wicket and various other recognizable Ewok characters from the original trilogy in the years leading up to Star Wars Episode VI: Return of the Jedi.
- Star Wars: Clone Wars cartoon micro-series created by Genndy Tartakovsky, which aired on Cartoon Network from November 2003 to March 2005.
- Star Wars: The Clone Wars animated series continuation of the animated movie of the same name, which has been airing on Cartoon Network since October 2008.
- Untitled Star Wars Animated Series: an animated comedy series written by Brendan Hay, who is a writer for the comedy news show The Daily Show, and with creative consulting from the co-creators of Robot Chicken: Seth Green and Matthew Senreich. The series will take place during the original trilogy and the setting will be remote from the front line of war.[101]
Literature
Star Wars-based fiction predates the release of the first film, with the 1976 novelization of Star Wars (ghost-written by Alan Dean Foster and credited to Lucas). Foster's 1978 novel, Splinter of the Mind's Eye, was the first Expanded Universe work to be released. In addition to filling in the time between A New Hope and The Empire Strikes Back, this additional content greatly expanded the Star Wars timeline before and after the film series. Star Wars fiction flourished during the time of the original trilogy (1977–1983) but slowed to a trickle afterwards. In 1992, however, Timothy Zahn's Thrawn trilogy debuted, sparking a new interest in the Star Wars universe. Since then, several hundred tie-in novels have been published by Bantam and Del Rey. A similar resurgence in the Expanded Universe occurred in 1996 with the Steve Perry novel Shadows of the Empire, set in between The Empire Strikes Back and Return of the Jedi, and accompanying video game and comic book series.[102]
LucasBooks radically changed the face of the Star Wars universe with the introduction of the New Jedi Order series, which takes place some 20 years after Return of the Jedi and stars a host of new characters alongside series originals. For younger audiences, three series have been introduced. The Jedi Apprentice series follows the adventures of Qui-Gon Jinn and his apprentice Obi-Wan Kenobi prior to The Phantom Menace. The Jedi Quest series follows the adventures of Obi-Wan and his apprentice Anakin Skywalker in between The Phantom Menace and Attack of the Clones. The Last of the Jedi series follows the adventures of Obi-Wan and another surviving Jedi almost immediately following Revenge of the Sith.
Marvel Comics published Star Wars comic book series and adaptations from 1977 to 1986. A wide variety of creators worked on this series, including Roy Thomas, Archie Goodwin, Howard Chaykin, Al Williamson, Carmine Infantino, Gene Day, Walt Simonson, Michael Golden, Chris Claremont, Whilce Portacio, Jo Duffy, and Ron Frenz. The Los Angeles Times Syndicate published a Star Wars newspaper strip by Russ Manning, Goodwin and Williamson[103][104] with Goodwin writing under a pseudonym. In the late 1980s, Marvel announced it would publish a new Star Wars comic by Tom Veitch and Cam Kennedy. However, in December 1991, Dark Horse Comics acquired the Star Wars license and used it to launch a number of ambitious sequels to the original trilogy instead, including the popular Dark Empire stories.[105] They have since gone on to publish a large number of original adventures set in the Star Wars universe. There have also been parody comics, including Tag and Bink.[106]
Games
Since 1982, dozens of video games have been published bearing the Star Wars name, beginning with Star Wars: The Empire Strikes Back published for the Atari 2600 by Parker Brothers. Since then, Star Wars has opened the way to a myriad of space-flight simulation games, first-person shooter games, roleplaying games, RTS games, and others. Two different official tabletop role-playing games have been developed for the Star Wars universe: a version by West End Games in the 1980s and 1990s, and one by Wizards of the Coast in the 2000s. The best-selling games so far are the Lego Star Wars and the Battlefront series, with 12 million and 10 million units respectively.[107][108] Star Wars: Knights of the Old Republic is also an extremely well known game.[109]
The most recently released games are Lego Star Wars: The Complete Saga, Lego Star Wars, The Clone Wars, Star Wars: The Force Unleashed and Star Wars: The Force Unleashed II, for the PS3, PSP, PS2, Xbox 360, Nintendo DS and Wii. While The Complete Saga focuses on all six episodes of the series, The Force Unleashed, of the same name of the multimedia project which it is a part of, takes place in the largely unexplored time period between Star Wars Episode III: Revenge of the Sith and Star Wars Episode IV: A New Hope and casts players as Darth Vader's "secret apprentice" hunting down the remaining Jedi. The game features a new game engine, and was released on September 16, 2008 in the United States.[110][111] There are two more titles based on the Clone Wars which were released in November 2008 for the Nintendo DS (Star Wars: The Clone Wars – Jedi Alliance) and Wii (Star Wars: The Clone Wars – Lightsaber Duels).
Star Wars trading cards have been published since the first 'blue' series, by Topps, in 1977.[112] Dozens of series have been produced, with Topps being the licensed creator in the United States. Some of the card series are of film stills, while others are original art. Many of the cards have become highly collectible with some very rare "promos", such as the 1993 Galaxy Series II "floating Yoda" P3 card often commanding US$1000 or more. While most "base" or "common card" sets are plentiful, many "insert" or "chase cards" are very rare.[113]
The board game Risk has been adapted to the series in two editions by Hasbro: Risk Star Wars: The Original Trilogy Edition[114] (2006) and Risk Star Wars: Clone Wars Edition[115] (2005).
Fan works
The Star Wars saga has inspired many fans to create their own non-canon material set in the Star Wars galaxy. In recent years, this has ranged from writing fan-fiction to creating fan films. In 2002, Lucasfilm sponsored the first annual Official Star Wars Fan Film Awards, officially recognizing filmmakers and the genre. Because of concerns over potential copyright and trademark issues, however, the contest was initially open only to parodies, mockumentaries, and documentaries. Fan-fiction films set in the Star Wars universe were originally ineligible, but in 2007 Lucasfilm changed the submission standards to allow in-universe fiction entries.[116]
While many fan films have used elements from the licensed Expanded Universe to tell their story, they are not considered an official part of the Star Wars canon. However, the lead character from the Pink Five series was incorporated into Timothy Zahn's 2007 novel Allegiance, marking the first time a fan-created Star Wars character has ever crossed into the official canon.[117] Lucasfilm, for the most part, has allowed but not endorsed the creation of these derivative fan-fiction works, so long as no such work attempts to make a profit from or tarnish the Star Wars franchise in any way.[118]
Attractions
In 1986, George Lucas established a partnership with the Walt Disney Company and its Walt Disney Imagineering division to create Star Tours, an attraction that opened at Disneyland in 1987. The attraction also had subsequent incarnations at other Disney Parks worldwide, with the exception of Hong Kong Disneyland.
The attractions at Disneyland and Disney's Hollywood Studios closed on July 27, 2010 and September 7, 2010 respectively, in order to allow the rides to be converted into Star Tours: The Adventures Continue. The successor attraction opened at Disney's Hollwood Studios on May 20, 2011 and June 3, at Disneyland.
The Jedi Training Academy is a live show where children are selected to learn the teachings of the Jedi Knights and the Force in order to become Padawan learners. The show is present at the Rebels stage at Disney's Hollywood Studios and at the Tomorrowland Terrace at Disneyland.
The Walt Disney World Resort's Disney's Hollywood Studios park hosts an annual festival, Star Wars Weekends during specific dates from May to June. The event began in 1997.
Legacy
The Star Wars saga has had a significant impact on modern American pop culture. Both the films and characters have been parodied in numerous films and television.
- Notable film parodies of Star Wars include Hardware Wars, a 13 minute 1977 spoof which Lucas has called his favorite Star Wars parody, and Spaceballs, a feature film by Mel Brooks which featured effects done by Lucas' Industrial Light & Magic.[119][120]
- Lucasfilm itself made two mockumentaries: Return of the Ewok (1982), about Warwick Davis, who portrayed Wicket W. Warrick in Return of the Jedi; and R2-D2: Beneath the Dome (2002), which depicts R2-D2's "life story".[121][122]
- There have also been many songs based on, and in, the Star Wars universe. "Weird Al" Yankovic recorded two parodies: "Yoda", a parody of "Lola" by The Kinks; and "The Saga Begins", a parody of Don McLean's song "American Pie" that retells of The Phantom Menace from Obi-Wan Kenobi's perspective.[123]
- In television, the creators of the Robot Chicken series have produced three television specials satirizing the Star Wars films ("Robot Chicken: Star Wars", "Episode II", and "III"), and are developing an animated comedy series based in the Star Wars universe.[124] The creators of the Family Guy series have also produced three Star Wars specials titled "Blue Harvest", "Something, Something, Something, Dark Side", and "It's a Trap!".[125]
When Ronald Reagan proposed the Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI), a system of lasers and missiles meant to intercept incoming ICBMs, the plan was quickly labeled "Star Wars," implying that it was science fiction and linking it to Ronald Reagan's acting career. According to Frances FitzGerald, Reagan was annoyed by this, but Assistant Secretary of Defense Richard Perle told colleagues that he "thought the name was not so bad."; "'Why not?' he said. 'It's a good movie. Besides, the good guys won.'"[126] This gained further resonance when Reagan described the Soviet Union as an "Evil empire".
See also
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Notes
- ^ "Star Wars - Box Office History". The-numbers.com. Retrieved June 17, 2010.
- ^ "Star Wars' Earnings". AOL UK Money. May 14, 2007. Retrieved December 27, 2007.
{{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coauthors=(help)[dead link] - ^ a b c Star Wars Episode IV: A New Hope (DVD). 20th Century Fox. 2006.
- ^ a b c Star Wars Episode I: The Phantom Menace (DVD). 20th Century Fox. 2001.
- ^ a b c Star Wars Episode II: Attack of the Clones (DVD). 20th Century Fox. 2002.
- ^ a b c Star Wars Episode III: Revenge of the Sith (DVD). 20th Century Fox. 2005.
- ^ a b c Star Wars Episode V: The Empire Strikes Back (DVD). 20th Century Fox. 2004. Cite error: The named reference "star wars 5" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
- ^ a b Star Wars Episode VI: Return of the Jedi (DVD). 20th Century Fox. 2004.
- ^ Lucas, George (2004). DVD commentary for Star Wars Episode IV: A New Hope (DVD). 20th Century Fox.
- ^ Arnold, Gary (January 26, 1997). "THE FORCE RETURNS: `Star Wars' Special Edition features some new tinkering but same old thrills". The Washington Times. Retrieved March 28, 2008.
- ^ "Episode III Release Dates Announced". Star Wars. April 5, 2004. Archived from the original on April 15, 2008. Retrieved March 27, 2008.
- ^ Dirks, Tim. "Greatest Film Moments and Scenes from the Greatest Films". The Greatest Films. AMC. Retrieved July 3, 2009.
- ^ "Star Wars plot summary". Ruined Endings. Retrieved March 29, 2008.
- ^ IMDB entry for Clive Revill
- ^ Empire of Dreams: The Story of the Star Wars Trilogy (DVD). Star Wars Trilogy Box Set DVD documentary. 2004.
- ^ The Force Is With Them: The Legacy of Star Wars. Star Wars Original Trilogy DVD Box Set: Bonus Materials. 2004.
- ^ "Widescreen-O-Rama". The Digital Bits. Retrieved March 27, 2008.
- ^ Sergi, Gianluca (1998). "Tales of the Silent Blast: Star Wars and Sound". Journal of Popular Film & Television. 26 (1).
{{cite journal}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help); Unknown parameter|month=ignored (help) - ^ "Quality Home Theater Systems Products". Digital Home Theater. Archived from the original on March 21, 2008. Retrieved March 27, 2008.
- ^ "Star Wars Trilogy". Amazon.com. Retrieved March 27, 2008.
- ^ Reclaiming the Blade (2009)
- ^ (Rinzler 2007, p. 8)
- ^ (Kaminski 2007, p. 50)
- ^ "Starkiller". Jedi Bendu. Archived from the original on June 28, 2006. Retrieved March 27, 2008.
- ^ (Rinzler 2007, p. 107)
- ^ (Kaminski 2007, p. 38)
- ^ (Kaminski 2007, p. 134)
- ^ (Kaminski 2007, p. 142)
- ^ Baxter, John (1999). Mythmaker. p. 173. ISBN 0380978334.
- ^ Biodrowski, Steve. "Star Wars : The Original Trilogy - Then And Now". Hollywood Gothique. Retrieved March 28, 2008.
- ^ (Bouzereau 1997, p. 144)
- ^ (Bouzereau 1997, p. 135)
- ^ (Kaminski 2007, p. 161)
- ^ a b (Bouzereau 1997, p. 123)
- ^ (Kaminski 2007, pp. 120–121)
- ^ (Kaminski 2007, pp. 164–165)
- ^ (Kaminski 2007, p. 178)
- ^ "Lawrence Kasdan". Star Wars. Archived from the original on June 6, 2008. Retrieved March 28, 2008.
- ^ (Kaminski 2007, p. 227)
- ^ (Kaminski 2007, pp. 294–295)
- ^ (Kaminski 2007, pp. 299–300)
- ^ "Star Wars Insider". Star Wars Insider (45): 19.
{{cite journal}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - ^ (Kaminski 2007, p. 371)
- ^ (Kaminski 2007, p. 374)
- ^ (Bouzereau 1997, p. 196)
- ^ (Kaminski v.3.0 2007, p. 158)
- ^ (Kaminski v.3.0 2007, p. 162)
- ^ (Rinzler 2005, pp. 13–15)
- ^ (Rinzler 2005, p. 36)
- ^ (Kaminski 2007, pp. 380–384)
- ^ Star Wars: Episode III Revenge of the Sith documentary "Within a Minute" (DVD documentary). 2005.
- ^ Arnold, William (May 12, 2005). "Director George Lucas Takes A Look Back--And Ahead". Seattle Post-Intelligencer.
- ^ "Mark Hamill talks Star Wars 7, 8 and 9!". Movieweb. September 10, 2004. Retrieved October 18, 2008.
- ^ "George Lucas talks on Star Wars sequels 7, 8 & 9". Killer Movies. September 13, 2004. Retrieved October 18, 2008.
- ^ "George Lucas (Star Wars: Episode I)". Industry Central. Retrieved October 18, 2008.
{{cite web}}:|first=missing|last=(help) - ^ "Star Wars to enter third dimension". Guardian. March 18, 2005. Retrieved January 9, 2008.
- ^ "Rick McCallum Talks Live Action TV Series and Star Wars 3-D". The Official Star Wars Blog. July 14, 2007. Retrieved July 17, 2007.
- ^ Chacksfield, Marc (July 25, 2008). "Star Wars 3D not so far, far away". World of tech News. Techradar.com. Retrieved December 8, 2008.
- ^ "The Star Wars Saga in 3D!". StarWars.com. Lucasfilm. September 28, 2010. Retrieved September 29, 2010.
- ^ Jay A. Fernandez; Kim Masters (September 28, 2010). "'Star Wars' saga set for 3D release starting 2012". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved October 18, 2010.
- ^ "George Lucas Planning on a New Star Wars Video Release". Movieweb.com. Associated Press. February 12, 2007. Retrieved April 16, 2008.
- ^ Drees, Rich. "George Lucas and the Not-So-Special Edition of Star Wars". Film Buff Online. Retrieved April 16, 2008.
- ^ "Frank Oz & Animator Rob Coleman Talk Revenge of the Sith On DVD". Web.archive.org. Archived from the original on December 12, 2005. Retrieved June 2, 2010.
- ^ "John D. Lowry". Apple Inc. Archived from the original on February 11, 2006. Retrieved March 27, 2008.
- ^ Carle, Chris (April 17, 2010). "C2E2 10: Star Wars BDs in the Works". IGN.com. Retrieved April 18, 2010.
- ^ "George Lucas Announces Star Wars on Blu-Ray at Celebration V". StarWars.com. Lucasfilm. August 14, 2010. Retrieved August 14, 2010.
- ^ "Star Wars: The Complete Saga - May the 4th Be With You!". Fox Home Entertainment. May 4, 2011. Retrieved May 4 2011.
{{cite web}}: Check date values in:|accessdate=(help) - ^ "Star Wars Episode IV: A New Hope (1977)". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved September 12, 2008.
- ^ "Star Wars Episode V: The Empire Strikes Back (1980)". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved September 12, 2008.
- ^ "Star Wars: Episode VI - Return of the Jedi (1983)". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved September 12, 2008.
- ^ "Star Wars Episode I: The Phantom Menace (1999)". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved September 12, 2008.
- ^ "Star Wars Episode II: Attack of the Clones (2002)". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved September 12, 2008.
- ^ "Star Wars: Episode III: Revenge of the Sith (2005)". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved September 14, 2008.
- ^ "Star Wars: The Clone Wars (film)". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved January 1, 2009.
- ^ "Star Wars". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved September 11, 2008.
- ^ "Star Wars (Cream of the Crop)". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved September 11, 2007.
- ^ "Star Wars: Reviews". Metacritic. Retrieved September 11, 2008.
- ^ "Empire Strikes Back". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved September 11, 2008.
- ^ "The Empire Strikes Back (Cream of the Crop)". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved September 11, 2008.
- ^ "The Empire Strikes Back". Metacritic. Retrieved June 25, 2008.
- ^ "Return of the Jedi". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved June 25, 2008.
- ^ "Return of the Jedi (Cream of the Crop)". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved September 11, 2008.
- ^ "Return of the Jedi". Metacritic. Retrieved June 25, 2008.
- ^ "Star Wars Episode I: The Phantom Menace (Cream of the Crop)". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved June 16, 2008.
- ^ "Star Wars Episode I: The Phantom Menace(Cream of the Crop)". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved May 17, 2007.
- ^ "Star Wars : Episode I - The Phantom Menace : Reviews". Metacritic. Retrieved June 25, 2008.
- ^ "Star Wars Episode II: Attack of the Clones". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved June 16, 2007.
- ^ "Star Wars Episode II: Attack of the Clones (Cream of the Crop)". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved May 17, 2007.
- ^ "Star Wars : Episode II - Attack of the Clones: Reviews". Metacritic. Retrieved June 23, 2007.
- ^ "Star Wars Episode III: Revenge of the Sith". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved June 16, 2007.
- ^ "Star Wars Episode III: Revenge of the Sith (Cream of the Crop)". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved May 17, 2007.
- ^ "Star Wars : Episode III - Revenge of the Sith: Reviews". Metacritic. Retrieved June 25, 2008.
- ^ "Star Wars: The Clone Wars". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved August 31, 2010.
- ^ "Star Wars: The Clone Wars (Cream of the Crop)". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved August 31, 2010.
- ^ "Star Wars: The Clone Wars". Metacritic. Retrieved August 31, 2010.
- ^ "Lost Star Warriors". AOL. Retrieved March 27, 2008.
- ^ Pollock, Dale (May 19, 2005). "Star Wars: George Lucas' Vision". Washington Post. Retrieved March 27, 2008.
- ^ "From EU to Episode II: Aayla Secura". Star Wars. Retrieved January 9, 2008.
- ^ "Star Wars Live-Action Series Delayed". IGN. March 17, 2008. Retrieved March 27, 2008.
- ^ "Ultimate Timeline". The Force. Retrieved March 27, 2008.
- ^ Lieberman, Jason; Goldman, Eric (June 29, 2010). "Exclusive: Seth Green Talks Star Wars Series". IGN. Retrieved August 3, 2010.
{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ "Alan Dean Foster". Alan Dean Foster. March 1, 2008. Retrieved March 28, 2008.
- ^ "Al Williamson remembered" Star Wars.com June 14, 2010 Retrieved January 29, 2011
- ^ "I Love Comix Archive: Star Wars". Retrieved May 10, 2010.
- ^ "Company Timeline". Dark Horse comics. Retrieved April 16, 2008.
- ^ "Kevin Rubio on the Return of Tag and Bink". Dark Horse comics. March 30, 2006. Retrieved April 16, 2008.
- ^ Matt Martin (August 11, 2007). "Warner Bros. swoops for Traveller's Tales". GamesIndustry.biz. Retrieved January 9, 2008.
- ^ "Star Wars Battlefront: Renegade Squadron sends PSP system owners to the front" (Press release). LucasArts. May 10, 2007. Retrieved January 9, 2008.
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- ^ Berardini, César A. (April 3, 2008). "Star Wars: The Force Unleashed Dated". Team Xbox. Retrieved April 3, 2008.
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- ^ Peter Rowe. "Final installment of 'Star Wars' parody is out there - somewhere". San Diego Union Tribune. Retrieved March 25, 2009.
- ^ Knapton, Sarah (April 7, 2008). "Court to rule in Star Wars costume battle". The Guardian. UK. Retrieved April 15, 2008.
- ^ ""Hardware Wars": The movie, the legend, the household appliances". Salon.com. Retrieved March 27, 2008.
- ^ Mel Brooks'. Spaceballs (DVD).
- ^ "Mystery Ewok Theater 2005: Return of the Ewok". Star Wars. Archived from the original on May 22, 2008. Retrieved January 9, 2008.
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- ^ "New Star Wars Animated Series in the Works". StarWars.com. April 5, 2010. Retrieved July 30, 2010.
- ^ "What's coming in Family Guy's new Star Wars spoofs". SCI FI Wire. Retrieved December 15, 2009.
- ^ Fitzgerald, Frances. Way Out There in the Blue. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0684844168.; accessible via The New York Times here [1]
References
- Arnold, Alan (1980). Once Upon a Galaxy: A Journal of the Making of The Empire Strikes Back. Ballantine Books. ISBN 0345290755.
{{cite book}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - Bouzereau, Laurent (1997). The Annotated Screenplays. Del Rey. ISBN 0345409817.
{{cite book}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - Kaminski, Michael (2007). "The Secret History of Star Wars".
{{cite web}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - Kaminski, Michael (2008). "The Secret History of Star Wars" (3.0 ed.). Retrieved May 21, 2008.
{{cite web}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - Rinzler, J.W. (2007). The Making of Star Wars: The Definitive Story Behind the Original Film (Star Wars). Del Rey. ISBN 0345494768.
{{cite book}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - Rinzler, Jonathan (2005). The Making of Star Wars, Episode III - Revenge of the Sith. Del Rey. ISBN 0345431391.
Further reading
- Star Wars, religion, and philosophy
- Bortolin, Matthew (April 25, 2005). The Dharma of Star Wars. Wisdom Publications. ISBN 0861714970.
- Decker, Kevin S. (March 10, 2005). Star Wars and Philosophy. Open Court. ISBN 0812695836.
- Porter, John M. (January 31, 2003). The Tao of Star Wars. Humanics Trade Group. ISBN 0893343854.
- Snodgrass, Jon (September 13, 2004). Peace Knights of the Soul. InnerCircle Publishing. ISBN 0975521470.
- Staub, Dick (March 25, 2005). Christian Wisdom of the Jedi Masters. Jossey-Bass. ISBN 0787978949.
- Joseph Campbell's influence on Star Wars
- Campbell, Joseph (June 1, 1991). The Power of Myth. Anchor. ISBN 0385418868.
- Henderson, Mary (November 3, 1997). Star Wars: The Magic of Myth. Bantam. ISBN 0553102060.
- Larsen, Stephen (April 1, 2002). Joseph Campbell: A Fire in the Mind. Inner Traditions. ISBN 0892818735.
External links
- Official website
- Template:Dmoz
- Wookieepedia: The Star Wars Wiki – A wiki devoted to Star Wars
- Star Wars Origins: How did George Lucas create Star Wars?
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