Bullying in nursing

The nursing organisation workplace has been identified as one in which workplace bullying occurs quite frequently.^[1]^[2] It is thought that relational aggression (psychological aspects of bullying such as gossipping and intimidation) are relevant. Relational aggression has been studied amongst girls but not so much amongst adult women.^[3]^[4]

Various bullying permutations are possible, such as:

doctor or management bullying a nurse
nurse bullying another nurse
nurse bullying a patient
patient bullying a nurse.

Bullying acts

Lewis identifies the following bullying acts in UK nursing:^[5]

2

Such acts are frequently insidious, continuing over periods of time that may be years. Bullies are often serial bullies. The bully is invariably aware of the damage they are doing. They undertake such actions basically to gain control and power.

Incivility

Laschinger, Leiter, Day, and Gilin found that among 612 staff nurses, 67.5% had experienced incivility from their supervisors and 77.6% had experienced incivility from their coworkers.^[6]

Bullying of nurses by managers

In 2003 the Community Practitioners' and Health Visitors' Association in the UK carried out a survey showing that half of health visitors, school nurses and community nurses working in the National Health Service (NHS) have been bullied by their managers. One in three of the 563 people questioned said the bullying was so bad they had to take time off work. Constant criticism and humiliation were the most common complaints. Others said they were shouted at or marginalised.^[7]

Nurse bullying inventory

In order to further investigate and understand the impact of workplace bullying on the nursing work environment, an inventory was developed to address specific workplace bullying constructs within the nursing context.^[1]

Bullying

Horizontal Violence ^[8] is often than same term used when referring to bullying in Nursing. This term describes the appalling behavior shown by colleagues in the nursing field. Such demeaning behavior makes the work place stressful and unpleasant.

Remedial action

Some health organisations are seeking to educate staff and health care team members on how to improve social interactions, proper business etiquette, and foster positive people skills in the work environment.^[9]^[10]^[11]

References

^ ^a ^b Hutchinson, M; Wilkes, L; Vickers, M; Jackson, D (2008). "The development and validation of a bullying inventory for the nursing workplace". Nurse researcher. 15 (2): 19–29. PMID 18283759.
^ Porter-O'grady, T (2008). "Transforming work environments. Interview by Diane E Scott and Amanda Rosenkranz". The American nurse. 40 (2): 7. PMID 18494401.
^ Richards A, Edwards SL A Nurse's Survival Guide to the Ward (2008)^{[page needed]}
^ Dellasega, Cheryl A. (2009). "Bullying among nurses". The American journal of nursing. 109 (1): 52–8. doi:10.1097/01.NAJ.0000344039.11651.08. PMID 19112267.
^ Lewis, Malcolm A. (2006). "Nurse bullying: Organizational considerations in the maintenance and perpetration of health care bullying cultures" (PDF). Journal of Nursing Management. 14 (1): 52–8. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2934.2005.00535.x. PMID 16359446.
^ Spence Laschinger, Heather K.; Leiter, Michael; Day, Arla; Gilin, Debra (2009). "Workplace empowerment, incivility, and burnout: impact on staff nurse recruitment and retention outcomes". Journal of Nursing Management. 17 (3): 302–11. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2834.2009.00999.x. PMID 19426367.
^ NHS nurses 'bullied by managers' BBC News 11 October 2003
^ Roy, Josie. "Horizontal Violence qq". ADVANCE for Nurses. Retrieved 5 October 2011.
^ Trossman, S (2008). "Behaving badly? Joint Commission issues alert aimed at improving workplace culture, patient care". The American nurse. 40 (5): 1, 6, 12. PMID 19024048.
^ Martin, William (2008). "Is Your Hospital Safe? Disruptive Behavior and Workplace Bullying" (PDF). Hospital Topics. 86 (3): 21–8. doi:10.3200/HTPS.86.3.21-28. PMID 18694856.
^ Kerfoot, KM (2008). "Leadership, civility, and the 'no jerks' rule". Medsurg nursing. 17 (6): 441–2. PMID 19248414.

Button SM Bullying of a nursing student: a mixed interpretive study (2007)
Dellasega C When Nurses Hurt Nurses: Recognizing and Overcoming The Cycles of Bullying (2011)
Nurses and the experience of bullying at work: a report for the Claire Thomson, Working Women's Centre (Adelaide, S. Aust.), Australian Nursing Federation. S.A. Branch - 1998
Webb C, Randle J Workplace Bullying in the NHS (2006)

Academic papers

Cleary, Michelle; Hunt, Glenn E.; Horsfall, Jan (2010). "Identifying and Addressing Bullying in Nursing". Issues in Mental Health Nursing. 31 (5): 331–5. doi:10.3109/01612840903308531. PMID 20394479.
Cooper, Janet R. M.; Walker, Jean T.; Winters, Karen; Williams, P. Renée; Askew, Rebecca; Robinson, Jennifer C. (2009). "Nursing students' perceptions of bullying behaviours by classmates". Issues in Educational Research. 19 (3): 212–26.
Foster, Barry; Mackie, Beth; Barnett, Natasha (2004). "Bullying in the Health Sector: A Study of Bullying of Nursing Students". New Zealand Journal of Employment Relations. 29 (2): 67–83.
Hogh, Annie; Carneiro, Isabella Gomes; Giver, Hanne; Rugulies, Reiner (2011). "Are immigrants in the nursing industry at increased risk of bullying at work? A one-year follow-up study". Scandinavian Journal of Psychology. 52 (1): 49–56. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9450.2010.00840.x. PMID 21054415.
Hutchinson, Marie; Vickers, Margaret; Jackson, Debra; Wilkes, Lesley (2006). "Workplace bullying in nursing: towards a more critical organisational perspective". Nursing Inquiry. 13 (2): 118–26. doi:10.1111/j.1440-1800.2006.00314.x. PMID 16700755.
Hutchinson, Marie; Jackson, Debra; Wilkes, Lesley; Vickers, Margaret H. (2008). "A new model of bullying in the nursing workplace: organizational characteristics as critical antecedents". Advances in Nursing Science. 31 (2): E60–71. doi:10.1097/01.ANS.0000319572.37373.0c. PMID 18497582.
Hutchinson, Marie; Wilkes, Lesley; Jackson, Debra; Vickers, Margaret H. (2010). "Integrating individual, work group and organizational factors: testing a multidimensional model of bullying in the nursing workplace". Journal of Nursing Management. 18 (2): 173–81. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2834.2009.01035.x. PMID 20465745.
Hutchinson, Marie; Vickers, Margaret H.; Wilkes, Lesley; Jackson, Debra (2009). "'The Worse You Behave, The More You Seem, to be Rewarded': Bullying in Nursing as Organizational Corruption". Employee Responsibilities and Rights Journal. 21 (3): 213–29. doi:10.1007/s10672-009-9100-z.
Johnston, Michelle; Phanhtharath, Phylavanh; Jackson, Brenda S. (2010). "The Bullying Aspect of Workplace Violence in Nursing". JONA's Healthcare Law, Ethics, and Regulation. 12 (2): 36–42. doi:10.1097/NHL.0b013e3181e6bd19.
Lewis, MA (2001). "Bullying in nursing". Nursing standard. 15 (45): 39–42. PMID 12212387.
Murray, JS (2009). "Workplace bullying in nursing: a problem that can't be ignored". Medsurg nursing. 18 (5): 273–6. PMID 19927962.
Murray, Colonel John S. (2008). "On Bullying in the Nursing Workplace". Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic, & Neonatal Nursing. 37 (4): 393–393. doi:10.1111/j.1552-6909.2008.00263.x.
Randle, Jacqueline (2003). "Bullying in the nursing profession". Journal of Advanced Nursing. 43 (4): 395–401. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2648.2003.02728.x. PMID 12887358.
Smith, Pam; Cowie, Helen (2010). "Perspectives on emotional labour and bullying: Reviewing the role of emotions in nursing and healthcare". International Journal of Work Organisation and Emotion. 3 (3): 227–36. doi:10.1504/IJWOE.2010.032923.
Stevens, S. (2002). "Nursing Workforce Retention: Challenging A Bullying Culture". Health Affairs. 21 (5): 189–93. doi:10.1377/hlthaff.21.5.189. PMID 12224882.

Others

Book, Rita (2009). "Nursing Interventions for Bullying in a Kindergarten to Grade Eight School" (PDF).
Fuller, Willa (2007). "Eradication of Horizontal Violence and Bullying in Nursing". FNA Proposal for Action. Florida Nurses Association Board of Directors.
Chipps, Esther (2009). Workplace Bullying and Normalization of Bullying Acts in the Nursing Workplace. Midwest Nursing Research Society.
Hutchinson, Marie; Vickers, Margaret H.; Jackson, Debra; Wilkes, Lesley (2004). Bullying in nursing: introducing an Australian study. Proceedings of Leadership in the 21st Century: Association on Employment Practices and Principles (AEPP), Twelfth Annual International Conference. Fort Lauderdale Beach, FL., 7–9 August: Association on Employement Practices and Principles.{{cite conference}}: CS1 maint: location (link)
Olender-Russo, Lynda (1 August 2009). "Reversing the bullying culture in nursing". ModernMedicine. Advanstar Communications.
Pugh, Abigail (Winter 2005/06). "Bullying in nursing: building a culture of respect combats lateral violence". CrossCurrents. Centre for Addiction and Mental Health. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
Dealing with bullying and harassment at work: A guide for RCN members (PDF). Royal College of Nursing. 2005.
Dealing with bullying and harassment: a guide for students (PDF). Royal College of Nursing. 2005.
Stelmaschuk, Stephanie (2010). Workplace Bullying and Emotional Exhaustion among Registered Nurses and Non-nursing, Unit-based Staff (PDF) (Bachelor's thesis). Ohio State University College of Nursing.
Stokowski, Laura A. (30 September 2010). "A Matter of Respect and Dignity: Bullying in the Nursing Profession". Medscape Nurses. WebMD.

[Hutchinson-1] Hutchinson, M; Wilkes, L; Vickers, M; Jackson, D (2008). "The development and validation of a bullying inventory for the nursing workplace". Nurse researcher. 15 (2): 19–29. PMID 18283759.

[Scott-2] Porter-O'grady, T (2008). "Transforming work environments. Interview by Diane E Scott and Amanda Rosenkranz". The American nurse. 40 (2): 7. PMID 18494401.

[3] Richards A, Edwards SL A Nurse's Survival Guide to the Ward (2008)^{[page needed]}

[4] Dellasega, Cheryl A. (2009). "Bullying among nurses". The American journal of nursing. 109 (1): 52–8. doi:10.1097/01.NAJ.0000344039.11651.08. PMID 19112267.

[5] Lewis, Malcolm A. (2006). "Nurse bullying: Organizational considerations in the maintenance and perpetration of health care bullying cultures" (PDF). Journal of Nursing Management. 14 (1): 52–8. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2934.2005.00535.x. PMID 16359446.

[laschinger_leiter-6] Spence Laschinger, Heather K.; Leiter, Michael; Day, Arla; Gilin, Debra (2009). "Workplace empowerment, incivility, and burnout: impact on staff nurse recruitment and retention outcomes". Journal of Nursing Management. 17 (3): 302–11. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2834.2009.00999.x. PMID 19426367.

[7] NHS nurses 'bullied by managers' BBC News 11 October 2003

[8] Roy, Josie. "Horizontal Violence qq". ADVANCE for Nurses. Retrieved 5 October 2011.

[Trossman-9] Trossman, S (2008). "Behaving badly? Joint Commission issues alert aimed at improving workplace culture, patient care". The American nurse. 40 (5): 1, 6, 12. PMID 19024048.

[Martin-10] Martin, William (2008). "Is Your Hospital Safe? Disruptive Behavior and Workplace Bullying" (PDF). Hospital Topics. 86 (3): 21–8. doi:10.3200/HTPS.86.3.21-28. PMID 18694856.

[Kerfoot-11] Kerfoot, KM (2008). "Leadership, civility, and the 'no jerks' rule". Medsurg nursing. 17 (6): 441–2. PMID 19248414.

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