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List of sovereign states by date of formation

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Below is a list of sovereign states by formation dates, sorted by continent. This list includes only the 195 sovereign states currently in existence; it does not include former sovereign states. For proposed states or various indigenous nations which consider themselves still under occupation, see list of active autonomist and secessionist movements. Micronations are not included in this list.

Nation-building is a long evolutionary process. It is therefore practically impossible to come up with a single date for a nation's "birth". However, most nations have accepted some dates in their respective histories as their symbolic starting points. This is usually done more for nationalistic propaganda than for scientific reasons. For many ancient and medieval nations these starting points are usually the dates when a nation was mentioned in a written document for the first time or simply a date from their national mythology. In Europe, this often coincides with the ruler's conversion to Christianity. For post-colonial nations, starting with the United States, the beginning of statehood is usually considered to be the date when independence was declared, granted and/or recognised.

Independence dates for widely recognised states, earlier than 1919, should be treated with caution, since prior to the founding of the League of Nations, there was no international body to recognise nationhood, and independence had no meaning beyond mutual recognition of de facto sovereigns (the role of the League of Nations was effectively taken over by the United Nations after the Second World War). See also: disputed territories.

The situation is further complicated by the confusion between two terms commonly used as synonym: nation (generally considered an ethnic or cultural grouping) and state (an independent political entity). Taking this into account a declaration of being the "oldest country" in the world is not fruitful and will inevitably be disputed. The following list contains the formation dates of countries with a short description of those events. For a more detailed description of a country's formation and history please see the main article for each country.


List

Africa

Country Date Birth of current form of government Date Date of acquisition of sovereignty Date Date of most recent significant territorial modification
 Algeria     July 3, 1962 French recognition of Algerian referendum on independence held two days earlier    
 Angola     November 11, 1975 Independence from Portugal    
 Benin     August 1, 1960 Independence from France January 15, 1894 Borders of French Protectorate of Dahomey set at conclusion of Second Franco-Dahomean War
 Botswana     March 31, 1885 Establishment of the Bechuanaland Protectorate by the United Kingdom 1894 Extended north into Ngamiland
September 30, 1966 Independence from the United Kingdom
 Burkina Faso     December 11, 1958 Self-government achieved and republic within Franco-African Community September 4, 1947 Restoration of colonial boundaries used from 1919–1932
August 5, 1960 Independence from France
 Burundi November 28, 1966 Monarchy replaced by republic July 1, 1962 Independence from Belgium    
 Cameroon     January 1, 1960 Independence from France October 1, 1961 Merger of part of British Cameroons with Cameroon
 Cape Verde     July 5, 1975 Independence from Portugal    
 Central African Republic September 21, 1979 Monarchy replaced by republic December 1, 1958 Central African Republic becomes autonomous territory in French Republic    
August 13, 1960 Independence from France
 Chad     August 11, 1960 Independence from France February 3, 1994 Aouzou Strip awarded to Chad
 Comoros     July 6, 1975 Independence from France declared    
 Congo, Democratic Republic of the     April 22, 1884 Congo Free State recognized as an independent state    
June 30, 1960 Independence from Belgium
 Congo, Republic of the     August 15, 1960 Independence from France    
 Côte d'Ivoire     December 4, 1958 Autonomous republic within French Community    
August 7, 1960 Independence from France
 Djibouti     June 27, 1977 Independence from France    
 Equatorial Guinea     October 12, 1968 Independence from Spain    
 Eritrea     May 24, 1993 Independence from Ethiopia declared April 1, 2002 Badme ruled to be Eritrean by the Eritrea–Ethiopia Boundary Commission (EEBC after the Eritrean–Ethiopian War). Contested by Ethiopia
 Ethiopia March 21, 1975 Monarchy abolished and replaced by republic 800 BC Formation of the state of D'mt April 1, 2002 Badme ruled to be Eritrean by the Eritrea–Ethiopia Boundary Commission (EEBC after the Eritrean–Ethiopian War). Contested by Ethiopia
 Gabon     August 17, 1960 Independence from France    
 Gambia     February 18, 1965 Independence from the United Kingdom    
 Ghana     March 6, 1957 Independence from the United Kingdom December 13, 1956 Union of British Togoland with Gold Coast
 Guinea     October 2, 1958 Independence from France    
 Guinea-Bissau     September 24, 1973 Independence from Portugal declared    
September 10, 1974 Independence from Portugal recognized
 Kenya     December 12, 1963 Independence from the United Kingdom    
 Lesotho     October 4, 1966 Independence from the United Kingdom March 12, 1868 Area that is now present-day Lesotho placed under British rule
 Liberia     July 26, 1847    
 Libya September 1, 1969 Monarchy replaced by republic December 24, 1951 Independence from UN Trusteeship (British and French administration after Italian governance ends in 1947) February 13, 1984 Aouzou Strip awarded to Chad
 Madagascar     October 14, 1958 The Malagasy Republic was created as autonomous state within French Community    
June 26, 1960 France recognizes Madagascar's independence
 Malawi     July 6, 1964 Independence from the United Kingdom    
 Mali     November 25, 1958 French Sudan gains autonomy August 20, 1960 Senegal secedes from Mali Federation
September 22, 1960 Independence from France
 Mauritania     November 28, 1960 Independence from France August 11, 1979 Mauritania withdraws from Tiris al-Gharbiyya (part of Western Sahara)
 Mauritius     March 12, 1968 Independence from the United Kingdom 1965 Separation of Chagos Archipelago
 Morocco 789 idrisid dynasty March 2, 1956 Independence from France January 4, 1969 Return of Ifni to Morocco
April 7, 1956 French protectorate formally relinquished
 Mozambique     June 25, 1975 Independence from Portugal    
 Namibia     March 21, 1990 Independence from South African rule March 1, 1994 Walvis Bay integrated into Namibia
 Niger     December 4, 1958 Autonomy within French Community    
August 3, 1960 Independence from France
 Nigeria     October 1, 1960 Independence from the United Kingdom January 15, 1970 Biafra re-integrated into Nigeria
June 1, 1961 Northern Cameroons integrated in Nigeria
 Rwanda     July 1, 1962 Independence from Belgium    
 São Tomé and Príncipe     July 12, 1975 Independence from Portugal    
 Senegal     August 20, 1960 Independence from France    
 Seychelles     June 29, 1976 Independence from the United Kingdom    
 Sierra Leone     April 27, 1961 Independence from the United Kingdom    
 Somalia     July 1, 1960 Merger of State of Somaliland (formerly British Somaliland) and Italian Somaliland    
 South Africa May 31, 1910 Creation of the Union of South Africa from the previously separate colonies of the Cape, Natal, Transvaal and Orange River December 11, 1931 Statute of Westminster, which establishes a status of legislative equality between the self-governing dominion of the Union of South Africa and the UK April 27, 1994 Reincorporation of the nominally independent bantustans into post-apartheid South Africa
May 31, 1961 Republic declared (South Africa no longer a Commonwealth realm)
 South Sudan     July 9, 2011 Separation of Southern Sudan from Sudan    
 Sudan     January 1, 1956 Independence from Egyptian and British joint rule July 9, 2011 South Sudan secedes from Sudan
 Swaziland     September 6, 1968 Independence from the United Kingdom    
 Tanzania     December 9, 1961 Independence of Tanganyika from the United Kingdom April 26, 1964 Merger of Zanzibar with Tanganyika to form Tanzania
 Togo     August 30, 1958 Autonomy within French Union    
April 27, 1960 Independence from France
 Tunisia July 25, 1957 Declaration of Republic March 20, 1956 Independence from France    
 Uganda     March 1, 1962 Self-government granted    
October 9, 1962 Independence from the United Kingdom
 Zambia     October 24, 1964 Independence from the United Kingdom    
 Zimbabwe     November 11, 1965 Unilateral declaration of independence by Southern Rhodesia 1901 BSAC separates North-Eastern Rhodesia from Southern Rhodesia
April 18, 1980 Recognized independence from the United Kingdom as Zimbabwe


The Americas

Country Date Birth of current form of government Date Date of acquisition of sovereignty Date Date of most recent significant territorial modification
 Antigua and Barbuda     November 1, 1981 Independence from the United Kingdom    
 Argentina February 8, 1826 First presidential government May 25, 1810 May Revolution installs first local government October 18, 1884 Conquest of the Desert
July 9, 1816 Argentine Declaration of Independence
 Bahamas     January 7, 1964 Internal self-governance granted    
July 10, 1973 Independence from the United Kingdom
 Barbados     November 30, 1966 Independence from the United Kingdom    
 Belize     September 21, 1981 Independence from the United Kingdom 1859 Treaty establishes border between British Honduras and Guatemala
January 1, 1964 Self-governing colony
 Bolivia May 25, 1809   August 6, 1825 Bolivian War of Independence November 11, 1903 Signing of the Treaty of Petrópolis with Brazil whereby Bolivia gained lands in Mato Grosso in exchange for the territory of Acre
 Brazil November 15, 1889 Proclamation of the Republic September 7, 1822 Independence from Portugal declared November 11, 1903 Signing of the Treaty of Petrópolis with Bolivia whereby Brazil was given the territory of Acre in exchange for lands in Mato Grosso
August 29, 1825 Independence recognized by Portugal
 Canada July 1, 1867 Canadian Confederation December 11, 1931 Statute of Westminster April 1, 1949 Dominion of Newfoundland joins as the province of Newfoundland
 Chile September 18, 1810 First Government Junta declares Chile an autonomous republic within Spain February 12, 1818 Independence declared from Spain July 3, 1929 Chile awarded Arica district in Treaty of Lima
April 25, 1844 Independence recognized by Spain
 Colombia     July 10, 1810 Independence declared from Spain November 3, 1903 Separation of Panama from Colombia
August 7, 1819 Independence recognized by Spain
 Costa Rica     September 15, 1821 Costa Rica declared independence from Spain July 25, 1824 Partido de Nicoya
November 15, 1838 Independence from Federal Republic of Central America
 Cuba January 1, 1959 Cuban Revolution October 10, 1868 Independence from Spain declared    
December 10, 1898 Spain relinquishes all claim of sovereignty over and title to Cuba[1]
May 20, 1902 United States military occupation ends[2]
 Dominica     February 27, 1967 Became an associated state of the United Kingdom    
November 3, 1978 Independence from the United Kingdom
 Dominican Republic     March 3, 1865 Independence regained from Spain following the Dominican Restoration War    
 Ecuador August 10, 1809   May 24, 1822 Independence from Spain of Gran Colombia, of which Ecuador is a part February 26, 1942 Rio Protocol ends border dispute with Peru
May 13, 1830 Dissolution of Gran Colombia
 El Salvador     September 15, 1821 El Salvador becomes province in first mexican empire, which declared independence from Spain    
1823 El Salvador becomes a state of Federal Republic of Central America
1841 Dissolution of the Federal Republic of Central America, El Salvador becomes independent
 Grenada     February 27, 1967 Associated state of the United Kingdom    
February 7, 1974 Full independence from the United Kingdom
 Guatemala     September 15, 1821 Guatemala becomes state in Federal Republic of Central America, which declared independence from Spain    
April 17, 1839 Independence from Federal Republic of Central America declared
 Guyana     May 26, 1966 Independence from the United Kingdom    
 Haiti March 1987 Constitution January 1, 1804 The French colony Saint-Domingue gains independence as Haiti February 27, 1844 The Dominican Republic gains independence from Haiti
 Honduras     September 15, 1821 Honduras becomes state in Federal Republic of Central America, which declared independence from Spain September 1, 1972 Swan Islands returned to Honduras from United States occupation
October 26, 1838 Independence from Federal Republic of Central America
 Jamaica     August 6, 1962 Independence from the United Kingdom    
 Mexico 1917 Constitution September 16, 1810 Independence from Spain declared December 30, 1853 Gadsden Purchase
August 24, 1821 Independence recognized by Spain in Treaty of Córdoba
 Nicaragua     September 15, 1821 Nicaragua becomes state in Federal Republic of Central America, which declared independence from Spain    
November 5, 1838 Independence from Federal Republic of Central America
 Panama     November 3, 1903 Separation of Panama from Colombia October 1, 1979 United States returns Panama the Panama Canal Zone
 Paraguay June 1992 Democratic Constitution May 14, 1811 Independence from Spain declared 1938 Paraguay awarded a large portion of the Gran Chaco as a result of the Chaco War
 Peru     July 28, 1821 Independence from Spain declared February 26, 1942 Rio Protocol ends border dispute with Ecuador
1879 Independence from Spain recognized
 Saint Kitts and Nevis     February 27, 1967 Associated state of the United Kingdom December 19, 1980 Anguilla separated from Saint Christopher-Nevis-Anguilla
September 19, 1983 Independence from the United Kingdom
 Saint Lucia     February 27, 1967 Associated statehood    
February 22, 1979 Independence from the United Kingdom
 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines     October 27, 1969 Associated statehood    
October 27, 1979 Independence from the United Kingdom
 Suriname     December 15, 1954 Self-government granted    
November 25, 1975 Independence from Netherlands
 Trinidad and Tobago     August 31, 1962 Independence from the United Kingdom    
 United States September 17, 1787 Ratification of the United States Constitution replaced the previous Articles of Confederation creating a new system of government July 4, 1776 Independence from the Kingdom of Great Britain declared August 21, 1959 United States territory:
Territory of Hawaii joins as the state of Hawaii
September 3, 1783 Independence from the Kingdom of Great Britain recognized September 7, 1981 Insular area:
The United States cedes Serrana Bank and Roncador Bank to the Republic of Colombia as a result of a treaty signed in 1972
 Uruguay     August 25, 1825 Independence declared, joined in union with United Provinces of the Río de la Plata (current Argentina).(Independence from Brazil declared)    
August 27, 1828 Treaty of Montevideo signed, recognizing Uruguay's independence
 Venezuela     April 10, 1810 independence from Spain declared    
January 13, 1830 President José Antonio Páez declares Venezuela independent from Gran Colombia

Asia

Country Date Birth of current form of government Date Date of acquisition of sovereignty Date Date of most recent significant territorial modification
 Afghanistan     1919-08-20 Treaty of Rawalpindi gives Afghanistan control from the United Kingdom over its own affairs    
 Bahrain     1971-08-15 Independence from Iran 1521-07-01 Portuguese conquest of current territory
 Bangladesh     1971-03-26 Independence from Pakistan declared    
 Bhutan     1885 Ugyen Wangchuck ends period of civil war and unites Bhutan 1865-11-11 Treaty of Sinchula
 Brunei     1984-01-01 Brunei regains its independence after an agreement with the British on 4 January 1979    
 Cambodia     1989-09-26 Becomes free from Vietnamese occupation; it gets back its name instead of the People's Republic of Kampuchea    
 China, People's Republic of 1949-10-01 Establishment of the People's Republic of China (PRC) as the Chinese Civil War nears its end -4221 BC Nation firstly unified by Qin Dynasty 1999-12-20 Transfer of the sovereignty of Macau from Portugal to the PRC
 India 1950-01-26 Indian constitution comes into force[3] -31947-08-15[4] Independence from British Raj 1975-05-16 Accession of Daman, Diu + Sikkim to India
 Indonesia 1945-08-18 Ratification of the Constitution of Indonesia by the Preparatory Committee for Indonesian Independence 1945-08-17 Indonesian Declaration of Independence from Netherlands 2002-05-20 Independence of East Timor, formerly administered as a province of Indonesia
1949-12-27 Independence from the Netherlands recognized
 Iran 1979-02-11 Iranian Revolution ends monarchism and establishes an Islamic Republic 678 BC Unification Under Median Empire 1988-08-20 Anglo-Persian War leads to loss of Herat to the Emirate of Afghanistan
 Iraq 2003-03-20 Iraq defeated and occupied. New gov. formed 1932-10-03 Kingdom of Iraq 1991-02-28 Kuwait was liberated.
 Israel     1948-05-14 Reading of the Declaration of Independence of Israel before the expiration of the British Mandate of Palestine at midnight 2005-09-12 Completion of Israel's unilateral disengagement from the Gaza Strip
 Japan 1947-05-03 Coming into force of the current Constitution of Japan, whereby the emperor was deprived of his powers and a liberal democracy was established -2660 BCE (Traditional) Victory of Emperor Jimmu, and the capital established in Yamato. 1972-05-15 Return of the Ryukyu Islands to Japan and abolition of the United States Civil Administration of the Ryukyu Islands
 Jordan     1946-05-25 End of the British Mandate for Palestine 1994-10-26 Signing of the Israel–Jordan Treaty of Peace, whereby most of the disputed 400 square-kilometer area in the Arabah was handed back to Jordan
 Kuwait     1991-02-28 End of Iraqi occupation (Gulf War) 1969-12-18 Formal division of Saudi-Kuwaiti neutral zone
 Kyrgyzstan     1991-08-31 Independence from the Soviet Union 1936-12-05 Establishment of the Kirghiz SSR
 Laos 1975-12-02 Lao PDR formed 1949-07-19 Independence from France    
 Lebanon 1926-05-23 Lebanese Republic formed 1941-11-26 Independence from France declared 1920-09-01 France establishes State of Greater Lebanon with current boundaries
1943-11-22 Independence from France recognized
 Malaysia 1963-09-16 Formation of Malaysia[5][6] 1957-08-31 Malayan Independence[7] from the United Kingdom was declared in Dataran Merdeka (Independence Square) 1965-08-09 Establishment of Singapore as an independent sovereign state[8][9][10]
1963-09-16 Malaysia was formed after the self government of Sabah (was North Borneo), Sarawak and Singapore to federate with the existing States of the Federation of Malaya.[5][11]
 Maldives 1968-11-11 Declaration of Republic 1965-07-26 Independence from the United Kingdom    
 Mongolia     1911-12-29 Proclamation of Mongolian independence from Qing Dynasty China    
 Myanmar     1948-01-04 Myanmar (Burma) declares independence from the British Empire 1956 Signing of border treaty with the People's Republic of China
   Nepal 2008-05-28 Formation of Republic 1768-12-21 Nepali unification 1815-12-02 Sugauli Treaty ends the Gurkha War
 North Korea     1948-09-09 Declaration of creation of North Korea 1953-07-27 Cease-fire in the Korean War creates the southern border along the Military Demarcation Line
 Oman 2003-10-04 universal suffrage 1650-01-26 Expulsion of the Portuguese    
 Pakistan 1947-08-14 Independence from British India 1947 Partition of India 1971-12-16 De facto: Province of East Pakistan dissolved following the surrender of the Pakistani Army at the end of the Bangladesh Liberation War
1974-02-22 De jure: Recognition by Pakistan of Bangladesh as an independent country, whereby Pakistan definitely surrenders claims over the former province of East Pakistan
 Philippines 1935-11-30 The Commonwealth of the Philippines was established through the provisions of the Tydings–McDuffie Act and the Jones Law.[12] The 1935 constitution remained in effect after independence in 1946. 1898-06-12 The First Philippine Republic declares itself independent from the Spanish Empire.[13][14][15] 1930[17][18] Seven of the Turtle Islands were returned by the United Kingdom to the United States as the successor of the Sultanate of Sulu, becoming part of the Philippine Archipelago. The remaining three islands became the Turtle Islands National Park (Malaysia).
1946-07-04 The United States recognizes independence on 4 July under the provisions of the Treaty of Manila (1946). The 1935 Philippine constitution remains in effect
 Qatar     1971-09-03 Independence from the United Kingdom    
 Saudi Arabia 1932-09-23 Regions of Al-Hasa, Qatif, Nejd and Hejaz unified to become Saudi Arabia 1927-05-20 Kingdom of Nejd and Hejaz recognized as independent in Treaty of Jeddah 2000-06-12 Border with Yemen finalized by Treaty of Jeddah
 Singapore 1965-08-09[8] Singapore cease to be a state of Malaysia 1959-06-03 Self government under the United Kingdom 1965-08-09 Establishment of Singapore as an independent sovereign state[10]
1965-08-09 separate from and independent of Malaysia[8][9]
 South Korea 1948-08-15 First Republic of Korea established -4 676 AD Three kingdoms ruling the Korean peninsula and parts of Manchuria first united by Shilla 1953-07-27 Cease-fire in the Korean War creates the northern border along the Military Demarcation Line
 Sri Lanka     1948-02-04 Dominion    
1972-05-22 Full independence from the United Kingdom
 Syria     1961-09-28 End of the United Arab Republic    
 China, Republic of 1911-10-10 After the Xinhai Revolution the Republic of China formally replaced the Qing Dynasty 1949-12-07[19] Republic of China government moved to Taiwan after the Chinese Civil War[20] 1955-02-25 Withdrawal of the Republic of China from the Dachen Archipelago
 Tajikistan     1991-09-09 Independence from the Soviet Union 1929-12-05 Establishment of the Tajik SSR
 Thailand     1776 Expulsion of Burmese and reunification of Thailand 1909-03-10 Anglo-Siamese Treaty of 1909
 Timor-Leste     1975-11-28 East Timor declares its independence but was suppressed by the Indonesian invasion    
2002-05-20 Independence was recognized by the international community following the UN-sponsored act of self-determination of 1999
 Turkmenistan     1991-10-27 Independence from the Soviet Union 1921-08-07 Establishment of the Turkmen SSR
 United Arab Emirates     1971-12-02 End of treaty relationship with the United Kingdom 1972-02-11 Ras al-Khaimah joins the UAE
 Uzbekistan     1991-08-31 Independence from the Soviet Union declared 1924-10-24 Establishment of the Uzbek SSR
 Vietnam 1945-09-02 Independence from Japan and France -12879 BC Formation of Van Lang, traditionally regarded as the first nation of the Vietnamese people 1976-07-02 Reunification of North Vietnam and South Vietnam
 Yemen     1990-05-22 Unification of North Yemen and South Yemen 1990-05-22 Unification of North Yemen and South Yemen

Europe

Country Date Birth of current form of government Date Date of acquisition of sovereignty Date Date of most recent significant territorial modification
 Albania     1912-11-28 Declaration of independence from Ottoman Empire    
1944-11-28 Albanian state re-established after Italian/German occupation
 Andorra     1813 Reversal of annexation of Andorra by the Napoleonic Empire, through the Peninsular war    
 Austria     1955-05-15 Austrian Independence Treaty re-established Austria as a sovereign state 1921-12-14 City of Sopron moved to Hungary after plebiscite
 Belarus     1990-07-27 Declaration of State Sovereignty of the Belarusian Soviet Socialist Republic 1945 Curzon Line
1991-08-25 Independence recognized by Soviet Union
 Belgium 1831-07-21 King Leopold I of Belgium swears allegiance to the constitution making the country a constitutional monarchy 1830-10-04 Independence was proclaimed by the provisonial government 1919-06-28 Treaty of Versailles and annexation of the East Cantons
 Bosnia and Herzegovina     1992-03-05 Independence declared 1943-11-25 Establishment of SR Bosnia in Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia
 Bulgaria 1989-11-10 People's Republic of Bulgaria was replaced by the Republic of Bulgaria 681 The Byzantine Empire recognizes Bulgaria. 1940-09-07 Under the Vienna Awards, Southern Dobruja was returned to Bulgaria
1878-07-13 Independence from Ottoman Empire recognized internationally by the Treaty of Berlin.
 Croatia     1991-10-08 Independence from SFR Yugoslavia 1947-02-10 Annexation of most of Istria to SR Croatia as a result of signing the 1947 Paris Peace Treaties
 Cyprus     1960-08-16 Independence from United Kingdom    
 Czech Republic     1993-01-01 Dissolution of Czechoslovakia, creating Czech Republic and Slovakia    
 Denmark 1953-06-05 Constitutional Act of Denmark 958, or prior The Jelling stones, a pair of rune stones considered to be the "birth certificate" of Denmark reads: "King Haraldr ordered this monument made ... who won for himself all of Denmark and Norway and made the Danes Christian." 1920-06-15 Sønderjylland was recovered from Germany
 Estonia 1918-02-24 Estonian Declaration of Independence, whereby a republic was declared 1918-02-24 Independence declared from the Russian Empire 1920-07-01 De jure: Signing of the Estonia–Latvia Border Treaty whereby Valga proper was ceded to Estonia
1991-08-20 Independence (from the Soviet Union) reasserted, end of occupation 1945-01-01 De facto: Eastern coast of Narva river and most of Petseri County were transferred to Russian SFSR
 Finland 1809 Diet of Porvoo, birth of Finland as an autonomous state entity within Russian Empire 1917-12-06 Independence from Russian Empire declared 1956 Porkkala returned from Soviet control
1918-01-03 Independence from Russia recognized by the highest Soviet executive body, VTsIK
 France 1870-09-04 Establishment of a lasting republican form of government, considered uninterrupted in French law 486 Kingdom of the Franks becomes the first Christian State after the fall of the Western Roman Empire 1947-02-10 Metropolitan France:
Annexation of Tende, La Brigue and other villages formerly in Italy
1958-10-05 Establishment of the current semi-presidential system known as the Fifth Republic 843 Creation of the Kingdom of France (West Francia), Treaty of Verdun 1962-07-05 Overseas France:
Loss of the French departments in Algeria following the latter's independence
 Germany 1871-01-18 German Realm (Empire) founded 1955-05-05 Federal Republic of Germany (commonly referred to at the time as West Germany) declared fully sovereign 1990-10-03 Reunification of West Germany and East Germany
 Greece 1975-06-11 Third Hellenic Republic 1821-03-25 (traditional)

1821-02-23 (actual)

Greek Revolution starts, various regional administrations established during 1821 1947-02-10 Peace treaty with Italy awards the Dodecanese to Greece
1822-01-01 First Hellenic Republic proclaimed
1832-03-04 Independence recognized (as Kingdom of Greece)
 Hungary 1989-10-23 People's Republic of Hungary was replaced by the Republic of Hungary 895 Principality of Hungary formed 1947-02-10 With the Paris Peace Treaty, Hungary loses all territories that were regained with the Vienna Awards and during World War II, thus it returns to the 1920 borders (except for three villages in the northwest given to Czechoslovakia).
1849-04-14 Independence declared from Habsburg Empire
1991-06-19 End of 46 years of Soviet occupation.
 Iceland 930 The Icelandic Commonwealth established. 1944-06-17 Secedes from a Union with Denmark formally as an independent republic. 1972-09-01 No territorial changes on land have taken place, however the expansion of the Exclusive Economic Zone was such an important change in territory for Iceland that it merits a special inclusion here.
1946 Departure of last United States occupation troops
 Ireland 1919-01-21 Elected Irish Parliament Dáil Éireann unilaterally declares Ireland's independence from the United Kingdom 1922-12-06 Irish Free State secedes from United Kingdom by agreement in accordance with the terms of the Anglo-Irish Treaty but remains a dominion of the British Empire 1922-12-08 Northern Ireland secedes from the Irish Free State and rejoins the United Kingdom in accordance with the Irish Free State Constitution Act 1922
1931-12-11 Statute of Westminster confers legislative independence from the United Kingdom
1949-04-18 Republic of Ireland Act 1948 declares the state to be a republic and thus no longer subject in any way to the British Crown
 Italy 1861-03-17 Italian unification 1945-04-25 Disestablishment of the German-backed Italian Social Republic, whereby the unity and independence of the Italian state was restored 1975-11-10 Signing of the Treaty of Osimo which definitely divides the Free Territory of Trieste between Italy and Yugoslavia
 Latvia     1918-11-18 Independence declared from Germany and Russia 1944 Abrene district ceded to Russian SFSR (modern Russia)
1990-05-04 Independence (from Soviet Union) reasserted, end of occupation
 Liechtenstein     1813-10-19 Dissolution of the Confederation of the Rhine 1719-01-23 Purchase of Vaduz
 Lithuania 1990-03-11 Act of the Re-Establishment of the State of Lithuania independence (from the Soviet Union) reasserted, end of occupation 1253 Coronation of King Mindaugas (state established some time earlier, perhaps in the 1230s) 1939-10-27 and
1940-08-03 		Western part (approximately half) of Vilnius Region ceded to Lithuania
1918-02-16 Independence declared from Germany and Russia
 Luxembourg 1890-11-23 Separates from union with the Kingdom of the Netherlands, becomes Grand Duchy in its own right 1945 End of German occupation during World War II 1839-04-19 Partition of Luxembourg under the Treaty of London
 Macedonia     1991-09-08 After a referendum, the Socialist Republic of Macedonia declared independence from Yugoslavia 1944-08-02 Establishment of SR Macedonia
 Malta     1964-09-21 Independence from United Kingdom    
 Moldova     1991-08-27 Independence from Soviet Union 1940-08-02 Moldavian SSR formed
 Monaco     1861 Franco-Monegasque Treaty confirms Monaco's sovereignty (formerly a protectorate of the Kingdom of Sardinia)    
 Montenegro     1878-07-13 Independence from Ottoman Empire recognized internationally by the Treaty of Berlin. 1943-11-25 Establishment of SR Montenegro
2006-06-03 Declaration of independence from Serbia and Montenegro.
 Netherlands 1568 Treaty of Münster signed, independence from Spain 1945-05-05 German occupying forces surrender. 1839-04-19 The United Kingdom of the Netherlands divided under the Treaty of London (1839).
 Norway 872 King Harald I of Norway unifies the Petty kingdoms of Norway. 1814 Dissolution of the union between Norway and Denmark and establishment of the Constitution of Norway 1930-02-27 Jan Mayen was made part of the Kingdom of Norway.
1905-06-07 Dissolution of the union between Norway and Sweden
1945-05-08 German occupying forces surrender.
 Poland 1989-06-04 The first partially free Parliament's vote after 45-year long Soviet domination 966 adoption of Christianity by the first historically documented Polish ruler Mieszko I. 1951-02-15 Polish-Soviet border adjustment treaty
1025 formation of the Kingdom of Poland by Mieszko's son Bolesław I Chrobry.
 Portugal 1974-04-25 Carnation Revolution ends the authoritarian Estado Novo 1139-07-26 County of Portugal becomes independent from the Kingdom of León after the Battle of Ourique as part of the Reconquista. Recognized by León in 1143 and by the Pope in 1179. 1801-06-06 Spain occupies the present day border town of Olivença since the War of the Oranges.
 Romania 1989-12-22 Romanian Revolution of 1989 1877-05-21 Independence declared from the Ottoman Empire 1947-02-10 Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina
1878-07-13 International recognition by the Treaty of Berlin.
 San Marino 1600 Constitution of San Marino 301-09-03 Traditional founding 1463 Added Fiorentino, Montegiardino, Serravalle, and Faetano
1243 Formation of republican government
 Serbia 2006-06-08 Republic of Serbia declared legal successor to Serbia and Montenegro, ending the process of the dissolution of Yugoslavia. 1835-02-15 Serbia proclaimed a hereditary constitutional monarchy. International recognition by the 1878 Treaty of Berlin. 2008-02-17 Unilateral declaration of independence of Kosovo from Serbia. UN Court of Justice's opinion on the issue requested by Serbia.[21]
 Slovakia     1993-01-01 Dissolution of Czechoslovakia, creating Slovakia and Czech Republic    
 Slovenia     1991-06-25 Declaration of independence from Yugoslavia    
 Spain 1978 Spanish Constitution of 1978 718 Kingdom of Asturias    
1479 Unification of the Crown of Castile and the Crown of Aragon by the Catholic Monarchs.
 Sweden 1523-06-06 Gustav Vasa elected King of Sweden and marking a definite secession from the Kalmar Union. 1905-06-07 Dissolution of the union between Norway and Sweden 1809-03-29 Loss of Finland to Imperial Russia.
  Switzerland 1848-11-12 Foundation of the federal state after Sonderbund war 1291 Traditional founding    
1815-08-07 Restoration of the Ancien Régime (federalism), reverting the changes imposed by Napoleon Bonaparte.
 Ukraine     1991-08-24 Independence from Soviet Union declared 1954-02-19 Transfer of Crimea from Russia to Ukraine
 United Kingdom 1707-05-01 The Acts of Union united the two kingdoms of England (including Wales) and Scotland to create the Kingdom of Great Britain[22][23][24] 843 Kingdom of Scotland 1922-12-06
then 1922-12-08 		Irish Free State secedes from the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland by agreement in accordance with the terms of the Anglo-Irish Treaty and the Irish Free State Constitution Act 1922[25]
927-12-07 Kingdom of England
1171 then
1542 		Lordship of Ireland
Kingdom of Ireland
1216 Principality of Wales
 Vatican City 1274 Birth of current form of government the Papal conclave in 1274 1929-06-07 Ratification of the Lateran Treaty, making the Vatican City a sovereign State 1929-02-11 Signing of the Lateran Treaty

Oceania

Country Date Birth of current form of government Date Date of acquisition of sovereignty Date Date of most recent significant territorial modification
 Australia 1901-01-01 Commonwealth of Australia established as a Dominion of the British Empire. 1942-10-09 Statute of Westminster was adopted by Australia 1975-09-16 Papua New Guinea becomes formally independent of Australia
1986-03-03 Australia Act 1986 eliminated the remaining ties between the legislature and judiciary of Australia and their counterparts in the United Kingdom.
 Fiji     1970-10-10 Independence from United Kingdom    
 Kiribati     1979-07-12 Independence from United Kingdom 1975-10-01 Separation of Gilbert Islands (later Kiribati) and Ellice Islands (later Tuvalu)
 Marshall Islands 1979-05-01 Constitution and local government established 1986-10-21 Compact of Free Association with the United States    
 Federated States of Micronesia 1979-05-10 Constitution ratified 1986-11-03 Compact of Free Association with the United States 1979-05-10 Yap, Chuuk, Pohnpei, and Kosrae unite to form the Federated States of Micronesia
 Nauru     1968-01-31 Independence from UN Trusteeship    
 New Zealand 1840-02-06 Treaty of Waitangi between the British Crown and the indigenous Māori tribes cedes kawanatanga of New Zealand to Queen Victoria. De facto:
from 1856-05-07 		Formation of first responsible ministry in 1856. 1840-02-06 Treaty of Waitangi effectively unites the New Zealand archipelago as a single territory.The Kermadec Islands were incorporated in 1887.
De jure:
1947-12-10 		New Zealand Constitution Amendment Act 1947 receives royal assent.
 Palau 1981-01-01 Republic of Palau created upon adoption of constitution 1994-10-01 Emerged from United Nations trusteeship (administered by the United States).    
 Papua New Guinea     1973-12-01 Self governing colony    
1975-09-16 Independence from Australia
 Samoa     1962-06-01 Independence from New Zealand    
 Solomon Islands     1976-01-02 Self government granted by United Kingdom    
1978-07-07 Independence from United Kingdom
 Tonga     1970-07-04 Independence from United Kingdom 1845-12-04 Unification of what is now the islands of Tonga by George Tupou I of Tonga
 Tuvalu 1975-10-01 Separation of Gilbert Islands (later Kiribati) and Ellice Islands (later Tuvalu) 1978-10-01 Independence from United Kingdom 1979-02-07 Treaty with United States recognizing Tuvaluan control over Funafuti, Nukufetau, Nukulaelae, and Niulakita atolls
 Vanuatu     1980-07-30 Independence from joint British-French condominium[26]    

Transcontinental states

Country Date Birth of current form of government Date Date of acquisition of sovereignty Date Date of most recent significant territorial modification
 Armenia 1918-05-28 Establishment of the Republic of Armenia 1990-08-23 Independence from the Soviet Union declared 1936-12-05 Establishment of the Armenian SSR
1991-09-21 Independence recognized by the Soviet Union
 Azerbaijan 1918-05-28 Establishment of the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic 1991-10-18 Declaration of independence from the Soviet Union 1920-04-28 Establishment of the Azerbaijan SSR
 Egypt 1952-07-23 Egyptian Revolution of 1952 1922-02-28 Unilateral recognition of independence by the United Kingdom but continued British military occupation 1982-04-25 Withdrawal of last Israeli troops and settlers from Sinai as agreed upon in the peace treaty with Israel
1953-06-18 Republic proclaimed 1956-06-18 Withdrawal of last British troops from the Suez Canal Zone
1961-09-28 De facto disestablishment of the United Arab Republic following a military coup in Damascus
 Georgia 1918-05-26 Establishment of the Democratic Republic of Georgia 1991-04-09 Independence from the Soviet Union declared 1992-07-23 Abkhazia asserted its declared independence from the Soviet Union
1991-11-28 South Ossetia declared independence from Georgia
 Kazakhstan     1991-12-16 Independence declared from the Soviet Union 1936-12-05 Establishment of the Kazakh SSR
 Russia 1990-06-12 Russian SFSR declares sovereignty over its own territory 1480 Grand Duchy of Muscovy secures its independence from the Golden Horde 1954-02-19 Transfer of Crimea from Russia to Ukraine
 Turkey 1923-10-29 Turkey was declared as a republic. 1923-06-24 Treaty of Lausanne recognizes the new Turkish state as the successor state of the Ottoman Empire 1939-06-29 Syrian province of Iskanderun transferred by French Mandatory Government to Turkey. Annexed by Turkey as Hatay State

Sortable list

In this list, "date of last subordination" refers to the last date of control by an external government. In some cases this is the same as the date of independence marking decolonization or dissolution of a political union. In other cases, a sovereign state submitted to foreign military occupation or political subjugation for a period of time and later regained its independence.

Dates refer to de facto rule or occupation of the major territory, whether or not legitimized by international recognition.

In a union such as Czechoslovakia, the Soviet Union, or the Kalmar Union, one of the constituents can be considered the dominant power – generally where the seat of government was located. The United Kingdom is a particularly complicated case. If England is viewed as the dominant member, then history can be traced from Roman conquest, Saxon invasions, 10th century unification, and 1066 Norman Conquest before the union of England and Scotland in 1707. However, if viewed from a Scottish perspective, an unbroken history of sovereignty can be traced from 843 unification through 1707 union with England (with a brief annexation by England 1657–1660). Some Scots view the 1707 union as a ceding of sovereignty to England.[27]

Country First acquisition
of sovereignty 		Date of last
subordination 		Previous governing power Notes
 Afghanistan Aug 19, 1919 Feb 15, 1989 Soviet Union 2001-present: Islamic Republic of Afghanistan
1992-2001: Islamic State of Afghanistan (UN-supported occupation by United States in 2001)
1978-92: Democratic Republic of Afghanistan (occupied by Soviet Union 1979-89)
1973-78: Republic of Afghanistan
1926-29; 1929-73: Kingdom of Afghanistan
1823-1926; 1929: Emirate of Afghanistan (Treaty of Rawalpindi granted sovereignty from United Kingdom in 1919)
1747-1826: Part of Durrani Empire
1736-1796: Part of Afsharid Kingdom.
1708-1736: Part of Hotaki Empire
1526-1708: Part of Mughal Empire.
1370-1526: Part of Timurid Kingdom.
1256-1335: Part of Ilkhanate.
1294-1370: Part of Chagatai Khanate.
1219-1294 Part of Mongol Empire.
1077-1219: Part of Khwarazemid Empire
1037-1077: Part of the Great Seljuq Empire.
963-1187: Part of Ghaznavid Empire.
861-963: Part of Saffarid Emirate.
821-861: Part of various territories governed by the Tahirids.
750-821: Part of the Abbasid Caliphate.
661-750: Part of the Umayyad Caliphate.
632-661: Part of the Rashidun Caliphate.
224-632; Part of the Sassanid Empire.
227 BCE-224: Part of the Parthian Empire.
312 BCE-227 BCE: Part of the Seleucid Empire.
336 BCE-312 BCE: Part of the Macedonian Empire.
549 BCE-336 BCE: Part of the Achaemenid Empire.
678 BCE-545 BCE: Part of the Median Empire.
Before 678 BCE various Indo-Iranian tribes and early Iranian city-states.
 Albania Nov 28, 1912 Nov 1944[28] Germany 1992-present: Republic of Albania
1944-92: People's Socialist Republic of Albania
1928-44: Albanian Kingdom (de facto protectorate of Italy 1928-1939; occupied by Italy 1939-43; occupied by Germany 1943-44)
1925-28: Albanian Republic (de facto protectorate of Italy)
1914-25: Principality of Albania (via Albanian Declaration of Independence)
1912-14: Provisional Government of Albania
1479-1912: Part of Ottoman Empire
1444-79: League of Lezhë
1190-1444: Various Albanian principalities
Before 1190: Part of Byzantine Empire
 Algeria Jul 3, 1962[29] Jul 3, 1962 France 1962-present: People's Democratic Republic of Algeria (via Évian Accords)
1830-1962: French Algeria (colony of France)
Before 1830: Part of Ottoman Empire
 Andorra Sep 7, 1278[30][31] Nov 1944[32] France 1278-present: Principality of Andorra (via Paréage of Andorra; occupied by France 1812-13, 1870, 1914, 1936, 1939, 1944)
 Angola Nov 11, 1975[33] Nov 11, 1975 Portugal 1992-present: Republic of Angola
1975-1992: People's Republic of Angola (via the Alvor Agreement)
1575-1975: Portuguese Angola (colony of Portugal)
 Antigua and Barbuda Nov 1, 1981[34] Nov 1, 1981 United Kingdom 1981-present: Antigua and Barbuda
1632-1981: Colony of England/Great Britain/United Kingdom (ruled by France in 1666)
Before 1632: Inhabited by indigenous peoples of the Americas
 Argentina May 25, 1810 July 9, 1816[35] Spain 1861-present: Argentine Republic
1831-1861: Argentine Confederation
1810-1831: Part of the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata (via the May Revolution; on 9 July 1816, the Congress of Tucumán issued formal Declaration of Independence)
1776-1810: Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata (colony of Spain)
1542–1824: Part of Viceroyalty of Peru (colony of Spain)
1528-1542: Part of Spanish colony
Before 1528: Inhabited by indigenous peoples of the Americas, including the Inca Empire
 Armenia 190 BC Sep 23, 1991[36] Soviet Union 1991-present: Republic of Armenia
1920-1991: Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic
1918-1920: Democratic Republic of Armenia
1829-1918: Part of Russian empire
Before 1829: Part of Ottoman Empire
190 BC-AD 428: First independent as Kingdom of Armenia
 Australia Oct 9, 1942 Oct 9, 1942 United Kingdom 1942-present: Commonwealth of Australia (via Statute of Westminster Adoption Act, 1942[37])
1901-1942: Commonwealth of Australia (Dominion of United Kingdom; via federation)
1788-1901: Part of British empire
Before 1788: Inhabited by Indigenous Australians
 Austria Nov 12, 1918[38] May 15, 1955[39] World War II Allies 1955-present: Republic of Austria (via Austrian State Treaty)
1945-55: Allied-occupied Austria
1938-45: Occupied by Nazi Germany
1934-38: Federal State of Austria (client state of Italy)
1919-34: First Republic of Austria (via Treaty of Saint Germain)
1918-19: Republic of German-Austria (via Proclamation of Charles I)
1867-1918: Austria-Hungary (via Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867)
1804-67: Austrian Empire
1457-1804: Archduchy of Austria (state of the Holy Roman Empire)
1156-1457: Duchy of Austria (state of the Holy Roman Empire)
 Azerbaijan Aug 30, 1991[40] Aug 30, 1991 Soviet Union 1995-present: Republic of Azerbaijan (independence from Soviet Union declared 1991; constitution adopted 1995)
1920-1995: Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic
1918-1920: Azerbaijan Democratic Republic
Before 1918: Part of Russian Empire
 Bahamas July 10, 1973[41] July 10, 1973 United Kingdom
 Bahrain Dec 16, 1971 Dec 16, 1971 United Kingdom Previously ruled by Portugal, by Iran, and by Oman.
 Bangladesh Mar 26, 1971[42] Dec 16, 1971 Pakistan
 Barbados Nov 30, 1966 Nov 30, 1966 United Kingdom
 Belarus Jul 27, 1990 Aug 25, 1991 Soviet Union
 Belgium Oct 4, 1830 1945 Germany Part of Netherlands before 1830
 Belize Sep 21, 1981[43] Sep 21, 1981 United Kingdom
 Benin Aug 1, 1960[44] Aug 1, 1960 France
 Bhutan 1634 Template:Dtsh(none) (none) Autonomous since at least the 10th century.[45] Unified 1634, after the Battle of Five Lamas. Early history is sketchy, but may have been part of Kamarupa kingdom, and may have been occupied by Tibetan-Mongol forces ca. 10th century.[46]
 Bolivia Aug 6, 1825 Aug 6, 1825 Spain 1836–39 as dominant partner in Peru–Bolivian Confederation, governed from Tacna, Peru.
 Bosnia and Herzegovina Mar 1, 1992 Mar 1, 1992 Yugoslavia
 Botswana Sep 30, 1966[47] Sep 30, 1966 United Kingdom
 Brazil Sep 7, 1822[48] Sep 7, 1822 Portugal
 Brunei Jan 1, 1984 Jan 1, 1984 United Kingdom Previously occupied by Japan
 Bulgaria 681[49] Sep 22, 1908 Ottoman Empire Previously occupied by Byzantine Empire (1018–1185) and Ottoman Empire (1393–1878)
 Burkina Faso Aug 5, 1960[50] Aug 5, 1960 France
 Burundi July 1, 1962 July 1, 1962 Belgium
 Cambodia 802 Sep 26, 1989[51] Vietnam Khmer Empire founded 802 according to Sdok Kok Thom Inscription
 Cameroon Jan 1, 1960 Oct 1, 1961 United Kingdom French Cameroons gained independence in 1960; added British Southern Cameroons in 1961.
 Canada Dec 11, 1931 Dec 11, 1931 United Kingdom Dominion status 1867, Statute of Westminster 1931.[52]
 Cape Verde July 5, 1975 July 5, 1975[53] Portugal
 Central African Republic Aug 13, 1960 Aug 13, 1960 France
 Chad Aug 11, 1960 Aug 11, 1960 France
 Chile Sep 18, 1810 Feb 12, 1818 Spain
 China, People's Republic of 221 BC Feb 12, 1912 Qing (Manchu) Empire Unified 221 BC under Qin Dynasty. Previously part of the Mongol Empire under the Yuan Dynasty from 1279 Battle of Yamen until 1368. Partial occupation by Japan, 1937–1945.

Note: Although the Mongol's Yuan Dynasty and the Manchu's Qing Dynasty were considered foreign by the Han Chinese in their times, current Chinese official position considers these two dynasties as Chinese, as they were established by Chinese ethnic minorities and had their capitals in present-day Beijing. The PRC government considers itself the successor of the Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China.

 Colombia Jul 20, 1810 Aug 7, 1819 Spain Battle of Boyacá 1819
 Comoros Jul 6, 1975 Jul 6, 1975 France
 Congo, Democratic Republic of the 1885 Jun 30, 1960 Belgium 1885 Berlin Conference established Congo Free State as sovereign entity (private domain of King Leopold of Belgium); annexed to Belgium 1908–1960.
 Congo, Republic of the Aug 15, 1960 Aug 15, 1960 France
 Costa Rica Sep 15, 1821 1838 Federal Republic of Central America Previously part of Mexico 1822–23 and a colony of Spain before 1821.
 Côte d'Ivoire Aug 7, 1960 Aug 7, 1960 France
 Croatia May 21, 879[54] Oct 8, 1991 Yugoslavia Croats came to Roman Dalmatia as free people from White Croatia in the early 7th century.
 Cuba May 20, 1902 May 20, 1902 United States A colony of Spain until 1898, then occupied but not annexed by United States 1899–1902.
 Cyprus Aug 16, 1960 Aug 16, 1960 United Kingdom
 Czech Republic 935 Sep 20, 1968 Warsaw Pact Unified under Boleslaus I, Duke of Bohemia, who acceded to the throne in 935. Later part of Austria-Hungary until 1918 independence as Czechoslovakia. Occupied by Germany in 1938, by WWII Allies in 1945, and by Warsaw Pact armies in 1968.
 Denmark 980 May 5, 1945 Germany Unified ca 980 by Harald Bluetooth.
 Djibouti Jun 27, 1977 Jun 27, 1977 France
 Dominica Nov 3, 1978 Nov 3, 1978 United Kingdom
 Dominican Republic 1821 July 13, 1924 United States Previously occupied by Spain, France, and Haiti
 Ecuador May 24, 1822 May 13, 1830 Gran Colombia Previously a colony of Spain
 Egypt 3100 BC Feb 28, 1922 United Kingdom Unified in 3100 BC by Pharaoh Menes or probably Narmer, founder of the First Dynasty. Conquered at various times by Achaemenid, Macedonian, Roman, Arab/Islamic, Ottoman, and Napoleonic Empires.
 El Salvador Sep 15, 1821 Nov 21, 1898 Greater Republic of Central America Previously a part of the Federal Republic of Central America 1823–38, Mexico 1822–23, and a colony of Spain before 1821.
 Equatorial Guinea Oct 12, 1968 Oct 12, 1968 Spain
 Eritrea May 24, 1993 May 24, 1993 Ethiopia
 Estonia Feb 24, 1918[55] Aug 20, 1991 Soviet Union Previously occupied by Denmark, Sweden, Poland, Russia, and Germany.
 Ethiopia 50 Dec 1944 United Kingdom Aksumite Empire founded ca 50. Occupied 1936–1941 by Italy, then administered by UK until 1944 Anglo-Ethiopian Agreement.
 Fiji Oct 10, 1970 Oct 10, 1970 United Kingdom
 Finland Dec 6, 1917 Jan 4, 1918 Russian Empire Previously ruled by Sweden.
 France 843 1945 Germany 843 Treaty of Verdun established West Francia.
 Gabon Aug 17, 1960 Aug 17, 1960 France
 Gambia Feb 18, 1965 Feb 18, 1965 United Kingdom
 Georgia 1001 Apr 8, 1991 Soviet Union
 Germany Jan 18, 1871 March 15, 1991 World War II Allies Unified in 1871. Occupied 1945–1955 until ratification of Bonn–Paris conventions. Become fully sovereign on 15 March 1991 after the Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany came into effect.
 Ghana Mar 6, 1957 Mar 6, 1957 United Kingdom
 Greece 1822 1944 Germany Previously occupied jointly by Italy, Germany and Bulgaria; before 1821 by Ottoman Empire.
 Grenada Feb 7, 1974 Feb 7, 1974 United Kingdom
 Guatemala Sep 15, 1821 1838 Federal Republic of Central America Previously part of Mexico 1822–23 and a colony of Spain before 1821.
 Guinea Oct 2, 1958 Oct 2, 1958 France
 Guinea-Bissau Sep 24, 1973 Sep 10, 1974 Portugal
 Guyana May 26, 1966 May 26, 1966 United Kingdom Previously colonized by Dutch
 Haiti Jan 1, 1804 Aug 1, 1934 United States Previously a colony of France.
 Honduras Sep 15, 1821 1925 United States Occupied several times by United States. Previously a part of the Greater Republic of Central America 1896–98, the Federal Republic of Central America 1823–38, Mexico 1822–23 and a colony of Spain before 1821.
 Hungary 895 1956 Soviet Union Principality of Hungary founded 895. Ruled by Austria-Hungary before 1918.
 Iceland 930 1946 United States Icelandic Commonwealth formed 930. Ceded to Norway 1262; ruled by Danish monarchs 1380-1944 (de facto to 1940). Regained home rule in 1918 as Kingdom of Iceland, fully independent Republic of Iceland founded 1944. Occupied by the United Kingdom 1940–41 and the United States 1941–1946.
 India 322 BC Aug 15, 1947 United Kingdom First Indian Empire by Chandragupta Maurya founder of Maurya Empire 322 BC, then Gupta Empire 320 AD, then Mughal Empire in 1527, then British Raj from 1857 until Independence.
 Indonesia Aug 17, 1945 Dec 27, 1949 Netherlands Previously occupied by Portugal, Spain, France, British Empire, and Japan.
 Iran 559 BC May 1946 Soviet Union First Persian Empire formed by Cyrus the Great in 559 BC. Conquered by Alexander the Great 330 BC, ruled by Timurid Empire c. 1400-1501, Anglo-Soviet occupation 1941–1946.
 Iraq 4000 BC Jun 28, 2004 United States founded in 4000 BC by Sumer Civilization (the first Civilization on the world), and then unified under Sargon of Akkad the founder of Akkadian Empire. see History of Iraq. Occupied by United States 2003–2004[56]
 Ireland Jan 21, 1919 Dec 11, 1931 United Kingdom Independence declared 1919, Dominion status 1922, Statute of Westminster 1931, declared a republic 1948.
 Israel 1020 BC May 14, 1948 United Kingdom Kingdom of Israel unified under King Saul, c. 1020 BC, divided into separate kingdoms of Israel and Judea, which fall to Neo-Assyrian and Neo-Babylonian empires in 722 and 586 BC, respectively. In 2nd century BC, Judea re-gains independence as Hasmonean kingdom after revolt against the Hellenist Seleucid Empire. Conquered by Pompey of the Roman Empire in 63 BC, and subsequently falls to Byzantine, Umayyad, Abbasid, Crusader, Mamluk, Ottoman Turkish, and British rule, before regaining independence as the State of Israel in 1948.
 Italy Mar 17, 1861 Apr 25, 1945 World War II Allies Unified in 1861.
 Jamaica Aug 6, 1962 Aug 6, 1962 United Kingdom Previously a Spanish colony
 Japan 400 April 28, 1952 World War II Allies Founded 660 BC by Emperor Jimmu according to legend. Unified state emerged during the Kofun period c. 400 AD. 1952 Treaty of San Francisco ended postwar occupation.
 Jordan May 25, 1946 Aug 2, 1958 Arab Federation Part of Arab Federation Feb–Aug 1958 governed from Baghdad, Iraq. Previously ruled by Persian, Roman, Islamic, and Ottoman Empires; UK, etc.
 Kazakhstan Dec 16, 1991 Dec 16, 1991 Soviet Union
 Kenya Dec 12, 1963 Dec 12, 1963 United Kingdom
 Kiribati Jul 12, 1979 Jul 12, 1979 United Kingdom
 Kosovo Feb 17, 2008 Feb 17, 2008 Serbia Declared independence from Serbia in accordance with international law[57]
 Kuwait Jun 19, 1961 Feb 1991 Iraq Previously ruled by Ottoman Empire and UK.
 Kyrgyzstan Aug 31, 1991 Aug 31, 1991 Soviet Union
 Laos 1354 Nov 9, 1953 France Occupied by Japan during World War II
 Latvia Nov 18, 1918[58] May 4, 1990 Soviet Union Previously ruled by Lithuania, Sweden, and Russia
 Lebanon Nov 8, 1943 Dec 31, 1946 France Previously ruled by Ottoman Empire
 Lesotho 1822 Oct 4, 1966 United Kingdom
 Liberia Jul 26, 1847 Jul 26, 1847 American Colonization Society Settled but not claimed by United States[59]
 Libya Dec 24, 1951 Dec 24, 1951 United Kingdom and France Previously occupied by Italy and by Ottoman Empire
 Liechtenstein Jul 12, 1806 Aug 24, 1866 German Confederation Previously subject to the Confederation of the Rhine. Formed 1719 from Vaduz and Schellenberg, but under the Holy Roman Empire.
 Lithuania 1253[60] Mar 11, 1990 Soviet Union Kingdom of Lithuania; Act of the Re-Establishment of the State of Lithuania
 Luxembourg 1815 1945 Germany Independent from France 1815 but in personal union with Netherlands until 1890
 Macedonia Sep 8, 1991 Sep 8, 1991 Yugoslavia
 Madagascar 1787 Jun 26, 1960 France
 Malawi Jul 6, 1964 Jul 6, 1964 United Kingdom
 Malaysia Aug 31, 1957[7] Aug 31, 1957 United Kingdom The Federation of Malaya gained independence in 1957; in 1963 it added territories of Sabah, Sarawak and Singapore, and changed its name to Malaysia.[5] Singapore became independent in 1965.
 Maldives 1140 Jul 26, 1965 United Kingdom Unified according to legend by King Koimala (1117–1141). Independent sultanate until 1887, when it became a British protectorate.
 Mali 1230 Sep 22, 1960 Mali Federation Mali Empire ca. 1230. A colony of France 1890–1960, then part of Mali Federation governed from Dakar, Senegal.
 Malta Sep 21, 1964 Sep 21, 1964 United Kingdom
 Marshall Islands Oct 21, 1986 Oct 21, 1986 United States Compact of Free Association
 Mauritania Nov 28, 1960 Nov 28, 1960 France
 Mauritius Mar 12, 1968 Mar 12, 1968 United Kingdom Previously controlled by the Netherlands and France.
 Mexico Sep 16, 1810 1863 France Parts of northern Mexico continued under control of Benito Juárez. Previously a colony of Spain
 Micronesia, Federated States of Nov 3, 1986 Nov 3, 1986 United States Compact of Free Association
 Moldova Aug 27, 1991 Aug 27, 1991 Soviet Union
 Monaco 1297 1945 Germany Previously occupied by Italy and France. Subject to Sardinia 1815–1861.
 Mongolia 1206 Mar 13, 1921 China Mongol Empire formed 1206; occupied by China during Qing Dynasty (1635–1911) and Republic of China (1919–1921)
 Montenegro 1042 May 21, 2006 Serbia and Montenegro Duklja gained its independence from the Byzantine Empire in 1042. Independent from Ottoman Empire in 1878, union with Serbia/Yugoslavia 1918–2006. Occupied by Austria-Hungary, Italy, and Germany.
 Morocco February 5, 789 Apr 7, 1956 France/Spain Idris I inducted in 789. Independence from the Abbasid Caliphate.[61]
Disputed between the Fatimid Caliphate and the Caliphate of Córdoba (974–1040).
Under French and Spanish protectorate (1912–1956).
 Mozambique Jun 25, 1975 Jun 25, 1975 Portugal Portuguese colony from 1498
 Myanmar 849 Jan 4, 1948 United Kingdom Pagan Kingdom founded 849. Occupied by Japan 1942–1945
 Namibia Mar 21, 1990 Mar 21, 1990 South Africa German colony from 1884; governed by South Africa 1915-1990
 Nauru Jan 31, 1968 Jan 31, 1968 Australia/ New Zealand/ United Kingdom Previously occupied by Germany 1888, Australia 1914, Japan 1942-45
   Nepal 1768 Template:Dtsh (none) (none) Autonomous throughout its recorded history, and certainly since its 1768 unification.[62]The ancient Maurya Empire occupied southern Nepal, but not the core Kathmandu valley.[63]
 Netherlands Jul 26, 1581 1945 Germany Independent from Spain in 1581; occupied by France under Napoleon.
 New Zealand Nov 25, 1947 Nov 25, 1947 United Kingdom Dominion status 1907, Statute of Westminster Adoption Act 1947.[64]
 Nicaragua Sep 15, 1821 Jan 1933 United States Previously a part of the Greater Republic of Central America 1896–98, the Federal Republic of Central America 1823–38, Mexico 1822–23, and a colony of Spain before 1821.
 Niger Aug 3, 1960 Aug 3, 1960 France
 Nigeria Oct 1, 1960 Oct 1, 1960 United Kingdom
 North Korea 2333 BC Sep 9, 1948 Soviet Union Gojoseon established in 24th century BC according to legend.[65] Modern state established 1948 after Soviet occupation since 1945. Previously occupied by Japan (1910–1945).
 Norway 872 May 9, 1945 Germany Unified ca 872 at Battle of Hafrsfjord. For a long time in unions with Denmark and with Sweden (until 1905). Occupied by Germany 1940–45.
 Oman 751 1743 Persia Previously occupied by Great Seljuq Empire, Ottoman Empire, Portugal (1508–1650), etc.
 Pakistan Aug 14, 1947 Mar 23, 1956 United Kingdom Previously a colony of the British Empire.
 Palau Oct 1, 1994 Oct 1, 1994 United States Previously ruled by Spain, Germany, Japan.
 Panama Nov 3, 1903 Jan 12, 1990 United States A colony of Spain until 1821, then a dependency of Colombia until 1903. Occupied by United States 1989–90.
 Papua New Guinea Sep 16, 1975 Sep 16, 1975 Australia
 Paraguay May 14, 1811 1876 Brazil Occupied 1870–1876 by Brazil, in Triple Alliance with Argentina and Uruguay.[66] Colony of Spain before 1811.
 Peru July 28, 1821 Aug 25, 1839 Peru–Bolivian Confederation Independent from Spain 1821; part of Peru–Bolivian Confederation 1836-39.
 Philippines July 4, 1946[67] July 4, 1946 United States Spanish colony 1565–1898; insurgents declared independence from Spain in 1898; sovereignty passed from Spain to the U.S. in 1898; insurgent Philippine Republic waged an unsuccessful war of independence against the U.S. 1899–1902; accepted U.S. sovereignty April 19, 1901; occupied by Japan 1942–1944.
 Poland 960 1945 Soviet Union Unified ca 960 by Mieszko I. Partitioned several times between Germany and the USSR.
 Portugal July 25, 1139 1808 France Convention of Sintra ended French occupation of Lisbon. Independent from Kingdom of León in 1139.
 Qatar Sep 3, 1971 Sep 3, 1971 United Kingdom
 Romania Jul 13, 1878 Aug 1958 Soviet Union Occupied by the USSR 1944–1958.
 Russia 860 Oct 8, 1480 Golden Horde Rurik Dynasty founded ca 860. Great stand on the Ugra river in 1480 marked end of Mongol/Tatar rule.
 Rwanda July 1, 1962 July 1, 1962 Belgium
 Saint Kitts and Nevis Sep 19, 1983 Sep 19, 1983 United Kingdom
 Saint Lucia Feb 22, 1979 Feb 22, 1979 United Kingdom
 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Oct 27, 1979 Oct 27, 1979 United Kingdom
 Samoa Jan 1, 1962 Jan 1, 1962 New Zealand German colony 1900 to 1914; occupied by New Zealand 1914; Trust Territory first of the League of Nations, then of the United Nations and administered by New Zealand, 1920 to 1962.
 San Marino 301 1945 World War II Allies Previously occupied by Roman Empire, and briefly by Rimini (1503), and Papal States (1739).
 São Tomé and Príncipe Jul 12, 1975 Jul 12, 1975 Portugal
 Saudi Arabia 1744 Jan 1919 Ottoman Empire First Saudi State independent 1744–1818; last Ottoman troops evicted from Medina by Kingdom of Hejaz 1919; Hejaz incorporated 1926 into Kingdom of Hejaz and Nejd, precursor to Saudi Arabia
 Senegal Jun 20, 1960 Jun 20, 1960 France Independent first as Mali Federation with capital in Dakar. Previously part of Ghana, Mali and Songhai Empires.
 Serbia 850 1945 Germany Vlastimir of Serbia established statehood for Serbia in 850; Independent from Ottoman Empire in 1817, formed the core of Yugoslavia 1918–2003
 Seychelles Jun 29, 1976 Jun 29, 1976 United Kingdom Perhaps sovereign 1790–1794
 Sierra Leone Apr 27, 1961 Apr 27, 1961 United Kingdom
 Singapore Aug 31, 1963[68] Aug 9, 1965 Malaysia British colony 1824–1963; occupied by Japan 1942–1945; declared independence, then merged with Malaysia[5][11] from 1963 until 1965.[8][10]
 Slovakia Jan 1, 1993 Jan 1, 1993 Czechoslovakia
 Slovenia Jun 25, 1991 Jun 25, 1991 Yugoslavia
 Solomon Islands Jul 7, 1978 Jul 7, 1978 United Kingdom
 Somalia Jul 1, 1960 Jul 1, 1960 United Kingdom and Italy Union of British Somaliland and Trust Territory of Somalia
 South Africa Dec 11, 1931 Dec 11, 1931 United Kingdom Dominion status 1910, Statute of Westminster 1931.
 South Korea 300 BC Aug 15, 1948 United States Jin state established in 3rd century BC. Modern state established 1948 after US Army Military Government since 1945. Previously occupied by Japan (1910–1945).
 South Sudan Jul 9, 2011 Jul 9, 2011 Sudan
 Spain 1479 1814 France Union of Kingdom of Castile and Kingdom of Aragon in 1479. Previously occupied by Roman Empire, etc.
 Sri Lanka 377 BC Feb 4, 1948 United Kingdom Unified as Anuradhapura Kingdom 377 BC – 1017. Conquered by Indian kingdoms, Portuguese, Dutch, and British.
 Sudan 1070 BC Jan 1, 1956 United Kingdom and Egypt Kingdom of Kush 1070 BC – 350 AD. Later ruled by the Ottoman Empire, Egypt, and then as Anglo-Egyptian Sudan 1899–1956.
 Suriname Nov 25, 1975 Nov 25, 1975 Netherlands
 Swaziland Sep 6, 1968 Sep 6, 1968 United Kingdom
 Sweden unknown[69] Jun 6, 1523 Denmark No exact date for consolidation of Sweden. In Kalmar Union 1397–1523.
  Switzerland 1291 1815 Austria Old Swiss Confederacy formed 1291. Occupied by France 1798, then Austria 1813. 1815 Congress of Vienna restored independence.
 Syria Apr 17, 1946 Sep 28, 1961 United Arab Republic
 Tajikistan Sep 9, 1991 Sep 9, 1991 Soviet Union
 Tanzania Dec 9, 1961 Dec 9, 1961 United Kingdom Independent in 1961 as Tanganyika, added Zanzibar in 1963.
 Thailand 1238 1945 Japan Independent from Khmer Empire in 1238. Previously conquered by Burma until 1768. Occupied by Japan 1941–1945.
 Timor-Leste Nov 28, 1975 May 20, 2002 United Nations Ruled by Portugal 1515–1975, occupied by Indonesia 1975–1999, administered by U.N. 1999–2002.
 Togo Apr 27, 1960 Apr 27, 1960 France
 Tonga 1845 Jun 4, 1970 United Kingdom United 1845 by George Tupou I. British protectorate 1900–1970.
 Trinidad and Tobago Aug 31, 1962 Aug 31, 1962 United Kingdom
 Tunisia Mar 20, 1956 Mar 20, 1956 France Occupations by Rome, Ottoman Empire and France
 Turkey 1037 June 26, 1243 Mongol Empire Seljuq Empire founded 1037; conquered at 1243 Battle of Köse Dağ[70]
 Turkmenistan Oct 27, 1991 Oct 27, 1991 Soviet Union
 Tuvalu Oct 1, 1978 Oct 1, 1978 United Kingdom
 Uganda Oct 9, 1962 Oct 9, 1962 United Kingdom
 Ukraine Jan 22, 1918 Aug 24, 1991 Soviet Union
 United Arab Emirates Dec 2, 1971 Dec 2, 1971 United Kingdom
 United Kingdom 843 Template:Dtsh (none) (none) Kingdom of Scotland unified 843; Kingdom of England unified 927. Tender of Union 1657–1660, Acts of Union 1707, adding Kingdom of Ireland in 1801 (only Northern Ireland from 1922). Partial occupations by Normans, Vikings, Romans.
 United States of America Jul 4, 1776 Oct 19, 1781 United Kingdom Independence declared 1776; British surrender 1781; U.S. recognized by Treaty of Paris 1783.
 Uruguay 1815 Aug 27, 1828 Brazil Independent 1815–1820 as Liga Federal; occupied 1820 by Portugal/Brazil until 1828 Treaty of Montevideo.
 Uzbekistan Sep 1, 1991 Sep 1, 1991 Soviet Union
 Vanuatu July 30, 1980 July 30, 1980 United Kingdom and France Governed 1906–1980 as the New Hebrides condominium.
 Vatican City 756 Feb 11, 1929 Italy Independent as Papal States 756–1870; part of Italy until 1929 Lateran Treaty
 Venezuela Jul 5, 1811 Jan 13, 1830 Gran Colombia Previously a colony of Spain
 Vietnam 2879 BC 1954 France Văn Lang confederacy arose 2879 BC according to legend. Several periods of Chinese domination. French occupation from 1887 until Geneva Conference (1954), interrupted by Japanese occupation (1940–1945). While not an occupation, the United States gave military support to the South Vietnam government until the 1973 Paris Peace Accords.
 Yemen Nov 1, 1918 Nov 30, 1967 United Kingdom North Yemen independent from Ottoman Empire 1918; South Yemen from UK in 1967; unified 1990
 Zambia Oct 24, 1964 Oct 24, 1964 United Kingdom
 Zimbabwe Nov 11, 1965 Apr 18, 1980 United Kingdom The British colony of Southern Rhodesia unilaterally declared Independence as Rhodesia 1965; known as Zimbabwe Rhodesia in 1979; unrecognised until 1980.
Country First acquisition of sovereignty Date of last subordination Previous governing power Notes

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Treaty of Peace Between the United States and Spain; December 10, 1898 The Avalon project.
  2. ^ Country Profile: Cuba, September 2006, U.S. Library of Congress – Federal Research Division.
  3. ^ Ranbir Vohra (2001). The Making of India: A Historical Survey (2 ed.). M.E. Sharpe. p. 192. ISBN 978-0-7656-0712-6.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link).
  4. ^ Op. cit. Vohra & nowrap 2001, p. 24.
  5. ^ a b c d Malaysia Act 1963
  6. ^ United Nations Member States
  7. ^ a b Federation of Malaya Independence Act 1957
  8. ^ a b c d Agreement relating to the separation of Singapore from Malaysia as an independent and sovereign state
  9. ^ a b Agreement relating to the separation of Singapore from Malaysia as an independent and sovereign state/proclamation of singapore
  10. ^ a b c Singapore Act 1966
  11. ^ a b Agreement relating to Malaysia between United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, Federation of Malaya, North Borneo, Sarawak and Singapore
  12. ^ 1935 Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines, CorpusJuris.com
  13. ^ CIA Factbook
  14. ^ "Country Profile: Philippines" (Document). U.S. Library of Congress – Federal Research Division. 2006. {{cite document}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |url= ignored (help)CS1 maint: postscript (link) says, "The Philippines attained independence from Spain on June 12, 1898, and from the United States on July 4, 1946.", implying that the cession of the Philippines to the U.S. by Spain on December 10, 1898 via the Treaty of Paris was invalid. Other sources (e.g. The CIA Factbook) say that the Philippine Islands were ceded to the US by Spain in 1898 following the Spanish–American War.
  15. ^ Republic of the Philippines, Philippine Government website.
  16. ^ "Convention regarding the boundary between the Philippine Archipelago and the State of North Borneo" (Document). United Nations Treaty Collection. January 2, 1930 and July 6, 1932. {{cite document}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Unknown parameter |url= ignored (help)CS1 maint: postscript (link)
  17. ^ Bautista, Lowell B. (3 September 2009). "The Historical Context and Legal Basis of the Philippine Treaty Limits" (PDF). Aegean Review of the Law of the Sea and Maritime Law. 1: 21. doi:10.1007/s12180-009-0003-5. ISSN (Print) 1864-9629 (Online) 1864-9610 (Print) 1864-9629 (Online). The Boundaries Treaty of 1930 clarifies those islands in the region belonging to U.S. and those to the State of North Borneo and delimits the boundary between the Philippine Archipelago (under U.S. sovereignty) and the State of North Borneo (under British protection). [...] When the Boundaries Treaty of 1930 was finalized, an exchange of notes supplemented the Treaty. Pursuant to the notes, sovereignty over these islands was transferred to the U.S., and it was agreed that Great Britain should continue to administer these islands until the U.S. gave notice to the contrary. {{cite journal}}: Check |issn= value (help); External link in |author= (help)CS1 maint: postscript (link)[16]
  18. ^ United States. Dept. of State; Charles Irving Bevans (1968). Treaties and other international agreements of the United States of America, 1776-1949. Dept. of State; for sale by the Supt. of Docs., U.S. Govt. Print. Off. pp. 473–476.
  19. ^ The government of the Republic of China, which currently administers Taiwan, was the generally recognized sovereign power over Mainland China beginning in 1 January 1912 (also the first year of the Taiwanese calendar "民國"). Sovereign control of Taiwan by this government began on 25 October 1945 (Retrocession Day).
  20. ^ The PRC acquired de facto control in Mainland China on 1 October 1949. The Republic of China continued to be generally recognized as the legitimate government of China until 25 October 1971, when the PRC was admitted to the United Nations. Currently, due to the PRC's One-China policy, only 25 states recognize the Republic of China, although many more retain unofficial relations.
  21. ^ International reaction to the 2008 Kosovo declaration of independence
  22. ^ "Background Note: United Kingdom". bbc.co.uk Acts of Union: The creation of the United Kingdom.
  23. ^ Allan I. Macinnes (2007). Union and empire: the making of the United Kingdom in 1707. Cambridge University Press..
  24. ^ David Armitage, Michael J. Braddick (2002). The British Atlantic world, 1500–1800. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 20..
  25. ^ In order to reflect the loss of Southern Ireland, the full name of the United Kingdom was changed from United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland to United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland through the Royal and Parliamentary Titles Act 1927
  26. ^ Profile: Republic of Vanuatu, U.S. Department of State
  27. ^ Christopher A Whatley (2001). Bought and Sold for English Gold: The Union of 1707 (Tuckwell Press, 2001)
  28. ^ An Outline of the People's Republic of Albania. 8 Nëntori. 1978. p. 47.
  29. ^ Shillington, Kevin (2005). Encyclopedia of African history. CRC Press. p. 60. ISBN 1-57958-453-5.
  30. ^ Blaustein, Albert P. (1977). Independence documents of the world. Brill Archive. p. 11. ISBN 0-379-00794-0. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  31. ^ Whittlesey, Derwent (1934). "Andorra's Autonomy". The Journal of Modern History. 6 (2): 147–155. doi:10.1086/236113. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: postscript (link)
  32. ^ Archambault, G.H. (Nov 16, 1944). "Andorra Occupied by French Police; De Gaulle Acts Under Historic Authority to Keep Order in Pyrenees Republic". New York Times. p. 5. Retrieved April 25, 2009.
  33. ^ "1975: Divided Angola gets independence". BBC On This Day. 1975-11-11. Retrieved 2009-07-04.
  34. ^ "Background Note: Antigua and Barbuda". US Department of State. Retrieved 2009-07-04.
  35. ^ "Congress of Tucumán". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 2009-07-04.
  36. ^ "Armenia: Independence". Britannica.com. Retrieved 2009-08-17.
  37. ^ "Statute of Westminster Adoption Act 1942". National Archives of Australia: Documenting a Democracy. Retrieved April 19, 2009.
  38. ^ "Austria". Encyclopedia.com. Retrieved 2009-07-19.
  39. ^ "Vienna". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 2009-05-11.
  40. ^ "Azerbaijan". Encyclopedia.com. Retrieved 2009-05-11.
  41. ^ Kurian, George Thomas (1987). The Encyclopedia of the Third World. Vol. 1 (3rd ed.). Facts on File. p. 115. ISBN 0-8160-1118-4.
  42. ^ "Bangladesh". Encyclopedia.com.
  43. ^ "Background Note: Belize". US Department of State.
  44. ^ "Background Note: Benin". US Department of State.
  45. ^ Rose, Leo E. (1977). The Politics of Bhutan. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. p. 24. ISBN 0-8014-0909-8. [T]here can be no doubt that since at least the tenth century no external power has controlled Bhutan, although there have been periods when various of its neighbors have been able to exert a strong cultural and/or political influence there.
  46. ^ Bisht, Ramesh Chandra (2008). International Encyclopaedia of Himalayas. Vol. 2. New Delhi: Mittal Publications. p. 12. ISBN 81-8324-265-0.
  47. ^ "Botswana". Encyclopedia.com. Retrieved 2009-07-18.
  48. ^ "Brazil". Encyclopedia.com. Retrieved 2009-07-18.
  49. ^ "Bulgaria". Encyclopedia.com. Retrieved 2009-07-19.
  50. ^ "Burkina Faso". Encyclopedia.com. Retrieved 2009-07-18.
  51. ^ Tucker, Spencer (1999). Vietnam. Routledge. pp. 196–197. ISBN 1-85728-922-6.
  52. ^ "Statute of Westminster: Canada's Declaration of Independence". The Canadian Encyclopedia. Retrieved April 19, 2009.
  53. ^ "Background Note: Cape Verde". U.S. Department of State. June 2008. Retrieved 26 July 2009.
  54. ^ "1131 years since the first international recognition of Croatia". Katarina Tadić. May 14, 2010. Retrieved January 4, 2011.
  55. ^ "Estonian Declaration of Independence, 24 February 1918". President of the Republic of Estonia. Retrieved 2009-07-19.
  56. ^ Campbell Robertson; Stephen Farrell (December 31, 2008), "Green Zone, Heart of U.S. Occupation, Reverts to Iraqi Control", The New York Times
  57. ^ "International Court of Justice Opinion, 22 July 2010". Retrieved 2012-01-28.
  58. ^ "November 18, 1918 – Proclamation of Latvia's independence". LETA. Retrieved 2009-07-19.
  59. ^ "Colonization". The African-American Mosaic. Library of Congress. July 5, 2005. Retrieved 2009-04-25. Liberia … was neither a sovereign power nor a bona fide colony of any sovereign nation. … the United States refused to claim sovereignty over Liberia.
  60. ^ "About Lithuania". Embassy of the Republic of Lithuania to the United States of America. Retrieved 2009-07-19.
  61. ^ Template:Fr André Larané, 5 février 789 : Idriss, premier roi du Maroc on herodote.net [1]
  62. ^ Rose, Leo E. (1970). The Politics of Nepal. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. p. xi. ISBN 0-8014-0574-2. Nepal is of special interest, partly because it is an Asian country that was never reduced to colonial status. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  63. ^ Rai, Bandana (2009). Gorkhas: The Warrior Race. Gyan Publishing House. p. 180. ISBN 9788178357768. Retrieved 2012-06-02.
  64. ^ "New Zealand Parliament – New Zealand sovereignty: 1857, 1907, 1947, or 1987?". New Zealand Parliament Research Papers. Retrieved April 19, 2009.
  65. ^ Donald N. Clark (2000). Culture and customs of Korea. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. xvii. ISBN 978-0-313-30456-9.
  66. ^ "Paraguay". Britannica.com. Retrieved 2009-06-26.
  67. ^ Independence recognized via the Treaty of Manila (1946).
  68. ^ Leitch Lepoer, Barbara (1989). "Singapore as Part of Malaysia". Library of Congress Country Studies. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office. Retrieved 29 January 2011.
  69. ^ Hadenius, S; Nilsson, T and Åselius, G. (1996). Sveriges historia: vad varje svensk bör veta (Swedish history: what every Swede Should Know), p. 13: "Hur och när det svenska riket uppstod vet vi inte. Först under 1100-talet börjar skriftliga dokument produceras i Sverige i någon större omfattning […]" "How and when the Swedish kingdom appeared is not known. It is not until the 12th century that written documents begin to be produced in Sweden in any larger extent […]"
  70. ^ Köprülü, Mehmet Fuat (1992). The origins of the Ottoman empire. SUNY Press. p. 33. ISBN 0-7914-0819-1. It can be said that this war had a decisive effect on the fate of the Seljuq Empire. Afterwards Anatolia fell, in effect, under Mongol rule; although the peace which was made — on condition that a heavy annual tax be paid to the Mongols — left a theoretical semi-independence to the Seljuq sultan. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthor= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
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