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Electric car use by country

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For the more general category of electric drive for all type of vehicles, see electric vehicle. For the specific electric drive cars, see electric car and plug-in electric vehicle.
Top-selling light-duty plug-in electric vehicle global markets by country or region as of December 2016.[1]

Electric car use by country is a measure of the adoption of electric vehicles in various locations around the world. The popularity of electric vehicles around the world has been expanding rapidly due to the vehicles themselves, their increased acceleration and range, government subsidies and environmental sensitivity. As of the end of 2016:

  • Cumulative sales of highway legal plug-in electric passenger cars and light utility vehicles achieved the 2 million unit milestone in December 2016, of which 38% were sold in 2016.[1]. The 1 million milestone was reached in September 2016.[2]
  • Sales of light-duty plug-in vehicles achieved a 0.86% market share of new car sales, up from 0.62% in 2015 and 0.38% in 2014.[3]
  • The global ratio between all-electric cars (BEVs) and plug-in hybrids (PHEVs) was 61:39,[3] up from 59:41 at the end of 2015.[4]
  • Cumulative sales of plug-in hybrids totaled almost 800,000 units.[3]
  • Despite their rapid growth, plug-in electric cars represented only 0.15% of the 1.4 billion motor vehicles on the world's roads, up from 0.1% in 2015.[1][5]

Adoption of electric vehicles varied by country, reflecting a shifting landscape affected by consumer demand, market prices and incentives:

  • As of December 2016, China had the largest stock of highway legal light-duty plug-ins with cumulative sales of more than 645,000 plug-in passenger cars.[1][6] This represents 43.0% of the global stock of light-duty plug-ins.[7] China's plug-in electric bus market reached 173,000 vehicles in 2015[4]. New sales totaled more than 951,000 units through December 2016.[6][8]
  • More than 637,000 light-duty plug-in electric passenger cars had been registered in Europe through December 2016, representing 31.4% of global sales.

As of December 2016, sales in the European light-duty plug-in electric segment were led by Norway with over 135,000 units registered, followed by the Netherlands with more than 113,000 units registered at the end of December 2016 and France with over 108,000 units.[1]

  • Among single-country markets, the United States ranked second after China, with more than 570,000 plug-in electric cars sold through December 2016.[1][9]
  • Japan was the world's third largest plug-in car single-country market, with about 147,500 plug-ins sold through December 2016.[1]
Comparison of concentration of registered plug-in electric cars per 1,000 people among top selling PEV countries and California, as of December 2016.
  • Norway has the highest market penetration per capita in the world, as well as the largest plug-in electric segment market share of new car sales (29.1% in 2016). 135,000 plug-in cars were registered in Norway as of December 2016[1], with a market concentration of 21.5 registered plug-in cars per 1,000 people, 3.6 times higher than California's, the leading American market, and exceeding the U.S. average concentration by 14.2 times.[10][11]. By the end of 2016, 5% of all vehicles on Norwegian roads were plug-in electric.[7]
  • The Netherlands, with Europe's second largest plug-in stock (113,000 as of 2016)[1], has seen sales stagnate in recent years. Iceland has taken its place as the number two country in terms of market penetration (9% as of July 2017), while the Netherlands have fallen to eighth place with only 1.7% of new sales of plug-ins.[12]
  • France, with the third most plug-in electric vehicle stock in Europe (108,000 units as of December 2016)[1] is the largest European market for light-duty electric commercial vehicles or utility vans, accounting for nearly half of all such vans sold in the European Union.[13] Denmark, which had been the second largest market for plug-in electric vans (2,600 units, primarily plug-in hybrids)[13], has seen its EV market penetration plunge to 0.1% as of July 2017 due to the resumption of its high vehicle taxes on electric vehicles.[12]

Within the US market, California accounts for approximately 48% of cumulative plug-in sales from 2011 to June 2016. The other nine states that follow California's Zero Emission Vehicle (ZEV) regulations have accounted for another 10% of cumulative plug-in car sales in the U.S. during the same period.[14] California's plug-in stock totaled about 270,000 units at the end of 2016.[7] Until December 2014 California had more plug-in electric vehicles than any other country,[15][16] and in 2015 only two countries, Norway (22.4%) and the Netherlands (9.7%), achieved a higher plug-in market share than California.[17] As of December 2016, China is the only country market that exceeds California in terms of cumulative plug-in electric car sales.[1]

History

The global stock of plug-in electric vehicles between 2005 and 2009 consisted exclusively of all-electric cars, totaling about 1,700 units in 2005, and almost 6,000 in 2009. The plug-in stock rose to about 12,500 units in 2010, of which only 350 vehicles were plug-in hybrids.[4][18] By comparison, during the Golden Age of the electric car at the beginning of the 20th century, the EV stock peaked at approximately 30,000 vehicles.[19] After the introduction of the Nissan Leaf and the Chevrolet Volt in late December 2010, the first mass-production plug-in cars by major manufacturers, plug-in car sales grew to about 50,000 units in 2011, jumped to 125,000 in 2012, and rose to almost 213,000 plug-in electric cars and utility vans in 2013. Sales totaled over 315,000 units in 2014, up 48% from 2013.[20] In March 2014, Norway became the first country where over 1 in every 100 passenger cars on the roads is a plug-in electric vehicle.

In five years, global sales of highway legal light-duty plug-in electric vehicles increased more than ten-fold, totaling more than 565,000 units in 2015 - an 80% increase from 2014, driven mainly by China and Europe.[20] Both markets passed, in 2015, the U.S. as the largest plug-in electric car markets in terms of total annual sales, with China ranking as the world's best-selling plug-in electric passenger car country market in 2015.[21][22] About 775,000 plug-in cars and vans were sold in 2016[1]; the global market share of the light-duty plug-in vehicle segment represented 0.86% of new car sales in 2016, up from 0.62% in 2015 and 0.38% in 2014.[3]

Annual sales of light-duty plug-in electric vehicles in the world's top markets between 2011 and 2016.[20][7]
Date Milestone
Dec 2008 100th Tesla Roadster delivered[23]
Dec 2010 Nissan Leaf and Chevrolet Volt deliveries began[24]
Dec 2012 Annual global sales passed the 100,000 mark[4][20]
Mar 2014 Norway is the first country where 1% of passenger cars on the road is a plug-in electric[25]
Dec 2014 100,000th plug-in electric car sold in Japan[4][26]
Sep 2015 Global plug-in car/van sales passed 1 million units.[27]
Dec 2015 Annual global sales passed the 500,000 mark[4][20]
3% of passenger cars on Norwegian roads areplug-in electrics[28]
Mar 2016 500,000th new energy vehicle sold in China[29] (includes heavy-duty commercial vehicles)
Norway achieved the highest-ever monthly plug-in market share with 33.5% of new car sales[30]
200,000th plug-in electric car sold in California[31]
Apr 2016 100,000th plug-in electric car/van sold in Norway[32]
May 2016 Global plug-in car/van sales passed 1.5 million units[33]
May 2016 500,000th plug-in electric car/van sold in Europe[34]
Aug 2016 500,000th plug-in electric car sold in the U.S.[35]
Sep 2016 500,000th new energy passenger car sold in China[36]
Sep 2016 Global all-electric car/van sales passed 1 million.[2]
Oct 2016 100,000th plug-in electric car/van sold in France[37][38]
Nov 2016 100,000th plug-in electric car/van sold in the Netherlands[39]
Dec 2016 Global plug-in car/van sales passed 2 million units[1]
5% of passenger cars on Norwegian roads are plug-in electrics[7]

Statistics

Light-duty plug-in electric vehicle stock and PEV market share of total new car sales
in the top ten PEV selling countries as of December 2015
Country PEV stock(1) PEV market share Sales
since
2015[21] 2014[40] 2013[41] 2015[21] 2014[40] 2013[41]
 United States ~410,000 291,332 172,000 0.66% 0.72% 0.62% 2008(2)
 China 258,328 83,198[26] 28,619 0.84%[42] 0.23% 0.08% 2008(2)
 Japan(4) 126,420[4] 108,248[26] 74,124 n.a. 1.06% 0.85% 2009(3)
 Netherlands 88,991 45,020[43] 28,673 9.74% 3.87% 5.37% 2009(3)
 Norway(5) 84,401[44][45] 43,442 20,486 22.39% 13.84% 5.60% 2003(3)
 France 74,294 43,605(6) 28,560(6) 1.2% 0.70% 0.65% 2010(3)
 United Kingdom 53,524 ~24,500[46] 9,982[46][47] 1.1% 0.59%[47] 0.16%[47] 2006(3)
 Germany 48,669[21][40] 25,205[48][49] 12,156[49] 0.73%[50] 0.43% 0.25% 2006(2)
 Canada 17,058[51] 10,658[52] 5,596[52] 0.35%[51] 0.27%[52] 0.18%[52] 2011(2)
 Sweden 16,996[40][53] 8,076[54] 3,138[54] 2.49%[53] 1.53%[55] 0.57% 2011(3)
Global Total
(since 2003)		 1,235,000[21] 712,000[40] 405,000[40]
Light-duty plug-in electric vehicle stock and PEV market share of total new car sales
in selected regional markets
 Europe(7) 425,849[56][57][58] 233,022[56] n.a. 1.41%[57] 0.66%[59] 0.49%[60] 2010(2)
 California[61][62] 191,650 129,484 69,999 3.1% 3.2% 2.5% 2010(2)
Plug-in electric vehicle stock for all class segments in China[63][64][65][66][67]
 China 444,447 113,355 38,592 2011(8)
Notes

(1) Plug-in electric vehicle stock only includes cumulative sales or registrations of highway legal light-duty vehicles except where noted.
(2) Only includes plug-in passenger cars. (3) Includes plug-in cars and all-electric utility vans.
(4) Kei cars are not included for the Japanese market share estimate.[41] (5) Includes registrations of used imports.
(6) French registrations do not include plug-in hybrids, which were accounted together with regular hybrids (HEVs).[68]
(7) European figures correspond to European Union member countries plus two EFTA countries (Norway and Switzerland)
(8) Includes plug-in electric passenger cars and heavy-duty commercial vehicles such as buses and trucks.


Top 10 countries by plug-in electric passenger car market share of total new car sales between 2017 and 2013
Rank 2017 (July)[12][69] 2016[7][70] 2015[21][71] 2014[40] 2013[72]
Country Market
share (%) 		Country Market
share (%) 		Country Market
share (%) 		Country Market
share (%) 		Country Market
share (%)
1  Norway 34.7 %  Norway 29.1 %  Norway 22.39 %  Norway 13.84 %  Norway 6.10 %
2  Iceland 9.0 %  Netherlands 6.4 %  Netherlands 9.74 %  Netherlands 3.87 %  Netherlands 5.55 %
3  Sweden 4.3 %  Iceland 4.6 %  Iceland[73] 2.93 %  Iceland[74] 2.71 %  Iceland 0.94 %
4  Belgium 2.3 %  Sweden 3.5 %  Sweden 2.62 %  Estonia[74] 1.57 %  Japan 0.91 %
5  Switzerland 2.0 %  Switzerland 1.8 %  Denmark 2.29 %  Sweden[55] 1.53 %  France(2) 0.83 %
6  Finland 2.0 %  Belgium 1.8 %  Switzerland 1.98 %  Japan 1.06 %  Estonia 0.73 %
7  Luxembourg 1.8 %  Austria 1.6 %  France 1.19 %  Denmark[75] 0.88 %  Sweden[55] 0.71 %
8  Netherlands 1.7 %  France 1.4 %  UK 1.07 %  Switzerland[76] 0.75 %  USA 0.60 %
9  UK 1.7 %  UK 1.37 %  Austria[77] 0.90 %  USA 0.72 %  Switzerland 0.44 %
10  France,  China 1.5 %  China 1.31 %  China[42] 0.84 %  France(2) 0.70 %  Denmark 0.29 %
Selected regional markets or autonomous territories
Plug-in electric passenger car market share between 2016 and 2013
 Hong Kong ~5 %  Hong Kong[78] 4.84 %  Hong Kong -  Hong Kong[78] 0.39 %
 California[79] 3.5 %  California[62] 3.1 %  California[62] 3.2 %  California[62] 2.5 %
 Europe(1)[80] 1.3 %  Europe(1)[57] 1.41 %  Europe(1)[59] 0.66 %  Europe(1)[60] 0.49 %
Notes: (1) European figures correspond to European Union member countries plus two EFTA countries (Norway and Switzerland)
2) The French market share corresponds to combined sales all-electric passenger cars and utility vans only (plug-in hybrids not included).


European countries by plug-in electric passenger car total sales[12]
Country July '17 July '17 YTD July '16 YTD Growth (July '16-17) Growth (July YTD '16-17) 2017 BEV % of total PEVs July '17 PEV market share
 Norway 3968 31063 25045 34 % 24 % 53 % 34.7 %
 Germany 4211 26236 12005 142 % 119 % 45 % 1.3 %
 UK 3499 26928 22932 33 % 17 % 32 % 1.7 %
 France 1483 19941 17727 -6 % 12 % 73 % 1.5 %
 Sweden 1174 9413 6881 19 % 37 % 25 % 4.3 %
 Belgium 1179 8624 5276 118 % 63 % 18 % 2.3 %
 Austria 562 3928 2790 104 % 41 % 81 % 1.8 %
 Spain 608 3096 2066 141 % 50 % 49 % 0.4 %
 Netherlands 442 4375 5357 -43 % -18 % 84 % 1.7 %
 Italy 409 2675 1629 127 % 64 % 41 % 0.2 %
 Switzerland 365 3622 2896 4 % 25 % 61 % 2.0 %
 Portugal 377 2062 1000 155 % 106 % 46 % 1.4 %
 Iceland 335 1434 483 242 % 197 % 35 % 9.0 %
 Finland 233 1491 790 122 % 89 % 21 % 2.0 %
 Ireland 134 658 549 19 % 20 % 70 % 0.6 %
 Luxembourg 99 604 170 890 % 255 % 36 % 1.8 %
 Czech Republic 48 340 167 71 % 104 % 59 % 0.2 %
 Poland 27 290 143 80 % 103 % 82 % 0.1 %
 Slovenia 48 253 108 100 % 134 % 69 % 0.6 %
 Denmark 30 180 295 43 % -39 % 91 % 0.1 %
 Hungary 20 263 173 33 % 52 % 66 % 0.4 %
 Slovakia 22 202 22 633 % 818 % 51 % 0.4 %
 Romania 17 90 60 31 % 50 % 31 % 0.2 %
 Latvia N/A 56 30 N/A % 87 % 70 % 0.6 %
 Turkey 2 49 78 -92 % -37 % 69 % 0.0 %
 Greece 2 47 25 -50 % 88 % 23 % 0.1 %
 Estonia 7 42 53 133 % -21 % 48 % 0.3 %
 Cyprus N/A 37 23 N/A 61 % 73 % 0.4 %
 Lithuania 9 35 60 125 % -42 % 69 % 0.2 %
 Croatia N/A 14 61 N/A -77 % 14 % 0.0 %
 Bulgaria N/A 3 5 N/A -40 % N/A 0.0 %
 Malta N/A N/A 17 N/A N/A N/A N/A

Australia

Main article: Plug-in electric vehicles in Australia

Chargepoint is the only major operator of a charging network in Australia.[81]

Beginning in mid-2009, a twelve-month field trial was conducted with the Mitsubishi i-MiEV with potential electric vehicle customers, such as government bodies and fleet operators.[82] The iMiEV remained the top selling electric vehicle in Australia through 2013.[83][84] The Mitsubishi Outlander P-HEV, became Australia's top selling plug-in electric vehicle in 2014[85] and remained the leader into 2016 with 2,015 units sold since its introduction.[86] At the end of March 2015, Tesla Model S registrations totaled 119 in New South Wales and 54 in Victoria. Although no sales figures were reported for Tesla in other states, the combined sales of these two were enough for the Model S to rank as the top selling all-electric car for the first quarter of 2015, ahead of the BMW i3 (46) and the Nissan Leaf (31).[87] As of December 2016, about 1,000 Leafs had been sold since its 2012 introduction .[88]

Belgium

Sales of electric cars rose from 97 units in 2009, to 116 in 2010, 425 in 2011, to 1,038 electric-drive vehicles by early October 2012. Of the latter, only 350 units were sold to individuals. A total of 900 electric cars were sold in 2012.[89]

The Belgian government established a personal income tax deduction of 30% of the purchase price including VAT of a new electric vehicle, up to €9,510. Plug-in hybrids were not eligible.[90][91][92] This tax incentive ended on December 31, 2012.[93] A tax deduction of up to 40% was available for investments in public recharging stations to a maximum of €250.[90]

Brazil

Nissan Leaf operating as a taxi at Santos Dumont airport as part of a demonstrations program in Rio de Janeiro.

A total of 117 electric drive vehicles were registered in Brazil in 2012, and 383 during the first ten months of 2013. These figures included hybrid electric vehicles and plug-in electric cars. As of February 2013, there were only 70 electric cars registered.

As of September 2015 2,214 hybriwere d and electric vehicles registered in the state of São Paulo[94]

Eco Vagas: parking spaces reserved for low emissions vehicles in Brasília.

Plug-ins and hybrids are subject to taxes adding up to more than 120% of the retail price.[95][96][97]

In March 2013, the first two Leafs were deployed in Rio de Janeiro to operate as taxis.[98]

In May 2014 São Paulo city passed a municipal law to exempt plug-in electric, hybrids and fuel cell vehicles from the city's driving restriction scheme and purchase incentives.[99][94]

In September 2014 the BMW i3 became the first plug-in available for retail customers. Due to the taxes, the i3 pricing starts at R$225,900 (US$98,500). As of June 2016, other plug-ins available for retail sales are the BMW i8 and the Mitsubishi Outlander P-HEV.[100]

In 2013 Research and Markets forecast electric vehicles sales of 80,000 units annually in 2020 and that the Brazilian electric vehicle market would likely be dominated by scooter and motorcycles.[101]

Canada

Main article: Plug-in electric vehicles in Canada
The Chevrolet Volt is the all-time top selling plug-in electric car in Canada. Shown here is a fleet of Volts at a solar-powered charging station in Toronto.

Cumulative sales of plug-in electric cars in Canada passed the 20,000 unit mark in May 2016.[102] The Chevrolet Volt, released in 2011, is the top selling plug-in electric vehicle , with cumulative sales of 6,387 units through May 2015, representing over 30% of the total .[102][103][104] Ranking second is the Tesla Model S with 4,160 units sold through April 2016, followed by the Nissan Leaf with 3,692 units delivered as of May 2016.[102][103][105] The Model S was the top selling plug-in electric car in Canada in 2015 with 2,010 units sold.[103][106]

There were 18,451 highway legal plug-in electric cars registered in Canada as of December 2015, of which, 10,034 (54%) are all-electric cars and 8,417 (46%) are plug-in hybrids. These figures include some used imports from the U.S.[106] Until 2014 Canadian sales were evenly split between all-electric cars (50.8)% and plug-in hybrids (49.2%).[52]

Several electric cars charging in downtown Toronto. From farthest to closest, a Nissan Leaf, a Smart ED, and a Mitsubishi i MiEV.

Purchase and other incentives for new plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) were offered by the provinces of Ontario.,[107][108][109] Quebec.[110][111][112] and British Columbia.[113][114]

In October 2016, Quebec passed legislation that obliges any major carmakers to offer a minimum number of plug-in hybrid and all-electric models, reaching 3.5% of the total in 2018 and rising to 15.5% in 2020 using a tradable credit system.

China

Main article: New energy vehicles in China
Sales of new energy vehicles in China by year between January 2011 and December 2016.[63][64][65][66][67][8]
As of December 2015, China ranked as the world's largest plug-in electric bus market with a stock of almost 173,000 vehicles.[4] Shown a BYD K9 bus in Shenzhen.
BYD e6 all-electric taxi in Shenzhen, China.
The BYD Tang, released in June 2015, was the best-selling plug-in electric car in China in 2016 with 31,405 units sold.[115]

The stock of hybrid/electric vehicles sold in China since 2011 passed the 500,000 unit milestone in March 2016, making the country the world's largest plug-in market.[29] Plug-in passenger cars achieved 500,000 units six months later.[36] Figures in this section include only domestically-produced vehicles, except where noted. Domestics accounted for 96% of hybrid/electric sales.[116] As of November 2016, China had the world's largest fleet of light-duty plug-ins, numbering about 600,000.[6][117]

The Chinese government adopted in 2009 a plan to become one of the world leaders in producing hybrid/electrics. The plan has four goals: create a world-leading industry; energy security; reduce urban air pollution; and to reduce carbon emissions.[118][119] In June 2012 the State Council published a plan to develop the domestic industry. The plan set a sales target of 500,000 new hybrid/electrics by 2015 and 5 million by 2020.[120][121] Initial sales were much lower than expected, and most output was purchased by the government for public fleets. New incentives were issued in 2014, and the government set a sales target of 160,000 units for 2014.[122][123] Although the goal was not achieved, sales in 2014 totaled 74,763 units, up 324% from 2013. The increase in demand continued in 2015, sellnig a total of 331,092 in 2015, rising 343% year-on-year.[63][67]

As of September 2016, cumulative sales of domestically produced highway legal hybrid/electric passenger cars totaled 521,649 units (excluding imports), representing 29.2% of the global light-duty plug-in stock.[124] By the end of September 2016, China's stock of plug-in passenger cars surpassed the US and by November 2016, those of Europe.[6][117] As of December 2016, sales of hybrid/electric passenger cars since 2010 totaled 632,371 units.[4][125][126]

Government incentives

The Chinese government uses the term new energy vehicles (NEVs) to designate plug-ins and electrics. Only electrics and plug-ins are eligible for purchase incentives.[127] On June 1, 2010, the government announced a trial program to provide financial incentives in five cities.[128][129] A 2013 joint announcement by the National Development and Reform Commission and finance, science, and industry ministries offered a maximum of US$9,800 toward the purchase of an all-electric passenger vehicle and up to US$81,600 for electric buses.[130]

In April 2016 the Traffic Management Bureau under the Ministry of Public Security announced special green license plates to facilitate preferential traffic policies.[131]

Sales

NEV sales in China totaled 951,447 units between January 2011 and December 2016. These figures include heavy-duty commercial vehicles such as buses and sanitation trucks.[6][8] As of September 2016, the Chinese stock of plug-ins consisted of about 540,000 all-electric vehicles (73.7%) and almost 193,000 plug-in hybrids (26.3%) sold since 2011.[29][132][133][134][135][136][137] Passenger car sales reached 207,380 in 2015, topping the United States, the 2014 leader.[21][4] Entry-level vehicles dominate the Chinese passenger plug-in market.[138]

Over 160,000 heavy-duty vehicles were sold between 2011 and 2015, of which, 123,710 (77.2%) were sold in 2015.[26][67] Sales of commercial vehicles in 2015 consisted of 100,763 all-electric vehicles (81.5%) and 22,947 plug-in hybrid vehicles (18.5%).[67] Electric bus sales climbed from 2% in 2010 to 9.9% in 2012.[139] As of 2014, China had about 36,500 all-electric buses.[26] The global stock of plug-in electric buses was estimated to be about 173,000 units as of 2015, almost entirely in China. Of these, almost 150,000 were all-electric buses. The Chinese electric bus stock grew nearly sixfold over 2014.[4]

Sales in 2015 totaled a record 331,092 units, consisting of 247,482 all-electric vehicles and 83,610 plug-in hybrid vehicles, up 449% and 191% from 2014, respectively.[67] Sales of plug-in passenger cars totaled 176,627 units in 2015, making China the world's biggest plug-in electric car country market in 2015.[21] The plug-in electric passenger car segment market share rose to 0.84% in 2015, up from 0.25% in 2014.[42] The top selling passenger models in 2015 were the BYD Qin plug-in hybrid with 31,898 units sold,[140] followed by the BYD Tang (18,375),[141] and the all-electrics Kandi EV (16,736), BAIC E150/160/200 EV (16,488), and the Zotye Z100 EV (15,467).[142]

A total of about 289,000 vehicles were sold during the first nine months of 2016, up 100.6% year-on-year, consisting of 216,000 electrics and 73,000 plug-ins.[132][143] A total of 209,359 passenger cars were sold in the first three quarters of 2016, up 122% year-on-year.[144] The plug-in segment totaled 1.08% of new car sales.[132][144]

Three BYD Auto models topped the Chinese ranking of best-selling new energy passenger cars in 2016. The BYD Tang plug-in hybrid SUV was the top selling plug-in car with 31,405 units delivered, followed by the BYD Qin (21,868) and the BYD e6 (20,605).[115] As of December 2016, the BYD Qin, with 68,655 units sold since its inception, remained the top selling plug-in.[145][146][140][115] BYD Auto was again the world's top selling plug-in manufacturer in 2016 with over 100,000 units, ahead of Tesla Motors by about 30,000 units.[1][147] However, in terms of sales revenue, Tesla vehicle sales of US$6.35 billion topped BYD at US$3.88 billion.[148]

Chile

Mitsubishi i-MiEV in Chile

The Mitsubishi i-MiEV[149][150] was the first hybrid/electric in Chile. The first public quick charging station was opened in April 2011.[151]

In August 2014 Mitsubishi replaced the i-Miev with the Outlander PHEV.[citation needed] Later that year BMW introduced their "i" range with the i3;[citation needed] and Renault launched their Zero Emission (Z.E.) lineup, including the Fluence Z.E. sedan, the Kangoo utility van and Zoe city car. The French brand sold 22 electric vehicles in their first month in the Chilean market.[citation needed]

Colombia

In 2013 the government established promotional incentives. These include the exemption from the driving restriction scheme in place in Colombian cities such as Bogotá and Medellín. The government exempted all-electric and plug-in hybrid cars from import duties for three years, with an annual quota of 750 cars of each type. All-electric vehicles are exempted 100% if the vehicle's "Free On Board" (FOB) value is less than US$52,000, while plug-ins with an internal combustion engine of less than 3 liters, faced an import duty of 5%.[152]

The all-electric Renault Twizy quadracycle is the top selling electric vehicle in Colombia.

South America's first all-electric taxi fleet (made up of BYD e6) was launched at the beginning of 2013 in Bogotá. These taxis were exempted from the driving restriction scheme. The program is an effort to improve air quality and set an example.[153][154][155] In September 2013 45 taxis were delivered. The e6 fleet are part of Colombia's "BIOTAXIS Project."[156] Another three BYD e6s were sent to Colceincias, Bogota's Tech, Science and Innovation Administration.[155]

The BMW i3 was introduced in Colombia in 2014. The all-electric Renault Twizy quadracycle was introduced in the Colombian market in June 2015.[157] Sales of the Outlander P-HEV were scheduled to begin in September 2015.[152]

As of June 2015, a total of 126 plug-in electric vehicles had been sold , mostly to corporate customers, and consisting of 43 BYD e6s (taxis), 35 Mitsubishi i-MiEVs, 25 BMW i3s, 19 Renault Twizys, and four Nissan Leafs.[152] A total of 203 Twizys had been sold as of October 2015.[158]

Costa Rica

As of January 2015, the Costa Rican stock of electric drive vehicles consisted of 477 hybrid electric vehicles and 2,229 plug-in electric vehicles. Plug-in car sales totaled 108 units in 2016.[159] The top selling models were The Outlander P-HEV with 60 units, the BMW i3 with 22, and the BMW X5 eDrive with 15.[159]

In 2006 hybrids/electrics were exempted from the consumption tax, while conventional vehicles faced a 30% rate. In October 2012, electric cars were exempted from San José's driving restriction.[160]

Mitsubishi i-MiEV purchased by the U.S. embassy in Costa Rica.

The first electric car to go on sale was the REVAi, introduced in March 2009. The REVAi, powered by lead–acid batteries, sold 10 units.[161] The Mitsubishi i MiEV was launched in February 2011, with initial availability of 25 to 50 units.[162][163][164] According to Mitsubishi, Costa Rica was selected at the first market launch in the Americas due to its environmental record, despite the lack of purchase incentives.[164][165]

In January 2013 BYD Auto signed apn agreement with the Costa Rican Ministry of Environment and Energy to deploy 200 BYD e6 electric cars for use as "green taxis." The electric cars were exempted from import duties and the government agreed to deploy charging stations in strategic locations in San José.[166] Retail sales of the BYD Qin plug-in began in Costa Rica in November.[167][168] Retail sales of the Outlander P-HEV began in March 2015.[169] The BMW i3 was released in September 2016.[170]

Croatia

As of December 2016, there were 2067 electric cars in Croatia, which is approximately 0.1% of all road vehicles .[171][172] Of these, 224 were fully electric vehicles, while the rest were hybrids.[171] As of September 2017, there are 201 free public charging stations in Croatia.[171]

In 2014 and 2015, the Croatian government subsidized the purchase of electric cars with HRK 70,000 (c. €9300) for a fully electric vehicle, HRK 50,000 (c. €6600) for a plug-in hybrid, and HRK 30,000 (c. €4000) for other hybrid vehicles.[173][174] The subsidies were discontinued in 2016 and 2017, but they are expected to be back in 2018, when they will likely apply to fully electric vehicles only.[171][needs update]

Denmark

Denmark, formerly one of the leading countries in electric vehicle sales, saw its numbers surge before the expiration of its deduction of the 150% registration tax, then plunge thereafter. As of July 2017, EV market penetration in Denmark hovers around 0.1%, one of the lowest in Europe[12]. The government responded in April 2017 by announcing a partial resumption of the credit [175], while adding a new fund for fuel cell vehicles.

As of December 2015, there were around 4,000 electric cars in Denmark.[176] Denmark was the second largest European market for light-duty plug-in electric commercial vehicles or utility vans, with over 2,600 plug-in electric vans sold in 2015, representing an 8.5% market share of all vans sold . Most of the vans sold in the Danish market are plug-in hybrids, accounting for almost all of the plug-in hybrid van sales across the European Union.[13] As of 2014, the country generated about a third of its electric power from wind energy,[177] but some of it is exported to hydropower storage in Norway and elsewhere because there is currently no way for utilities to store the excess power inside Denmark.

Estonia

Two Mitsubishi i-MiEVs in Estonia. The majority of electric cars in Estonia are i-MiEVs.

As of February 2015, a total of 1,188 plug-in electric vehicles were registered in Estonia.[citation needed] As of December 2013, there were 757 all-electric cars registered in Estonia, up from 619 pure electric cars registered through 2012.[178][179] With a total of 506 pure electric cars during 2012, Estonia ranked second after Norway in terms of EV penetration of the total auto fleet, with 1 electric car for every 1,000 registered cars.[178] However, the market share of the all-electric car segment dropped from 2.39% in 2012 to 0.69% in 2013, as registrations decreased to 138 units in 2013.[179] The top selling electric car in 2013 was the Nissan Leaf with 95 units sold.[179] In the year 2015, the number of electric cars sold in Estonia was 34. The figure is low compared to other advanced economies in the EU, and low sales are atrributed to lack of government subsidies after the carbon credit scheme was depleted.[180]

Estonia is the first country that completed the deployment of an EV charging network with nationwide coverage, with fast chargers available along highways at a minimum distance between 40 to 60 km (25 to 37 mi).[181][182] As of December 2012, the nationwide network consisted of 165 fast chargers fully financed by the Estonian government, with a separation on highways of no more than 60 km (37 mi) with a higher density on urban areas. These public fast chargers are dual units, with a 50 kW CHAdeMO port and a 22 kW AC plug.[183][184][185]

On March 3, 2011, the government of Estonia confirmed the sale to Mitsubishi Corporation of 10 million carbon dioxide credits in exchange for 507 i-MiEV electric cars. The deal also included funding to build 250 fast charging stations in larger towns and main highways by 2013, and subsidies for the first 500 private buyers of any electric car approved by the European Union.[186][187] The first 50 i-MiEVs were delivered in October 2011 and this official fleet was assigned for use by municipal social workers.[188][189] During the first round of allocations of the electric cars, municipalities requested only 336 of the 507 i-MiEVs available. Several local authorities stated concerns about the electric car performance during harsh winter conditions, maintenance costs and the i-MiEV' reliability on difficult countryside roads.[190][191]

Finland

As of October 2016, there were about 2,250 plug-in electric cars on Finnish roads.[192] Registrations in 2015 totaled 658 plug-in cars, up from 445 in 2014.[193] During the first three quarters of 2016 plug-in electric car registrations totaled 1,017 units, consisting of 163 pure electric cars and 854 plug-in hybrids.[194] Plug-in electric car sales have been slow primarily due to the limited range of pure electric cars and the high purchase prices of plug-in models in general.[192]

In November 2016, the government set the goal to have 250,000 plug-in electric cars and 50,000 biogas cars on the road by 2030. To achieve this goal the government is considering to earmark €100 million in subsidies for electric and biogas cars between 2017 and 2020. The transport ministry is considering two options, a €4,000 purchase subsidy available for the first 25,000 emissions-free cars sold, or to overhaul automotive taxes to encourage people to buy clean cars.[192] These goals are part of the Finnish government efforts to meet Finland's climate commitments under the 2015 Paris Agreement.[192]

Electric cars are also present in Finland, with companies such as Valmet Automotive (Fisker Karma and Garia A/S electric golf cart production) and also agreement of Think City car production,[195] Fortum (concept cars and infrastructure), Kabus[196] (hybrid buses; part of Koiviston Auto Oy), BRP Finland (part of Bombardier Recreational Products), Lynx (snowmobile), Patria (military vehicles), European Batteries[197] (Li-ion battery plant in Varkaus), Finnish Electric Vehicles[198] (battery control systems), ABB, Efore, Vacon (electric motor technology production), Ensto (production of charging units), Elcat (electric vehicle production since the 1980s), production of electric car accessories, Suomen Sähköauto Oy (produces small electric cars), Oy AMC Motors Ltd. (produces and designs small electric cars), Raceabout[199] (specialist electric sport car with very few sales), Gemoto skooters from Cabotec, Resonate's Gemini and Janus Scooters, Moto Bella Oy, Axcomotors, Randax, Visedo.

Research related to electric cars is in progress at the VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland and Tekes.[200]

There are also mines and metal refineries for lithium alloy in Finland. At the moment there are several mining projects under way such as the Keliber project.[201]

There are several electric car organisations in Finland, such as the Electric Vehicle Association of Finland[permanent dead link] and Electric Vehicles Finland. There is also a non-commercial electric car conversion organisation called Electric Cars - Now![202] that converts standard Toyota Corollas into Li-ion battery-powered electric cars. As of August 2009, more than 1,700 pre-orders for conversion Toyotas have been placed. The speciality in the Electric Cars - Now! project is that it is an open source project: anyone can start similar production anywhere they want, the benefits for the customer being open-source spare part coding and so on. The ideas and design are freely available from the Electric Cars - Now! organisation.

Infrastructure

Basic charging infrastructure is already available all over Finland, used for engine pre-warming in the cold winters. Because of its climate – cold winters and warm summers – Finland is considered a convenient "test laboratory" for electric cars and many companies have made field tests in Finland. It has been said in Autobild 08/09 magazine that Fortum is developing the high-speed charging system. With a new kind of three-phase charging method electric cars can be charged in four minutes. A commercial product should be ready by 2011.

France

Main article: Plug-in electric vehicles in France
Registration of plug-in electric vehicles in France by type of vehicle between 2010 and 2016.[203][204][205][206][207][208][209][210][211][212]

As of December 2016, a total of 108,065 light-duty plug-in electric vehicles have been registered in France, making the country the third largest European plug-in country market and the sixth largest in the world.[1] As of September 2016, and accounting for registrations since 2010, the plug-in electric stock consisted of 61,686 all-electric passenger cars, 24,696 all-electric utility vans, and 12,857 plug-in hybrids.[37] As of December 2015, France ranked as the country with the world's largest market for light-duty electric commercial vehicles or utility vans. Nearly half of the vans sold in the European Union are sold as a result of a national purchase incentive scheme, which French companies have embraced.[13] The market share of all-electric utility vans reached a market share of 1.22% of new vans registered in 2014, and 1.30% in 2015.[213]

All-electric car registrations increased from 184 units in 2010 to 2,630 in 2011,[214] 5,663 in 2012,[215] and 8,779 in 2013.[216] In addition, 5,175 electric utility vans were registered in 2013, up 42% from 2012,[216] representing a market share of 1.4% of all new light commercial vehicles sold in 2013.[217] Sales of all-electric passenger cars and utility vans totaled 13,954 units in 2013,[216] France was the leading European light-duty all-electric market in 2012 and 2013.[41][216][218]

The Bolloré Bluecar, deployed for the Parisian Autolib' carsharing program, led highway-capable electric car registrations in France in 2012.[219]

Electric vehicles market was led in 2011-2012 by French cars such as the Citroën C-Zero, the Peugeot iOns,[214] the Bolloré Bluecar,[219] Renault Zoe,[216] and the Renault Kangoo Z.E. for utility electric vehicles.[218][220]

The Renault Kangoo Z.E. is the country's all-time top selling all-electric utility vehicle with over 15,000 units registered through September 2016.[37]

When plug-in hybrids sales in 2013 are accounted for, a total of 14,762 plug-in electric vehicles were registered in France in 2013,[208][216] making the country the second largest plug-in market in Europe after the Netherlands.[41] A total of 15,045 all-electric cars and vans were registered in 2014, up 7.8% from 2013. Registrations of all-electric cars in 2014 passed the 10,000 unit mark for the first time (10,560).[206] This figure does not include BMW i3 with range extender.[68] The Zoe continued leading plug-in electric vehicle registrations in 2014, with 5,970 units registered, followed by the Kangoo Z.E. van with 2,657 registrations.[203][221]

The Renault Zoe has led electric car sales in France since 2013, and is the country's all-time best selling plug-in electric car with more than 30,000 units registered through September 2016.[203]

A total of 27,701 light-duty electric vehicles were registered in France in 2015.[209][211] All-electric cars captured a 0.9% market share of new passenger car registrations in 2015,[21] and the entire plug-in passenger car market achieved a market share of 1.17%.[21][203][210] All-electric car registrations in 2015 continued to be led by the Renault Zoe,[203] the electric utility van segment was led by the Kangoo Z.E.,[211] and the plug-in hybrid segment was led by the Volkswagen Golf GTE.[210]

The Renault Zoe continued as the top selling plug-in electric car with 8,163 units in 2016.[203] The plug-in passenger car market achieved a market share of 1.57% of new car sales during the first nine months of 2016.[203][222] As of September 2016, the Renault Zoe is the all-time best-selling plug-in electric vehicle in the French market with 30,098 units registered since 2012.[203] Ranking second is the Kangoo Z.E. utility van with 15,032 units registered since 2010.[213][216][220][222][223][224] As of September 2016, the all-time top selling plug-in hybrid is the Volkswagen Golf GTE with about 2,500 units, followed by the Mitsubishi Outlander PHEV with almost 2,000 registered.[37] The stock of light-duty plug-in electric vehicles registered in France passed the 100,000 unit milestone in October 2016.[37][38]

Government incentives

See also: Government incentives for plug-in electric vehicles in France
Electric cars equipped with a range extender, such as the BMW i3 REx, are entitled to the €6300 bonus if emitting between 21 and 60 g/km of CO2.

Since 2008 France has a bonus-malus system offering a financial incentive, or bonus, for the purchase of cars with low carbon emissions, and a penalty fee, or malus, for the purchase of high-emission vehicles. The fee schedule is updated each year.[225] From April 1, 2015, the French government introduced a super-bonus, increasing the financial incentive to a cumulative total of €10,000, consisting of the regular bonus of €6300 for purchasing a pure electric car, plus up to €3700 for customers scrapping a diesel-powered car in circulation before 1 January 2001. In the case of plug-in hybrids with CO2 emission levels between 21 and 60 g/km, the purchase bonus was €4000 plus the scrapping premium of €3700.[226]

Effective January 4, 2016, the €6300 purchase bonus, limited to 27% of the purchase price, for vehicles emitting up to 20 g/km was maintained. This bonus corresponds to pure electric vehicles and those equipped with a range extender. Vehicles emitting between 21 and 60 g/km are entitled to a €1000 bonus. This bonus corresponds to the majority of plug-in hybrids. The €10000 super-bonus for the purchase or lease of a new all-electric car was maintained.[227] The scrappage bonus for the purchase of pure electric cars was maintained at €3700, while the bonus for plug-in hybrid car emitting between 21 and 60 g/km was set at €2500.[228] As of September 2016, the scrappage bonus of €3700 for trading in old diesel-powered cars has been granted to more than 10,000 purchase transactions.[229]

Germany

Main article: Plug-in electric vehicles in Germany
Annual registration of plug-in electric cars in Germany by type of vehicle between 2010 and 2016.[48][50][230][231][232][233]

As of September 2016, a total of 66,674 plug-in electric cars have been registered in Germany since 2010.[234] The country is the largest passenger car market in Europe, however ranks as the fifth largest plug-in market in Europe as of September 2016.[34][234] About 80% of the plug-in cars registered through September 2016 were registered since January 2014.[48][50][235] The official German definition of electric vehicles changed at the beginning of 2013, before that, official statistics only registered all-electric vehicles because plug-in hybrids were accounted together with conventional hybrids. As a result, the registrations figures for 2012 and older do not account for total new plug-in electric car registrations.[236] As of November 2014, the country had 4,800 public charging stations.[237]

The fleet of electric car registered increased from 1,558 units in 2009 to 2,307 in 2010. The electric car stock in 2011 increased 96.8% from 2010 to 4,541 units registered, and up 56.7% from 2011 to 7,114 units in 2012, reaching 12,156 registered cars on 1 January 2014.[49] At the beginning of 2014 registrations of plug-in electric vehicles represented a 0.028% market share of all passenger vehicles registered in Germany.[49] The plug-in hybrid segment in the German market in 2014 experienced an explosive growth of 226.9% year-over-year, and the overall plug-in segment increased 75.5% from a year earlier.[48][230] The surge in sales continued in 2015, the plug-in hybrid segment grew 125.1% year-over-year, while the all-electric segment climbed 91.2% from the previous year.[50]

As of December 2013, the Smart electric drive led the plug-in electric car segment in Germany with 2,952 units registered.[49]

During the first three quarters of 2016, sales of plug-in hybrids surpassed sales of all-electric cars for the first time . A total of 17,074 units were registered, consisting of 7,678 all-electric cars and 9,396 plug-in hybrids. The plug-in segment achieved a market share of 0.7% of new car sales.[235] The top selling models during the first eight months of 2016 were the Renault Zoe (1,836), BMW i3 (1,237), Tesla Model S (978), Audi A3 e-tron (908), and Volkswagen Golf GTE (852).[238][239] The introduction of the purchase bonus did not produce immediate effect on plug-in car sales until September 2016, when registrations peaked to 3,061 units, consisting of 1,641 all-electric cars, up 76.6% year-on-year, and 1,420 plug-in hybrids, up 36.8% year-on-year.[234][235] Combined registrations of both type of plug-in accounted for 1.1% of new car registrations, allowing the German plug-in market share to pass the 1% mark for the first time during 2016.[234][240]

Government incentives

See also: Nationale Plattform Elektromobilität
See also: Government incentives for plug-in electric vehicles in Germany

Under its National Plattform for Electric Mobility, Chancellor Angela Merkel set in 2010 the goal to bring one million electric vehicles on German roads by 2020.[241][242] Initially, the government also announced that it would not provide subsidies to the sales of plug-in electric cars but instead it would only fund research in the area of electric mobility.[241] The Bundestag passed the Electric Mobility Act in March 2015 authorizing local government to grant non-monetary incentives, which are not mandatory. The benefits include measures to privilege battery-powered cars, fuel cell vehicles and some plug-in hybrids, just like Norway does, by granting local governments the authority to allow these vehicles into bus lanes, and to offer free parking and reserved parking spaces in locations with charging points.[243][244] The law also provides issuing special license plates for electric vehicles to allow proper identification to avoid abuses of these privileges.[245][246]

According to the fourth progress report of the German National Platform for Electric Mobility, only about 24,000 plug-in electric cars are on German roads by the end of November 2014, well behind the target of 100,000 unit goal set for 2014. As a result, Chancellor Angela Merkel recognized in December 2014 that the government has to provide more incentives to meet the goal of having one million electric cars on the country's roads by 2020.[237][247] At the beginning of 2016, German politicians from the three parties in Mrs. Merkel's ruling coalition and auto executives began talks to introduce a subsidy for green car buyersto boost sales of electric and plug-in hybrid cars.[248]

The Tesla Model S, and other premium car with a purchase price over €60,000 (US$67,800) are not eligible to the purchase bonus.

An incentive scheme to promote plug-in electric vehicle adoption was approved in April 2016 with a budget of €1 billion (US$1.13 billion). A total of €600 million (US$678 million) is reserved for the purchase subsidies, which are expected to run until all the money is disbursed, estimated to last until 2019 at the latest. Another €300 million (US$339 million) are budgeted to finance the deployment of charging stations in cities and on autobahn highway stops. And another €100 million (US$113 million) would go toward purchasing electric cars for federal government fleets. The program is aimed to promote the sale of 400,000 electric vehicles. The cost of the purchase incentive is shared equally between the government and automakers. Electric car buyers get a €4000 (US$4,520) discount while buyers of plug-in hybrid vehicles get a discount of €3000 (US$3,390). Premium cars, such as the Tesla Model S and BMW i8, are not eligible to the incentive because there is a cap of €60,000 (US$67,800) for the purchase price.[249][250][251] Only electric vehicles purchased after 18 May 2016 are eligible for the bonus and the owner must keep the new electric car at least nine months. The same rule applies for leasing.[252]

As of September 2016, BMW, Citroën, Daimler, Ford, Hyundai, Kia, Mitsubishi, Nissan, Peugeot, Renault, Toyota, Volkswagen, and Volvo had signed up to participate in the scheme.[252][253] The online application system to claim the bonus went into effect on 2 July 2016.[254] As of September 2016, a total of 26 plug-in electric cars and vans are eligible for the purchase bonus.[253] According to the Federal Office of Economics and Export Control (BAFA), a total of 4,451 applications have been made for the government subsidy for the purchase of a plug-in electric model as of 30 September 2016, consisting of 2,650 all-electrics and 1,801 plug-in hybrids.[253]

Hong Kong

Main article: Electric vehicles in Hong Kong
Tesla Roadster charging at Central Star Ferry carpark in Hong Kong.

As of September 2016, there were 6,298 plug-in electric vehicles on the roads in Hong Kong,[255] up from 3,253 in October 2015, and from less than 100 units in 2010.[256] As of September 2016, plug-in cars represented 1.1% of Hong Kong's total car registered stock of 579,104 units. The plug-in segment market share achieved 4.8% of new car sales in Hong Kong in 2015.[255]

As of October 2015, there have been deployed more than 1,200 electric vehicle charging points available for public use.[256] By the end of June 2015 there were about two electric cars per public charging stall.[257] As of October 2015, the Transport Department (TD) had approved 49 EV models, including 34 all-electric cars and motorcycles, and 15 models for public transport and commercial vehicles. Popular passenger and light-duty van models available for retail sales include the BMW i3, BYD e6, Mitsubishi i-MiEV, Mitsubishi Minicab MiEV, Nissan Leaf, Nissan e-NV200, Renault Fluence Z.E., Renault Kangoo Z.E., Renault Zoe, Smart ED, Tesla Model S, Tesla Roadster, and Volkswagen e-Golf.[256] During the first quarter of 2015 Hong Kong had world's third largest EV market share, with 2.3% of new vehicle registrations during this quarter. Only Norway and the Netherlands had a larger EV share.[257]

The Tesla Model S was the all-time top selling all-electric car in Hong Kong by the end of 2015, representing 70% of the registered stock of EVs in the territory.[257]

The Government of Hong Kong has been promoting the use of electric vehicles through several measures. First Registration Tax for EVs is waived until the end of March 2017. In addition, enterprises which procure EVs are allowed 100% profits tax deduction for the capital expenditure on EVs in the first year of procurement. A HK$300 million Pilot Green Transport Fund was put in place since March 2011 for application by transport operators and non-profit-making organizations providing services to their clients and goods vehicle owners, encouraging them to try out innovative green and low carbon transport technologies (including EVs). The ultimate policy objective of the Government is to have zero emission buses running across the territory. To this end, the Government allocated HK$180 million for franchised bus companies to purchase 36 single-deck electric buses for trial runs to assess their operational efficiency and performance under the local conditions. The trial is expected to commence progressively by end of 2015.[256]

Sales of electric cars took off in Hong Kong after the introduction of the Tesla Model S in July 2014,[257][258] and one year later, the Model S is the top selling all-electric car in the territory with about 70% of the registered stock of EVs (about 1,720 units). Model S sales gained traction thanks to the tax waiver, which makes the Model S price very competitive in the luxury car segment, about half the price of other high-end models.[257] According to Tesla, as of September 2016, Hong Kong has the world's highest density of Tesla superchargers, with twelve stations comprising a total of 52 supercharger stalls. This infrastructure allows most Model S owners to have a supercharger within 20 minutes’ drive.[259]

Hungary

In 2013, there were only 41 plug-in electric cars registered in Hungary.[260] Noticing the rapid development of the electric car industry, the Hungarian government introduced its e-mobility plan named after Hungarian scientist Ányos Jedlik in March, 2014. The Jedlik plan aims to enhance the spread of the technology by supporting the domestic production of electric vehicles, expanding the necessary infrasturcture and promoting the purchase of PEVs with public incentives.[261] Such incentive is a governmental contribution of maximum 1,5 million HUF to the buy of an electric vehicle, which was initiated in the end of 2016. In November, 2016, there were 1 473 PEVs registered in Hungary. The Jedlik plan expects this number to reach 63 000 by the end of 2020.[262]

Iceland

During 2013 a total of 72 plug-in electric cars were sold in Iceland representing a 0.94% market share of new car sales during the year.[263] However, by 2016, Iceland had become the country with the second highest market penetration for electric and plug-in hybrid cars in Europe, after Norway, at 5.37% of all new vehicle sales (versus the European average of 1.23%). Only 1.8% of new vehicle registrations were pure electric cars, however, due to a shortage of fast charging stations.[264] Despite the limited number of charging stations, Iceland has nonetheless seen a significant increase in EV adoption rates; August 2017's registrations of new BEVs were 2.5 times higher than that of the same time in the previous year,[265], and by July 2017, 9% of all new vehicle sales in Iceland were plug-in vehicles.[12]

The high adoption rate is encouraged by favourable tax policies, such as the elimination of VAT (24%) and CO2-based fees (up to 65%) on new car purchases, and the government is currently redoubling its efforts; although Iceland already has the second highest gasoline prices in the world, the government plans to double CO2 fees on fuels[266] and switching to renewing electric car tax breaks for a three-year period instead of one. The environmental minister is seeking to update the country's official goal of a 40% conversion to electric and methane-powered vehicles by 2030 to a 100% goal.[267]

As of 2017, while the charging station shortage remains a significant impediment, there is progress being made toward improving the situation, including work by Orka Náttúrunar (ON) to complete a network of 50kW CCS Combo/CHAdeMO stations along the Ring Road by the end of the year. There are no Tesla Superchargers in Iceland, as Tesla likewise has no dealerships nor service centres .

India

The stock of the plug-in electric cars climbed from 530 units in 2009 to over 3,100 in 2013, and as of December 2015, there were over 6,000 plug-in electric cars registered in India, consisting of 4,350 all-electric cars and 1,660 plug-in hybrids.[4]

The Mahindra Reva e2o electric car was introduced in India in March 2013. It operates on lithium ion battery with 100 km range for 4 hours of charging. In addition to this, there are several other companies involved in making electric bikes like Hero and Ampere.

The Indian government admitted that it has not implemented schemes/policy initiatives to encourage the adoption of electric vehicles. This information was given on December 2, 2014 by Minister of State in the Ministry of Heavy Industries and Public Enterprises G. M. Siddeshwara in a written reply to Lok Sabha question. But the Minister also admitted that the scheme is only on paper and no policy initiative has been undertaken to encourage the adoption of electric vehicles in India. The Minister said in his reply that a Scheme for Faster Adoption and Manufacturing of Electric and Hybrid Vehicles in India, under the National Electric Mobility Mission 2020 has been proposed. The scheme envisages to encourage progressive induction of reliable, affordable and efficient electric and hybrid vehicles (xEV) that meet consumer performance and price expectations, through Government-Industry collaboration for promotion and development of indigenous manufacturing capabilities, required infrastructure, consumer awareness and technology; thereby helping India to emerge as a leader in the xEV Two Wheeler and Four Wheeler market in the world by 2020. The Mission aims at providing a clean transportation system to the people that is not dependent on gasoline based fossil fuel, he said.[268]

In 2016, a new car, the Mahindra e-Verito, was launched by Mahindra introducing the sedan class electric vehicle at a cost of 9 to 10 lakh Indian rupees ex showroom.[citation needed]

NEMMP 2020 target: 2W - 5 million vehicles, 3W - 30,000, 4W - 1 million vehicles, LCV - 50,000, Buses - 30,000 = Total 6 to 7 million vehicles

Indonesia

Indonesia is still in the planning stages of making regulation to support the electric vehicle market. The government had previously supported some trial models made by a small company (Tucuxi). Conversion of some vehicles to electric drivetrains was also introduced during APEC Meeting in October 2013.

In mid 2017, the Indonesian Government - including the president, the Ministry of Energy and Resources, and the Ministry of Finance - resumed discussions of what regulation is required to assist EV adoption in Indonesia. The stated motivation is to support a future sustainable industry and market as well as cleaner air.

Israel

Parade of Renault Fluence Z.E. electric cars enabled with battery swapping technology to commemorate the first deliveries to Better Place employees in Israel in January 2012.[269][270]

Israel was the first nation in the world that partnered with Better Place to have an electric car infrastructure.Shai Agassi, former CEO of Better Place claimed that in Israel by 2016, plus or minus a year, more than 50% of cars sold will be electric.[271] Better place reached agreements with Renault-Nissan and the Israeli government to begin the first phases of the company's efforts to deploy the world's first integrated electric car network. Israel was considered a viable site for this innovative endeavor due to the country's relatively small size and the fact that approximately 90% of the nation's car owners drive less than 40 mi (60 km) a day.[272] Israel enacted policies to create a tax differential between zero-emission vehicles and traditional cars, to accelerate the transition to electric cars.[273]

Better Place's battery switching station in Israel

Better Place designed an infrastructure consisting of 500,000 charging stations and almost 200 battery-exchange stations. In December 2008, Better Place revealed its first plug-in parking lot in Tel Aviv. Additionally, in May 2009, the company unveiled its patented battery swap system, which is designed for drivers taking longer road trips who lack the time needed to recharge their own battery.[274] The first battery-swapping station in Israel, in Kiryat Ekron, near Rehovot, was deployed in March 2011. The station was the first of approximately 40 planned stations to begin operating in the near term. The battery exchange process took five minutes.[275] The company also erected over 1,000 functional charging spots for the cars.[275] Orders for the Renault Fluence ZE, the car selected for the Better Place network, began in July 2011.[276]

The first deliveries of the Renault Fluence Z.E. took place on the 22nd of January 2012 and around 100 electric cars were allocated among Better Place employees.[269][270] Retail customer deliveries began in the second quarter of 2012.[277] As of mid September 2012, there were 21 operational battery-swap stations open to the public in Israel.[278] In October 2012, Better Place signed a deal with Elco to supply 125 Renault Fluence ZEs through 2012 and 2013.[279] As of December 2012, a total of 518 cars had been sold ,[280] and during the first four months of 2013, 422 units were sold, bringing the total to 940.[281]

Better Place filed for bankruptcy in Israel in May 2013. The company's financial difficulties were caused by the high investment required to develop the charging and swapping infrastructure, about US$850 million in private capital, and a market penetration significantly lower than originally predicted by Shai Agassi.[282][283] Under Better Place's business model, the company owns the Fluence Z.E. batteries, so the court liquidator will have to decide what to do with customers who do not have ownership of the battery and risk being left with a useless car.[284]

Ireland

In November 2008, the Department of Transport announced the Electric Transport Plan which calls for 10% of all vehicles to be electric by 2020. Government officials reached agreements with French car maker Renault and its Japanese partner Nissan to boost the use of electric cars. Eamon Ryan Ireland's former Minister for Communications, Energy and Natural Resources repeatedly emphasised the importance of the electric car within the Irish context. The Electricity Supply Board has actively supported this call and sees electric vehicles as a key part of its strategy with regard to wind power in the Republic of Ireland. Sustainable Energy Ireland (SEI) is currently looking at a number of pilot projects. More information on incentives was expected to come to light in the 2010 Irish Budget.[citation needed]

The Irish government has committed to getting enough electric passenger vehicles on the road by 2020 to account for 10% of all vehicles (a projected 230,000 electric vehicles).[285] As of September 2014, plug-in electric car purchasers are eligible for a government credit worth up to €5,000 (about US$6,500). Vehicle Registration Tax (VRT), up to €5,000 is also waived for electric cars. Also, all-electric car owners pay the lowest rate of annual road tax, which is based on emissions. In addition, the first 2,000 electric cars registered in Ireland are eligible for installation of a free home-charging points worth about €1,000 (about US$1,300).[286] Sales of all-electric cars in Ireland increased more than four times in 2014, with 222 units sold, up from 51 sold in 2013.[287] The number of electric cars owned by individuals totaled about 500 by mid-2014.[286]

Italy

BMW i3 patrol car of the Italian police at Vatican City.

The stock of the plug-in electric cars increased from 530 (all-electric cars) in 2005 to 640 in 2010, to about 2,470 in 2013, and as of December 2015, there were over 6,100 plug-in electric cars registered in Italy, consisting of 4,580 all-electric cars and 1,550 plug-in hybrids. The first 150 plug-in hybrids were registered in 2012.[4]

Despite being a G8 country, in 2015 sales of electric vehicles in Italy still amounted to a modest 0.1% of the total car sales . This is mainly due to a lack of commitment by the government (incentives have been discontinued in 2014), a limited public charging infrastructure and timid reception by the public, which still considers BEVs too expensive and unsuitable. Further, many Italian houses are still equipped with electric contracts allowing only 3 kW of peak consumption, making home charging of electric cars difficult.[288][289][290]

The top five selling electric vehicles in 2015 were the Nissan Leaf (390 units sold), Renaul Zoe (326), Citroen C-Zero (164), Tesla Model S (134) and Smart Fortwo (115).[291]

Japan

Main article: Plug-in electric vehicles in Japan
As of December 2016, the Nissan Leaf is the top selling plug-in electric car in Japan, with 72,494 units sold since December 2010.[292] Shown a Leaf taxi at the Kumamoto Prefecture.

As of December 2016, the stock of light-duty plug-in electric vehicles in Japan is the world's third largest after China and the United States, with about 147,500 highway legal plug-in electric vehicles sold since 2009.[7] Plug-in segment sales increased from 1,080 units in 2009 to 12,630 in 2011, and reached 24,440 in 2012.[4] A total of 30,587 highway-capable plug-in electric vehicles were sold in Japan in 2013.[40] In 2014 the segment sales remained flat with 30,390 units sold, and a market share of 1.06% of total new car sales (kei cars not included).[40] Sales totaled 24,660 units in 2015, consisting of 10,420 all-electrics and 14,190 plug-in hybrids.[4] The rate of growth of the Japanese plug-in segment slowed down from 2013, with annual sales falling behind Europe, the U.S. and China during 2014 and 2015.[21][293] The decline in plug-in car sales reflects the Japanese government and the major domestic carmakers decision to adopt and promote hydrogen fuel cell vehicles instead of plug-in electric vehicles.[294][295]

The Japanese electric vehicle charging infrastructure climbed from only 60 public charging stations in early 2010,[296] to 1,381 public quick-charge stations as of December 2012, representing the largest deployment of fast chargers in the world. The number of non-domestic slow charger points increased to around 300 units.[297] Japan also is the country with the highest ratio of quick charging points to electric vehicles (EVSE/EV), with a ratio of 0.030 as of December 2012. The Japanese government has set up a target to deploy 2 million slow chargers and 5,000 fast charging points by 2020.[297]

Introduction and sales

The Mitsubishi Outlander P-HEV was the top selling plug-in electric car in Japan in 2015.[298]

The first electric car available in the Japanese market was the Mitsubishi i MiEV, launched for fleet customers in Japan in late July 2009.[296][299] Retail sales to the public began in April 2010.[300][301][302] Sales of the Mitsubishi Minicab MiEV electric van began in December 2011.[303] A truck version of the Minicab MiEV was launched in January 2013.[304] Mitsubishi also launched in January 2013 a plug-in hybrid version of the Outlander, called the Mitsubishi Outlander P-HEV, becoming the first SUV plug-in hybrid in the world's market.[305] As of December 2014, Mitsubishi had sold 36,386 light-duty plug-in electric vehicles in Japan since July 2009.[303][306]

Sales of the Nissan Leaf began on December 22, 2010, when the first 10 Leaf were delivered at the Kanagawa Prefecture.[307][308] Sales of the Toyota Prius Plug-in Hybrid began in January 2012, and a total of 19,100 units have been sold through September 2014.[309] The Honda Accord Plug-in Hybrid is available in Japan, and as of December 2013, ranked as the third best selling plug-in hybrid in the domestic market.[310] Retail deliveries of the Tesla Model S began in Japan in September 2014.[311]

Sales of the plug-in electric drive segment in 2013 were led by the Nissan Leaf with 13,021 units sold, up from 11,115 in 2012.[312] The Leaf continued as the market leader in 2014 for the fourth year running with 14,177 units sold, followed by the Outlander P-HEV with 10,064 units, together representing about 80% of the plug-in segment sales in Japan in 2014.[303][313][314] In 2015 the Outlander plug-in hybrid was the top selling plug-in electric car with 10,996 units sold, followed by the Leaf with 9,057 units.[298] Japan is the Outlander P-HEV largest country market with 30,668 units sold through December 2015.[315] Cumulative sales of plug-in electric cars since 2009 totaled 126,420 units at the end of 2015.[4]

Leaf sales in 2016 achieved a record of 14,795 units delivered, surpassing the previous record set in 2014.[292] Since December 2010, Nissan has sold 72,494 units through December 2016, making the Leaf the all-time best-selling plug-in car .[292] Between January and August 2016, a total of 4,162 Outlander P-HEVs were sold in Japan.[316] Sales of the Outlander plug-in hybrid fell sharply from April 2016 as a result of Mitsubishi's fuel mileage scandal.[317] Since its inception, sales of the plug-in hybrid totaled 34,830 units through August 2016.[316]

Government incentives

See also: Government incentives for plug-in electric vehicles in Japan
Mitsubishi Minicab MiEV in Japan.

In May 2009 the Japanese Diet passed the "Green Vehicle Purchasing Promotion Measure" that went into effect on June 19, 2009, but retroactive to April 10, 2009.[318] The program established tax deductions and exemptions for environmentally friendly and fuel efficient vehicles, according to a set of stipulated environmental performance criteria, and the requirements are applied equally to both foreign and domestically produced vehicles. The program provided purchasing subsidies for two type of cases, consumers purchasing a new passenger car without trade-in (non-replacement program), and for those consumers buying a new car trading a used car registered 13 years ago or earlier (scrappage program).[318][319]

Subsidies for purchases of new environmentally friendly vehicles without scrapping a used car are 100,000 yen (~US$1,100) for the purchase of a standard or small car, and 50,000 yen (~US$550) for the purchase of a mini or kei vehicle. Subsidies for purchasing trucks and buses meeting the stipulated fuel efficiency and emission criteria vary between 200,000 yen (~US$2,100) to 900,000 yen (~US$9,600).[318][320][321]

Subsidies for purchases of new environmentally friendly vehicles in the case of owners scrapping a vehicle at least 13 years old are 250,000 yen (~US$2,700) for the purchase of a standard or small car, and 125,000 yen (~US$1,300) for the purchase of a mini or kei vehicle. Subsidies for purchasing trucks and buses meeting the stipulated fuel efficiency and emission criteria vary between 400,000 yen (~US$4,300) to 1,800,000 yen (~US$19,000).[318][320][321]

All incentives for new purchases with or without trading were applicable in Japan's fiscal year 2009, from April 1, 2009 through March 31, 2010.[320][321]

Mexico

A Nissan Leaf charging at a public charge station in Colonia Condesa, Mexico City.

In October 2009 Nissan reached an agreement with the local government of Mexico City, by which 500 Leafs would be delivered by 2011 for use of government and corporate fleets. In exchange, recharging infrastructure was to be deployed by the city government, and an exemption from the ownership tax is being pursued.[322][323] The city government of Mexico D.F. also reached an agreement with Nissan in November 2010 in order for the first 100 Leafs to be introduced to operate as part of the capital's taxi fleet.[324][325] The first Leafs destined for the taxi fleet were delivered by late September 2011,[326][327] allowing the country to become the first Latin American market where the Leaf is available.[328]

As of February 2013, there were about 70 Leafs deployed as taxis, 50 in Aguascalientes and 20 in Mexico City.[329] The Aguascalientes program began in May 2012, and its implementation included the deployment of a garage with 58 charging points, the largest of its kind in the world.[330] Carrot Mexico, a carsharing company operating in Mexico City, acquired 3 Leafs which are available to their 1,600 customers.[331] As of October 2012, there were no government fiscal incentives available to lower the purchase price of electric cars, neither preferential electricity rates for electric car owners. However, electric cars are exempted from the driving restriction scheme implemented by plate number to restrict access to Mexico City to improve its air quality.[330]

Retail sales of the Nissan Leaf began in June 2014, with availability initially limited to Mexico City.[332] Deliveries to retail customers began in August 2014.[333] The BMW i3 and i8 are also available . Retail deliveries of the i3 began in Mexico City in late September 2014.[334][335]

The second generation Volt was released for retail customers in December 2015. Pricing starts at 638,000 pesos (~US$36,880), and it is available in Mexico City, Monterrey, Guadalajara, Querétaro, and Puebla.[336] Also in December 2015, retail sales of the Tesla Model S began in Mexico City. Initially, no Supercharger stations are available .[337]

Netherlands

Main article: Plug-in electric vehicles in the Netherlands
Registration of highway-capable plug-in electric vehicles in the Netherlands between 2009 and 2016. Plug-in hybrids have an 87% market share of the Dutch plug-in passenger car segment, the largest market share of any country in the world.[338][339][340]

As of 31 December 2016, there were 113,636 highway legal light-duty plug-in electric vehicles registered in the Netherlands, consisting of 98,903 range-extended and plug-in hybrids, 13,105 pure electric cars, and 1,628 all-electric light utility vans. When buses, trucks, motorcycles, quadricycles and tricycles are accounted for, the Dutch plug-in electric-drive fleet climbs to 115,193 units.[340] The country's electric vehicle stock reaches 151,752 units when fuel cell electric vehicles (30), mopeds (3,775), electric bicycles (32,496), and microcars (258) are accounted for.[340] A distinct feature of the Dutch plug-in market is dominance of plug-in hybrids, which represented 87% of the country's stock of passenger plug-in electric cars and vans registered at the end of December 2016.[340][39]

The Netherlands was formerly the world's third best-selling country market for light-duty plug-in vehicles in 2015, with 43,971 units registered.[21] and among the countries with the highest plug-in market penetration in the world. Until December 2015, the Netherlands had Europe's largest fleet light-duty plug-in vehicles.[21] Sales in the Dutch plug-in market fell sharply during 2016 after changes in the tax rules that went into force at the beginning of 2016.[39] Sales during the first half of 2016 were down 64% from the same period in 2015.[341] By July 2017, Netherlands had fallen to only 1.7% market penetration.[12]

As a result, Norway surpassed the Netherlands during 2016 as the European country with largest light-duty plug-in stock.[32][39] Nevertheless, the stock of light-duty plug-in electric vehicles registered in the Netherlands passed the 100,000 unit milestone in November 2016.[39][342] By the middle of 2017, the Netherlands ranked as only the sixth largest European plug-in country market.[12]

The Netherlands was the second country, after Norway, where plug-in electric cars have topped the monthly ranking of new car sales.[343][344][345] The strong increase of plug-in car sales during the last months of 2013 was due to the end of the total exemption of the registration fee for corporate cars, which was valid for 5 years. From January 1, 2014, all-electric vehicles pay a 4% registration fee and plug-in hybrids a 7% fee.[346] After the change in the registration fee incentive, sales in 2014 fell significantly.[347] A total of 15,646 plug-in electric cars were sold in 2014, down from 22,542 in 2013.[348][349]

As of December 2016 the Mitsubishi Outlander P-HEV is the all-time top selling plug-in electric vehicle in the Netherlands with 25,984 units registered.[340]

A total of 42,367 plug-in electric cars were sold in 2015. The top 5 best-selling plug-in electric cars in 2015 were all plug-in hybrids, led by the Mitsubishi Outlander P-HEV (8,757). The Tesla Model S continued as the top selling all-electric car with 1,842 units.[350] Plug-in car sales achieved its best monthly volume on record ever in December 2015, with about 15,900 units sold, and allowing the segment to reach a record market share of about 23%. The surge in plug-in car sales was due to reduction of the registration fees for plug-in hybrids. From January 1, 2016, all-electric vehicles continue to pay a 4% registration fee, but for a plug-in hybrid the fee rises from 7% to 15% if its CO2 emissions do not exceed 50 g/km. The rate for a conventional internal combustion car is 25% of its book value.[351][352]

A total of 9,185 plug-in passenger cars were registered in the first three quarters of 2016, consisting of 6,567 plug-in hybrids and 2,618 all-electric cars. The market share of the plug-in car segment captured 3.2% of new car sales during the period.[353] As of December 2016, the Outlander P-HEV remained as the all-time top-selling plug-in car with 25,984 units registered, followed by the Volvo V60 Plug-in Hybrid (15,804), Volkswagen Golf GTE (10,691), Volkswagen Passat GTE (7,773), Mercedes-Benz C 350 e (6,226), and the Tesla Model S (6,049).[340]

Government incentives

The Tesla Model S, released in the Dutch market in September 2013, is the country's top selling all-electric car ever.[39]

Considering the potential of plug-in electric vehicles , the Dutch government set s target of 15,000 electric vehicles on the roads in 2015, 200,000 vehicles in 2020 and 1 million vehicles in 2025.[338][354] Instead of direct purchase subsidies for electric vehicles in the Netherlands, the government established total exemption of the registration fee and road taxes, which translated in savings of approximately €5,324 for private car owners over four years,[355][356] and €19,000 for corporate owners over five years.[357] Other vehicles including hybrid electric vehicles were also exempt from these taxes if they emit less than 95 g/km for diesel-powered vehicles, or less than 110 g/km for gasoline-powered vehicles.[355] The exemption from the registration tax ended, and from January 1, 2014, all-electric vehicles pay a 4% registration fee and plug-in hybrids a 7% fee.[346]

Buyers also have access to parking spaces in Amsterdam reserved for battery electric vehicles, so they avoid the current wait for a parking place in Amsterdam, which can reach up to 10 years in some parts of the city.[358] Free charging is also offered in public parking spaces.[359] Other factors contributing to the rapid adoption of plug-in electric vehicles are the relative small size of the country, which reduces range anxiety (the Netherlands stretches about 100 mi (160 km) east to west); a long tradition of environmental activism; high gasoline prices (US$8.50 per gallon as of January 2013), which make the cost of running a car on electricity five times cheaper; and also some EV leasing programs provide free or discounted gasoline-powered vehicles for those who want to take a vacation driving long distances. With all of these incentives and tax breaks, plug-in electric cars have similar driving costs than conventional cars.[359] Initially, sales of plug-in electric car were lower than expected, and during 2012 the segment captured a market share of less than 1% of new car sales .[359] As a result of the end of the total exemption of the registration fee, the segment sales peak at the end of 2013,[360] and plug-in electric car sales reached a market share of 5.34% of new car sales in 2013.[361]

New Zealand

A Fast Charge station for electric vehicles in Wellington, New Zealand
Registrations of electric and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles in New Zealand[362]
Model/carmaker Total in fleet
as of Q2 2017		 CYTD to
Q2 2017		 2016
 2015
 2014 2013 2012 2011
Mitsubishi Outlander PHEV 85 188 143 197 1 - -
Nissan Leaf 420 636 217 101 24 11 1
BMW, various models 54 137 53 9 - - -
Audi, various models 8 27 30 - - - -
Tesla, various models 51 26 26 2 - - -
Renault, various models 3 41 - - - - -
Others 193 416 32 19 13 19 16
Total 3467 814 1471 501 328 38 30 17
Note: CYTD sales through Q2 2017 (only part of the quarter, approximately end of April). Data for years 2012 and 2011 is based on data provided directly by the New Zealand Ministry of Transport (not available in a public document). Data broken down by manufacturer/model for 2010 and prior years is not shown here. All data includes vehicles registered in New Zealand that have been imported as "new" and as "used" vehicles (the majority of used imports originates in Japan). "Others" includes Volvo XC-90, Nissan E-NV 200, Toyota Prius PHEV, Porsche Cayenne, Hyundai Ioniq, Holden Volt (especially pre-2013), Mitsubishi I-MiEV (especially pre-2013), Loyds Paxster (Neighbourhood EV), and various other models in small numbers.

As of May 2017, there were about 3,400 light-duty plug-in electric vehicles registered . The fleet includes a significant number of used imports from Japan and the UK. Approximately 45 were manufactured prior to 2005 and some of these are conventional vehicles converted to electric.[362] The number of electric and plug-in hybrid vehicles in the fleet started increasing from 2009 as models such as the Mitsubishi i-MiEV were released to the market, and accelerated from 2015 as imported second-hand Japanese Nissan Leafs provided a cheaper purchase method. The majority of Nissan Leafs in New Zealand have been imported used or as a parallel-import from Japan and the UK, fewer than 100 Nissan Leafs have been imported new.[362]

The New Zealand Government launched an Electric Vehicle Programme in May 2016, in order to encourage uptake of electric vehicles. Notable initiatives include a target of year-on-year doubling to 64,000 electric vehicles by 2021, a nationwide electric vehicle information and promotion campaign over five years (at $1 million per year), a contestable fund of up to $6 million per year to encourage and support innovative low emission vehicle projects, and an exemption from road user charges for both light and heavy vehicles.[363]

Norway

Main article: Plug-in electric vehicles in Norway
Registration of plug-in electric vehicles in Norway by year between 2004 and 2016. Includes plug-in hybrids and all-electric cars and vans. Used import are included.[44][364][365]

As of December 2016, a total of 135,276 light-duty plug-in electric vehicles have been registered in Norway, making the country the one with the largest European stock of plug-in cars and vans, and the fourth largest in the world.[1] Norway's fleet of electric cars is one of the cleanest in the world because 98% of the electricity generated comes from hydropower.[366][367] Norway, with 5.2 million people, is the country with the largest electric vehicle (EV) ownership per capita in the world, with Oslo recognized as the EV capital of the world.[368][369][370][371] As of July 2016, the market concentration was 21.5 registered plug-in cars per 1,000 people, 14.2 times higher than the U.S., then the world's largest country market.[10][11] In March 2014, Norway became the first country where over one in every 100 registered passenger cars is plug-in electric.[25] The segment's market penetration reached 2% in March 2015,[372] passed 3% in December 2015,[28][373] and rose to 5% at the end of 2016.[7]

The Norwegian plug-in electric vehicle market share of new car sales is the highest in the world, rising from 1.6% in 2011, to 3.1% in 2012,[374] and reaching 5.6% of new car sales in 2013.[364] Combined sales of new and used plug-in electric vehicles captured a 13.8% market share in 2014,[40] and climbed to 23.4% in 2015, representing almost one in four new cars registered in 2015.[21] A record market share of 29.1% was achieved in 2016.[375] The highest ever monthly market share for the plug-in electric passenger segment was achieved in January 2017 with 37.5% of new car sales.[376] Also in January 2017 the electrified passenger car segment for the first time ever surpassed combined sales of cars with conventional diesel or gasoline engines. Sales of plug-in hybrids, all-electric cars and conventional hybrids achieved a combined market share of 51.4% of new car sales that month.[377][378] Also, Norway was the first country in the world to have all-electric cars topping the new car sales monthly ranking.

The Tesla Model S has been the top selling new car four times, and the Nissan Leaf twice.[379] In March 2014 the Tesla Model S also broke the 28-year-old record for monthly sales of a single model regardless of its power source, with 1,493 units sold.[380][381] In July 2016, when new car registrations are break down by type of powertrain, for the first time a plug-in hybrid, the Mitsubishi Outlander P-HEV, listed as the top selling new car.[382] In September 2016, the Tesla Model X ranked as the top selling new car model in Norway when registrations are broken down by type of powetrain.[379][383][384] The BMW i3 was the top selling new passenger car in November 2016.[385]

As of November 2016, the Nissan Leaf continued to rank as the all-time best selling plug-in electric car with a total of 19,150 new Leafs registered since 2011.[386] When used imported from neighboring countries are accounted for, there were 27,115 Leafs on Norwegian roads at the end of November 2016, representing more than 10% of total Nissan Leaf global deliveries.[387][386] Ranking second is the Volkswagen e-Golf with 15,991 units, followed by the Tesla Model S with 11,615 units. These three models account for more than half of the stock of all-electric vehicles registered .[387]

Government incentives

The Parliament of Norway set the goal to reach 50,000 zero emission vehicles by 2018. Among the existing incentives, all-electric cars are exempt in Norway from all non-recurring vehicle fees, including purchase taxes, which are extremely high for ordinary cars, and 25% VAT on purchase, together making electric car purchase price competitive with conventional cars.[388] Pure electric vehicles are also exempt from the annual road tax, all public parking fees, and toll payments (including domestic ferries), as well as being able to use bus lanes. These incentives were set to be in effect until the end of 2017 or until the goal of 50,000 all-electric cars registered was achieved.[370] Sales of plug-in hybrids have had a much smaller market penetration than pure electric car sales because they are not eligible for the same tax exemptions and other government incentives enacted for electric cars.[388][389][390] However, in June 2013 the government approved a tax reduction for plug-in hybrids effective since July 2013, that improved PHEV sales.[390][391]

The goal of 50,000 electric cars on Norwegian roads was reached on 20 April 2015. The plate "EL 60000" was granted to the 50,000th electric car registered. The special electric vehicle EL series began with "EL 10000."[392]

The target of 50,000 electric cars on Norwegian roads was reached on 20 April 2015, more than two years earlier than expected.[392][393] The two purchase tax exemptions applicable to electric vehicles had cost the government about 3 billion krone (around US$480 million) in lost revenue just in 2014, and up to 4 billion krone (around US$640 million) if all the other benefits are accounted for.[394] In July 2016, as the stock of prefix "EL" plates was almost depleted, the first electric vehicles were registered with the special prefix "EK" (elektrisk kjøretøy - Norwegian for electric vehicle) series, reserved for the next 90,000 EVs.[395][396]

In May 2015 the Government decided to keep the existing incentives through 2017, and the political parties in Parliament agreed to reduced and phase out some of the incentives. Beginning in January 2018, electric car owners will be required to pay half of the yearly road license fee and the full rate as of 2020. The value-added tax (VAT) exemption for electric cars will end in 2018, but replaced by a new scheme, which may be subjected to a ceiling that could be reduced as technology develops. The agreement also gives local authorities the right to decide whether electric cars can park for free and use public transport lanes.[397][398]

In February 2016, the government opened for public discussion until 1 July 2016 the proposed National Transport Plan 2018-2029 (NTP). Among others, the NTP sets the goal that all new cars, buses and light commercial vehicles in 2025 should be zero emission vehicles, this is, all-electric and hydrogen vehicles. By 2030, heavy-duty vans, 75% of new long-distance buses, and 50% of new trucks must be zero emission vehicles.[399][400][401]

Philippines

The first electric car was launched at Silliman University by Insular Technologies in August 2007.[402][403] In some major urban cities in the Philippines like Makati, E-Jeepneys or Electric Jeepneys are used as well as Electrical Tricycles (Rickshaws). Eagle G-Car a Philippine all-electric car was made available for purchase in the Philippines as low as $3,000-$6,000), the car is made out of fiber glass.[404] While E-Jeepneys are expected to be available in many other cities in the Philippines and hope to be revolutionize and made into an icon of the Philippines, it is a venture of Renewable Independent Power Producer Inc., which sprang from Greenpeace and other groups, and Solarco, which in turn is a part of GRIPP.[405]

Poland

A Mitsubishi i-MiEV charging at an e+ charging station. e+ is a Polish provider of electric cars and infrastructure.[406]

Poland is developing charging station infrastructure in Gdańsk, Katowice, Kraków, Mielec and Warsaw. Funds for the project come from the European Union. The biggest organization in Poland in the area of electric vehicles is Klaster Green Stream.[407]
The Polish company 3xE - samochody elektryczne (3xE - electric cars) offer electric vehicle conversions of small city cars such as the Smart ForTwo, Citroën C1, Fiat Panda, Peugeot 107, Audi A2. The converted cars have a range of about 100 km (60 mi), using lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO
4) batteries and brushless DC electric motors, and the conversion can cost less than €12,000.[408]

Portugal

The stock of the plug-in electric cars in Portugal climbed from 20 all-electric cars in 2010 to about 530 plug-in electric cars in 2013, and as of December 2015, there were about 2,000 plug-in electric cars registered , consisting of 1,280 all-electric cars and 720 plug-in hybrids. As of December 2014, there were only 180 plug-in hybrids registered .[4]

BMW i3 charging in Coimbra, Portugal

Portugal reached agreements with French car maker Renault and its Japanese partner Nissan to boost the use of electric cars by creating a national recharging network. The aim was to make Portugal one of the first countries to offer drivers nationwide charging stations.[409] As of May 2010, there are only about a dozen recharging stations , but the government expects to deploy 320 before the end of 2010 and 1,300 by the end of 2011.[410] The government established a subsidy of €5,000 for the first 5,000 new electric cars sold . In addition, there was a €1,500 incentive if the consumer turned in a used car at least 10 years old as part of the down payment for the new electric car.[410] Electric cars were also exempt from the registration tax.[92] These incentives were discontinued at the end of 2011 due to the financial crisis of the country.[411]

On December 22, 2010, Nissan delivered in Lisbon the first nine Leafs to its commercial customer the MOBI.E consortium, and another unit to the Portuguese government as a loan for trial purposes. Deliveries for individual customers began in early 2011.[412][413] Since 2010 a total of 283 electric cars and utility vans have been sold through October 2012, with the Nissan Leaf as the best selling EV with 121 units.[414] Sales decreased significantly during 2012, with only 44 units sold between January and July due to the end of fiscal incentives.[415]

Plug-in electric car sales totaled 1,305 units in 2015, up 260% from 2014. The plug-in electric segment market share totaled 0.61% of new car sales, up from the 0.25% in 2014.[416] The top selling models were the Mitsubishi Outlander P-HEV (229), Nissan Leaf (209), BMW i3 (162), Renault Zoe (153), and the Mercedes-Benz C350 e (80).[416]

Russia

As of 1 July 2016, a total of 722 plug-in electric vehicles were registered in Russia. Registrations are led by the Mitsubishi i-MiEV with 249 cars, followed by the Nissan Leaf with 189 units, Tesla Model S with 167, and the Lada Ellada with 93. There were also less than 20 units of the Renault Twizy, BMW i3 and Tesla Model X.[417]

Singapore

As of October 2016, there were 129 plug-in electric cars registered in Singapore, representing 0.02% of the country's automobiles on the road. BMW is the plug-in segment leader.[255] Despite the existing government incentive that grants a maximum tax rebate of $30,000 for electric cars, adoption of plug-in electric vehicles has been slow in Singapore due to the high purchase prices, lack of public charging infrastructure, and unclear national policies on clean cars. As of October 2016, there were 74 public charging stations across the island managed by Bosch and Greenlots.[255]

The country's existing taxation scheme sometimes make a plug-in car more expensive than a conventional car. Among other factors is the carbon surcharge, applied to account for grid CO2 emissions during the electricity generation and distribution process, which is not applied to the production and distribution of petrol or diesel. There is also the scrap rebate, which is higher for electric vehicles as compared to a petrol model of the same value, resulting in significantly lower resale values for electric cars. The annual road tax also present inconsistencies that might increase the cost of owning a plug-in electric car.[255]

South Africa

The stock of the plug-in electric cars climbed from 30 all-electric cars in 2013 to about 50 in 2013, and as of December 2015, there were about 290 plug-in electric cars registered, consisting of 170 all-electric cars and 120 plug-in hybrids. All the plug-in hybrids were registered in 2015.[4]

GridCars is a Pretoria based company promoting Commuter Cars, their launch vehicle is based on the TREV from Australia. The concept behind the electric car is to build ultra-light EVs, placing less demand on battery requirements, and making the vehicle more affordable.[418] The Joule, designed by Cape Town-based Optimal Energy,[419] made its debut at the 2008 Paris Motor Show, has a maximum driving range of 300 km (190 mi). The Juoule accommodates two large-cell lithium ion battery packs.[420]

The first series production electric car available for retail sales was the Nissan Leaf, introduced in October 2013. BMW South Africa has plans to introduce the BMW i3 and BMW i8. While the country does not have government incentives or subsidies to promote electric cars[421], new internal combustion engine vehicles are taxed with a surcharge based on engine capacity[422] This surcharge does not apply to full EV's. Plug-in electric car sales totaled 80 units during the first three months of 2016, consisting of 55 BMW i3s, 15 BMW i8s, and 10 Nissan Leafs.[423]

South Korea

As of October 2016, about 7,200 plug-in electric cars have been sold in South Korea.[4][424] The stock of the plug-in electric cars climbed from 60 all-electric cars in 2010 to about 1,450 in 2013, and as of December 2015, there were over 4,300 plug-in electric cars registered in South Korea, consisting of over 4,000 all-electric cars and 270 plug-in hybrids. All the plug-in hybrids were registered in 2015.[4] A total of 2,896 plug-in electric vehicles were sold during the first ten months of 2016, up 12% year-on-year.[424]

As of 2014, all the electric cars models on sale in South Korea were domestically manufactured by local brands.[citation needed] Sales during the first eight months of 2015 totaled 1,744 units. The top selling models during this period were the Kia Soul EV (657), Samsung SM3 Z.E. (640) and the BMW i3 (243).[425] The Hyundai Ioniq Electric was released in South Korea in July 2016, and sold more than 1,000 units during its first two months in the market. Hyundai expects to sell at least 4,800 Ioniq Electric in 2016, representing more than 60% of the total electric car sales in 2016 year, estimated at around 8,000 electric vehicles.[426]

Registration of highway-capable plug-in electric cars by model in South Korea between 2012 and 2013[427]
Model Total
Sales
2012–2013		 Sales
2013		 Sales
2012
Kia Ray EV 929 398 531
Samsung SM3 Z.E. 294 277 17
Chevrolet Spark EV 40 40
Total registrations 1,263 715 548

The government subsidy has in place a one-time purchase subsidy for electric cars. Effective July 8, 2016, the subsidy was increased to 14 million won (US$12,100) from 12 million won (US$10,400). Also starting in 2016, the purchase tax surcharges of electric cars will be reduced, and all-electric car drivers will benefit from reductions in insurance premiums, expressway tolls and parking fees.[428]

In July 2016, the Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy announced a plan to make electric car batteries run longer, build a network of charging stations and make electric car purchases and ownership more affordable. The government expects that the current and future policy programs will help increase the electric car market share in South Korea to 0.5% in 2017, up from 0.2% in 2015, and to achieve 5.3% in 2020. The government plan calls for the deployment of fast charging stations in 2020 to be available at an average of one within a two-kilometer radius in the capital city of Seoul. In addition, 30,000 slow charging stations will be strategically located at about 4,000 apartment complexes nationwide by 2020.[428]

The government's plan also includes the development of an electric car battery, beginning in 2016, with energy density high enough to more than double the travel distance on a charge to 400 km (250 mi). The government expects to increase the global market share of South Korean electric cars to match that of South Korean gasoline and diesel cars, which reached 8.5% based on sales by South Korea's two main car exporters, Hyundai Motor Company and Kia Motors.[428]

Spain

Plug-in electric vehicle registrations in Spain by year between 2010 and 2014.[429][430][431][432]

The stock of the plug-in electric cars in Spain climbed from 70 all-electric cars in 2010 to about 1,200 plug-in electric cars in 2012, and as of December 2015, there were almost 6,000 plug-in electric cars registered , consisting of 4,460 all-electric cars and 1,490 plug-in hybrids. The first 10 plug-in hybrids were registered in 2011.[4]

In May 2011 the Spanish government approved a €72 million (US$103 million) fund for year 2011 to promote electric vehicles. The incentives include direct subsidies for the acquisition of new electric cars for up to 25% of the purchase price, before tax, to a maximum of €6,000 per vehicle (US$8,600), and 25% of the gross purchase price of other electric vehicles such as buses and vans, with a maximum of €15,000 or €30,000, depending on the range and type of vehicle.[433] Several regional government grant incentives for the purchase of alternative fuel vehicles including electric and hybrid vehicles. In Aragón, Asturias, Baleares, Madrid, Navarra, Valencia, Castilla-La Mancha, Murcia, Castile and León electric vehicles are eligible to a €6,000 tax incentive and hybrids to €2,000.[92]

Peugeot iOn electric car in Bilbao.

Retail sales of the Mitsubishi i-MiEV began in December 2010 .[434][435] A total of 233 i-MiEV family electric cars were sold during 2011, representing 58% of all electric vehicles sold in Spain that year.[436] The Nissan Leaf was released in Barcelona in September 2011, followed by Madrid in October 2011.[437][438] A total of 137 Leafs were sold through September 2012.[436][439]

A total of 401 electric cars and utility vehicles were sold in Spain during 2011, led by the Peugeot iOn with 125 units, followed by 85 Citroën C-Zeros and 59 Nissan Leafs.[440] During the first half of 2012 a total of 209 electric cars were sold, representing a market share of 0.05% of new car sales.[441] During 2012 plug-in electric car sales totaled 484 units and 176 electric utility vans were sold, for a total of 660 highway-capable plug-in vehicles registered in 2012. In addition, 943 Renault Twizy quadricycles were sold , making the Twizy the top selling plug-in electric vehicle, followed by the Renault Kangoo Z.E. with 176 units, and the Nissan Leaf with 154 units.[442]

BMW i3 in Barcelona.

Plug-in electric car sales in Spain totaled 1,958 units in 2014, up 53% from 2013.[443] The market penetration of highway-capable plug-in electric cars climbed in 2014 to 0.16% of total new car sales , up from 0.05% in 2011.[444][429] Sales in 2014 were led by the Nissan Leaf with 465 units, followed by the Renault Zoe with 289.[443] Plug-in electric car sales totaled 3,015 units in 2015, up 54% from 2014.[445] The top selling models in 2015 were the Mitsubishi Outlander P-HEV (389), Smart electric drive (388), Nissan Leaf (344), Renault Zoe (312), Renault Kangoo Z.E. (257), and the BMW i3 (251).[445]

A total of 3,129 plug-in electric vehicles were sold in Spain during the first three quarters of 2016. Sales continued to growth at an accelerated pace, up 79% from the same period in 2015. The segment achieved a market share of 0.36% of new car registrations[446] The Outlander P-HEV continued as the top selling plug-in with 495 units, followed by the Leaf with 435, the BMW i3 with 267, and the Zoe with 257 units.[446]

Sri Lanka

Sales of the Nissan Leaf in Sri Lanka began in 2013.[447] There are no government incentives or subsidies to promote electric cars in Sri Lanka. Electric vehicle tax increased from 5% to 50% through the new Government's Interim Budget.[citation needed]

As of September 2015, a total of 2,072 electric cars have been registered , with the Nissan Leaf ranking as the most popular model. Electric car sales experienced a record month in September 2015 with 471 units registered, up from only 15 in September 2014. Four Tesla Model S cars were registered the record month.[448]

Sweden

Main article: Plug-in electric vehicles in Sweden
Plug-in electric vehicle registrations in Sweden by year between 2011 and 2016.[53][54][55][449][450][451]

As of December 2016, a total of 30,525 plug-in electric vehicles have been registered in Sweden since 2011, consisting of 21,181 plug-in hybrids, 7,985 all-electric cars and 1,359 all-electric utility vans.[53][54][55][449][450][451] The Swedish plug-in electric market is dominated by plug-in hybrids, representing 69.4% of the Swedish light-duty plug-in electric vehicle registrations through December 2016.[53][55][450][451] Sweden has ranked among the world's top ten best-selling plug-in markets for two years running, 2015 and 2016, listed in both years as the ninth largest country market.[7][21] As of December 2016, the Swedish stock of plug-in cars and vans is the sixth largest in Europe.[7] The market share of plug-in electric vehicles climbed from 0.57% in 2013 to 1.53% of new car sales in 2014.[55][449] The country achieved a record market share of 2.5% of new car sales in 2015,[53] and rose to 3.5% in 2016.[7]

As of December 2016, the all-time top selling plug-in electric cars are the Mitsubishi Outlander P-HEV with 7,506 units registered, followed by the Volkswagen Passat GTE (4,075), Volvo V60 PHEV (3,239), Nissan Leaf (2,561) and Tesla Model S (2,099). The Renault Kangoo Z.E. continued as the all-time the leader in the plug-in commercial utility segment with 1,024 units.[53][55][450][451] The following table presents registrations of highway-capable plug-in electric passenger cars by model between January 2011 and September 2016.

Government incentives

In September 2011 the Swedish government approved a 200 million kr program, effective starting in January 2012, to provide a subsidy of 40,000 kr per car for the purchase of 5,000 electric cars and other "super green cars" with ultra-low carbon emissions, defined as those with emissions below 50 grams of carbon dioxide (CO2) per km.[452] There is also an exemption from the annual circulation tax for the first five years from the date of their first registration that benefits owners of electric vehicles with an energy consumption of 37 kWh per 100 km or less, and hybrid vehicles with CO2 emissions of 120 g/km or less. In addition, for both electric and hybrid vehicles, the taxable value of the car for the purposes of calculating the benefit in kind of a company car under personal income tax is reduced by 40% compared with the corresponding or comparable gasoline or diesel-powered car. The reduction of the taxable value has a cap of 16,000 kr per year.[355]

By July 2014 the program run out of funds as a total of 5,028 new "super clean cars" had been registered since January 2012.[453][454] BIL Sweden, the national association for the automobile industry, requested the government an additional 100 million kr to cover the subsidy for another 2,500 registrations of new super clean cars between August and December 2014.[454][455] In December 2014 the Riksdagen, the Swedish parliament, approved an appropriation of 215 million kr to finance the super clean car subsidies in 2015. The appropriation for 2015, according to the parliamentary decision and subsequent government decision, was to also be used for the retroactive payment of the super green cars registered in 2014 that did not receive the subsidy.[54]

The Government raised the appropriation for the super green car rebate by 132 million kr for 2015 and by 94 million kr for 2016. Beginning in 2016, only zero emissions cars are entitled to receive the full 40,000 kr premium, while other super green cars, plug-in hybrids, receive half premium. The exemption for the first five years of ownership from the annual circulation tax is still in place.[456][457] In 2016, in order to promote the introduction of electricity-powered buses in the market, the Government planned to allocate 50 million kr for 2016 and 100 million kr per year between 2017 and 2019 to introduce an electric bus premium.[457]

Two alternative proposals are being considered by the Swedish government regarding the introduction of a bonus-malus system. Both proposals entail changes to vehicle and car benefit taxation and the premium system for purchases of new cars. An official inquiry report was due by 29 April 2016. The goal is for the system to enter into force on 1 January 2017.[457]

Switzerland

As of April 2016, over 12,000 plug-in electric cars have been registered in Switzerland since 2012.[34] During the first quarter of 2016, a total of 1,479 plug-in electric car were registered , consisting of 773 all-electric cars (up 37.5% from 1Q 2015), and 706 plug-in hybrids (up 44.1% from 1Q 2015).[458] Registrations of plug-in cars totaled 6,288 units in 2015, up 133.9% from 2,668 in 2014.[193] The plug-in segment registrations totaled 1,717 units in 2013.[459]

Deliveries of the Mitsubishi i MiEV began in 2011, and a total of 430 units have been registered in Switzerland through September 2012, including 219 i MiEVs, 110 C-Zeros, and 101 iOns.[460] The Nissan Leaf was launched in November 2011,[461][462] and a total of 86 Leafs have been sold through September 2012.[460]

As of December 2015, new passenger all-electric car registrations totaled 6,499 units since 2006, while range extender electric cars totaled 1,333 units since their introduction in 2011. No detail is available for parallel plug-in hybrid registrations as these cars were accounted together with conventional hybrid electric vehicles.[463] A total of 2,389 all-electric passenger cars were sold in 2015, representing a market share of 1% of total new car registrations.[463] During the first nine months of 2015, registrations in the all-electric segment were led by the Tesla Model S with 1,146 units, followed by the Renault Zoe with 318, and the all-electric variant of the BMW i3 with 201. The plug-in hybrid segment was led by the Volkswagen Golf GTE with 497 units, followed by the BMW i3 REx with 387 units, and the Audi A3 e-tron with 343. With 588 new units registered through September 2015, the BMW i3 was the second best selling model after the Model S.[463]

The Swiss government does not have any subsidies or incentives for purchasing plug-in electric vehicles.[464] Cantons can propose special discounts on annual taxes depending on the car's efficiency label and range from 100% rabate (e.g. Solothurn) to 0%.[465]

Ukraine

Nissan Leaf in Kharkiv - EcoTaxi, 2016

As of 1 January 2017, a total of 3161 plug-in electric vehicles and gibrides were registered in Ukraine.[466] Registrations are led by the Nissan Leaf with 647 cars, followed by the Tesla Model S with 72, and the BMW i3 with 19.[417]

About 90% of electric car registrations in Ukraine are used imports, particularly from the United States with cars that are two- to three-years old, and mileage between 30,000 to 40,000 km (19,000 to 25,000 mi). Used imports are attractive in the Ukrainian market because the purchase price is two times lower than a new electric vehicle in Europe. During the first eight months of 2016, Ukrainians imported twice as much used electric cars than the whole 2015.[467] Imports of used electric cars in Ukraine grew from 95 in 2014, to 731 in 2015, and totaled 1,550 units during the first eight months of 2016.[468]

Nevertheless, at the beginning of August 2016, Ukrainian officials started to refuse the registration of American electric vehicles, citing the need for certification by European rules. To comply with the certification requirements, the cars have to be converted from U.S. to European standards, which includes the replacement of a windshield, headlights and other parts of the electric vehicle, at a cost of more than US$1,000.[467]

United Kingdom

Main article: Plug-in electric vehicles in the United Kingdom
Registration of plug-in electric vehicles in the UK between January 2011 and December 2016.[47][469][470][471][472][473]

More than 100,000 plug-in electric vehicles have been registered in the United Kingdom up until March 2017, including about 4,500 electric commercial vans.[7][474][475] This figure includes a significant number of registered plug-in electric cars and vans which were not eligible for the grant schemes.[475] As of March 2017, the number of eligible registered plug-in electric cars that have benefited with the subsidy totaled 94,541 units since the launch of the programme in 2011,[474] and, as of December 2016, the number of claims made through the Plug-in Van Grant scheme totaled 2,938 units since the launch of the programme in 2012.[476] As of 7 October 2016, the UK had 11,903 public charging points at 4,215 locations, of which 2,140 were rapid charging points at 696 locations.[477]

Before the introduction of series production plug-in vehicles, a total of 1,096 all-electric vehicles were registered in the UK between 2006 and December 2010.[478] Electric car sales grew from 138 units in 2010 to 1,082 units during 2011.[470][479] Before 2011, the G-Wiz, a heavy quadricycle, listed as the top-selling EV for several years.[480]

The REVAi/G-Wiz i electric car charging at an on-street station in London.

The British market experienced a surge of plug-in car sales during 2014, driven by the introduction of several new models.[481][482][483] Plug-in electric car registrations in the UK quadruple from 3,586 in 2013 to 14,518 units in 2014.[47] All-electric cars registrations growth was 167%, while plug-in hybrid registrations were up 628% from a year earlier.[47] The plug-in electric car segment captured a 0.59% market share of new car sales in 2014, up from 0.16% in 2013.[47][484] In November 2014, with 646 all-electric cars and 1,225 plug-in hybrids registered, the segment's market share passed 1% of monthly new car sales for the first time in the UK.[485][486]

The surge in demand for plug-in cars continued during 2015, to the extent that 2014's ultra-low emission vehicle (ULEV) sales figure was passed in June 2015.[487] Total registrations in 2015 were up 94.0% from 2014, with all-electric cars growing 48.3% year-on-year, while plug-in hybrid registrations were up 133.0% year-on-year.[469]

Registrations during the first six months of 2016 recorded the highest-volume half-year ever for plug-in electric car registrations.[488] A total of 36,907 plug-in electric vehicles were registered in 2016, of which, 35,447 cars were eligible for the Plug-in Car Grant. Registrations consisted of 10,264 all-electric cars, up 3.3% from 2015, and 26,643 plug-in hybrids, up 41.9% from the previous year.[473] Sales of plug-in hybrids oversold pure electric cars, with the latter more than doubling sales of battery electric models.[473][489] The plug-in car segment's market share reached 1.37% of new car sales in 2016.[473] While overall new car registrations year-to-date increased 2.3% from the same period in 2015, total plug-in car registrations in 2016 increased 28.6% from a year earlier.[473]

The Nissan Leaf, with 15,000 units sold by September 2016, has been the best-selling pure electric car in the UK since 2011.[490][491]

The Mitsubishi Outlander P-HEV is the all-time top selling plug-in car in the UK with 26,600 units registered through December 2016, accounting for about 50% of all plug-in hybrid sold in the British market since 2010.[492][493] The Nissan Leaf ranks second and it is also the all-time top selling all-electric car with 15,000 units sold by September 2016.[490] Ranking third is the BMW i3 with 4,457 units, followed by the Renault Zoe with 4,339 units, both, registered at the end of June 2016.[494]

Government incentives

See also: Plug-in Car Grant

The Plug-in Car Grant program started on 1 January 2011 and is available across the U.K. The programme reduces the up-front cost of eligible cars by providing a 25% grant towards the cost of new plug-in cars capped at £5,000 (~US$7,450).[495][496][497] From 1 April 2015, the purchase price cap was raised to cover up to 35% discount of the vehicle's recommended retail price, up to the already existing £5,000 limit. This change means electric cars priced under £20,000 can take advantage of most or all of the £5,000 discount.[498] Both private and business fleet buyers are eligible for this grant, which is received at the point of purchase and the subsidy is claimed back by the manufacturer afterwards.[495][496]

The Plug-In Car Grant was extended to include vans since February 2012. Van buyers can receive 20% - up to £8,000 (~US$12,000)- off the cost of a plug-in van. The Plug-In Van Grant scheme was extended in October 2016 to make electric trucks above 3.5 tonnes eligible for grants of up to £20,000, when businesses switch their large trucks to an electric vehicle. The government also announced their commitment for an additional £4 million to the scheme so that all vans and trucks meeting the eligibility requirements can benefit from the grant scheme.[499]

Plug-in hybrid models with a purchase price of over £60,000, such as the BMW i8, are not eligible for the Plug-in Car Grant from March 2016.[500]

In April 2014, the government announced that funding for the full grant of up to £5,000 would remain in place until either 50,000 grants have been issued or 2017, whichever was first.[498][501] In December 2015, the Department for Transport (DfT) announced that plug-in car grant was extended until March 2018 to encourage more than 100,000 UK motorists to buy cleaner vehicles. A total funding of £400 million (~US$600 million) will be available for the extension. To reflect the rapidly developing technology, and the growing range of ULEVs on the British market, the criteria for the Plug-in Car Grant was updated and the maximum grant drops from £5,000 (~US$7,450) to £4,500 (~US$6,700). The eligible ultra-low emission vehicles (ULEVs) include also hydrogen fuel cell cars.[498][502][503]

A price cap will be in place, with all Category 1 plug-in vehicles eligible for the full grant no matter what their purchase price, while Category 2 and 3 models with a list price of more than £60,000 (~US$90,000) will not be eligible for the grant.[502][503] Under the extended scheme, some plug-in hybrid sports car will no longer be eligible for the grant, such as the BMW i8 because of its £100,000 (~US$150,000) purchase price tag.[500]

In addition to the extension of the Plug-in Grant, the government also announced it will continue the "Electric Vehicle Homecharge Scheme." Starting in March 2016 owners of ultra-low emission vehicles who install a dedicated charge point at their home, covering roughly half the average cost, will get £500 (~US$750) towards the cost of installing the charging point, rather than the previous £700 (~US$1,050) maximum.[502][503]

All-electric vehicles (BEVs) and eligible plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) also qualify for a 100% discount from the London congestion charge. A plug-in electric drive vehicle qualifies if the vehicle is registered with the Driver and Vehicle Licensing Agency (DVLA) and has a fuel type of 'electric', or alternatively, if the vehicle is a 'plug-in hybrid' and is on the Government's list of PHEVs eligible for the OLEV grant.[504] As of February 2016, approved PHEVs include all extended-range cars such as the BMW i3 REx, and plug-in hybrids that emit 75g/km or less of CO2 and that meet the Euro 5 standard for air quality, such as the Audi A3 Sportback e-tron, BMW i8, Mitsubishi Outlander P-HEV (passenger and van variants), Toyota Prius Plug-in Hybrid, and Volkswagen Golf GTE.[505]

United States

The Nissan Leaf electric car (left) and the Chevrolet Volt plug-in hybrid (right) were the first two series production plug-in electric vehicles introduced by major automakers in the U.S.
Main article: Plug-in electric vehicles in the United States
See also: PEV sales in the U.S. by model (2008-2014)

As of December 2016, cumulative sales in the United States totaled 570,187 highway legal plug-in electric cars since the market launch of the Tesla Roadster in 2008,[9] accounting for 28.1% of the global light-duty plug-in stock, down from about 40% in 2014.[7] As of December 2016, the U.S. has the world's third largest stock of plug-in passenger cars, after China and Europe.[1][6] As of August 2016, the distribution of cumulative sales since 2010 between the two plug-in technologies was 52.8% all-electrics and 47.2% plug-in hybrids.[35] Sales of series production PEVs in the U.S. market during its first two years were lower than the initial expectations.[506][507][508][509][510] According to Pike Research, cumulative sales will reach the one million goal set by the Obama Administration only in 2018 instead of 2015.[511] Cumulative plug-in electric car sales since 2008 reached the 250,000 unit milestone in August 2014,[512] and the 500,000 unit milestone in August 2016.[35]

Nationwide plug-in car sales climbed from 17,800 units in 2011 to 53,200 during 2012, and reached 97,100 units delivered in 2013, up 83% from the previous year.[513] During 2014 plug-in electric car sales totaled 123,347 units, up 27.0% from 2013, and fell to 114,248 units in 2015, down 7.4% from 2014.[514] A total of 157,181 plug-in cars were sold in 2016, up 37.6% from 2015.[515] The market share of plug-in electric passenger cars increased from 0.14% of new car sales in 2011 to 0.37% in 2012, 0.62% in 2013, and reached 0.75% of new car sales during 2014.[514][516][517] As plug-in car sales slowed down during the 2015, the segment's market share fell to 0.66% of new car sales,[514] and increased to 0.90% in 2016.[9] The highest-ever monthly market share for plug-in electric vehicles was achieved in December 2016 with 1.39% of new car sales.[9] The previous record was set in September 2016 (1.12%) marking the first time plug-in cars sold more than 1% of the new light-duty market in the U.S.[518] December 2016 is also the best monthly plug-in sales volume on record ever, with 23,288 units delivered.[9]

U.S. plug-in electric vehicle cumulative sales since 2008 passed the 500,000 unit milestone in August 2016.[35] The graph shows cumulative sales by month by type of powertrain from December 2010 up to December 2016.[519][520]

As of December 2016, there were 30 highway-capable plug-in cars available in the American market for retail sales from over a dozen car manufacturers,[515] plus several models of electric motorcycles, utility vans and neighborhood electric vehicles (NEVs). As of December 2016, total sales are led by the Chevrolet Volt plug-in hybrid with 113,489 units,[9] followed by the Nissan Leaf all-electric car with 103,597 units delivered. Both plug-in cars were released in December 2010.[515][386] Launched in the U.S. market in June 2012, the Tesla Model S ranks as the third top selling plug-in electric car with an estimated 92,317 units sold through December 2016,[9] followed by the Prius PHV, launched in February 2012, with 44,767 units. Ranking fifth is the Ford Fusion Energi with 43,327 units, followed by the Ford C-Max Energi with 33,509 units delivered through December 2016.[521][522][515][35]

During 2013 sales were led by the Chevrolet Volt with 23,094 units, followed by the Nissan Leaf with 22,610 cars, and the Tesla Model S with around 18,000 units.[523][524] In 2014 the Leaf took the lead, with 30,200 units sold, with the Volt ranking second with 18,805, followed by the Model S with 16,689 units.[514] The Tesla Model S, with 25,202 units delivered, was the top selling plug-in car in the U.S. in 2015, followed by the Nissan Leaf with 17,269 units, the Volt with 15,393, and the BMW i3 with 11,024.[514] For a second year on a row, the Model S was the top selling plug-in car with about 29,156 units sold in 2016, followed by the Volt with 24,739, Model X with about 18,028, and the Ford Fusion Energi with 15,938.[515]

Comparison of annual sales of plug-in electric vehicles in the United States versus California between 2010 and 2016.[61][62][520][525]

California is the largest U.S. car market, and accounts for approximately 48% of cumulative plug-in sales in the American market from 2011 to June 2016, and also accounts for about 50% of nationwide all-electric car sales and 47% of total plug-in hybrid sales. The other nine states that follow California's Zero Emission Vehicle (ZEV) regulations have accounted for another 10% of cumulative plug-in car sales in the U.S. during the same period.[14] California's overall plug-in market share has remained at about 3% statewide light-duty vehicle sales for 2015 and the first half of 2016.,[14] Until December 2014 California had more plug-in electric vehicles than any other country,[15] and its plug-in sales volume in 2014 was higher than any other country.[16] California's plug-in market share in 2015 was surpassed only by two countries, Norway (22.4%) and the Netherlands (9.7%).[10] As of December 2016, China is the only other country with more plug-in electric cars on the road than California.[1]

Infrastructure

As of 31 January 2016, the United States had 12,203 charging stations across the country, up from 5,678 in March 2013.[526][527] California led with 2,976 stations, followed by Texas with 686, and Florida with 626. In terms of public charging points, there were 30,669 public outlets available across the country by the end of January 2016, led by California with 9,086 charging points (29.6%), followed by Texas with 1,679 (13.8%), and Florida and Washington state with 1,435 each (11.8%).[526] There were 592 CHAdeMO quick charging stations across the country by April 2014.[528]

Government incentives

See also: U.S. federal, state and local government incentives

The Energy Improvement and Extension Act of 2008, and later the American Clean Energy and Security Act of 2009 (ACES) granted tax credits for new qualified plug-in electric vehicles.[529] The American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 (ARRA) also authorized federal tax credits for converted plug-ins, though the credit is lower than for new PEVs.[530]

President Barack Obama behind the wheel of a new Chevrolet Volt during his tour of the General Motors Auto Plant in Hamtramck, Michigan

The federal tax credit for new plug-in electric vehicles is worth $2,500 plus $417 for each kilowatt-hour of battery capacity over 5 kWh, and the portion of the credit determined by battery capacity cannot exceed $5,000. Therefore, the total amount of the credit allowed for a new PEV is $7,500.[529] Several states have established incentives and tax exemptions for BEVs and PHEV, and other non-monetary incentives.

Two separate initiatives are being pursued in 2011 to transform the tax credit into a cash rebate worth up to $7,500. The initiatives by Senator Debbie Stabenow and the Obama Administration seek to make new qualifying plug-in electric cars more accessible to buyers by making the incentive more effective. The rebate will be available at the point of sale allowing consumers to avoid a wait of up to a year to apply the tax credit against income tax returns.[531][532][533] Another change to the rules governing the tax credit was introduced by Senator Carl Levin and Representative Sander Levin who are proposing to raise the existing cap on the number of plug-in vehicles eligible for the tax credit. The proposal raises that limit from the existing 200,000 PEVs per manufacturer to 500,000 units.[531]

The U.S. government also has pledged US$2.4 billion in federal grants to support the development of next-generation electric cars and batteries, and US$115 million for the installation of electric vehicle charging infrastructure in 16 different metropolitan areas around the country. President Barack Obama also set the goal of bringing one million plug-in electric vehicles on the road by 2015.[534][535] However, considering the slow rate of PEV sales, several industry observers have concluded that this goal was unattainable.[508][536][537] By end of 2015, just over 400,000 electric vehicles had been sold in the U.S.

The General Motors EV1 was one of the first PEVs introduced in 1996 as a result of CARB's zero-emissions vehicle mandate.

Since the late 1980s, electric vehicles have been promoted in the US through the use of tax credits. Electric cars are the most common form of what is defined by the California Air Resources Board (CARB) as zero emission vehicle (ZEV) passenger automobiles, because they produce no emissions while being driven. The CARB had set progressive quotas for sales of ZEVs, but most were withdrawn after lobbying and a lawsuit by auto manufacturers complaining that EVs were economically infeasible due to an obvious lack of consumer demand. Many of the factors that hindered the widespread production of electric cars during the late 1990s and 2000s are discussed in the documentary film Who Killed the Electric Car?.[538]

The California program was designed by CARB to reduce air pollution and not specifically to promote electric vehicles. Under pressure from various manufactures, CARB replaced the zero emissions requirement with a combined requirement of a very small number of ZEVs to promote research and development, and a much larger number of partial zero-emissions vehicles (PZEVs), an administrative designation for a super ultra low emissions vehicle (SULEV), which emits about 10% of the pollution of ordinary low emissions vehicles and are also certified for zero evaporative emissions. While effective in reaching the air pollution goals projected for the zero emissions requirement, the market effect was to permit the major manufacturers to quickly terminate their electric car programs and crush the vehicles.[538]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r Cobb, Jeff (2017-01-16). "The World Just Bought Its Two-Millionth Plug-in Car". HybridCars.com. Retrieved 2017-01-17. An estimated 2,032,000 highway-legal plug-in passenger cars and vans have been sold worldwide at the end of 2016. The top selling markets are China (645,708 new energy cars, including imports), Europe (638,000 plug-in cars and vans), and the United States (570,187 plug-in cars). The top European country markets are Norway (135,276), the Netherlands (113,636), France (108,065), and the UK (91,000). Total Chinese sales of domestically produced new energy vehicles, including buses and truck, totaled 951,447 vehicles. China was the top selling plug-in car market in 2016, and also has the world's largest stock of plug-in electric cars.
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  6. ^ a b c d e f Cobb, Jeff (2016-12-27). "China Takes Lead As Number One In Plug-in Vehicle Sales". HybridCars.com. Retrieved 2017-01-06. As of November 2016, cumulative sales of plug-in electric vehicles in China totaled 846,447 units, including passenger and commercial vehicles, making it the world's leader in overall plug-in electric vehicle sales. With cumulative sales of about 600,000 plug-in electric passenger cars through November 2016, China is also the global leader in the plug-in passenger vehicle industry, ahead of Europe and the U.S.
  7. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Cobb, Jeff (2017-01-17). "Top 10 Plug-in Vehicle Adopting Countries of 2016". HybridCars.com. Retrieved 2017-01-23.
  8. ^ a b c Liu Wanxiang (2017-01-12). "中汽协：2016年新能源汽车产销量均超50万辆,同比增速约50%" (in Chinese). D1EV.com. Retrieved 2017-01-12. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help) Chinese sales of new energy vehicles in 2016 totaled 507,000, consisting of 409,000 all-electric vehicles and 98,000 plug-in hybrid vehicles.
  9. ^ a b c d e f g Cobb, Jeff (2017-01-11). "America's Plug-in Car Sales Were Their Best Ever in 2016". HybridCars.com and Baum & Associates. Retrieved 2017-01-12. Plug-in electric car sales in the U.S. totaled 157,181 units, up 37.6% from 2015 (114,248). The plug-in car segment achieved an all-time high market share of 0.90% of new car sales in 2016. December sales totaled a record monthly volume of 23,288 units and also achieved a record monthly market share of 1.39% of new car sales. The top selling model for the second year in a row was the Tesla Model S with 29,156 units sold in 2016, followed by the Chevrolet Volt (24,739), Tesla Model X (18,028), Ford Energi Fusion with 15,938, and the Nissan Leaf with 14,006 units. As of December 2016, cumulative sales totaled 570,187 plug-in cars since 2008, with the Chevrolet Volt as the all-time best selling plug-in car with 113,489 units. The Tesla Model S ranks third with an estimated 92,317 units since its inception in 2012.
  10. ^ a b c Cobb, Jeff (2016-08-09). "California Continues To Pull More Than Its Weight In Plug-in Car Sales". HybridCars.com. Retrieved 2016-08-30. As of July 2016, California's plug-in car concentration was 5.83 registrations per 1,000 people, the U.S. was 1.51 per 1,000. Norway exceeds California by 3.69 times, California narrowly outpaces the Netherlands by 1.04 times.
  11. ^ a b Cobb, Jeff (2016-09-01). "Americans Buy Their Half-Millionth Plug-in Car: Concentration of plug-in electrified car registrations per 1,000 people". HybridCars.com. Retrieved 2016-09-04. As of July 2016, Norway had a concentration of registered plug-in cars per 1,000 people of 21.52, the Netherlands of 5.63, California of 5.83, and the United States national average was 1.52.
  12. ^ a b c d e f g h "European Alternative Fuels Observatory". Retrieved 2017-09-13.
  13. ^ a b c d Fergusson, Malcolm (October 2016). "Electric Vehicles in Europe - 2016: Approaching adolescence" (PDF). Transport & Environment. Retrieved 2016-10-13. See pp. 15-16.
  14. ^ a b c California Air Resources Board (CARB) (2017-01-18). "California's Advanced Clean Cars Midterm Review: Summary Report for the Technical Analysis of the Light Duty Vehicle Standards" (PDF). CARB. Retrieved 2017-01-19. See pp. ES 44.
  15. ^ a b Dana Hull (2014-09-08). "California charges ahead with electric vehicles". San Jose Mercury News. Retrieved 2015-03-15.
  16. ^ a b Jeff Cobb (2015-03-18). "Californians Bought More Plug-in Cars Than China Last Year". HybridCars.com. Retrieved 2015-03-18.
  17. ^ Cobb, Jeff (2016-02-17). "California Plug-in Sales Led The US Last Year With Nearly Five-Times Greater Market Share". HybridCars.com. Retrieved 2016-02-18. California's plug-in electric car market share was 3.1%, ranking behind only two countries, the Netherlands (9.7%) and Norway (22.7%). The administrative territory of Hong Kong also had a higher market share of 4.8%.
  18. ^ Clark, Pilita; Campbell, Peter (2016-08-31). "Motor Industry: Pressure on the Pump". Financial Times. Retrieved 2016-09-30.
  19. ^ Justin Gerdes (2012-05-11). "The Global Electric Vehicle Movement: Best Practices From 16 Cities". Forbes. Retrieved 2014-10-20.
  20. ^ a b c d e Argonne National Laboratory, United States Department of Energy (2016-03-28). "Fact #918: March 28, 2016 - Global Plug-in Light Vehicles Sales Increased By About 80% in 2015". Office of Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy. Retrieved 2016-03-29.
  21. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Cobb, Jeff (2016-01-18). "Top Six Plug-in Vehicle Adopting Countries – 2015". HybridCars.com. Retrieved 2016-01-23. About 520,000 highway legal light-duty plug-in electric vehicles were sold worldwide in 2015, with cumulative global sales reaching 1,235,000. The United States is currently the leading market, with 411,120 units sold since 2008, followed by China, with 258,328 units sold since 2011. Japan ranks third (about 130,000), followed by the Netherlands (88,991), Norway (77,897), France (74,291), and the UK (53,254). Four of these countries achieved a PEV market share over 1% of new car sales in 2015: Norway (22.39%), the Netherlands (9.74%), France (1.2%), and the UK (1.1%)
  22. ^ Berman, Brad (2016-02-13). "US Falls Behind Europe and China in Global Plug-in Vehicle Market". Plugincars.com. Retrieved 2016-02-16.
  23. ^ "Tesla Motors hands keys to 100th Roadster owner". The Mercury News. 2008-12-10. Retrieved 2016-10-01.
  24. ^ Cobb, Jeff (2014-12-10). "Retrospective: Four Years of Nissan Leaf and Chevy Volt". HybridCars.com. Retrieved 2016-10-01.
  25. ^ a b Klippenstein, Matthew (2014-04-08). "One Percent Of Norway's Cars Are Already Plug-In Electrics". Green Car Reports. Retrieved 2016-10-31. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  26. ^ a b c d e International Energy Agency, Clean Energy Ministerial, and Electric Vehicles Initiative (EVI) (March 2015). "Global EV Outlook 2015" (PDF). Clean Energy Ministerial. Retrieved 2015-03-14.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) The EV Outlook 2015 figures include only plug-in electric passenger cars and SUVs (excludes light-weight utility vehicles) and total sales/registrations figures correspond to the 16 EVI countries, which are estimated to represent 95% of the global PEV stock. As of December 2014, the Japanese stock of plug-in cars totaled 108,241 units, and China had about 36,500 all-electric buses.
  27. ^ Jeff Cobb (2015-09-16). "One Million Global Plug-In Sales Milestone Reached". HybridCars.com. Retrieved 2015-10-10.
  28. ^ a b Petter Haugneland (2016-02-29). "Nasjonal transportplan: Elbil er klimaløsningen" (in Norwegian). Norsk Elbilforening (Norwegian Electric Vehicle Association). Archived from the original on 2016-03-05. Retrieved 2016-03-04. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)
  29. ^ a b c Cobb, Jeff (2016-05-11). "China Reports 500,000th Plug-in Vehicle Sold". HybridCars.com. Retrieved 2016-05-12. As of March 2016, a total of 502,572 new energy vehicles have been sold in China since 2011, consisting of 366,219 all-electric vehicles (72.9%) and 136,353 plug-in hybrids (27.1%). Sales since 2011 includes heavy-duty commercial vehicles such buses and sanitation trucks, and only accounts for vehicles manufactured in the country.
  30. ^ Grant, Alex. "PHEV boom drives 43% electric vehicle sales in Norway". EV Fleet World.
  31. ^ Cobb, Jeff (2016-03-14). "Californians Will Buy 200,000th Plug-in Car By This Month". HybridCars.com. Retrieved 2016-03-15. Sales of plug-in electric cars in California passed the 200,000 unit milestone in March 2016, representing 47% of the 425,000 plug-in electric cars sold in the U.S. through February 2016.
  32. ^ a b Cobb, Jeff (2016-05-09). "Norway Is Fourth Country To Register 100,000 Plug-in Cars". HybridCars.com. Retrieved 2016-05-09. As of April 2016, the United States is the leading country market with a stock of about 450,000 highway legal light-duty plug-in electric vehicles delivered since 2008. China ranks second with around 300,000 units sold since 2011, followed by Japan with about 150,000 plug-in units sold since 2009, both through March 2016. European sales are led by Norway with over 100,000 units registered by the end of April 2016.
  33. ^ Cobb, Jeff (2016-06-22). "Global Plug-in Car Sales Cruise Past 1.5 Million". HybridCars.com. Retrieved 2016-06-22.
  34. ^ a b c Cobb, Jeff (2016-06-15). "Europe Buys Its 500,000th Plug-in Vehicle". HybridCars.com. Retrieved 2016-06-15. As of May 2016, cumulative sales by country are led by the United States with a stock of more than 460,000 highway legal light-duty plug-in electric vehicles delivered since 2008. China ranks second with almost 390,000 units sold since 2011. Europe is the largest regional market with more than 500,000 plug-in electric passenger cars and vans registered through May 2016.
  35. ^ a b c d e Cobb, Jeff (2016-09-01). "Americans Buy Their Half-Millionth Plug-in Car". HybridCars.com. Retrieved 2016-09-02. See other figures in graphs.
  36. ^ a b Cobb, Jeff (2016-09-28). "China Buys Half-Millionth Passenger Plug-in Car; On Track To Surpass US". HybridCars.com. Retrieved 2016-09-28. Sales of new energy vehicles totaled 689,447 units between 2011 and August 2016. Cumulative sales of new energy passenger cars totaled 493,290 units between 2010 and August 2016.
  37. ^ a b c d e Cobb, Jeff (2016-10-10). "France Becomes Fifth Nation To Buy 100,000 Plug-in Vehicles". HybridCars.com. Retrieved 2016-10-10.
  38. ^ a b Foucaud, Isabelle (2016-10-01). "Plus de 100.000 véhicules électriques circulent aujourd'hui en France". Le Figaro (in French). Retrieved 2016-10-10. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help) Environment Minister, Ségolène Royal, announced during the 2016 Paris Motor Show that there are more than 100,000 electric vehicles currently on French roads.
  39. ^ a b c d e f Cobb, Jeff (2016-11-17). "The Netherlands Becomes Sixth Country To Buy 100,000 Plug-in Vehicles". HybridCars.com. Retrieved 2016-11-18.
  40. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Jeff Cobb (2015-02-18). "Top 6 Plug-In Vehicle Adopting Countries – 2014". HybridCars.com. Retrieved 2015-02-18.
  41. ^ a b c d e Jeff Cobb (2014-01-16). "Top 6 Plug-In Vehicle Adopting Countries". HybridCars.com. Retrieved 2014-01-18. Over 172,000 highway-capable passenger vehicles have been sold in the U.S. between 2008 and December 2013.
  42. ^ a b c Jose, Pontes (2016-01-12). "China December 2015 (3rd Update)". EVSales.com. Retrieved 2016-02-08.
  43. ^ Rijksdienst voor Ondernemend Nederland (RVO) (January 2015). "Special: Analyse over 2014" (PDF) (in Dutch). RVO (Dutch National Office for Enterprising). Retrieved 2015-02-24. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help) See total 2014 registration by type of PEV under the heading "31-12-2014". The market share of the plug-in electric passenger car segment in 2014 was 3.86% of total new passenger car registrations.
  44. ^ a b Norwegian Road Federation (OFV) (January 2015). "Bilsalget i 2015" (in Norwegian). OFV. Archived from the original on 2016-02-09. Retrieved 2016-03-05. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help) Registrations of new plug-in electric vehicles totaled 25,779 electric cars (zero emission vehicles totaled 25,788 accounting for 9 hydrogen vehicles), 7,964 plug-in hybrids and 712 all-electric vans in 2015. In addition, registrations of used imports totaled 5,122 electric cars and 55 electric vans. Plug-in electric vehicle registrations totaled 39,632 units.
  45. ^ "Ladbare biler i Norge sep, 2015" (in Norwegian). Grønn bil. October 2015. Archived from the original on 2015-01-17. Retrieved 2015-10-14. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help) Click on the bar graph "Registrerte biler" and select "12 mnd" for registrations for each year. Registrations include new and used imports. Move the mouse over each bar to show the sales split between all-electric and plug-in hybrids by year. Registrations totaled 44,769 light-duty plug-in vehicles at the end of 2014, and 74,282 at the end of September 2015. [dead link]
  46. ^ a b Ben Lane (2015-01-12). "UK electric fleet passes 24,500 mark". UK: Next Green Car. Retrieved 2015-01-19.
  47. ^ a b c d e f g Society of Motor Manufacturers and Traders(SMMT) (2015-01-07). "December 2014 – EV registrations". SMT. Retrieved 2015-01-08. A total of 14,518 plug-in electric cars were registered during 2014, consisting of 6,697 pure electrics and 7,821 plug-in hybrids, up from 3,586 plug-in electric cars were registered in 2013. A total of 2,476,435 new cars were registered in 2014.
  48. ^ a b c d Kraftfahrt-Bundesamtes (KBA) (January 2015). "Neuzulassungsbarometer im Dezember 2014" (in German). KBA. Retrieved 2015-01-27. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help) A total of 13,049 plug-in electric cars registered in Germany during 2014, consisting of 8,522 all-electric cars and 4,527 plug-in hybrids.
  49. ^ a b c d e Henk Bekker (2014-03-29). "2014 Germany: Total Number of Electric Cars". BestSellingCars.com. Retrieved 2014-08-23. Cumulative number of registered electric cars was 12,156 as of January 1, 2014.
  50. ^ a b c d Kraftfahrt-Bundesamtes (KBA) (January 2016). "Neuzulassungsbarometer im Dezember 2015" (in German). KBA. Retrieved 2015-01-21. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help) A total of 23,464 plug-in electric cars registered in Germany during 2015, consisting of 12,363 all-electric cars and 11,101 plug-in hybrids.
  51. ^ a b Klippenstein, Matthew (2016-01-20). "Plug-in electric car sales in Canada, December 2015: Tesla Model S-Capades". Green Car Reports. Retrieved 2016-06-19. Estimated sales for Ford Energi models. Tesla Model S, Smart ED and the other figures with yellow background from IHS data.
  52. ^ a b c d e Klippenstein, Matthew (2015-02-06). "Plug-in electric car sales in Canada, January 2015". Green Car Reports. Retrieved 2015-02-07. Estimated sales for Ford Energi models. Tesla Model S, Smart ED and the other figures with yellow background from IHS data.
  53. ^ a b c d e f g Bil Sweden (2016-01-04). "Nyregistreringar december 2015 def" (in Swedish). Bil Sweden. Retrieved 2016-04-15. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help) Download the pdf file "Nyregistreringar december 2015 def" (PressRel1512_def.pdf) See table: Nyregistrerade miljöpersonbilar december 2015. A total of 5,625 plug-in hybrids, 2,962 all-electric cars and 321 all-electric vans were registered in 2015, for a total of 8,908 light-duty plug-in electric vehicles. Passenger car registrations totaled 345,108 units in 2015. Figures for 2014 were revised.
  54. ^ a b c d e Bil Sweden (2015-10-02). "Urstark bilmarknad under 2014" (in Swedish). Bil Sweden. Retrieved 2015-02-22. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help) A total of 4,656 super clean cars and 282 all-electric vans were registered in Sweden in 2014. Super clean cars are those with carbon dioxide emissions of up to 50 g/km (two Porsche plug-in models, the Panamera S E-Hybrid and the 918 Spyder are not accounted as super clean cars, instead they are accounted with conventional hybrids). In 2011 there were 181 plug-in electric vehicles registered, 928 in 2012, 1,546 in 2013 and 4,656 super clean cars were registered during 2014. Since the introduction of the super clean car rebate in January 2012 until December 2014, a total of 7,130 super clean cars have been registered.
  55. ^ a b c d e f g h Bil Sweden (2015-01-02). "Nyregistreringar december 2014 (prel)" (in Swedish). Bil Sweden. Retrieved 2015-01-03. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help) Download file "Nyregistreringar december 2014 (prel)" see tables: "Nyregistrerade supermiljöbilar december 2014" with summary of plug-in passenger car registrations by model for 2013 (revised) and 2014; table "Nyregistrerade eldrivna lätta lastbilar (högst 3,5 ton) per modell:" for plug-in utility vans registrations for the same two years; and table "Nyregistrerade miljöbilar per typ jan-dec 2014" for the distribution of registrations by alternative fuels. A total of 303,866 new passenger vehicles were registered in 2014, and a total of 4,656 super clean cars, resulting in a PEV market share of 1.53% of new car sales.
  56. ^ a b Roger Schreffler (2015-09-23). "PSA, Toyota Lead Way as European Cars Get Cleaner". Ward's Auto. Retrieved 2015-09-24. Cumulative plug-in hybrid and all-electric sales in Europe totaled 233,022 units as of December 2014.
  57. ^ a b c Automotive Industry Data (AID) (2016-02-15). "PHEVs - Take off or transitory blip?". AID Newsletter. Retrieved 2016-02-19. Market share only includes Western European countries. A total of 95,140 plug-in hybrid cars were sold in Europe in 2015.
  58. ^ Association Nationale pour le Développement de la Mobilité Electrique - AVERE France (2016-03-24). "Quelle est la place de la France sur le marché européen du véhicule électrique ?" (in French). AVERE. Retrieved 2016-03-27. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help) A total of 97,687 all-electric vehicles, including vans, were registered in the European market in 2015, up from 65,199 in 2014 (+49.8%).
  59. ^ a b Staff (February 2016). "Europe Plug-in Sales Q4 and Full Year 2015". EVvolumes.com. Retrieved 2016-02-19.
  60. ^ a b International Council on Clean Transportation (ICCT) (2014). "European Vehicle Market Statistics Pocketbook" (PDF). ICCT. Retrieved 2016-02-21. See page 88: EU-28 market share in 2013 was 0.42% (includes all-electric cars and plug-in hybrids). Adjusted to consider sales/registrations in Norway (5.79%) and Switzerland (0.57%) the market share rises to 0.49%.
  61. ^ a b California New Car Dealers Association (CNCDA) (February 2015). "California Auto Outlook Covering Fourth Quarter 2014: New Light Vehicle Registrations Likely to Exceed 1.9 million units in 2015" (PDF). CNCDA. Retrieved 2015-03-15. Registrations through December 2014 since 2010.
  62. ^ a b c d e California New Car Dealers Association (CNCDA) (February 2016). "California New Vehicle Registrations Expected to Remain Above 2 Million Units in 2016" (PDF). CNCDA. Retrieved 2016-02-17. Registrations through December 2015 since 2011. Revised figures for 2014.
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  64. ^ a b China Association of Automobile Manufacturers (2012-01-16). "5,579 electric cars sold in China in 2011". Wind Energy and Electric Vehicle Review. Retrieved 2014-01-12.
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  66. ^ a b Jiang Xueqing (2014-01-11). "New-energy vehicles 'turning the corner'". China Daily. Retrieved 2014-01-12.
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  68. ^ a b Philippe Schwoerer (2015-01-09). "Quel marché espérer en 2015 pour le véhicule électrique ?" (in French). Association pour l'Avenir du Véhicule Electrique Méditerranéen (AVEM). Retrieved 2015-02-01. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help) The BMW i3 with range extender is often excluded of the count of all-electric cars because in France it is classified and accounted together with conventional hybrids.
  69. ^ Matt Bohlsen (Aug. 1, 2017). "EV Company News For The Month Of July 2017". Seeking Alpha. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  70. ^ Jose, Pontes (2017-01-31). "Markets Roundup December 2016 (Special Edition)". EVSales.com. Retrieved 2017-02-08. For countries with top PEV market share in 2016 see "II. Engines of Growth: By EV share - Hong Kong ~5%, Iceland 4.6%, Switzerland 1.8%, Belgium 1.8, and 1.6% Austria.
  71. ^ Jose, Pontes (2016-02-03). "Markets Roundup December 2015 (Special Edition)". EVSales.com. Retrieved 2016-02-17. For countries with top PEV market share in 2015 see "Engines of Growth:" Hong Kong 4.84%, Denmark 2.29%, and Switzerland 1.98%.
  72. ^ Zachary Shahan (2013-03-07). "Electric vehicle market share in 19 countries". ABB Conversations. Retrieved 2014-04-12.
  73. ^ Jose, Pontes (2016-01-29). "Iceland December 2015". EVSales.com. Retrieved 2016-02-17.
  74. ^ a b Jose Pontes (2015-02-06). "Markets Roundup December 2014 (Special Edition)". EV Sales. Retrieved 2015-03-15. See section "Engines of Growth - by EV share" Estonia's market shared in 2014 climbed to 1.57% from 0.68% in 2013. Iceland's market share grew from 0.21% in 2012, to 0.94% in 2013, to 2.71% in 2014.
  75. ^ Jose Pontes (2015-01-10). "Denmark December 2014". EVSales.com. Retrieved 2015-03-15. Denmark's PEV market shared in 2014 was 0.88% of total new car sales.
  76. ^ Jose Pontes (2015-01-18). "Switzerland December 2014". EVSales.com. Retrieved 2015-03-15. Switzerland's PEV market shared in 2014 was 0.75% of total new car sales.
  77. ^ Statistik Austria (2016-03-16). "Kraftfahrzeuge - Neuzulassungen: Neuzulassungen nach Jahren" (in German). Statistik Austria. Retrieved 2016-03-20. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help) Download the file "Kfz-Neuzulassungen Jänner bis Dezember 2015." A total of 2,778 passenger plug-in electric cars were sold in Austria in 2015 out of 308,555 passenger cars, resulting in a market share of 0.90% (see pp. 78 PDF version).
  78. ^ a b "EV Sales".
  79. ^ California New Car Dealers Association (CNCDA) (February 2017). "State New Vehicle Market Up Slightly in 2016; Similar Outlook for 2017" (PDF). CNCDA. Retrieved 2017-02-24. Registrations through December 2016 since 2012. Revised figures for 2015. The share reached 3.5% in 2016 consisting of 1.6% for plug-in hybrids and 1.9% for all-electric cars.
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  86. ^ "Global Mitsubishi Outlander PHEV Sales Pass the 100,000 Mark" (Press release). UK: Mitsubishi Motors UK. 2016-05-19. Retrieved 2016-05-22. As of March 2016, a total of 65,529 units have been sold in Europe (21,052 in the UK and 44,477 in the rest of Europe), 33,730 in Japan, 2,015 in Australia and 259 in the rest of the world, for a total of 101,533 units sold worldwide.
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  91. ^ "Incitants à l'achat de véhicules électriques en Belgique, Press Release". Going Electric. 2010-02-04. Archived from the original on 2011-10-05. Retrieved 2011-06-11. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
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  93. ^ Carine Mathieu (2012-10-12). "La voiture électrique ne s'impose toujours pas". L'Echo (in French). Retrieved 2012-11-17. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)
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  95. ^ André Trigueiro; Roberto Kovalick (2013-02-08). "Utilização de carros elétricos cresce lentamente no Brasil". Jornal da Globo (in Portuguese). Retrieved 2013-02-20. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)
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  97. ^ Cleide Silva (2014-03-21). "Pacote do governo prevê redução de impostos para carros elétricos". O Estado de S. Paulo (in Portuguese). Retrieved 2014-08-22. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)
  98. ^ Philippe Crowe (2013-03-06). "15 Nissan Leaf For Rio de Janeiro Taxi Duty". HybridCars.com. Retrieved 2013-03-09.
  99. ^ Leonardo Felix (2014-09-10). "Elétrico, BMW i3 chega com preço de 9 populares e isenção do rodízio em SP". Universo Online (UOL) (in Portuguese). Retrieved 2014-09-20. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)
  100. ^ Miotto, Rafael (2016-06-17). "Agora o mais econômico do Brasil, Prius confirma vocação para cidade". Globo G1 (in Portuguese). Retrieved 2016-06-21. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)
  101. ^ "Brazil's Plug-In Vehicle Market Expected to Hit 80,000 Units Annually by 2020". InsideEVs.com. 2013-08-10. Retrieved 2013-08-11.
  102. ^ a b c Klippenstein, Matthew (2016-06-14). "Plug-in Electric Car Sales in Canada, May 2016: Canada crosses 20,000 cars with plugs". Green Car Reports. Retrieved 2016-06-14.
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  167. ^ Beatriz Nuñez. "BYD Presenta su Auto Híbrido Qin" (in Spanish). Puro Motor. Archived from the original on 2013-12-16. Retrieved 2013-12-16. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)
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  203. ^ a b c d e f g h Automobile Propre (October 2016). "Chiffres de vente & immatriculations de voitures électriques en France" (in French). Automobile Propre. Retrieved 2016-10-09. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help) See "Ventes de voitures électriques en 2016, 2015, 2014, 2013, 2012, 2011 and 2010" It shows all electric car registrations between 2010 and 2016.
  204. ^ Justin Aschard (2012-11-07). "Novembre 2012 - Ventes de véhicules électriques (CCFA)" (in French). France Mobilité Électrique. Archived from the original on October 14, 2013. Retrieved 2013-02-16. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)See table Bilan annuel des ventes de véhicules électriques (Annual sales of electric vehicles) for detailed sales by category during 2010 and 2011: a total of 184 electric cars and 796 electric utility vans were registered in 2010, and 2,630 electric cars and 1,682 all-electric utility vehicles were registered in 2011.
  205. ^ France Mobilité Électrique - AVERE France (2013-01-07). "Bilan des Immatriculations pour l'Année 2012" (in French). AVERE. Archived from the original on October 20, 2013. Retrieved 2013-02-16. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help) A total of 5,663 electric cars and 3,651 electric vans were registered in France in 2012.
  206. ^ a b AVERE-France (2015-01-05). "Le marché du véhicule électrique maintient sa progression en 2014" (in French). AVERE France. Retrieved 2015-02-02. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help) A total of 10,560 electric cars were registered in 2014, up from 8,779 in 2013. A total of 4,485 all-electric utility vehicles were registered in 2014, down from 5,175 in 2013.
  207. ^ Michaël Torregrossa (2013-01-15). "Voitures hybrides – Le bilan des immatriculations 2012 en France" (in French). Association pour l'Avenir du Véhicule Electrique Méditerranéen (AVEM). Retrieved 2013-01-15. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)
  208. ^ a b Michaël Torregrossa (2014-01-19). "Hybride rechargeable – Le marché français stagne en 2013" (in French). Association pour l'Avenir du Véhicule Electrique Méditerranéen (AVEM). Retrieved 2014-01-19. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)
  209. ^ a b France Mobilité Électrique - AVERE France (2016-01-07). "Immatriculations des voitures électriques : + 62,1% en 2015" (in French). AVERE. Retrieved 2016-05-14. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help) A total of 17,779 all-electric cars were registered in France in 2015. This figure accounts of 822 BMW i3s, including the model with a range extender.
  210. ^ a b c France Mobilité Électrique - AVERE France (2016-01-08). "Immatriculations des hybrides rechargeables : La barre des 5.000 est franchie !" (in French). AVERE. Retrieved 2016-07-03. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help) A total of 5,006 plug-in hybrids were registered in France in 2015, up from 1,527 in 2014.
  211. ^ a b c France Mobilité Électrique - AVERE France (2016-01-12). "Immatriculations des utilitaires électriques : + 9,6% en 2015" (in French). AVERE. Retrieved 2016-05-14. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help) A total of 4,916 all-electric utility vans were registered in France in 2015.
  212. ^ France Mobilité Électrique - AVERE France (2017-01-09). "Plus de 27 000 véhicules électriques immatriculés en 2016, après un mois de décembre record" (in French). AVERE. Retrieved 2017-01-09. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help) A total of 33,774 light-duty plug-in electric vehicles were registered in France in 2016 consisting of 27,751 all-electric cars, 5,556 electric utility vans and 6,467 plug-in hybrid cars. The plug-in car segment achieved a market share of 1.40% of new car registrations in the country in 2016.
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  353. ^ "Cijfers elektrisch vervoer – Aantal geregistreerde elektrische voertuigen in Nederland (30-09-2016) – Top 5 geregistreerde modellen plug-in hybride elektrische auto" (in Dutch). Rijksdienst voor Ondernemend Nederland. 2016-10-14. Retrieved 2016-10-14. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help) With a total of 24,765 Mitsubishi Outlander P-HEVs registered by the end of September 2016, the plug-in hybrid is the all-time top registered plug-in electric vehicle in the Netherlands.
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  365. ^ Norwegian Road Federation (OFV) (January 2017). "Bilsalget i 2016" (in Norwegian). OFV. Archived from the original on 2017-01-18. Retrieved 2017-01-11. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help) A total of 50,875 plug-in electric vehicles were registered in Norway in 2016, consisting of: 24,222 new electric cars, 5,281 used imported all-electric cars, 20,663 new plug-in hybrid cars, 607 new all-electric vans, and 102 used imported all-electric vans.
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  466. ^ "В Україні зареєстровано більше 2500 електромобілів та гібридів. Цифри за 2016 рік - ElectroCars - все про електромобілі - електрокарс". electrocars.ua.
  467. ^ a b "Украинцы покупают более 90% электромобилей с пробегом из-за вдвое меньшей цены". 24 News (in Ukrainian). 2016-09-17. Retrieved 2016-09-17. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)
  468. ^ Makeev, Vadim (2016-09-13). "Ринок електромобілів зростає". NV (in Ukrainian). Retrieved 2016-09-17. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)
  469. ^ a b Society of Motor Manufacturers and Traders(SMMT) (7 January 2016). "December 2015 – EV registrations". SMT. Retrieved 2016-01-21. A total of 28,188 plug-in electric cars were registered during 2015, consisting of 9,934 pure electrics and 18,254 plug-in hybrids. A total of 2,633,503 new cars were registered in 2015. There have been 47,690 cars registered eligible to the Plug-In Car Grant.
  470. ^ a b Society of Motor Manufacturers and Traders(SMMT) (2012-01-06). "December 2011 – EV and AFV registrations". SMMT. Retrieved 2012-01-14. A total of 1,082 electric vehicles were registered in the UK in 2011.
  471. ^ Society of Motor Manufacturers and Traders(SMMT) (2013-01-07). "December 2012 – EV and AFV registrations". SMMT. Retrieved 2013-02-16.
  472. ^ Society of Motor Manufacturers and Traders(SMMT) (2014-01-07). "December 2013 – EV registrations". SMT. Retrieved 2014-01-12. A total of 2,254 plug-in electric cars were registered in 2013.
  473. ^ a b c d e Society of Motor Manufacturers and Traders(SMMT) (5 January 2017). "December 2016 – EV registrations". SMT. Retrieved 2017-01-09. Registrations in 2016 totaled 36,907 plug-in electric vehicles consisting of 10,264 all-electric cars and 26,643 plug-in hybrids. Of these, a total of 35,447 cars were eligible for the Plug-in Car Grant. Since its launch in 2011, a total of 83,052 cars eligible for the PICG have been registered through December 2016. A total of 2,692,786 new cars were registered in 2016, resulting in a plug-in electric car market share of 1.37% of new car sales.
  474. ^ a b Society of Motor Manufacturers and Traders (SMMT) (2017-04-05). "March 2017 – EV registrations". SMMT. Retrieved 2017-04-16.
  475. ^ a b Lane, Ben (April 2017). "Electric car market statistics". UK: Next Green Car. Retrieved 2017-04-16. As of 1 April 2017, the total UK light-duty electric fleet totals about 100,000 plug-in electric vehicles, consisting of about 95,000 plug-in cars and 4,500 plug-in electric commercial vans. This figure includes a significant number of registered plug-in electric cars and vans which were not eligible for the grant schemes.
  476. ^ RAC Foundation (February 2017). "Claims made through the Plug-in Van Grant scheme". UK: RAC Foundation. Retrieved 2017-02-24. See graph with PIVG cumulative claims and claims by quarter.
  477. ^ "Charging point statistics 2016". Zap-Map. 2016-10-07. Retrieved 2016-10-07.
  478. ^ Society of Motor Manufacturers and Traders (SMMT) (April 2011). "Motor Industry Facts 2011" (PDF). SMMT. Retrieved 2012-01-14. Download the pdf report. Data available by year in Table: AFV Registrations, pp.15. Data shows all type of EVs, including quadricycles. A total of 1,096 electric vehicles were registered in the UK between 2006 and December 2010
  479. ^ Society of Motor Manufacturers and Traders (SMMT). "Motor Industry Facts 2012" (PDF). SMMT. Retrieved 2013-10-10. Download the pdf report. Data available by year in Table: Alternatively-fuelled vehicle registrations by fuel type, pp.24. Data shows highway-capable EVs.
  480. ^ Nikki Gordon-Bloomfield (2013-08-30). "TLC needed: Can cars like the G-Wiz still have a purpose in life?". The Green Car Website. Retrieved 2013-10-10.
  481. ^ Will Nichols (2015-01-08). "Electric car sales quadruple during 2014". Business Green. Retrieved 2015-01-08. A total of 4,051 Leafs were sold in 2014.
  482. ^ Ben Lane (2014-08-06). "UK electric fleet passes 13,000 mark". UK: Next Green Car. Retrieved 2014-08-19.
  483. ^ Will Nichols (2014-10-07). "UK electric car sales surge in 2014". The Guardian. Retrieved 2014-10-09.
  484. ^ Fleet News (2014-01-23). "Nissan set a new UK sales record in 2013". Fleet News. Retrieved 2014-01-24. 1,812 Leafs were sold during 2013.
  485. ^ Society of Motor Manufacturers and Traders(SMMT) (2014-12-04). "November 2014 – EV registrations". SMMT. Retrieved 2014-12-09.
  486. ^ Mark Kane (2014-12-08). "Plug-In Electric Car Sales UK At 1% Of Market In November". InsideEVs.com. Retrieved 2014-12-09.
  487. ^ Chris Lilly (2015-08-26). "Plug-in Car Grant scheme extended". UK: Next Green Car. Retrieved 2015-10-17.
  488. ^ "Highest ever electric car uptake recorded at 2016 half-way point" (Press release). London: Go Ultra Low. 2016-08-02. Retrieved 2016-08-19. The Mitsubishi Outlander PHEV was the top selling plug-in car in the UK with 5,738 registered during the first half of 2016. The Nissan LEAF remained the top selling pure-electric car with 2,336 first-half registrations in 2016.
  489. ^ Lilly, Chris (2016-10-06). "September sales figures see boost for electric models". Next Green Car. Retrieved 2016-10-07.
  490. ^ a b "Cash reward celebrates 15,000th UK LEAF sale" (Press release). Nissan UK. 2016-09-14. Retrieved 2016-09-15.
  491. ^ Staff (2016-01-18). "Nissan electric vehicle sales soar, as industry celebrates fresh green car investment". Business Green. Retrieved 2016-02-03.
  492. ^ Mitsubishi UK (2017-01-20). "Further evolution for the 2017 Mitsubishi Outlander". Automotive World. Retrieved 2017-01-21. The Mitsubishi Outlander PHEV is the UK's best-selling Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle. At its introduction in 2014 it effectively created the ultra-low emission vehicle segment, notching up 10,000 sales in the UK within the first ten months and amassing a total sales figure of 26,600 by the end of 2016.
  493. ^ Millikin, Mike (2016-10-14). "Sales of Mitsubishi Outlander PHEV top 25K in UK, accounting for ~50% of all PHEVs there since 2010". Green Car Congress. Retrieved 2016-10-14.
  494. ^ RAC Foundation (September 2016). "Plug-in grant eligible vehicles licensed (at the end of Q2 2016)". UK: RAC Foundation. Retrieved 2016-09-10.
  495. ^ a b "UK Government Announces £5,000 Grants Towards Purchase of Electric Drive Vehicles and First "Plugged-in Places"". Green Car Congress. 2010-02-26. Retrieved 2010-05-15.
  496. ^ a b "Plug-in car grant eligibility guidance". Department for Transport. February 2015. Archived from the original on 2015-02-16. Retrieved 2015-02-16. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  497. ^ Paul Hudson (2010-02-28). "£5,000 grant to buy plug-in electric cars". London: The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 2010-04-23.
  498. ^ a b c Nikki Gordon-Bloomfield (2015-02-13). "UK Government Announces Changes to Plug-in Car Incentives, Introduces Banding Based on ZEV Capabilities". Transport Evolved. Retrieved 2015-02-16.
  499. ^ "£4 million boost to help businesses switch vans and trucks to electric". InvestInUK. October 2016. Retrieved 2016-10-29.
  500. ^ a b Robert Hull (2015-12-17). "Plug-in car grant extended to 2018 but hybrid buyers will now receive half as much as before towards new vehicles". Daily Mail. Retrieved 2015-12-20.
  501. ^ Department for Transport, Office for Low Emission Vehicles and Baroness Krame (13 February 2015). "Take-up of plug-in car grant continues to rise - Number of ultra-low emission vehicles breaks 25,000 barrier". UK Government. Retrieved 2015-02-14.
  502. ^ a b c "Plug-in car grant extended to 2018". The Guardian. 2015-12-17. Retrieved 2015-12-20.
  503. ^ a b c Chris Lilly (2015-12-17). "Extension announced for Plug-in Car Grant". UK: Next Green Car. Retrieved 2015-12-20.
  504. ^ Transport for London (February 2015). "Discounts and exemptions - Ultra Low Emission Discount (ULED)". Transport for London. Retrieved 2015-02-15. Click on "Ultra Low Emission Discount (ULED)" for details.
  505. ^ Go Ultra Low (February 2016). "Vehicle technologies - Plug-in hybrids". Go Ultra Low. Retrieved 2016-02-03.
  506. ^ Bill Vlasic; Matthew L. Wald (2012-06-11). "Shaky Battery Maker Claims an Advance". The New York Times. Retrieved 2012-06-12. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |lastauthoramp= ignored (|name-list-style= suggested) (help)
  507. ^ Sharyl Attkisson (2012-06-02). "Electric vehicles fall drastically short of Obama's 1 million goal". CBS News. Retrieved 2012-06-12.
  508. ^ a b David Shepardson (2012-04-17). "Battery-powered autos proving a tough sell". The Detroit News. Archived from the original on 2012-06-11. Retrieved 2012-06-12. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  509. ^ Reuters (2013-01-31). "U.S. resets expectations for electric vehicle sales". Long Island Newsday. Retrieved 2013-02-24. {{cite news}}: |author= has generic name (help)
  510. ^ Norihiko Shirouzu, Yoko Kubota; Paul Lienert (2013-02-04). "Insight: Electric cars head toward another dead end". Reuters. Retrieved 2013-02-24. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |lastauthoramp= ignored (|name-list-style= suggested) (help)
  511. ^ Pike Research (2012-07-02). "Pike Research projects plug-in sales to fall short of US 2015 target; strong growth through 2020". Green Car Congress. Retrieved 2013-03-03.
  512. ^ Jeff Cobb (2014-09-09). "Americans Buy Their 250,000th Plug-In Car". HybridCars.com. Retrieved 2014-09-09. As of August 2014, sales are led by the Chevrolet Volt plug-in hybrid with 67,698 units, followed by the Nissan Leaf electric car with 61,063 units. The total of 250,609 units sold includes 1,800 Roadsters, 1,600 Fisker Karmas, and 500 Mini Es usually not captured by most statistics.
  513. ^ Stacy C. Davis; Susan W. Diegel; Robert G. Boundy (July 2014). "Transportation Energy Data Book Edition 33" (PDF). Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, U.S. Department of Energy. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-06-30. Retrieved 2014-09-02. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help) See Table 6.5: Hybrid and Plug-in Vehicle Sales, 1999-2013, pp. 6-9.
  514. ^ a b c d e Cobb, Jeff (2016-01-06). "December 2015 Dashboard". HybridCars.com and Baum & Associates. Retrieved 2016-03-14. Plug-in electric car sales in the U.S. totaled 114,248 units in 2015, consisting of 71,105 all-electric cars and 43,143 plug-in hybrids, with corresponding market shares of 0.25% and 0.41%. Sales in 2014 totaled 123,347 units.
  515. ^ a b c d e Cobb, Jeff (2017-01-05). "December 2016 Dashboard". HybridCars.com and Baum & Associates. Retrieved 2017-01-06. Plug-in electric car sales in the U.S. totaled 157,181 units, consisting of 84,246 all-electric cars and 72,935 plug-in hybrids. The plug-in car segment achieved a market share of 0.90% of new car sales. December sales totaled 23,288 units with a market share of 1.39%. The top selling model in 2016 was the Tesla Model S with 29,156 units sold, followed by the Chevrolet Volt (24,739) and the Tesla Model X (18,028).
  516. ^ Jeff Cobb (2013-01-08). "December 2012 Dashboard". HybridCars.com and Baum & Associates. Retrieved 2013-02-27. See the section: December 2012 Plug-in Electric Car Sales Numbers. A total of 53,172 plug-in electric vehicles were sold during 2012. Sales of the Fisker Karma, Coda and Wheego are not included, as these carmakers does not report monthly sales on a regular basis.
  517. ^ Jeff Cobb (2014-01-06). "December 2013 Dashboard". HybridCars.com and Baum & Associates. Retrieved 2014-01-07.
  518. ^ Cobb, Jeff (2016-10-04). "Plug-in Cars Have Their Best-Ever US Sales in September". HybridCars.com and Baum & Associates. Retrieved 2016-10-04. Since 2008, sales of highway legal light-duty plug-in vehicles in the U.S. totaled 522,519 at the end of September 2016.
  519. ^ Electric Drive Transportation Association (EDTA) (January 2017). "Electric Drive Sales Dashboard". EDTA. Retrieved 2017-01-06. Sales figures sourced from HybridCars.com and direct reports submitted by EDTA member companies
  520. ^ a b HybridCars.com and Baum & Associates. "HybridCars Dashboard". HybridCars.com. Retrieved 2017-01-06.
  521. ^ Cobb, Jeff (2016-11-02). "October 2016 Dashboard". HybridCars.com and Baum & Associates. Retrieved 2016-11-04. Tesla sales for 3Q 2016 have been restated based upon information provided from the company corresponding to U.S. sales during 3Q 2016. Tesla reported 9,156 Model S and 5,428 Model X sold during the third quarter of 2016. The combined effect of both models totaled 1,116 less units than originally estimated, so the revised current-year-to-date figure for sales through September is 108,397 units. The revised CYTD figure for Model S is 20,856 and 12,328 for the Model X. October sales figures already reflect this adjustment.
  522. ^ Cobb, Jeff (2016-12-02). "November 2016 Dashboard". HybridCars.com and Baum & Associates. Retrieved 2016-12-03.
  523. ^ Mark Rogowsky (2014-01-16). "Tesla Sales Blow Past Competitors, But With Success Comes Scrutiny". Forbes. Retrieved 2014-01-18. Almost 18,000 units were sold in the U.S. in 2013.
  524. ^ David Shepardson (2014-01-03). "2013 electric vehicle sales jump 84%". The Detroit News. Retrieved 2014-01-04.
  525. ^ "State New Vehicle Registrations Predicted to Remain Above 2 Million Units in 2017" (PDF).
  526. ^ a b U.S. Department of Energy (2016-01-31). "Alternative Fueling Station Counts by State". Alternative Fuels Data Center (AFDC). Retrieved 2016-01-01. The AFDC counts electric charging units or points, or EVSE, as one for each outlet available, and does not include residential electric charging infrastructure.
  527. ^ Danny King (2013-04-10). "US public charging stations increase by 9% in first quarter". Autoblog Green. Retrieved 2013-09-02.
  528. ^ Mark Kane (2013-04-22). "Sweden and UK Drive Growth Of CHAdeMO Chargers In Europe To 1,117". InsideEVs.com. Retrieved 2014-04-28.
  529. ^ a b "Notice 2009–89: New Qualified Plug-in Electric Drive Motor Vehicle Credit". Internal Revenue Service. 2009-11-30. Retrieved 2010-04-01.
  530. ^ "Consumer Energy Tax Incentives: Plug-In Hybrid Conversion Kits". U.S. Department of Energy. Retrieved 2010-04-01.
  531. ^ a b John Voelcker (2011-02-08). "Senator Stabenow: $7,500 Electric-Car Credit Should Be Rebate". GreenCarReports.com. Retrieved 2011-02-16.
  532. ^ "Obama FY 2012 budget proposes big boost for EVs and EV technology, cuts for hydrogen". Green Car Congress. 2011-02-14. Retrieved 2011-02-16.
  533. ^ "Charging America Forward Act to support Michigan-made vehicles". Stabenow.senate.gov. 2011-02-08.
  534. ^ Woodyard, Chris (2010-07-14). "Obama pushes electric cars, battery power this week". USA Today.
  535. ^ Jerry Mitlitski (2011-02-18). "Raising the Volt-Age: Is Obama's Goal of 1 Million Electric Vehicles on U.S. Highways by 2015 Realistic?". Scientific American. Retrieved 2012-05-11.
  536. ^ Bill Vlasic; Matthew L. Wald (2012-06-11). "Shaky Battery Maker Claims an Advance". The New York Times. Retrieved 2012-06-12.
  537. ^ Sharyl Attkisson (2012-06-02). "Electric vehicles fall drastically short of Obama's 1 million goal". CBS News. Retrieved 2012-06-12.
  538. ^ a b Erickson, Glenn (10 January 2009). "DVD Savant Review:Who Killed the Electric Car?". dvdtalk.com. Retrieved 17 November 2009.. See main article Who killed the electric car
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