QAnon

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QAnon[a] (/kjuːəˈnɒn/) is a right-wing conspiracy theory[1] which began with an October 2017 post on the anonymous imageboard 4chan by someone using the handle Q, a presumably American[2] individual that may have later grown to include multiple individuals[3][4][5] claiming to have access to classified information involving the Trump administration and its opponents in the United States. The theory details a supposed secret conspiracy by an alleged "deep state" against U.S. President Donald Trump and his supporters.[6] The account has falsely accused numerous liberal Hollywood actors, politicians, and high-ranking officials of engaging in an international child sex trafficking ring, and that Trump feigned collusion with Russians to enlist Robert Mueller to join him in exposing the ring and preventing a coup d'état by Barack Obama, Hillary Clinton and George Soros.[7][8][9] "Q" is a reference to the top-secret Q clearance.

The conspiracy theory, mainly popularized by supporters of President Trump under the names The Storm and The Great Awakening, has been widely characterized as "baseless",[10][11][12] "unhinged"[13] and "evidence-free".[14] Its proponents have been called "a deranged conspiracy cult"[15] and "some of the Internet's most outré Trump fans".[16]

QAnon adherents began appearing at Trump rallies during the summer of 2018[17] and a major promoter of the conspiracy theory was granted a photo op with President Trump in the Oval Office on August 24, 2018.[18]

Background

Pizzagate conspiracy theory

Main article: Pizzagate conspiracy theory

Many media outlets have described QAnon as an "offshoot" of the widely discredited and debunked[19] Pizzagate conspiracy theory.[20]

David Goldberg Twitter
@DavidGoldbergNY

Rumors stirring in the NYPD that Huma's emails point to a pedophila ring and @HillaryClinton is at the center. #GoHillary #PodestaEmails23

October 30, 2016[21]

On October 30, 2016, a Twitter account posting white supremacist material which said it was run by a Jewish New York lawyer falsely claimed that the New York City Police Department (NYPD) had discovered a pedophilia ring linked to members of the Democratic Party while searching through Anthony Weiner's emails.[22][23] Throughout October and November 2016, WikiLeaks had published John Podesta's emails. Proponents of the conspiracy theory read the emails and alleged they contained code words for pedophilia and human trafficking.[24][25] Proponents also claimed that Comet Ping Pong, a pizzeria in Washington, D.C., was a meeting ground for Satanic ritual abuse.[26]

Deriving its name from the Watergate scandal, the story was later posted on fake news websites, starting with Your News Wire, which cited a 4chan post from earlier that year. The Your News Wire article was subsequently spread by pro-Trump websites, including SubjectPolitics.com, which added the claim that the NYPD had raided Hillary Clinton's property.[22] The Conservative Daily Post ran a headline claiming the Federal Bureau of Investigation had confirmed the conspiracy theory.[27]


History

Origin

A person identifying as "Q Clearance Patriot" first appeared on the /pol/ board of 4chan on October 28, 2017, posting messages in a thread entitled "Calm Before the Storm",[2] which was a reference to Trump's cryptic description during a gathering of himself and United States military leaders as "the calm before the storm".[2][28] Q later moved to 8chan, citing concerns that the 4chan board had been compromised by "bad actors".[3]

The poster's handle implied that the anonymous poster holds Q clearance,[29][30] a United States Department of Energy security clearance required for access to Top Secret information about nuclear weapons and materials.[31] This claim cannot be substantiated due to a lack of reliable evidence.

False claims and beliefs

See also: Murder of Seth Rich conspiracy theory

HRC extradition already in motion effective yesterday with several countries in case of cross border run. Passport approved to be flagged effective 10/30 @ 12:01am. Expect massive riots organized in defiance and others fleeing the US to occur. US M's will conduct the operation while NG activated. Proof check: Locate a NG member and ask if activated for duty 10/30 across most major cities.

—QAnon's first post on the /pol/ message board of 4chan, on October 28, 2017[32]

QAnon's posting campaign has a history of false, baseless and unsubstantiated claims. Starting with the first posts incorrectly predicting Hillary Clinton's imminent arrest and followed by more false allegations, such as claiming that North Korean Supreme Leader Kim Jong-un is a puppet ruler installed by the Central Intelligence Agency,[33] QAnon's posts have become more cryptic and vague allowing followers to map their own beliefs into them.[34] By generating a keyboard heatmap of QAnon's supposedly coded messages, information security researcher Mark Burnett concluded that they "are not actual codes, just random typing by someone who might play an instrument and uses a QWERTY keyboard", adding that "almost all the characters" in the codes alternate between the left and right hands, or the characters are close to each other on the keyboard.[35]

Some of QAnon's more concrete allegations include his February 16, 2018 false claim that U.S. Representative and former Democratic National Committee chairwoman Debbie Wasserman Schultz hired El Salvadorian gang MS-13 to murder DNC staffer Seth Rich,[28][36] and his March 1, 2018 apparent suggestion that German Chancellor Angela Merkel is the granddaughter of Adolf Hitler.[37] A July 7, 2018 article published in The Daily Beast also noted that QAnon falsely claimed that "each mass shooting is a false-flag attack organized by the cabal".[38] Other beliefs held by QAnon adherents include that Barack Obama, Hillary Clinton, George Soros, and others are planning a coup while simultaneously involved as members of an international child sex trafficking ring. According to this idea, the Mueller investigation is actually a countercoup led by Donald Trump, who pretended to collude with Russia in order to hire Robert Mueller to secretly investigate the Democrats.[15] Another recurring theme is that certain Hollywood stars are pedophiles, and that the Rothschild family are the leaders of a satanic cult.[8] By interpreting the information fed to them by Q, QAnon adherents come to these conclusions.[15]

On multiple occasions, QAnon has dismissed his false claims and incorrect predictions as wilful misinformation, claiming that "disinformation is necessary".[39] This has led Australian psychologist Stephan Lewandowsky to emphasize the "self-sealing" quality of the conspiracy theory, highlighting its anonymous purveyor's use of plausible deniability and noting that evidence against the theory "can become evidence of [its] validity in the minds of believers".[32]

Identity

There has been much speculation regarding the motive and the identity of the poster, with theories ranging from the poster being a military intelligence officer, to Donald Trump himself, to the posting campaign being an alternate reality game by Cicada 3301.[4] Because 4chan is anonymous and does not allow registration by users, any number of individuals may post using the same handle. The poster uses a frequently changing tripcode to authentify himself on 8chan.

The Italian leftist Wu Ming foundation has speculated that QAnon has been inspired by the Luther Blissett persona, which was used by leftists and anarchists to organize pranks, media stunts, and hoaxes in the 1990s. "Blissett" also published the novel Q in 1999.[40]

In September 2018, Jack Posobiec, a conspiracy theorist and correspondent for One America News Network, claimed to know the identity of the creators of QAnon. According to him, the phenomenon was started by two pro-Trump Twitter trolls who intended to generate enthusiasm among Trump supporters following the Unite the Right rally, which was viewed as a disaster for the far-right. Posobiec claims that the letter Q was indeed chosen due to the Italian novel, and that the conspiracy theory was carefully assembled from pieces of Wikileaks information drops, Pizzagate, and Infowars rhetoric. After the original authors ended their involvement, a new group – supposedly called ″the Patriot Soapbox group″ – continued it and moved to an 8chan board moderated by them, apparently in an effort to make money. (On 8chan, users are allowed to set up and moderate their own boards, whereas boards and moderation on 4chan are completely controlled by the site staff.) The profit-oriented approach to QAnon has since then been joined by others, including a person who sells ″exclusive Q decodes″ via Patreon.[41]

Incidents

Publishing of personal information

On March 14, 2018, Reddit banned one of its communities discussing QAnon, /r/CBTS_Stream, for "encouraging or inciting violence and posting personal and confidential information".[42] Following this, some followers moved to Discord.[43] Several other communities were formed for discussion of QAnon, leading to further bans on September 12, 2018 in response to these communities "inciting violence, harassment, and the dissemination of personal information", which led to thousands of adherents regrouping on Voat,[44] a Switzerland-based Reddit clone that has been described as a hub for the alt-right.[45][46]

Hoover Dam incident

On June 15, 2018, Matthew Phillip Wright of Henderson, Nevada, was arrested on terrorism and other charges for driving an armored vehicle, containing an AR-15 and handgun, to the Hoover Dam and blocking traffic for 90 minutes.[47] He said he was on a mission involving QAnon: to demand that the Justice Department "release the OIG report" on the conduct of FBI agents during the investigation into Hillary Clinton's use of a private email server.[48][5][10] Since a copy of the OIG report had been released the day prior, the man had been motivated by a Q "drop" which claimed the released version of the OIG report had been heavily modified.[10]

QDrops

An app called "QDrops" which promoted the conspiracy theory was published on the Apple App Store and Google Play. It became the most popular paid app in the "entertainment" section of Apple's online store in April 2018, and the tenth most popular paid app overall. On July 15, 2018, Apple pulled the app after an inquiry from NBC News.[20]

Targeting of Michael Avenatti

 Michael Avenatti Twitter
@MichaelAvenatti

We are trying to identify the man in this picture, which was taken outside my office yesterday (Sun) afternoon. Please contact @NewportBeachPD if you have any details or observed him. We will NOT be intimidated into stopping or changing our course. #Basta https://pic.twitter.com/YIKS6D0Grq

Jul 30, 2018[49]

On July 29, 2018, Q posted a link to Stormy Daniels' attorney Michael Avenatti's website and photos of his Newport Beach, California, office building, along with the message, "Buckle up!". The anonymous poster then shared the picture of an as-of-yet unidentified man, appearing to be holding a cellphone in one hand, and a long, thin object in the other, standing in the street near Avenatti's office, adding that a message "had been sent". This sparked an investigation by the Newport Beach Police Department. On July 30, Avenatti asked his Twitter followers to contact the Newport Beach Police Department if they "have any details or observed" the man in the picture.[50][51][52]

Harassment of Jim Acosta

On August 1, 2018, responding to a question by David Martosko of The Daily Mail asking if the White House encouraged the support of "QAnon fringe groups"—in light of their hostile behavior toward CNN chief White House correspondent Jim Acosta at a Trump rally in Tampa, Florida[53]—White House Press Secretary Sarah Huckabee Sanders denounced "any group that would incite violence against another individual", without specifically responding to the QAnon mention.[54] She added that President Trump "certainly doesn't support groups that would support that type of behavior".[55][56]

Accusations of antisemitism

The conspiracy theory's targeting of George Soros and the Rothschild family has led Jewish-American magazine The Forward as well as The Washington Post to accuse it of containing "striking anti-Semitic elements"[57] and "garden-variety nonsense with racist and anti-Semitic undertones".[9] However, this was contested by the Anti-Defamation League, which reported that "the vast majority of QAnon-inspired conspiracy theories have nothing to do with anti-Semitism".[58]

A Jewish Telegraphic Agency article published in Haaretz on August 3, 2018 stated that "although not specifically, some of QAnon's archetypical elements—including secret elites and kidnapped children, among others—are reflective of historical and ongoing anti-Semitic conspiracy theories".[59]

Reception

Reactions

On November 26, 2017, President Donald Trump retweeted a tweet from Twitter account @MAGAPILL, a self-styled "official President Donald Trump accomplishment list" and a major proponent of the conspiracy theory, less than a month after QAnon first started posting.[16]

On December 28, 2017, the Russian government-funded television network RT aired a segment discussing "QAnon revelations", referring to the anonymous poster as a "secret intelligence operative inside the Trump administration known by QAnon".[30]

On January 9, 2018, Fox News commentator Sean Hannity shared QAnon-related material on his Twitter account.[30]

On March 13, 2018, Operation Rescue vice president and pro-life activist Cheryl Sullenger referred to QAnon as a "small group of insiders close to President Donald J. Trump" and called his internet postings the "highest level of intelligence to ever be dropped publicly in our known history".[60][61]

On March 15, 2018, Kiev-based Rabochaya Gazeta, the official newspaper of the Communist Party of Ukraine, published an article calling QAnon a "military intelligence group".[62]

On March 31, 2018, U.S. actress Roseanne Barr appeared to promote the conspiracy theory, which was subsequently covered by CNN, The Washington Post, and The New York Times.[63][64][65][66]

While the conspiracy theory was initially promoted by Alex Jones and Jerome Corsi,[28] it was reported by Right Wing Watch that they had both ceased to support QAnon by May 2018, declaring the source to now be "completely compromised".[67] However, in August 2018, Corsi reversed course and stated that he "will comment on and follow QAnon when QAnon is bringing forth news", adding that "in the last few days, QAnon has been particularly good".[68]

On June 26, 2018, WikiLeaks publicly accused QAnon of "leading anti-establishment Trump voters to embrace regime change and neo-conservatism".[tweet 1] QAnon had previously pushed for regime change in Iran.[69] Two days later, the whistleblower organization shared an analysis by Internet Party president Suzie Dawson, claiming that QAnon's posting campaign is an "intelligence agency-backed psyop" aiming to "round up people that are otherwise dangerous to the Deep State (because they are genuinely opposed to it) usurp time & attention, & trick them into serving its aims".[tweet 2]

On June 28, 2018, a Time magazine article listed the anonymous "Q" among the 25 Most Influential People on the Internet in 2018. Counting more than 130,000 related discussion videos on YouTube, Time cited the wide range of this conspiracy theory and its more prominent followers and spreading news coverage.[70]

On July 4, 2018, the Hillsborough County Republican Party shared on its official Facebook and Twitter accounts a YouTube video on QAnon, calling QAnon a "mysterious anonymous inside leaker of deep state activities and counter activities by President Trump". The posts were then deleted.[71][72]

On August 1, 2018, following the en masse presence of QAnon supporters at the July 31 Trump rally in Tampa, Florida,[15][73] MSNBC news anchors Hallie Jackson, Brian Williams, and Chris Hayes dedicated a portion of their respective television programs to the conspiracy theory.[74][75][76] PBS NewsHour also ran a segment dedicated to the conspiracy theory the following day.[77]

On August 2, 2018, Washington Post editorial writer Molly Roberts stated, "The storm QAnon truthers predict will never strike because the conspiracy that obsesses them doesn’t exist. But while they wait for it, they’ll try to whip up the winds, and the rest of us will struggle to find shelter."[78]

On August 4, 2018, former White House Press Secretary Sean Spicer was asked to comment on the conspiracy theory in his "ask me anything" session on the /r/The_Donald subreddit. In response to the question "is Q legit?", Spicer answered "no".[79]

On August 24, 2018, President Donald Trump hosted William "Lionel" Lebron, a leading promoter of the QAnon conspiracy, in the Oval Office for a photo op.[80]

Spread and popularity

According to an August 2018 Qualtrics poll for The Washington Post, 58% of Floridians are familiar enough with QAnon to have an opinion about it, among whom only 24% hold a favorable view of the conspiracy theory.[16][81] Positive feelings toward QAnon were found to be strongly correlated with one's proneness to conspiracy thinking.[81]

See also

References

Notes

  1. ^ Despite having been originally constructed to refer to the anonymous poster self-identified as "Q", some media outlets have started to use the compound "QAnon" by metonymy as a collective term for either the conspiracy theory or the community driving and discussing the conspiracy theory.

Sources

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  75. ^ Williams, Brian (August 2, 2018). "What does the conspiracy group QAnon have to do with Trump?". The 11th Hour with Brian Williams. MSNBC. Retrieved August 2, 2018.
  76. ^ Hayes, Chris (August 1, 2018). "What is QAnon?". All In with Chris Hayes. MSNBC. Retrieved August 2, 2018.
  77. ^ Woodruff, Judy (August 2, 2018). "How the false, fringe 'QAnon' conspiracy theory aims to protect Trump". PBS NewsHour. Retrieved August 2, 2018.
  78. ^ Roberts, Molly. "Opinion | QAnon is terrifying. This is why". Washington Post. Retrieved October 31, 2018.
  79. ^ Francis, Nathan (August 4, 2018). "Sean Spicer Just Sparked A Civil War Among Reddit's Trump-Loving Corners By Saying That QAnon Is Fake". The Inquisitr. Retrieved August 4, 2018.
  80. ^ Wise, Justin (August 24, 2018). "Trump meets with promoter of 'QAnon' conspiracy theory in Oval Office". Retrieved August 25, 2018.
  81. ^ a b Uscinski, Joseph; Klofstad, Casey (August 30, 2018). "New poll: the QAnon conspiracy movement is very unpopular". Washington Post. Retrieved September 18, 2018. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)

Tweets

  1. ^ WikiLeaks [@wikileaks] (June 26, 2018). "Why is "Qanon" leading anti-establishment Trump voters to embrace regime change and neo-conservatism?" (Tweet) – via Twitter. {{Cite tweet}}: |date= / |number= mismatch (help)
  2. ^ WikiLeaks [@wikileaks] (May 27, 2018). "This analysis, unfortunately, increasingly appears that it may be correct" (Tweet) – via Twitter. {{Cite tweet}}: |date= / |number= mismatch (help)

Further reading

External links

  • Media related to QAnon at Wikimedia Commons
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