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List of vice presidents of the United States

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There have been 49 vice presidents of the United States since the office came into existence in 1789. Originally, the vice president was the person who received the second most votes for president in the Electoral College. However, in the election of 1800 a tie in the electoral college between Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr led to the selection of the president by the House of Representatives. To prevent such an event from happening again, the Twelfth Amendment was added to the Constitution, creating the current system where electors cast a separate ballot for the vice presidency.[1]

The vice president is the first person in the presidential line of succession and assumes the presidency if the president dies, resigns, or is impeached and removed from office.[2] Nine vice presidents have ascended to the presidency in this way – eight (John Tyler, Millard Fillmore, Andrew Johnson, Chester A. Arthur, Theodore Roosevelt, Calvin Coolidge, Harry S. Truman, and Lyndon B. Johnson) through the president's death and one (Gerald Ford) through the president's resignation. In addition, the vice president serves as the president of the Senate and may choose to cast a tie-breaking vote on decisions made by the Senate. Vice presidents have exercised this latter power to varying extents over the years.[1]

Prior to adoption of the Twenty-fifth Amendment in 1967, an intra-term vacancy in the office of the vice president could not be filled until the next post-election inauguration. Several such vacancies occurred—seven vice presidents died, one resigned and eight succeeded to the presidency. This amendment allowed for a vacancy to be filled through appointment by the president and confirmation by both chambers of the Congress. Since its ratification, the vice presidency has been vacant twice (both in the context of scandals surrounding the Nixon administration) and was filled both times through this process, namely in 1973 following Spiro Agnew's resignation, and again in 1974 after Gerald Ford succeeded to the presidency.[1] The amendment also established a procedure whereby a vice president may, if the president is unable to discharge the powers and duties of the office, temporarily assume the powers and duties of the office as acting president. Two vice presidents have briefly acted as president under the 25th Amendment: George H. W. Bush on July 13, 1985, and Dick Cheney on June 29, 2002 and on July 21, 2007.

The persons who have served as vice president were born in or primarily affiliated with 27 states plus the District of Columbia. New York has produced the most of any state as eight have been born there and three others considered it their home state. Most vice presidents have been in their 50s or 60s and had political experience prior to assuming the office.[1] The youngest person to become vice president was John C. Breckinridge at 36 years of age while the oldest was Alben W. Barkley at 71 years of age. Two vice presidents—George Clinton and John C. Calhoun—served under more than one president.

There are currently six living former vice presidents. The most recent former vice president to die was George H. W. Bush on November 30, 2018.

Vice presidents

Vice Presidency[a] Vice President Party[b] Election President
1 April 21, 1789[c]
–
March 4, 1797 		John Adams
[3][4][5] 		style="background:Template:Pro-Administration Party (US)/meta/color" | Pro-Administration[d] 1788–89 George Washington[e]
style="background-color:Template:Federalist Party/meta/color" | Federalist 1792
2 March 4, 1797
–
March 4, 1801 		Thomas Jefferson
[6][7][8] 		style="background-color:Template:Democratic-Republican Party/meta/color" | Democratic-Republican 1796 John Adams[f]
3 March 4, 1801
–
March 4, 1805 		Aaron Burr
[9] 		style="background-color:Template:Democratic-Republican Party/meta/color" | Democratic-Republican 1800 Thomas Jefferson
4 March 4, 1805
–
April 20, 1812 		George Clinton[g]
[10] 		rowspan=2 style="background-color:Template:Democratic-Republican Party/meta/color" | Democratic-Republican 1804
1808 James Madison
Office vacant April 20, 1812 – March 4, 1813[h]
5 March 4, 1813
–
November 23, 1814 		Elbridge Gerry[g]
[11] 		style="background-color:Template:Democratic-Republican Party/meta/color" | Democratic-Republican 1812
Office vacant November 23, 1814 – March 4, 1817[h]
6 March 4, 1817
–
March 4, 1825 		Daniel D. Tompkins
[12] 		rowspan=2 style="background-color:Template:Democratic-Republican Party/meta/color" | Democratic-Republican 1816 James Monroe
1820
7 March 4, 1825
–
December 28, 1832 		John C. Calhoun[i]
[13] 		style="background-color:Template:Democratic-Republican Party/meta/color" | Democratic-Republican 1824 John Q. Adams
Nullifier[j] 1828 Andrew Jackson[k]
Office vacant December 28, 1832 – March 4, 1833[h]
8 March 4, 1833
–
March 4, 1837 		Martin Van Buren
[14][15][16] 		style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic 1832
9 March 4, 1837
–
March 4, 1841 		Richard Mentor Johnson
[17] 		style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic 1836 Martin Van Buren
10 March 4, 1841
–
April 4, 1841 		John Tyler[l]
[18][19][20] 		style="background-color:Template:Whig Party (US)/meta/color" | Whig[m] 1840 William H. Harrison
[g]
Office vacant April 4, 1841 – March 4, 1845[h] John Tyler
11 March 4, 1845
–
March 4, 1849 		George M. Dallas
[21] 		style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic 1844 James K. Polk
12 March 4, 1849
–
July 9, 1850 		Millard Fillmore[l]
[22][23][24] 		style="background-color:Template:Whig Party (US)/meta/color" | Whig 1848 Zachary Taylor
[g]
Office vacant July 9, 1850 – March 4, 1853[h] Millard Fillmore
13 March 4, 1853[n]
–
April 18, 1853 		William R. King[g]
[25] 		style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic 1852 Franklin Pierce
Office vacant April 18, 1853 – March 4, 1857[h]
14 March 4, 1857
–
March 4, 1861 		John C. Breckinridge
[26] 		style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic 1856 James Buchanan
15 March 4, 1861
–
March 4, 1865 		Hannibal Hamlin
[27] 		style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican 1860 Abraham Lincoln[o]
16 March 4, 1865
–
April 15, 1865 		Andrew Johnson[l]
[28][29][30] 		style="background-color:Template:National Union Party (US)/meta/color" | National Union[p] 1864
Office vacant April 15, 1865 – March 4, 1869[h] Andrew Johnson
17 March 4, 1869
–
March 4, 1873 		Schuyler Colfax
[31] 		style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican 1868 Ulysses S. Grant
18 March 4, 1873
–
November 22, 1875 		Henry Wilson[g]
[32] 		style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican 1872
Office vacant November 22, 1875 – March 4, 1877[h]
19 March 4, 1877
–
March 4, 1881 		William A. Wheeler
[33] 		style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican 1876 Rutherford B. Hayes
20 March 4, 1881
–
September 19, 1881 		Chester A. Arthur[l]
[34][35][36] 		style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican 1880 James A. Garfield[q]
Office vacant September 19, 1881 – March 4, 1885[h] Chester A. Arthur
21 March 4, 1885
–
November 25, 1885 		Thomas A. Hendricks[g]
[37] 		style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic 1884 Grover Cleveland
Office vacant November 25, 1885 – March 4, 1889[h]
22 March 4, 1889
–
March 4, 1893 		Levi P. Morton
[38] 		style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican 1888 Benjamin Harrison
23 March 4, 1893
–
March 4, 1897 		Adlai Stevenson I
[39] 		style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic 1892 Grover Cleveland
24 March 4, 1897
–
November 21, 1899 		Garret Hobart[g]
[40] 		style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican 1896 William McKinley[r]
Office vacant November 21, 1899 – March 4, 1901[h]
25 March 4, 1901
–
September 14, 1901 		Theodore Roosevelt[l]
[41][42][43] 		style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican 1900
Office vacant September 14, 1901 – March 4, 1905[h] Theodore Roosevelt
26 March 4, 1905
–
March 4, 1909 		Charles W. Fairbanks
[44] 		style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican 1904
27 March 4, 1909
–
October 30, 1912 		James S. Sherman[g]
[45] 		style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican 1908 William H. Taft
Office vacant October 30, 1912 – March 4, 1913[h]
28 March 4, 1913
–
March 4, 1921 		Thomas R. Marshall
[46] 		rowspan=2 style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic 1912 Woodrow Wilson
1916
29 March 4, 1921
–
August 2, 1923 		Calvin Coolidge[l]
[47][48][49] 		style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican 1920 Warren G. Harding
[g]
Office vacant August 2, 1923 – March 4, 1925[h] Calvin Coolidge
30 March 4, 1925
–
March 4, 1929 		Charles G. Dawes
[50] 		style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican 1924
31 March 4, 1929
–
March 4, 1933 		Charles Curtis
[51] 		style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican 1928 Herbert Hoover
32 March 4, 1933
–
January 20, 1941 		John Garner
[52] 		rowspan=2 style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic 1932 Franklin D. Roosevelt[g]
1936
33 January 20, 1941
–
January 20, 1945 		Henry A. Wallace
[53] 		style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic 1940
34 January 20, 1945
–
April 12, 1945 		Harry S. Truman[l]
[54][55][56] 		style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic 1944
Office vacant April 12, 1945 – January 20, 1949[h] Harry S. Truman
35 January 20, 1949
–
January 20, 1953 		Alben W. Barkley
[57] 		style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic 1948
36 January 20, 1953
–
January 20, 1961 		Richard Nixon
[58][59][60] 		rowspan=2 style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican 1952 Dwight D. Eisenhower
1956
37 January 20, 1961
–
November 22, 1963 		Lyndon B. Johnson[l]
[61][62] 		style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic 1960 John F. Kennedy[s]
Office vacant November 22, 1963 – January 20, 1965[h] Lyndon B. Johnson
38 January 20, 1965
–
January 20, 1969 		Hubert Humphrey
[63] 		style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic 1964
39 January 20, 1969
–
October 10, 1973 		Spiro Agnew[i]
[64] 		rowspan=2 style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican 1968 Richard Nixon[i]
1972
Office vacant October 10 – December 6, 1973[t]
40 December 6, 1973
–
August 9, 1974 		Gerald Ford[l]
[65][66][67] 		style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican
Office vacant August 9 – December 19, 1974[t] Gerald Ford
41 December 19, 1974
–
January 20, 1977 		Nelson Rockefeller
[68] 		style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican
42 January 20, 1977
–
January 20, 1981 		File:Vice President Mondale 1977 closeup.jpg Walter Mondale
[69] 		style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic 1976 Jimmy Carter
43 January 20, 1981
–
January 20, 1989 		George H. W. Bush
[70][71][72] 		rowspan=2 style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican 1980 Ronald Reagan
1984
44 January 20, 1989
–
January 20, 1993 		Dan Quayle
[73] 		style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican 1988 George H. W. Bush
45 January 20, 1993
–
January 20, 2001 		Al Gore
[74] 		rowspan=2 style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic 1992 Bill Clinton
1996
46 January 20, 2001
–
January 20, 2009 		Dick Cheney
[75] 		rowspan=2 style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican 2000 George W. Bush
2004
47 January 20, 2009
–
January 20, 2017 		Joe Biden
[76] 		rowspan=2 style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (US)/meta/color" | Democratic 2008 Barack Obama
2012
48 January 20, 2017
–
January 20, 2021 		Mike Pence
[77][78] 		style="background-color:Template:Republican Party (US)/meta/color" | Republican 2016 Donald Trump
49 January 20, 2021
–
Incumbent 		Kamala Harris style="background-color:Template:Democratic Party (United States)/meta/color" | Democratic 2020 Joe Biden

Subsequent public office

Further information: List of Vice Presidents of the United States by other offices held

Twenty-six vice presidents held other high state or federal government positions after leaving the vice presidency. Fifteen went on to become president: John Adams, Thomas Jefferson, Martin Van Buren, John Tyler, Millard Fillmore, Andrew Johnson, Chester A. Arthur, Theodore Roosevelt, Calvin Coolidge, Harry S. Truman, Richard Nixon, Lyndon B. Johnson, Gerald Ford, George H. W. Bush and Joe Biden (nine of them did so following their predecessor's death or resignation); and six served in the Senate: John C. Calhoun, John C. Breckinridge, Hannibal Hamlin, Andrew Johnson, Alben W. Barkley and Hubert Humphrey. Several served as a member of the U.S. Cabinet or as an ambassador in later administrations, or in state government.

See also

Notes

  1. ^ The U.S. Vice Presidents are counted according to uninterrupted periods of time served by the same person. For example, John Adams served two consecutive terms and is counted as the first vice president (not the first and second). Likewise, George Clinton is counted as the fourth and John Calhoun as the seventh, even though each one's consecutive terms in office were served under more than one president. Following the resignation of 39th vice president Spiro Agnew, Gerald Ford became the 40th vice president even though he was chosen to serve out the remainder of Agnew's second term. Then, after Ford succeeded to the presidency later in that same term, Nelson Rockefeller became the 41st vice president and served out the remainder of the term.
  2. ^ Reflects the vice president's political party at the start of their vice presidency. Changes during their time in office are noted. Also reflects the president's political party unless otherwise noted beside the individual's name.
  3. ^ Due to logistical delays, John Adams assumed the office of Vice President 1 month and 17 days after the March 4, 1789 scheduled start of operations of the new government under the Constitution. As a result, his first term was only 1,413 days long, and was the shortest term for a U.S. vice president who served a full term.
  4. ^ Pro-Administration is a contemporary term for the supporters of the political and economic policies of the Washington Administration prior to the formation of the Federalist and Democratic–Republican parties.
  5. ^ George Washington remained unaffiliated with any political faction or party throughout his eight-year presidency. Greatly concerned about the very real capacity of political parties to destroy the fragile unity holding the nation together, he was, and remains, the only U.S. President never to be affiliated with a political party.
  6. ^ The 1796 presidential election was the first contested American presidential election and resulted in a situation where the persons elected President and Vice President belonged to opposing political parties. Federalist John Adams was elected President, and Thomas Jefferson of the Democratic-Republicans was elected Vice President.
  7. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Died in office of natural causes.
  8. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Prior to ratification of the Twenty-fifth Amendment, February 10, 1967, an intra-term vacancy in the vice presidency could not be filled.
  9. ^ a b c Resigned from office
  10. ^ John Calhoun, formerly a Democratic-Republican, founded the Nullifier Party in 1828 to advance the cause of states' rights, but was brought on as Andrew Jackson's running mate in the 1828 presidential election in an effort to broaden the political coalition emerging around Jackson.
  11. ^ Andrew Jackson's supporters from the former Democratic-Republican Party, which had largely collapsed by the mid-1820s, began calling themselves 'Democrat' during his first term in office, thus marking the evolution of Thomas Jefferson's Democratic-Republican Party into the modern Democratic Party.
  12. ^ a b c d e f g h i Succeeded to the presidency intra-term.
  13. ^ John Tyler was elected vice president on the Whig Party ticket in 1840. His policy priorities as president soon proved to be opposed to most of the Whig agenda, and he was expelled from the party in September 1841.
  14. ^ Ill with tuberculosis, William King traveled to Cuba after the 1852 election in an effort to regain his health, and was not able to be in Washington, D.C. to take his oath of office on March 4, 1853. By an Act of Congress, he was allowed to take the oath outside the United States, and was sworn in on March 24, 1853 near Matanzas, Cuba. He is the only Vice President to take his oath of office in a foreign country.
  15. ^ Died April 15, 1865; see Assassination of Abraham Lincoln for further details.
  16. ^ When he ran for reelection in 1864, Republican Abraham Lincoln formed a bipartisan electoral alliance with War Democrats by selecting Democrat Andrew Johnson as his running mate, and running on the National Union Party ticket. Later, while president, Johnson tried and failed to build a party of loyalists under the National Union banner. Near the end of his presidency, Johnson rejoined the Democratic Party.
  17. ^ Died September 19, 1881; see Assassination of James A. Garfield for further details.
  18. ^ Died September 14, 1901; see Assassination of William McKinley for further details.
  19. ^ Died November 22, 1963; see Assassination of John F. Kennedy for further details.
  20. ^ a b The Twenty-fifth Amendment established a process whereby an intra-term vacancy in the vice presidency is filled by presidential appointment.

References

  1. ^ a b c d "Vice President of the United States (President of the Senate)". United States Senate. Retrieved June 10, 2009.
  2. ^ "Vice President". US Legal System. USLegal. Retrieved June 17, 2018.
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  4. ^ "John Adams – Federalist Party – 2nd President – American Presidents". History. Archived from the original on February 25, 2009. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
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  6. ^ "Biography of Thomas Jefferson". Whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
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  10. ^ "George Clinton (1805–1809) – Vice President". Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. Archived from the original on September 17, 2016. Retrieved September 6, 2016.
  11. ^ "Elbridge Gerry (1813–1814) – Vice President". Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. Archived from the original on October 21, 2016. Retrieved September 6, 2016.
  12. ^ "Daniel D. Tompkins (1817–1825) – Vice President". Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. Archived from the original on September 17, 2016. Retrieved September 6, 2016.
  13. ^ "John C. Calhoun (1825–1829) – Vice President". Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. Archived from the original on September 17, 2016. Retrieved September 6, 2016.
  14. ^ "Biography of Martin Van Buren". Whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
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  21. ^ "George M. Dallas (1845–1849) – Vice President". Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. Retrieved September 6, 2016.
  22. ^ "Biography of Millard Fillmore". Whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  23. ^ "Millard Filmore – WHIG Party – 13th President – American Presidents". History. Archived from the original on March 5, 2009. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
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  26. ^ "John C. Breckinridge (1857–1861) – Vice President". Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. Retrieved September 6, 2016.[permanent dead link‍]
  27. ^ "Hannibal Hamlin (1861–1865) – Vice President". Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. Archived from the original on September 17, 2016. Retrieved September 6, 2016.
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  29. ^ "Andrew Johnson – National Union Party – 17th President – American Presidents". History. Archived from the original on March 5, 2009. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
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  32. ^ "Henry Wilson (1873–1875) – Vice President". Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. Archived from the original on September 17, 2016. Retrieved September 6, 2016.
  33. ^ "William A. Wheeler (1877–1881) – Vice President". Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. Archived from the original on September 11, 2016. Retrieved September 6, 2016.
  34. ^ "Biography of Chester Arthur". Whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  35. ^ "Chester A. Arthur – Republican Party – 21st President – American Presidents". History. Archived from the original on March 5, 2009. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
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  37. ^ "Thomas A. Hendricks (1885) – Vice President". Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. Archived from the original on September 17, 2016. Retrieved September 6, 2016.
  38. ^ "Levi P. Morton – Vice President". Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. Archived from the original on September 17, 2016. Retrieved September 6, 2016.
  39. ^ "Adlai E. Stevenson (1893–1897) – Vice President". Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. Retrieved September 6, 2016.
  40. ^ "Garret A. Hobart (1897–1899) – Vice President". Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. Archived from the original on September 17, 2016. Retrieved September 6, 2016.
  41. ^ "Biography of Theodore Roosevelt". Whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
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  44. ^ "Charles W. Fairbanks – Vice President". Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. Archived from the original on September 17, 2016. Retrieved September 6, 2016.
  45. ^ "James S. Sherman – Vice President". Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. Archived from the original on September 17, 2016. Retrieved September 6, 2016.
  46. ^ "Thomas R. Marshall – Vice President". Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. Archived from the original on September 17, 2016. Retrieved September 6, 2016.
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  51. ^ "Charles Curtis – Vice President". Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. Archived from the original on September 17, 2016. Retrieved September 6, 2016.
  52. ^ "John N. Garner (1933–1941) – Vice President". Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. Archived from the original on September 17, 2016. Retrieved September 6, 2016.
  53. ^ "Henry A. Wallace (1941–1945) – Vice President". Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. Archived from the original on September 17, 2016. Retrieved September 6, 2016.
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  57. ^ "Alben W. Barkley – Vice President". Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. Retrieved September 6, 2016.
  58. ^ "Richard M. Nixon". Whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
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  63. ^ "Hubert H. Humphrey – Vice President". Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. Archived from the original on September 17, 2016. Retrieved September 6, 2016.
  64. ^ "Spiro T. Agnew (1969–1973) – Vice President". Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. Archived from the original on September 17, 2016. Retrieved September 6, 2016.
  65. ^ "Biography of Gerald R. Ford". Whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  66. ^ "Gerald Ford – Republican Party – 38th President – American Presidents". History. Archived from the original on March 5, 2009. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
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  68. ^ "Nelson A. Rockefeller – Vice President". Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. Archived from the original on September 17, 2016. Retrieved September 6, 2016.
  69. ^ "Walter Mondale – Vice President". Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. Archived from the original on September 17, 2016. Retrieved September 6, 2016.
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  73. ^ "J. Danforth Quayle – Vice President". Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. Retrieved September 6, 2016.
  74. ^ "Albert Gore, Jr. – Vice President". Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. Archived from the original on September 17, 2016. Retrieved September 6, 2016.
  75. ^ "Richard B. Cheney – Vice President". Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. Archived from the original on September 17, 2016. Retrieved September 6, 2016.
  76. ^ "Joseph Biden – Vice President". Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. Archived from the original on September 17, 2016. Retrieved September 6, 2016.
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  78. ^ "Vice President Mike Pence". whitehouse.gov. January 20, 2017. Retrieved January 31, 2017.[permanent dead link‍]
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