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Psalm 99

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This article is about Psalm 99 in Hebrew (Masoretic) numbering. For Psalm 99 in Greek Septuagint or Latin Vulgate numbering, see Psalm 100.
Psalm 99
"The LORD reigneth"
Psalm 99 from 1902 Psalter
Other name
  • Psalm 98
  • "Dominus regnavit"
LanguageHebrew (original)
Psalm 99
BookBook of Psalms
Hebrew Bible partKetuvim
Order in the Hebrew part1
CategorySifrei Emet
Christian Bible partOld Testament
Order in the Christian part19

Psalm 99 is the 99th psalm of the Book of Psalms, beginning in English in the King James Version: "The LORD reigneth; let the people tremble". The Book of Psalms starts the third section of the Hebrew Bible, and, as such, is a book of the Christian Old Testament. In the slightly different numbering system in the Greek Septuagint version of the Bible, and in the Latin Vulgate, this psalm is Psalm 98, beginning "Dominus regnavit".[1] It is the last of the set of additional Royal Psalms, Psalms 93-99, praising God as the King of His people. There is no title in the Masoretic text version, but the Septuagint provides a title: "A psalm of David".[2]

The psalm forms a regular part of Jewish, Catholic, Lutheran, Anglican and other Protestant liturgies. It has been set to music, including by Heinrich Schütz, and has inspired hymns and contemporary songs.

Text

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Hebrew

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The following table shows the Hebrew text[3][4] of the Psalm with vowels alongside an English translation based upon the JPS 1917 translation (now in the public domain).

Verse Hebrew English translation (JPS 1917)
1 יְהֹוָ֣ה מָ֭לָךְ יִרְגְּז֣וּ עַמִּ֑ים יֹשֵׁ֥ב כְּ֝רוּבִ֗ים תָּנ֥וּט הָאָֽרֶץ׃‎ The LORD reigneth; let the peoples tremble; He is enthroned upon the cherubim; let the earth quake.
2 יְ֭הֹוָה בְּצִיּ֣וֹן גָּד֑וֹל וְרָ֥ם ה֝֗וּא עַל־כׇּל־הָעַמִּֽים׃‎ The LORD is great in Zion; And He is high above all the peoples.
3 יוֹד֣וּ שִׁ֭מְךָ גָּד֥וֹל וְנוֹרָ֗א קָד֥וֹשׁ הֽוּא׃‎ Let them praise Thy name as great and awful; Holy is He.
4 וְעֹ֥ז מֶלֶךְ֮ מִשְׁפָּ֢ט אָ֫הֵ֥ב אַ֭תָּה כּוֹנַ֣נְתָּ מֵישָׁרִ֑ים מִשְׁפָּ֥ט וּ֝צְדָקָ֗ה בְּיַעֲקֹ֤ב ׀ אַתָּ֬ה עָשִֽׂיתָ׃‎ The strength also of the king who loveth justice— Thou hast established equity, Thou hast executed justice and righteousness in Jacob.
5 רוֹמְמ֡וּ יְ֘הֹוָ֤ה אֱלֹהֵ֗ינוּ וְֽ֭הִשְׁתַּחֲווּ לַהֲדֹ֥ם רַגְלָ֗יו קָד֥וֹשׁ הֽוּא׃‎ Exalt ye the LORD our God, And prostrate yourselves at His footstool; Holy is He.
6 מֹ֘שֶׁ֤ה וְאַֽהֲרֹ֨ן ׀ בְּֽכֹהֲנָ֗יו וּ֭שְׁמוּאֵל בְּקֹרְאֵ֣י שְׁמ֑וֹ קֹרִ֥אים אֶל־יְ֝הֹוָ֗ה וְה֣וּא יַעֲנֵֽם׃‎ Moses and Aaron among His priests, And Samuel among them that call upon His name, Did call upon the LORD, and He answered them.
7 בְּעַמּ֣וּד עָ֭נָן יְדַבֵּ֣ר אֲלֵיהֶ֑ם שָׁמְר֥וּ עֵ֝דֹתָ֗יו וְחֹ֣ק נָֽתַן־לָֽמוֹ׃‎ He spoke unto them in the pillar of cloud; They kept His testimonies, and the statute that He gave them.
8 יְהֹוָ֣ה אֱלֹהֵינוּ֮ אַתָּ֢ה עֲנִ֫יתָ֥ם אֵ֣ל נֹ֭שֵׂא הָיִ֣יתָ לָהֶ֑ם וְ֝נֹקֵ֗ם עַל־עֲלִילוֹתָֽם׃‎ O LORD our God, Thou didst answer them; A forgiving God wast Thou unto them, Though Thou tookest vengeance of their misdeeds.
9 רוֹמְמ֡וּ יְ֘הֹוָ֤ה אֱלֹהֵ֗ינוּ וְֽ֭הִשְׁתַּחֲווּ לְהַ֣ר קׇדְשׁ֑וֹ כִּי־קָ֝ד֗וֹשׁ יְהֹוָ֥ה אֱלֹהֵֽינוּ׃‎ Exalt ye the LORD our God, And worship at His holy hill; For the LORD our God is holy.

King James Version

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  1. The LORD reigneth; let the people tremble: he sitteth between the cherubims; let the earth be moved.
  2. The LORD is great in Zion; and he is high above all the people.
  3. Let them praise thy great and terrible name; for it is holy.
  4. The king's strength also loveth judgment; thou dost establish equity, thou executest judgment and righteousness in Jacob.
  5. Exalt ye the LORD our God, and worship at his footstool; for he is holy.
  6. Moses and Aaron among his priests, and Samuel among them that call upon his name; they called upon the LORD, and he answered them.
  7. He spake unto them in the cloudy pillar: they kept his testimonies, and the ordinance that he gave them.
  8. Thou answeredst them, O LORD our God: thou wast a God that forgavest them, though thou tookest vengeance of their inventions.
  9. Exalt the LORD our God, and worship at his holy hill; for the LORD our God is holy.

Commentary

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Psalm 99:4 on a building in Tel Aviv (2018), text in German and Arabic.

This psalm is the last of the "enthronement psalms" (Psalm 47; 93; 96–99). It begins with the familiar statement, 'YHWH is king', followed by references to justice and righteousness (verse 4), the covenant with its moral demands (verses 4,7), centering upon Zion (verse 2; cf. 'his holy mountain', verse 9).[2]

Some similarities with Deutero-Isaiah include the call for nations to tremble before God (verse 1). It is unique in naming Moses, Aaron, and Samuel, the "three great intercessors" and featuring the threefold 'Holy' (verses 3, 5, 9).[2]

Alexander Kirkpatrick links this and other royal psalms to the restoration of Israel following the return from Babylon.[5]

Verse 5

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Exalt the Lord our God,
And worship at His footstool —
He is holy.[6]

"God's footstool" may allude to 'the ark',[7] 'the temple, Jerusalem',[8] or 'the whole earth'.[9][2] Alexander Kirkpatrick notes that "as there was no Ark in the Second Temple, the Temple itself must be meant here, or possibly Zion".[5]

Verse 6

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Moses and Aaron were among his priests,
Samuel also was among those who called on his name.
They cried to the Lord, and he answered them.[10]

English church commentator John Trapp noted that Moses, if not a priest as such, was "a continual intercessor for the people", and Aben-Ezra and Philo both include the term "priest" in their praise of Moses.[11]

Uses

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Judaism

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  • The psalm is recited in its entirety as the fifth paragraph of Kabbalat Shabbat in Ashkenazic, Hasidic and some Sephardic communities.[12]
  • Verses 5 and 9 are recited in succession during the early part of Pesukei Dezimra.[13] These verses are also recited by the congregation when the Torah scroll is taken out of the ark.[14]
  • Verse 6 is found in the Foundation of Repentance recited by some on the eve of Rosh Hashanah.[15]
  • According to Siddur Avodas Yisrael, Psalm 99 should be read as an additional "Psalm of the Day" on Sabbath Parshat Shemot.

Musical settings

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Hymns

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Maria Luise Thurmair paraphrased Psalm 99 in the 1971 hymn in German "König ist der Herr".

Motets

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Heinrich Schütz set a German metred version of Psalm 98 in the Becker Psalter, published in 1628, Der Herr ist König und residiert, SWV 197.

Raymond Wilding-White set the psalm for eight-part choir and organ.

Songs

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The following songs are based on Psalm 99 or contain part of the psalm:

  • "He sits enthroned" by Sons of Korah
  • "Holy Is He" by Jason Silver
  • "Issand on Siionis suur" (Lord is Great in Zion) by Rein Kalmus, was written for 2015 Estonian Christian Song Festival finale.

References

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  1. ^ Parallel Latin/English Psalter / Psalmus 98 (99) Archived 7 May 2017 at the Wayback Machine medievalist.net
  2. ^ a b c d Rodd, C. S. (2007). "18. Psalms". In Barton, John; Muddiman, John (eds.). The Oxford Bible Commentary (first (paperback) ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 393. ISBN 978-0199277186. Retrieved February 6, 2019.
  3. ^ "Psalms – Chapter 99". Mechon Mamre.
  4. ^ "Psalms 99 - JPS 1917". Sefaria.org.
  5. ^ a b Kirkpatrick, A. (1906), Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges on Psalm 99, accessed 23 April 2022
  6. ^ Psalm 99:5: New King James Version
  7. ^ 1 Chronicles 28:2
  8. ^ Lamentations 2:1
  9. ^ Isaiah 66:1
  10. ^ Psalm 99:6: New Revised Standard Version
  11. ^ Spurgeon, C. H., Psalm 99 in Treasury of David, accessed 6 August 2023
  12. ^ The Complete Artscroll Siddur, page 312
  13. ^ The Complete Artscroll Siddur, page 62
  14. ^ The Complete Artscroll Siddur, page 141
  15. ^ The Complete Artscroll Machzor for Rosh Hashanah, page 13
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