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"TEPCO" redirects here. Not to be confused with Pepco.
Tokyo Electric Power Company, Inc.
東京電力株式会社
Company typePublic KK
TYO: 9501
OSE: 9501
NSE: 9501
IndustryElectric utility
PredecessorThe Tokyo Electric Light Company, Inc. (founded in 1883)
FoundedTokyo, Japan (May 1, 1951 (1951-05-01))
Headquarters
Chiyoda, Tokyo
,
Japan
Area served
Tokyo, Kanagawa, Saitama, Chiba, Tochigi, Gunma, Ibaraki, Yamanashi, and east Shizuoka
Key people
Fumio Sudo
(Chairman)
Naomi Hirose
(President)
ServicesElectric generation, transmission, and distribution
RevenueIncrease ¥6,802.5 billion (2015)[1]
Increase ¥316.5 billion (2015)[1]
Increase ¥451.6 billion (2015)[1]
Total assetsDecrease ¥14,212.7 billion (2015)[1]
Total equityIncrease ¥2,073 billion (2015)[1]
Owner
Number of employees
38,671 (2010)
Websitewww.tepco.co.jp
The TEPCO head office

Tokyo Electric Power Company, Inc. (東京電力株式会社, Tōkyō Denryoku Kabushiki-gaisha, TYO: 9501), also known as Toden (東電, Tōden) or TEPCO, is a Japanese electric utility servicing Japan's Kantō region, Yamanashi Prefecture, and the eastern portion of Shizuoka Prefecture. This area includes Tokyo. Its headquarters are located in Uchisaiwaicho, Chiyoda, Tokyo, and international branch offices exist in Washington, D.C., and London. It is a founding member of strategic consortiums related to energy innovation and research; such as JINED,[2] INCJ[3] and MAI.[4]

In 2007, TEPCO was forced to shut the Kashiwazaki-Kariwa Nuclear Power Plant after the Niigata-Chuetsu-Oki Earthquake. That year it posted its first loss in 28 years.[5] Corporate losses continued until the plant reopened in 2009.[6] Following the March 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami, its power plant at Fukushima Daiichi was the site of one of the world's most serious continuing nuclear disaster. TEPCO could face ¥2 trillion ($23.6 billion) in special losses in the current business year to March 2012,[7] and the Japanese government plans to put TEPCO under effective state control to guarantee compensation payments to the people affected by the accident.[8] The Fukushima disaster displaced 50,000 households in the evacuation zone because of leaks of radioactive materials into the air, soil and sea.[9]

In July 2012 TEPCO received ¥1 trillion from the Japanese government.[10] TEPCO's management subsequently made a proposal to its shareholders for the company to be part-nationalized.[11] The total cost of the disaster was estimated at $100bn in May 2012.[10]

History

Japan's nine electric companies, including TEPCO were established in 1951 with the end of the state-run electric industry regime for national wartime mobilization.[12][13]

In the 1950s, the company's primary goal was to facilitate a rapid recovery from the infrastructure devastation of World War II. After the recovery period, the company had to expand its supply capacity to catch up with the country's rapid economic growth by developing fossil fuel power plants and a more efficient transmission network.

In the 1960s and 1970s, the company faced the challenges of increased environmental pollution and oil shocks. TEPCO began addressing environmental concerns through expansion of its LNG fueled power plant network as well as greater reliance on a 'deal with the devil' nuclear generation. The first nuclear unit at the Fukushima Dai-ichi (Fukushima I) nuclear power plant began operational generation on March 26, 1971.

During the 1980s and 1990s, the widespread use of air-conditioners and IT/OA appliances resulted a gap between day and night electricity demand. In order to reduce surplus generation capacity and increase capacity utilization, TEPCO developed pumped storage hydroelectric power plants and promoted thermal storage units.

Recently, TEPCO is expected to play a key role in achieving Japan's targets for reduced carbon dioxide emissions under the Kyoto Protocol. It also faces difficulties related to the trend towards deregulation in Japan's electric industry as well as low power demand growth. In light of these circumstances, TEPCO launched an extensive sales promotion campaign called 'Switch!', promoting all-electric housing in order to both achieve the more efficient use of its generation capacity as well as erode the market share of gas companies.

Corporate overview

  • Capital stock: ¥676,424,197,050
  • Total outstanding shares: 1,352,876,531
  • Number of shareholders: 821,841
  • Electricity sales (FY 2004): 92,592 million kWh (lighting), 194,148 million kWh (power), 286,741 million kWh (total)
  • Peak demand: 64.3 million kW (July 24, 2001)
  • Number of customers (ending March 31, 2005): 25,120,000 / 83.89 million kW (lighting), 2,630,000 thousand / 39.75 million kWh (power), 27,740,000 / 123.64 million kW (total)
  • Revenue from electricity sales: ¥4,637.2 billion yen (FY 2004)

Community compensation

Tokyo Electric Power could face 2 trillion yen ($23.6 bln) in special losses in the current business year to March 2012 to compensate communities near its crippled Fukushima nuclear plant, according to JP Morgan.[7]

Japan plans to put TEPCO under effective state control so it can meet its compensation payments to people affected by radiation from its Fukushima I plant. Tokyo will set aside several trillion yen in public funds that TEPCO can "dip into if it runs short for payouts to people affected".[8]

Salary pay cuts

The company workers agreed to a management proposal to cut their pay as a sense of responsibility for the world's worst nuclear disaster. Annual remuneration for board members will be reduced by 50 percent since April 2011, while payment for managers will be cut by 25 percent and workers by 20 percent both since July 2011 and bonuses since June 2011. The company expects to save about 54 billion yen ($659 million) a year from the pay cuts.[14][15]

In July 2012 it was announced that annual salaries of managers will be reduced by at least 30%, with workers pay cut remaining at 20%. On average employees pay would be cut by 23.68%. In addition, the portion of the employee health insurance program that the company covers will be reduced from 60% to 50%, the standard in Japan.[16]

Sale of hospital

In was announced in July 2012 that the company would sell the hospital it owns in Shinjuku Ward in Tokyo. The hospital is used exclusively by current and former TEPCO employees and their families. Its market value is ¥8.6 billion.[17]

Power stations and generation capacity

  • Hydro: 160 / 8,521.0 MW
  • Thermal (oil, coal, LN(P)G, geothermal): 26 / 36,995.0 MW
  • Nuclear: 3 / 17,308.0 MW
  • Wind: 1 / 1.0 MW
  • Total: 190 / 62,825.0 MW

Position in the industry

TEPCO is the largest electric utility in Japan and the 4th largest electric utility in the world after German RWE, French Électricité de France and Germany's E.ON. As TEPCO stands in a leading position in this industry, they have relatively a strong effect for Japanese economics, environment, and energy industry.

Management and finance

For the fiscal years ending in 2011, 2012 the company had a pretax loss, in 2013 the deficit was 377.6 billion yen. In the following year 2014 red figures were expected too.[18]

Generation

The company's power generation consists of two main networks. Fossil fuel power plants around Tokyo Bay are used for peak load supply and nuclear reactors in Fukushima and Niigata Prefecture provide base load supply. Additionally, hydroelectric plants in the mountainous areas outside the Kanto Plain, despite their relatively small capacity compared to fossil fuel and nuclear generation, remain important in providing peak load supply. The company also purchases electricity from other regional or wholesale electric power companies like Tohoku Electric Power Company, J-POWER, and Japan Atomic Power Company.

Transmission and distribution

The company has built a radiated and circular grid between power plants and urban/industrial demand areas. Each transmission line is designed to transmit electricity at high-voltage (66-500kV) between power plants and substations. Normally transmission lines are strung between towers, but within the Tokyo metropolitan area high-voltage lines are located underground.

From substations, electricity is transmitted via the distribution grid at low-voltage (22-66kV). For high-voltage supply to large buildings and factories, distribution lines are directly connected to customers' electricity systems. In this case, customers must purchase and set up transformers and other equipment to run electric appliances. For low voltage supply to houses and small shops, distribution lines are first connected to the company's transformers (seen on utility poles and utility boxes), converted to 100/200V, and finally connected to end users.

Under normal conditions, TEPCO's transmission and distribution infrastructure is notable as one of the most reliable electricity networks in the world. Blackout frequency and average recovery time compares favorably with other electric companies in Japan as well as within other developed countries. The company instituted its first-ever rolling blackouts[19] following the shutdown of the Fukushima I and II plants which were close to the epicenter of the March 2011 earthquake.[20] For example, on the morning of Tuesday, March 15, 2011, 700,000 households had no power for three hours.[21] The company had to deal with a 10 million kW gap between demand and production on March 14, 2011.

(video) Three TEPCO aerial work platform trucks work together on utility poles, upgrading overhead power lines in Tokyo, Japan.

Corporate image

Safety incidents

On August 29, 2002, the government of Japan revealed that TEPCO was guilty of false reporting in routine governmental inspection of its nuclear plants and systematic concealment of plant safety incidents. All seventeen of its boiling-water reactors were shut down for inspection as a result. TEPCO's chairman Hiroshi Araki, President Nobuya Minami, Vice-President Toshiaki Enomoto, as well as the advisers Shō Nasu and Gaishi Hiraiwa stepped-down by September 30, 2002.[22] The utility "eventually admitted to two hundred occasions over more than two decades between 1977 and 2002, involving the submission of false technical data to authorities".[23] Upon taking over leadership responsibilities, TEPCO's new president issued a public commitment that the company would take all the countermeasures necessary to prevent fraud and restore the nation's confidence. By the end of 2005, generation at suspended plants had been restarted, with government approval.

In 2007, however, the company announced to the public that an internal investigation had revealed a large number of unreported incidents. These included an unexpected unit criticality in 1978 and additional systematic false reporting, which had not been uncovered during the 2002 inquiry. Along with scandals at other Japanese electric companies, this failure to ensure corporate compliance resulted in strong public criticism of Japan's electric power industry and the nation's nuclear energy policy. Again, the company made no effort to identify those responsible.

2008 shutdown

In 2008, Tokyo Electric, forced to shut the Kashiwazaki-Kariwa Nuclear Power Plant after an earthquake, posted its first loss in 28 years as oil and gas costs soared.[5]

Nuclear accidents

See also: Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster and Fukushima Daini Nuclear Power Plant
Three of the reactors at Fukushima I overheated, causing meltdowns that eventually led to explosions, which released large amounts of radioactive material into the air.[24]

On 11 March 2011 several nuclear reactors in Japan were badly damaged by the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami.

The Tōkai Nuclear Power Plant lost external electric power, experienced the failure of one of its two cooling pumps, and two of its three emergency power generators. External electric power could only be restored two days after the earthquake.[25][26]

The Japanese government declared an “atomic power emergency” and evacuated thousands of residents living close to TEPCO's Fukushima I plant. Reactors 4, 5 and 6 had been shut down prior to the earthquake for planned maintenance.[27][28] The remaining reactors were shut down automatically after the earthquake, but the subsequent tsunami flooded the plant, knocking out emergency generators needed to run pumps which cool and control the reactors. The flooding and earthquake damage prevented assistance being brought from elsewhere. Over the following days there was evidence of partial nuclear meltdowns in reactors 1, 2 and 3; hydrogen explosions destroyed the upper cladding of the building housing reactors 1 and 3; an explosion damaged reactor 2's containment; and severe fires broke out at reactor 4.

The Fukushima nuclear disaster revealed the dangers of building multiple nuclear reactor units close to one another. This proximity triggered the parallel, chain-reaction accidents that led to hydrogen explosions blowing the roofs off reactor buildings and water draining from open-air spent fuel pools—a situation that was potentially more dangerous than the loss of reactor cooling itself. Because of the proximity of the reactors, Plant Director Masao Yoshida "was put in the position of trying to cope simultaneously with core meltdowns at three reactors and exposed fuel pools at three units".[29]

The Japanese authorities rated the events at reactors 1, 2 and 3 as a level 5 (Accident With Wider Consequences) on the International Nuclear Event Scale, while the events at reactor 4 were placed at level 3 (Serious Incident). The situation as a whole was rated as level 7 (Major Accident). On 20 March, Japan's chief cabinet secretary Yukio Edano "confirmed for the first time that the nuclear complex — with heavy damage to reactors and buildings and with radioactive contamination throughout — would be closed once the crisis was over."[30] At the same time, questions are being asked, looking back, about whether company management waited too long before pumping seawater into the plant, a measure that would ruin and has now ruined the reactors;[31][32] and, looking forward, "whether time is working for or against the workers and soldiers struggling to re-establish cooling at the crippled plant." One report noted that defense minister, Toshimi Kitazawa, on 21 March had committed "military firefighters to spray water around the clock on an overheated storage pool at Reactor No. 3." The report concluded with "a senior nuclear executive who insisted on anonymity but has many contacts in Japan sa[ying that] ... caution ... [as] plant operators have been struggling to reduce workers’ risk ... had increased the risk of a serious accident. He suggested that Japan’s military assume primary responsibility. 'It’s the same trade-off you have to make in war, and that is the sacrifice of a few for the safety of many,' he said. 'But a corporation just cannot do that.'"[31]

There has been considerable criticism to the way TEPCO handled the crisis. It was reported that seawater was used only after Prime Minister Naoto Kan ordered it following an explosion at one reactor the evening of 12 March, though executives had started considering it that morning. TEPCO didn't begin using seawater at other reactors until 13 March.[32] Referring to that same early decision-making sequence, "Michael Friedlander, a former senior operator at a Pennsylvania power plant with General Electric reactors similar to the troubled ones in Japan, said the crucial question is whether Japanese officials followed G.E.’s emergency operating procedures." Kuni Yogo, a former atomic energy policy planner in Japan’s Science and Technology Agency[31] and Akira Omoto, a former TEPCO executive and a member of the Japanese Atomic Energy Commission[32] both questioned TEPCO's management's decisions in the crisis. Kazuma Yokota, a safety inspector with Japan's Nuclear and Industrial Safety Agency, or NISA, was at Fukushima I at the time of the earthquake and tsunami and provided details of the early progression of the crisis.[32]

The Fukushima disaster displaced 50,000 households in the evacuation zone because of radioactivity releases into the air, soil and sea.[9] In 2012 it was reported that 8.5 tonnes of radioactive water had leaked from Fukushima Daiichi No.4.[1]

In June 2012 TEPCO revealed, that in 2006 and 2008 TEPCO-employees made two studies in which the effect of tsunami-waves higher than the "official" expected height of 5.7 meters was studied on the performance of the reactors. This was done after the large Indian Ocean tsunami in 2004. The conclusion from the simulation in 2006 was, that a 13.5 meter wave would cause a complete loss of all power and would make it impossible to inject water into reactor No.5. The costs to protect the plant for such an event was estimated to be about 25 million dollars. In 2008 the effect of a 10 meter high tsunami was calculated. TEPCO failed in both cases to take advantage of this knowledge, and nothing was done to prevent such an event to happen, because the study sessions were conducted only as a training for junior employees, and the company did not really expect such large tsunamis.[33]

TEPCO subsequently signed a partnership with French company Areva to treat the contaminated water.[34]

In 2016 three former TEPCO executives, chairman Tsunehisa Katsumata and two vice presidents, were indicted for negligence resulting in death and injury.[35][36]

Company future

On 30 March 2011, the president of TEPCO, Masataka Shimizu, was hospitalized with symptoms of dizziness and high blood pressure in the wake of an increasingly serious outlook for the Fukushima plant and increasing levels of radiation from the stricken plant, as well as media reports of TEPCO's imminent nationalization or bankruptcy triggered by the situation at the Fukushima plant.[37]

On July 31, 2012, TEPCO was substantially nationalized by receiving a capital injection of 1 trillion yen (US$12.5bn) from the Nuclear Damage Liability Facilitation Fund (currently Nuclear Damage Compensation and Decommissioning Facilitation Corporation), a government-backed support body. The Fund holds the majority (50.11%) of voting rights with an option to raise that figure to 88.69% by converting preferred stocks into common stocks. This Japan's biggest utility had received by the end of February 2016 at least 5.7609 trillion yen in state support since the tsunami.[38][non-primary source needed] The total cost of the disaster was estimated at $100bn in May 2012. In April all Japanese nuclear reactors were closed.[39]

Offices

Name Location
Corporate Headquarters 1-1-3 Uchisaiwai-Cho, Chiyoda, Tokyo, Japan
Tokyo Branch 5-4-9 Shinjuku, Shinjuku, Tokyo Service offices: Ginza, Koutou, Ueno, Shibuya, Shinjuku, Otsuka, Ogikubo, Shinagawa
Kanagawa Branch 1-1 Benten-Dori, Naka, Yokohama City, Kanagawa Service offices: Kawasaki, Tsurumi, Yokohama, Fujisawa, Sagamihara, Hiratsuka, Odawara
Chiba Branch 2-9-5 Fujimi, Chuo, Chiba City, Chiba Service offices: Chiba, Keiyou, Toukatsu, Narita, Kisarazu
Washington, D.C. Office 2121 K Street, NW, Suite 920, Washington D.C.
London Office Wing 7, Fourth Floor, Berkeley Square House, Berkeley Square London W1J 6BR, UK

Power plants

Nuclear

Name Location Number of units Generation Capacity (MW)
Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant 22 Kitahara, Mezawa, Okuma Town, Futaba County, Fukushima 6 (of which 3 were damaged beyond repair, 1 with extensive damage and 2 with little damage after the 2011 earthquake and tsunami) +2 (cancelled at paper plan stage) 4,696 (permanently suspended)
Fukushima Daini Nuclear Power Plant 12 Obamatsukuri, Namikura, Narawa Town, Futaba County, Fukushima 4 (suspended)[40] 4,400 (idle)
Kashiwazaki-Kariwa Nuclear Power Plant 16-46 Aoyama-Cho, Kashiwazaki City, Niigata 7 (suspended)[40] 7,965 (idle)

In March 2008, Tokyo Electric announced that the start of operation of four new nuclear power reactors would be postponed by one year due to the incorporation of new earthquake resistance assessments. Units 7 and 8 of the Fukushima Daiichi plant would now enter commercial operation in October 2014 and October 2015, respectively. However, following the nuclear crisis of 2011, these plans have been cancelled.[41] According to TEPCO's official regulatory paper, starting operation of Higashidori is expressed as 'Not yet determined'.[42]

Fossil fuel

Name Location Units Capacity (MW)
Hirono Power Station Hirono-Cho, Futaba, Fukushima 5 (operational) + 1 (under construction) 3,800 (operational) + 600(under construction)
Hitachinaka Power Station 768-23 Terunuma, Toukai, Naka, Ibaraki 1 (operational) + 1 (under construction) 1,000 (operational) + 1,000(under construction)
Kashima Power Station 9 Higashi-Wada, Kamisu City, Ibaraki 6 (operational) + 1 (under construction) 4,400 (operational) + 1,248(under construction)
Chiba Power Station Soga-Machi, Chiba City, Chiba 2 (operational) + 1 (under construction) 2,880 (operational) + 1,500(under construction)
Goi Power Station 1 Goi-Kaigan, Ichihara City, Chiba 6 (operational) 1,886 (operational)
Anegasaki Power Station 3 Anegasaki-Kaigan, Ichihara City, Chiba 6 (operational) 3,600 (operational)
Sodegaura Power Station 2-1 Nakasode, Sodegaura City, Chiba 4 (operational) 3,600 (operational)
Futtsu Power Station 25 Shintomi, Futtsu City, Chiba 4 (operational) 5,040 (operational)
Shinagawa Power Station 5-6-22 Higashi-Shinagawa, Shinagawa, Tokyo 1 (operational) 1,140 (operational)
Oi Thermal Power Station 1-2-2 Yashio, Shinagawa, Tokyo 3 (operational) 1,050 (operational)
Kawasaki Power Station 5-1 Chidori-Cho, Kawasaki, Kawasaki City, Kanagawa 1 (operational) + 1 (under construction) 2,000 (operational) + 1,420(under construction)
Higashi Ogishima Power Station 3 Higashi-Ogishima, Kawasaki, Kawasaki City, Kanagawa 2 (operational) 2,000 (operational)
Yokohama Power Station 11-1 Daikoku-Cho, Tsurumi, Yokohama City, Kanagawa 4 (operational) 3,325 (operational)
Minami Yokohama Power Station 37-1 Shin-Isogo-Cho, Isogo, Yokohama City, Kanagawa 3 (operational) 1,150 (operational)
Yokosuka Thermal Power Station 9-2-1 Kurihama, Yokosuka City, Kanagawa 4 (operational) +4 (standby) 874 (operational) + 1,400 (standby)

Hydro

TEPCO has a total of 160 hydroelectric stations with a total capacity of 8,520 MW

Electric vehicle batteries and recharging

Main articles: Electric vehicle battery and Plug-in hybrid

Under the lead of an organization affiliated with the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry, the Tokyo Electric Power Company is working out next-gen car battery norms.[43] It has developed a specification for high-voltage DC automotive fast charging using a JARI Level 3 DC connector, and formed the CHΛdeMO (stands for Charge and Move) association with Japanese automakers Mitsubishi, Nissan and Subaru to promote it.[44]

The city of Tokyo: second largest shareholder

On 11 April 2012 TEPCO announced that Tokyo had temporarily become the largest shareholder of the firm with 9.37 percent voting rights, after former largest share holders Dai-ichi Life Nippon Life Insurance Co. and Nippon Life Insurance Co. had sold their 3.42 and 3.29 percent stakes in the company. The two life insurance companies had lost their interest in TEPCO after the shares had lost almost all their value at the stock market. At the next shareholders meeting of TEPCO in June 2012, Tokyo hoped to put a halt to TEPCO's plans raising the price of electricity.[45] This position was changed by later ownership changes.

TEPCO to cancel nuclear promotion abroad

Early June 2012 TEPCO announced that it would cancel all export of nuclear expertise abroad, because it needed to focus on the stabilisation of the damaged reactors in Fukushima. All participation in a program to supply and run two nuclear reactors at a plant in Vietnam would be cancelled. This project undertaken by International Nuclear Energy Development, a public company set up in 2010 by heavy machinery producers and power companies, including TEPCO, aims to promote Japanese nuclear expertise and exports. According to Naomi Hirose, director of TEPCO, “Our atomic power engineers still need to do a lot more to stabilise and decommission the reactors” at the crippled Fukushima Daiichi plant,"and: “It is impossible” to abandon the domestic task and promote exports."[46][47]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d e "Annual Report 2015" (PDF). TEPCO.
  2. ^ Japanese nuclear exports consortium launches
  3. ^ INCJ founding members
  4. ^ MAI consortium members
  5. ^ a b Tokyo Electric Has First Loss in 28 Years on Shutdown
  6. ^ Tokyo Electric stays in red in FY 2008
  7. ^ a b Antoni Slodkowski (April 11, 2011). "TEPCO may face $23.6 billion compensation costs: JP Morgan". Reuters.
  8. ^ a b "Japan to control TEPCO to handle compensation claims after nuclear disaster". Herald Sun. April 20, 2011.
  9. ^ a b Takahiko Hyuga and Tsuyoshi Inajima (June 10, 2011). "Police to Send Riot Squads to TEPCO Meeting". Bloomberg.
  10. ^ a b McCurry, Justin (9 May 2012). "Fukushima owner saved from collapse by Japanese government". The Guardian. Retrieved 11 July 2012.
  11. ^ Mitsuru, Obe (27 June 2012). "TEPCO shareholders OK nationalization plan". MarketWatch. Retrieved 11 July 2012.
  12. ^ Today, Japan has 10 regional electric companies, including Okinawa electric power. But Okinawa was occupied by US until 1972.
  13. ^ Martin, Alex, "When it comes to mighty TEPCO, pride goes before the fall", Japan Times, 17 May 2011, p. 3.
  14. ^ Okada, Yuji (25 April 2011). "Tepco to Cut Worker, Board Pay as Much as 50% to Pare Costs". Bloomberg.
  15. ^ Inajima, Tsuyoshi; Okada, Yuji (26 April 2011). "Tepco Workers Agree to Up to 25% Pay Cut After Fukushima Nuclear Accident". Bloomberg.
  16. ^ The Daily Yomiuri TEPCO rate hike reduced to 8.47% July 20 2012 Retrieved on July 22, 2012
  17. ^ The Daily Yomiuri TEPCO to sell staff hospital July 2012 Retrieved on July 22, 2012
  18. ^ The Mainichi Shimbun (03 July 2013) TEPCO seeks screening to restart nuclear reactors with eye on grim financial status [dead link]
  19. ^ "TEPCO to conduct rolling blackout amid power shortage". Reuters. 13 March 2011.
  20. ^ Japan Earthquake Update (11 March 2011, 11:45 UTC)
  21. ^ Rolling blackouts continue
  22. ^ "Heavy fallout from Japan nuclear scandal". CNN. 2 September 2002. Retrieved 15 March 2011.
  23. ^ Cooke, Stephanie (2009). In Mortal Hands: A Cautionary History of the Nuclear Age. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 388. ISBN 978-1-59691-617-3.
  24. ^ Martin Fackler (June 1, 2011). "Report Finds Japan Underestimated Tsunami Danger". New York Times.
  25. ^ "Cooling system pump stops at Tokai No.2 plant-Kyodo; Energy & Oil; Reuters". af.reuters.com. 13 March 2011. Retrieved 13 March 2011.
  26. ^ Takenaka, Kiyoshi (13 March 2011). "Tokai No.2 nuke plant cooling process working - operator | Reuters". uk.reuters.com. Retrieved 13 March 2011. Japan Atomic Power said Monday that the cooling process was working at its Tokai No.2 nuclear power plant's reactor although two of the three diesel power generators used for cooling were out of order.
  27. ^ Black, Richard (15 March 2011). "Reactor breach worsens prospects". BBC News. Retrieved March 17, 2011.
  28. ^ Biela Liwag. "Government Scientists on Japan Nuke Meltdown "No need to worry"". Noypi.ph. Retrieved March 14, 2011.
  29. ^ Yoichi Funabashi and Kay Kitazawa (March 1, 2012). "Fukushima in review: A complex disaster, a disastrous response". Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists.
  30. ^ Tabuchi, Hiroko, and Norimitsu Onishi, "Progress at Japan Reactors; New Signs of Food Radiation", The New York Times, March 20, 2011. Retrieved 2011-03-20.
  31. ^ a b c Belson, Ken, Keith Bradsher and Matthew L. Wald, "Executives May Have Lost Valuable Time at Damaged Nuclear Plant", The New York Times, March 19, 2011. Retrieved 2011-03-21.
  32. ^ a b c d Shirouzu, Norihiko, Phred Dvorak, Yuka Hayashi and Andrew Morse, "Bid to 'Protect Assets' Slowed Reactor Fight", The Wall Street Journal, March 21, 2011. Retrieved 2011-03-21.
  33. ^ JAIF (14 June 2012) Earthquake-report 443: TEPCO studied huge tsunamis in in-house training
  34. ^ TEPCO-AREVA Contract to Treat Contaminated Water at #Fukushima I Nuke Plant Is Shrouded in Secrecy | EXSKF. Ex-skf.blogspot.com (2011-05-26). Retrieved on 2013-08-23.
  35. ^ "3 former TEPCO executives face criminal trial over Fukushima crisis". The Asahi Shimbun. 31 July 2015. Archived from the original on 14 March 2016. Retrieved 13 March 2016. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  36. ^ "Fukushima disaster: Ex-Tepco executives charged with negligence". BBC News. 29 February 2016. Retrieved 13 March 2016.
  37. ^ 'TEPCO president hospitalized as pressure mounts on firm' BBC News 30 March 2011.
  38. ^ Financial Assistance from the Nuclear Damage Compensation and Decommissioning Facilitation Corporation. TEPCO (2016-02-24). Retrieved on 2016-03-12.
  39. ^ Fukushima owner saved from collapse by Japanese government. Guardian 9 May 2012.
  40. ^ a b All 17 of TEPCO's N-reactors now halted
  41. ^ New Japanese nuclear power reactors delayed
  42. ^ TEPCO (2013-03-28). "The Outline of the Fiscal Year 2013 Electricity Supply Plan" (PDF). Retrieved 2013-05-08.
  43. ^ Japan firms to work out next-gen car battery norms: Scientific American
  44. ^ "Tokyo Electric Power Licenses Aker Wade to Build Level III Fast Chargers". Green Car Congress. 2010-01-15. Retrieved 2010-04-13.
  45. ^ The Mainichi Shimbun (11 April 2012)Tokyo becomes largest shareholder in TEPCO
  46. ^ The Tokyo Times (02 July 2012)TEPCO to cancel nuclear promotion abroad
  47. ^ Yahoo TEPCO to cancel nuclear promotion abroad
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