Jump to content

2014 Winter Olympics

Page semi-protected
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from 2014 Sochi Olympics)
"Sochi 2014" redirects here. For the Winter Paralympics, see 2014 Winter Paralympics.
"2014 Olympics" redirects here. For the Summer Youth Olympics held in Nanjing, China, see 2014 Summer Youth Olympics.

XXII Olympic Winter Games
Sochi 2014 Winter Olympics official logo
Emblem of the 2014 Winter Olympics
LocationSochi, Russia
MottoHot. Cool. Yours.
(Russian: Жаркие. Зимние. Твои., romanized: Zharkie. Zimnie. Tvoi)
Nations88
Athletes2,747 (1,644 men, 1,103 women)
Events98 in 7 sports (15 disciplines)
Opening7 February 2014
Closing23 February 2014
Opened by
President Vladimir Putin
Cauldron
StadiumFisht Olympic Stadium
Winter
Summer
2014 Winter Paralympics
Olympic rings
Part of a series on
2014 Winter Olympics

The 2014 Winter Olympics, officially called the XXII Olympic Winter Games (Russian: XXII Олимпийские зимние игры, romanized: XXII Olimpiyskiye zimniye igry) and commonly known as Sochi 2014 (Russian: Сочи 2014), were an international winter multi-sport event that was held from 7 to 23 February 2014 in Sochi, Russia. Opening rounds in certain events were held on 6 February 2014, the day before the opening ceremony.

These were the first Olympic Games under the International Olympic Committee (IOC) presidency of Thomas Bach. Both the Olympics and Paralympics were organized by the Sochi Organizing Committee (SOOC). Sochi was selected as the host city in July 2007, during the 119th IOC Session held in Guatemala City. It was the first Olympics to be held in a CIS state and former Warsaw Pact state after the Revolutions of 1989 and the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991. The Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic previously hosted the Summer Olympics in 1980.

A record ninety-eight events in fifteen winter sport disciplines were held during the Games. A number of new competitions—a total of twelve accounting for gender—were held during the Games, including biathlon mixed relay, women's ski jumping, mixed-team figure skating, mixed-team luge, half-pipe skiing, ski and snowboard slopestyle, and snowboard parallel slalom. The events were held around two clusters of new venues: an Olympic Park constructed in Sochi's Imeretinsky Valley on the coast of the Black Sea, with Fisht Olympic Stadium, and the Games' indoor venues located within walking distance; and snow events in the resort settlement of Krasnaya Polyana.

The 2014 Winter Olympics were the most expensive Games in the history of the Olympics. While originally budgeted at US$12 billion, major cost overruns caused this figure to expand to US$51 billion, more than three times the cost of the 2012 London Olympics and even surpassing the estimated cost of US$44 billion for the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing. The 2014 Games achieved a record broadcast audience of 2.1 billion people worldwide.[1]

In 2016, an independent report commissioned by the World Anti-Doping Agency confirmed allegations that the Russian Olympic team had been involved in a state-sponsored doping program, active from at least late 2011 through August 2015. The program was active during the Winter Olympics in Sochi, and athletes had benefited from the cover-up.[2][3][4] The IOC stripped thirteen medals from Russian athletes in 2017, but nine were reinstated by the Court of Arbitration for Sport. In December 2017, the IOC voted to suspend the Russian Olympic Committee, with an option for whitelisted athletes to compete independently during the 2018 Winter Olympics.[5][6]

Bidding process

Main article: Bids for the 2014 Winter Olympics
Fans celebrating Sochi's bid win

Sochi was elected on 4 July 2007 during the 119th International Olympic Committee (IOC) session held in Guatemala City, Guatemala, defeating bids from Salzburg, Austria; and Pyeongchang, South Korea.[7] This is the first time that the Russian Federation has hosted the Winter Olympics. The Soviet Union was the host of the 1980 Summer Olympics held in and around Moscow.

2014 host city election – ballot results[8]
City Country Round
1 2
Sochi  Russia 34 51
Pyeongchang  South Korea 36 47
Salzburg  Austria 25 —

Cost and financing

See also: Cost of the Olympic Games

As of October 2013, the estimated combined cost of the 2014 Winter Olympics had topped US$51 billion.[9] This amount included the cost for Olympic games themselves and cost of Sochi infrastructural projects (roads, railroads, power plants). This total is over four times the initial budget of $12 billion (compared to the $8 billion spent for the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver), and made the Sochi games the most expensive Olympics in history, exceeding the estimated $44 billion cost of the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing,[10] which hosted 3 times as many events.[11] Dmitry Kozak was the main overseer for the events in Sochi.[12][13][14]

In its final budget published in June 2014, Olimpstroy—the state corporation that oversaw the Sochi Olympics development—reported the total allocated funds for the 2014 Sochi Winter Olympics of 1,524 billion rubles (US$49.5 billion).[15] However, only about a fifth of that budget ($10.8 billion) was directly related to the Olympic games, while the rest went into urban and regional regeneration and the conversion of the Sochi region into an all-year round sea and alpine resort.[15] The breakdown table below is based on a report that has analyzed the distribution of Olimpstroy's $49.5 billion budget. Estimates also suggest that additional unrecoverable operational costs (including for security) could have added another $3 billion.[15]

The breakdown of the 2014 Sochi Winter Olympics costs

Costs breakdown[15]
Item Cost
million RUB million US$
Direct Olympics costs (a)+(b)+(c) 331,098 10,753
(a) Olympic venues 221,592 7,197
Coastal Cluster 96,366 3,130
Fisht Olympic Stadium 18,994 617
Bolshoy Ice Dome 10,102 328
Shayba Arena 3,484 113
Adler Arena Skating Centre 7,406 241
Iceberg Skating Palace 8,127 264
Ice Cube Curling Centre 735 24
Main Media Centre 17,426 566
The Olympic Park 9,871 321
Olympic Village (3000 places) 12,217 397
A complex for Olympic partners (1285 apartments) 8,003 260
Mountain Cluster 125,226 4,067
Rosa Khutor Extreme Park (freestyle skiing, snowboarding) 3,393 110
Rosa Khutor Alpine Skiing Centre 11,911 387
Sanki Sliding Centre (bobsleigh, luge, skeleton) 7,487 243
RusSki Gorki Jumping Centre (ski jumps, Nordic combined) 9,889 321
Laura Centre (biathlon and cross-country) and Olympic Village (1100 places) 74,525 2,420
Main Alpine Olympic Village (2600 places) at Rosa Khutor 18,021 585
(b) Site preparation and supporting infrastructure 85,370 2,773
Key infrastructure for Olympic venues (roads, energy, water, waste, security), planning and other works 81,413 2,644
SOCOG office building 3,957 129
(c) Operational costs (part of) 24,135 784
Opening/closing ceremonies (equipment and organisation) 3,444 112
Broadcasting and photo equipment 13,330 433
Vehicles for visitors and logistics 6,958 226
Live Sites city programme 403 13
INDIRECT COSTS (d)+(e) 1,193,348 38,758
(d) Skiing and tourist resorts 189,937 6,169
Gazprom Alpine Tourist Centre 60,723 1,972
Rosa Khutor 35,078 1,139
Gornaya Karusel/Gorky Gorod 72,728 2,362
Alpika Service 21,408 695
(e) Other projects 1,003,411 32,589
Hotels and health resorts 130,755 4,247
Formula One racing 11,982 389
Olympic University 12,946 420
Combined road and railroad linking the two clusters 317,224 10,303
Railways and rail terminals 38,015 1,235
Road infrastructure 189,532 6,156
Sochi Airport 22,895 744
Sochi Seaport 27,673 899
Housing projects 11,379 370
Power generation and grids 74,305 2,413
Gasification projects 46,048 1,496
Other engineering, water, waste, telecommunications and other infrastructure 104,912 3,407
Nature and culture parks 11,346 369
Two hospitals 4,399 143
Total (a)+(b)+(c)+(d)+(e) 1,524,445 49,511

Venues

Main article: Venues of the 2014 Winter Olympics
class=notpageimage|
Location of Sochi on the eastern coast of the Black Sea in Europe.
Sochi from space, showing locations of Olympic park and ski venues

With an average February temperature of 8.3 °C (46.9 °F) and a humid subtropical climate, Sochi is the warmest city to host a Winter Olympic Games.[16] Sochi 2014 is the 12th straight Olympics to outlaw smoking; all Sochi venues, Olympic Park bars and restaurants and public areas were smoke-free during the Games.[17] It is also the first time that an Olympic Park has been built for hosting winter games.[citation needed]

Sochi Olympic Park (Coastal Cluster)

Main article: Sochi Olympic Park
Aerial view of the Sochi Olympic Park
Panoramic view of the Sochi Olympic Park

The Sochi Olympic Park was built by the Black Sea coast in the Imeretinsky Valley, about 4 km (2.5 miles) from Russia's border with Abkhazia/Georgia.[18][19] The venues were clustered around a central water basin on which the Medals Plaza is built, allowing all indoor venues to be within walking distance. It also features "The Waters of the Olympic Park" (designed by California-based company WET), a choreographed fountain which served as the backdrop in the medals awards and the opening and closing ceremonies of the event.[20][21] The new venues include:[22]

A sketch of the layout of Sochi Olympic Park.

Krasnaya Polyana (Mountain Cluster)

Main article: Krasnaya Polyana, Sochi, Krasnodar Krai
Chairlift in Krasnaya Polyana
2014 Winter Olympics Mountain Cluster Venues

Post-Olympic usage

Fisht Olympic Stadium under re-construction in 2015.

A street circuit known as the Sochi Autodrom was constructed in and around Olympic Park. Its primary use is to host the Formula One Russian Grand Prix, which held its inaugural edition in October 2014.[23][24]

In January 2015, work began on adapting Fisht Olympic Stadium into an open-air football stadium to host matches during the 2018 FIFA World Cup.[25][26]

A new ice hockey team in the Kontinental Hockey League, HC Sochi Leopards, now plays in Bolshoy Arena.

Marketing

Main article: 2014 Winter Olympics marketing

Construction

Vladimir Putin with George W. Bush and Laura Bush examining the models of the Olympic facilities for Sochi, April 2008
100 Russian ruble banknote issued in 2013 by the Central Bank of Russia

The Olympic infrastructure was constructed according to a Federal Target Program (FTP). In June 2009, the Games' organizers reported they were one year ahead in building the main Olympic facilities as compared to recent Olympic Games.[27] In November 2011, IOC President Jacques Rogge was in Sochi and concluded that the city had made significant progress since he last visited eighteen months earlier.[28]

Telecommunications

See also: Telecommunications in Russia

According to the FTP, US$580 million would be spent on construction and modernization of telecommunications in the region. Avaya was named by the Sochi Organizing Committee as the official supplier of telecommunications equipment. Avaya provided the data network equipment, including switches, routers, security, telephones and contact-center systems. It provided engineers and technicians to design and test the systems, and worked with other technology partners to provide athletes, dignitaries and fans information about the Games.[29][30]

The 2014 Olympics is the first "fabric-enabled" Games using Shortest Path Bridging (SPB) technology.[31] The network is capable of handling up to 54 Tbit/s of traffic.[32]

Infrastructure built for the games included:

During the Games, the core networks of Rostelecom and Transtelekom were used.[33]

In January 2012, the newest equipment for the television coverage of the Games arrived in the port of Adler. Prepared specifically for the Games, a team of regional specialists and the latest technology provide a qualitatively new level of television production in the region.[34]

The fiber-optic channel links Sochi between Adler and Krasnaya Polyana. The 46-kilometre-long (29 mi) channel enables videoconferencing and news reporting from the Olympics.[35]

In November 2013, it was reported that the fiber-optic cable that was built by the Federal Communications Agency, Rossvyaz, had no operator. With Rostelecom and Megafon both refusing to operate it, the line was transferred to the ownership of the state enterprise Center for Monitoring & Development of Infocommunication Technologies (Russian: Центр МИР ИТ).[36]

Russian mobile phone operator Megafon expanded and improved Sochi's telecom infrastructure with over 700 new 2G/3G/4G cell towers. Sochi was the first Games to offer 4G connectivity at a speed of 10 MB/sec.

In January 2014, Rostelecom reported that it had connected the Olympic media center in Sochi to the Internet and organized channels of communication with the main media center of the Olympic Games in the coastal cluster and press center in Moscow. The media center was built at total cost of 17 million rubles.[37][38]

Power infrastructure

Night view of Sochi during the Olympics, taken by Expedition 38 members from the International Space Station

A five-year strategy for increasing the power supply of the Sochi region was presented by Russian energy experts during a seminar on 29 May 2009, held by the Sochi 2014 Organizing Committee, and attended by International Olympic Committee (IOC) experts and officials from the Russian Ministry of Regional Development, the Russian Ministry of Energy, the State Corporation Olimpstroy and the Krasnodar Krai administration.[39]

According to the strategy, the capacity of the regional energy network would increase by two and a half times by 2014, guaranteeing a stable power supply during and after the Games.

The power demand of Sochi at the end of May 2009 was 424 MW. The power demand of the Olympic infrastructure was expected to be about 340 MW.

  • Poselkovaya electrical substation became operational in early 2009.
  • Sochi thermal power station reconstructed (expected power output was 160 MW)
  • Laura and Rosa Khutor electrical substations were completed in November 2010
  • Mzymta electrical substation was completed in March 2011
  • Krasnopolyanskaya hydroelectric power station was completed in 2010
  • Adler CHP station design and construction was completed in 2012. Expected power output was 360 MW[40]
  • Bytkha substation, under construction[when?] with two transformers 25 MW each, includes dependable microprocessor-based protection

Earlier plans also include building combined cycle (steam and gas) power stations near the cities of Tuapse and Novorossiysk and construction of a cable-wire powerline, partially on the floor of the Black Sea.[41]

Transportation

See also: Transport in Russia

The transport infrastructure prepared to support the Olympics includes many roads, tunnels, bridges, interchanges, railroads and stations in and around Sochi. Among others, 8 flyovers, 102 bridges, tens of tunnels and a bypass route for heavy trucks – 367 km (228 mi) of roads were paved.[42]

The Sochi Light Metro is located between Adler and Krasnaya Polyana connecting the Olympic Park, Sochi International Airport, and the venues in Krasnaya Polyana.[43]

Olympic Park railway station

The existing 102 km (63-mile), Tuapse-to-Adler railroad was renovated to provide double track throughout, increasing capacity and enabling a reliable regional service to be provided and extending to the airport. In December 2009, Russian Railways ordered 38 Siemens Mobility Desiro trains for delivery in 2013 for use during the Olympics, with an option for a further 16 partly built in Russia.[44]

At Sochi International Airport, a new terminal was built along a 3.5 km (2.2-mile) runway extension, overlapping the Mzymta River.[45]

Sochi seaport

At the Port of Sochi, a new offshore terminal 1.5 km (0.93 mi) from the shore allows docking for cruise ships with capacities of 3,000 passengers.[46] The cargo terminal of the seaport would be moved from the centre of Sochi.

Roadways were detoured, some going around the construction site and others being cut off.[47]

A "Lastochka" (Siemens Desiro) train, which serves the Tuapse–Sochi route

In May 2009, Russian Railways started the construction of tunnel complex No. 1 (the final total is six) on the combined road (automobile and railway) from Adler to Alpica Service Mountain Resort in the Krasnaya Polyana region. The tunnel complex No. 1 is located near Akhshtyr in Adlersky City District, and includes:[48]

  • Escape tunnel, 2.25 kilometres (1.40 mi), completed in 2010
  • Road tunnel, 2,153 metres (7,064 ft), completed in 2013
  • One-track railway tunnel, 2,473 metres (8,114 ft), completed in 2013

Russian Railways president Vladimir Yakunin stated the road construction costed more than 200 billion rubles.[49]

In addition, Sochi's railway stations were renovated. These are Dagomys, Sochi, Matsesta, Khosta, Lazarevskaya, and Loo railway stations. In Adler, a new railway station was built while the original building was preserved, and in the Olympic park cluster, a new station was built from scratch, the Olympic Park railway station. Another new railway station was built in Estosadok, close to Krasnaya Polyana.

Other infrastructure

Sochi at night from space[50]

Funds were spent on the construction of hotels for 10,300 guests.[51] The first of the Olympic hotels, Zvezdny (Stellar), was rebuilt anew.[52] Significant funds were spent on the construction of an advanced sewage treatment system in Sochi, designed by Olimpstroy. The system meets BREF standards and employs top available technologies for environment protection, including tertiary treatment with microfiltration.[53]

Six post offices were opened at competition venues, two of them in the main media centre in Olympic Park and in the mountain village of Estosadok. In addition to standard services, customers had access to unique services including two new products, Fotomarka and Retropismo. Fotomarka presents an opportunity to get a stylised sheet of eight souvenir stamps with one's own photos, using the services of a photographer in the office. Retropismo service allows a customer to write with their own stylus or pen on antique paper with further letters, winding string and wax seal affixing. All the new sites and post offices in Sochi were opened during the Olympics until late night 7 days a week, and employees were trained to speak English.[54]

The Games

Torch relay

Main article: 2014 Winter Olympics torch relay
Torch relay in Moscow

On 29 September 2013, the Olympic torch was lit in Ancient Olympia, beginning a seven-day journey across Greece and on to Russia, then the torch relay started at Moscow on 7 October 2013 before passing 83 Russian cities and arriving at Sochi on the day of the opening ceremony, 7 February 2014.[55] It is the longest torch relay in Olympic history, a 60,000-kilometre (40,000-mile) route that passes through all regions of the country, from Kaliningrad in the west to Chukotka in the east.

The Olympic torch reached the North Pole for first time via a nuclear-powered icebreaker (50 Let Pobedy). The torch was also passed for the first time in space, though not lit for the duration of the flight for safety reasons, on flight Soyuz TMA-11M to the International Space Station (ISS). The spacecraft itself was adorned with Olympic-themed livery including the Games' emblem. Russian cosmonauts Oleg Kotov and Sergey Ryazansky waved the torch on a spacewalk outside the ISS. The torch returned to Earth five days later on board Soyuz TMA-09M.[56][57] The torch also reached Europe's highest mountain, Mount Elbrus, and Siberia's Lake Baikal.[58]

Opening ceremony

Main articles: 2014 Winter Olympics opening ceremony and 2014 Winter Olympics Parade of Nations
Fireworks over Fisht Olympic Stadium following the lighting of the Olympic Cauldron.
The Olympic Rings at Sochi Olympic Park

The opening ceremony of the 2014 Winter Olympics was held on 7 February 2014 at Fisht Olympic Stadium, an indoor arena built specifically for the ceremonies. The ceremony featured scenes based around aspects of Russian history and arts, including ballet, classical music, the Russian Revolution, and the age of the Soviet Union. The opening scene of the ceremony featured a notable technical error, where one of five snowflakes, which were to expand to form the Olympic rings, malfunctioned and did not expand (a mishap mocked by the organizers at the closing ceremony where one of the roundrelay dance groups symbolizing the Olympic rings "failed" to expand). The torch was taken into the stadium by Maria Sharapova, who then passed it to Yelena Isinbayeva who, in turn, passed it to wrestler Aleksandr Karelin. Karelin then passed the torch to gymnast Alina Kabaeva. Figure skater Irina Rodnina took the torch and was met by former ice hockey goalkeeper Vladislav Tretiak, who exited the stadium to jointly light the Olympic cauldron located near the center of Olympic Park.[59][60][61][62]

Participating National Olympic Committees

A record 88 nations qualified to compete,[63] which beat the previous record of 82 set at the previous Winter Olympics in Vancouver. The number of athletes who qualified per country is listed in the table below (number of athletes shown in parentheses). Seven nations made their Winter Olympics debut: Dominica, Malta, Paraguay, Timor-Leste, Togo, Tonga, and Zimbabwe.[64] The Winter debut of Malta meant that for the first time ever, all of the current members of the European Olympic Committees participated at the Winter Olympics.

Kristina Krone qualified to compete in her second consecutive games for Puerto Rico, but the island's Olympic Committee once again chose not to send her to compete.[65] Similarly, South Africa decided not to send alpine skier Sive Speelman to Sochi.[66] Algeria also did not enter its only qualified athlete, Mehdi-Selim Khelifi.[67]

India's athletes originally competed as Independent Olympic Participants and marched under the Olympic flag during the opening ceremony, as India was originally suspended in December 2012 over the election process of the Indian Olympic Association.[68] On 11 February, the Indian Olympic Association was reinstated and India's athletes were allowed the option to compete under their own flag from that time onward.[69] Although Shiva Keshavan competed as an Independent athlete and is recorded as such, he was permitted to walk under the flag of India at the Closing Ceremony.

  The participating countries at the 2014 Winter Olympics
  Debuting countries at the Winter Olympics
  Yellow circle is host city (Sochi)
Number of participating athletes by country
  100+
  30-99
  10-29
  4-9
  1-3
Participating National Olympic Committees (number of qualifying athletes)
NOCs that participated in 2010, but not in 2014. NOCs that participated in 2014, but not in 2010.

National houses

During the Games some countries had a national house, a meeting place for supporters, athletes and other followers.[70] Houses could be either free for visitors to access or have limited access by invitation only.[71]

Nation Location Name Website
 Austria Mountain Cluster Austria Tirol House
 Canada[72] Coastal Cluster (Next to Fisht Olympic Stadium) Canada House
 China[73] Zhemchuzhina hotel China House
 Czech Republic[74] Adler Czech House
 France[75] Gornaya Karusel (Mountain Cluster) Club France Official website
 Germany[76] Estosadok, Krasnaya Polyana (Mountain Cluster) German House Official website
 Italy[77] Olympic Park (Coastal Cluster) Italy House Official website
 Japan[71] Olympic Park (Coastal Cluster) Japan House
 Latvia[78] Radisson Hotel Latvian House
 Netherlands[79] Azimut Hotel Resort (near Coastal Cluster) Holland Heineken House Official website
 Russia[71] Olympic Park (Coastal Cluster) Russia House
 Slovakia[80] Sochi railway station Slovak Point
 South Korea[81] Olympic Park (Coastal Cluster) Korea House
 Switzerland[71] Olympic Park (Coastal Cluster) House of Switzerland Official website
 United States[82] Olympic Park (Coastal Cluster) USA House Official website

Sports

The 2014 Winter Olympics featured 98 events over 15 disciplines in 7 sports. A total of twelve new events were contested, making it the largest Winter Olympics to date.[83]

  1. Biathlon
  2. Bobsleigh
  3. Curling
  4. Ice hockey
  5. Luge
  6. Skating
  7. Skiing

Numbers in parentheses indicate the number of medal events contested in each separate discipline.

New events

Postage stamps of Transnistria, Sochi Olympic Games (2014)

On 6 April 2011, the IOC accepted a number of events that were submitted by their respective sports federations to be considered for inclusion into the official program of these Olympic Games.[84] The events included a Figure skating team event, Women's ski jumping, Mixed relay biathlon, Ski half-pipe, and Team relay luge.

On 4 July 2011, the IOC announced that three events would be added to the program.[85] These events, which were officially declared by Olympic Committee President Jacques Rogge on 4 July 2011, were: Ski slopestyle, Snowboard slopestyle, Snowboard parallel special slalom.[86]

Team alpine skiing was also presented as a candidate for inclusion in the Olympic program but the executive board of the IOC rejected this proposal. The International Ski Federation persisted with the nomination and this was considered.[87] There were reports of bandy possibly being added to the sports program,[88][89][90] but the IOC rejected this request. Subsequently, the international governing body, Federation of International Bandy, decided that Irkutsk and Shelekhov in Russia would host the 2014 Bandy World Championship just before the Olympics.

On 28 November 2006, the executive board of the IOC decided not to include ski mountaineering,[91] ski-orienteering,[92] or winter triathlon[93] in the review process of the program.[93]

Closing ceremony

Main article: 2014 Winter Olympics closing ceremony

The closing ceremony was held on 23 February 2014 between 20:14 MSK (UTC+4) and 22:25 MSK (UTC+4) at the Fisht Olympic Stadium in Sochi.[94] The ceremony was dedicated to Russian culture featuring world-renowned Russian stars like conductor and violinist Yuri Bashmet, conductor Valery Gergiev, pianist Denis Matsuev, singer Hibla Gerzmava and violinist Tatiana Samouil. These artists were joined by performers from the Bolshoi and Mariinsky theaters.

Medals

Medals of the 2014 Winter Olympics
Main article: List of 2014 Winter Olympics medal winners

Sochi's medal design was unveiled in May 2013. The design is intended to resemble Sochi's landscape, with a semi-translucent section containing a "patchwork quilt" of diamonds representing mountains; the diamonds themselves contain designs that reflect Russia's regions.[95] Those who won gold medals on 15 February received special medals with fragments of the Chelyabinsk meteor, marking the one-year anniversary of the event where pieces of the cosmic body fell into the Chebarkul Lake in the Ural Mountains in central Russia.[96]

Medal table

Main article: 2014 Winter Olympics medal table

The top ten listed NOCs by number of gold medals are listed below. The host nation, Russia, is highlighted.

  *   Host nation (Russia)

RankNOCGoldSilverBronzeTotal
1 Norway116926
2 Russia*‡1010929
3 Canada1010525
4 United States‡991028
5 Netherlands87924
6 Germany86519
7 Switzerland‡72211
8 Belarus5016
9 Austria48517
10 France44715
11–26Remaining NOCs22353794
Totals (26 entries)989799294

Podium sweeps

Date Sport Event NOC Gold Silver Bronze
8 February Speed skating Men's 5000 metres  Netherlands Sven Kramer Jan Blokhuijsen Jorrit Bergsma
10 February Speed skating Men's 500 metres  Netherlands Michel Mulder Jan Smeekens Ronald Mulder
13 February Freestyle skiing Men's slopestyle  United States Joss Christensen Gus Kenworthy Nick Goepper
16 February Speed skating Women's 1500 metres  Netherlands Jorien ter Mors Ireen Wüst Lotte van Beek
18 February Speed skating Men's 10000 metres  Netherlands Jorrit Bergsma Sven Kramer Bob de Jong
20 February Freestyle skiing Men's ski cross  France Jean-Frédéric Chapuis Arnaud Bovolenta Jonathan Midol
22 February Cross-country skiing Women's 30 kilometre freestyle  Norway Marit Bjørgen Therese Johaug Kristin Størmer Steira
23 February Cross-country skiing Men's 50 kilometre freestyle  Russia Alexander Legkov[a] Maxim Vylegzhanin[a] Ilia Chernousov

a Legkov and Vylegzhanin were initially disqualified by the IOC for doping offenses in November 2017, and their 2014 Olympic medals (gold and silver respectively) were stripped. However, their results were restored on 1 February 2018 following a successful appeal.

Calendar

Main article: Chronological summary of the 2014 Winter Olympics

In the following calendar each blue box represents one or more event competition(s), such as a qualification round, on that day. The yellow boxes represent medal-awarding finals for a sport with in each box the number of finals that were contested on that day.[97]

All dates are MSK (UTC+4)
OC Opening ceremony ● Event competitions 1 Event finals EG Exhibition gala CC Closing ceremony
February 6th
Thu 		7th
Fri 		8th
Sat 		9th
Sun 		10th
Mon 		11th
Tue 		12th
Wed 		13th
Thu 		14th
Fri 		15th
Sat 		16th
Sun 		17th
Mon 		18th
Tue 		19th
Wed 		20th
Thu 		21st
Fri 		22nd
Sat 		23rd
Sun 		Events
Ceremonies OC CC —
Alpine skiing 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 10
Biathlon 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 11
Bobsleigh ● 1 ● 1 ● 1 3
Cross-country skiing 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 12
Curling ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● 1 1 2
Figure skating ● ● 1 ● 1 ● 1 ● 1 ● 1 EG 5
Freestyle skiing ● 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 10
Ice hockey ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● 1 ● ● 1 2
Luge ● 1 ● 1 1 1 4
Nordic combined 1 1 1 3
Short track speed skating 1 1 2 1 3 8
Skeleton ● 1 1 2
Ski jumping ● 1 1 ● 1 1 4
Snowboarding ● 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 10
Speed skating 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ● 2 12
Daily medal events 5 8 5 8 6 6 6 7 4 5 7 8 6 7 7 3 98
Cumulative total 5 13 18 26 32 38 44 51 55 60 67 75 81 88 95 98
February 6th
Thu 		7th
Fri 		8th
Sat 		9th
Sun 		10th
Mon 		11th
Tue 		12th
Wed 		13th
Thu 		14th
Fri 		15th
Sat 		16th
Sun 		17th
Mon 		18th
Tue 		19th
Wed 		20th
Thu 		21st
Fri 		22nd
Sat 		23rd
Sun 		Total events

Security

Measures

Security during both the Olympics and Paralympics were handled by over 40,000 law enforcement officials, including police and the Russian Armed Forces.[98][99] A presidential decree signed by President Vladimir Putin took effect on 7 January, requiring that any protests and demonstrations in Sochi and the surrounding area through 21 March (the end of the Paralympics) be approved by the Federal Security Service.[100] For the duration of the decree, travel restrictions were also in effect in and around Sochi: "controlled" zones, dubbed the "ring of steel" by the media, covered the Coastal and Mountain clusters which encompass all of the Games' venues and infrastructure, including transport hubs such as railway stations. To enter controlled areas, visitors were required to pass through security checkpoints with X-ray machines, metal detectors and explosive material scanners.[101] Several areas were designated as "forbidden", including Sochi National Park and the border with Abkhazia.[100][102] An unmanned aerial vehicle squadron, along with S-400 and Pantsir-S1 air defense rockets were used to protect Olympic airspace. Four gunboats were also deployed on the Black Sea to protect the coastline.[103]

A number of security organizations and forces began stationing in and around Sochi in January 2014; Russia's Ministry of Emergency Situations (EMERCOM) was stationed in Sochi for the Games beginning on 7 January 2014.[104][105] A group of 10,000 Internal Troops of the Ministry of Interior also provided security services during the Games.[106] In mid-January, 1,500 Siberian Regional Command troops were stationed in a military town near Krasnaya Polyana.[107] A group of 400 Cossacks in traditional uniforms were also present to accompany police patrols.[108][109] The 58th Army unit of the Russian Armed Forces were defending the Georgia–Russia border.[110] The United States also supplied Navy ships and other assets for security purposes.[111]

All communication and Internet traffic by Sochi residents was captured and filtered through deep packet inspection systems at all mobile networks using the SORM system.[112][113]

Former professional speed skater and current deputy of the Russian State Duma Svetlana Zhurova has stated that the 2014 Sochi Olympics were Vladimir Putin's personal project to showcase Russia to the world.[114]

Incidents and threats

Organizers received several threats prior to the Games. In a July 2013 video release, Chechen Islamist commander Dokka Umarov called for attacks on the Games, stating that the Games were being staged "on the bones of many, many Muslims killed ... and buried on our lands extending to the Red Sea".[115]

Threats were received from the group Vilayat Dagestan, which had claimed responsibility for the Volgograd bombings under the demands of Umarov, and a number of National Olympic Committees had also received threats via e-mail, threatening that terrorists would kidnap or "blow up" athletes during the Games. However, while the IOC did state that the letters "[contained] no threat and appears to be a random message from a member of the public", the U.S. ski and snowboarding teams hired a private security agency to provide additional protection during the Games.[110][116][117]

Media

Broadcasting rights

Main article: List of 2014 Winter Olympics broadcasters

In most regions, broadcast rights to the 2014 Winter Olympics were packaged together with broadcast rights for the 2016 Summer Olympics, but some broadcasters obtained rights to further games as well. Domestic broadcast rights were sold by Sportfive to a consortium of three Russian broadcasters: Channel One, VGTRK, and NTV Plus.[118]

In the United States, the 2014 Winter Olympics were the first in a new, US$4.38 billion contract with NBCUniversal, extending its broadcast rights to the Olympic Games through 2020.[119]

In Canada, after losing the 2010 and 2012 Games to Bell Media and Rogers Media, the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation re-gained broadcast rights to the Olympics for the first time since 2008, gaining rights to the 2014 and 2016 Games. Bell and Rogers sub-licensed pay-TV rights for their TSN, Sportsnet and Réseau des sports networks, as well as TVA Group's TVA Sports.[120][121][122][123]

In Australia, after all three major commercial networks pulled out of bidding on rights to both the 2014 and 2016 Games due to cost concerns, the IOC awarded broadcast rights to just the 2014 Winter Olympics to Network Ten for A$20 million.[124][125][126]

Filming

Several broadcasters used the Games to trial the emerging ultra high definition television (UHDTV) standard. Both NTV Plus and Comcast filmed portions of the Games in 4K resolution; Comcast offered its content through smart TV apps, while NTV+ held public and cinema viewings of the content. NHK filmed portions of the Games in 8K resolution for public viewing. Olympic sponsor Panasonic filmed the opening ceremony in 4K.[127][128][129][130]

Concerns and controversies

Main article: Concerns and controversies at the 2014 Winter Olympics

A variety of concerns over the Games, or Russia's hosting of the Games, had been expressed by various entities. Concerns were shown over Russia's policies surrounding the LGBT community, including the government's denial of a proposed Pride House for the Games on moral grounds, and a federal law passed in June 2013 which criminalized the distribution of "propaganda of non-traditional sexual relationships" among minors.[131][132][133][134][135] Severe cost overruns made the 2014 Winter Olympics the most expensive Olympics in history, with Russian politician Boris Nemtsov citing allegations of corruption among government officials,[136] and Allison Stewart of the Saïd Business School at the University of Oxford citing tight relationships between the government and construction firms.[137] It was reported that Putin's annexation of Crimea may have been intended to distract local Russians from corruption stories related to the Games.[138][139]

U.S. broadcaster NBC largely avoided broadcasting material critical of Russia, although several segments deemed "overly friendly to Russia" were criticized by some commentators.[140]

Following the closing ceremony, commentators evaluated the Games to have been successful overall.[141][142]

Circassian genocide

Circassians in Turkey commemorate the Circassian genocide in Taksim, Istanbul

Some Circassian organizations objected to the Games being held on land their ancestors held until 1864,[143][144] when most of them were displaced at the end of the Russian-Circassian War (1763–1864), in the Circassian genocide.[145][146] The use of Krasnaya Polyana ("Red Hill" or "Red Glade") as an event site was considered insensitive, as it was named for a group of Circassians who were defeated in a bloody battle with Russians while attempting to return home over it in 1864.[147][148] Some Circassian groups demanded that the Games be cancelled or moved unless Russia apologized for their actions.[149] Other groups did not outright object to the Games, but suggested that symbols of Circassian history and culture be incorporated into the Games, as Australia, the United States and Canada did for their indigenous cultures in 2000, 2002, and 2010 respectively.[150]

Russian doping scandal

Main articles: Doping in Russia, McLaren Report, and Russia at the 2014 Winter Olympics

Following the Games, reports began to emerge that the Russian Olympic team had participated in a state-run doping program, which supplied their athletes with performance-enhancing drugs. These allegations first emerged in a December 2014 documentary by German public broadcaster ARD,[151] and were detailed further in a May 2016 report by The New York Times—which published allegations by Dr. Grigory Rodchenkov, the former director of Russia's anti-doping laboratory. Rodchenkov alleged that a conspiracy of corrupt anti-doping officials, FSB intelligence agents, and compliant Russian athletes used banned substances to gain an unfair advantage during the Games.[152][153] Rodchenkov stated that the FSB tampered with over 100 urine samples as part of a cover-up, and that at least fifteen of the Russian medals won in Sochi were the result of doping.[152][153][154][155]

The World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) commissioned an independent report by Richard McLaren, which corroborated claims that Russian authorities had been discreetly swapping out urine samples that tested positive for performance-enhancing substances. The report concluded that the program had been operating from "at least late 2011 to August 2015", and had covered up 643 positive samples across Olympic and non-Olympic sports.[156][157][158] As a result, WADA considered the Russian Anti-Doping Agency to be non-compliant with the World Anti-Doping Code, and recommended that Russia be banned from competing in the 2016 Summer Olympics.[159]

Russia was not banned from the 2016 Olympics by the IOC, a decision that was widely criticized by both athletes[160][161][162] and writers;[163][164][165] the IOC only required Russia's athletes to be cleared by an internal panel and their respective sports federations.[166] The IAAF had suspended Russia from international track and field events due to the scandal, but did allow Darya Klishina to participate in the Olympics because she was confirmed not to be a part of a doping program, despite claims that surfaced in her appeal that a sample of Klishina's that had been collected on 26 February 2014 had yielded an illegal testosterone/epitestosterone ratio of 8.5 had been subject to a "SAVE" order by the Ministry of Sport on 3 March 2014.[167][168][169] The International Paralympic Committee suspended the Russian Paralympic Committee and banned the team from the 2016 Summer Paralympics.[170]

On 5 December 2017, the IOC voted to suspend the Russian Olympic Committee, thus banning it from sending athletes under the Russian flag to the 2018 Winter Olympics. Cleared Russian athletes were allowed to participate as "Olympic Athletes from Russia" (OAR).[5][6] Two of them – curler Alexander Krushelnitskiy, who won a bronze medal, and bobsledder Nadezhda Sergeeva – failed drug tests during the Games.

The IOC's Oswald Commission disqualified and banned 43 Russian athletes, and stripped thirteen medals they earned in Sochi.[171] In December 2017, 42 of the 43 punished athletes appealed to the Court of Arbitration for Sport (CAS). On 1 February 2018, the CAS found that the IOC provided insufficient evidence and cleared 28 athletes from IOC sanctions. In total, Russian athletes won back 9 of the 13 medals collected. For 11 other athletes, the CAS decided that there was sufficient evidence to uphold their Sochi sanctions, but reduced their lifetime bans to only the 2018 Winter Olympics.[172] The IOC said in a statement that "the result of the CAS decision does not mean that athletes from the group of 28 will be invited to the [2018 Winter Olympic] Games. Not being sanctioned does not automatically confer the privilege of an invitation" and that "this [case] may have a serious impact on the future fight against doping". The IOC found it important to note that the CAS Secretary General "insisted that the CAS decision does not mean that these 28 athletes are innocent” and that they would consider an appeal against the court's decision.[173][174] Later that month, the Russian Olympic Committee was reinstated by the IOC, despite failed doping tests during the 2018 Olympics,[175] and the Russian Anti-Doping Agency was re-certified in September, despite the Russian officials not accepting the McLaren report.[176]

Subsequent events

Just 4 days after the closing of the Games, Russian troops entered Ukrainian Crimea and started the formal annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation. Russia formally incorporated Crimea into its territory on 14 March 2014.[177][178]

See also

References

  1. ^ "Sochi 2014 Facts & figures" (PDF). International Olympic Committee. 1 February 2015. Archived (PDF) from the original on 1 October 2016. Retrieved 6 June 2018.
  2. ^ Ruiz, Rebecca R. (9 December 2016). "Russia's Doping Program Laid Bare by Extensive Evidence in Report". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 2 March 2018. Retrieved 16 December 2017.
  3. ^ Ostlere, Lawrence (9 December 2016). "McLaren report: more than 1,000 Russian athletes involved in doping conspiracy". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 30 November 2017. Retrieved 16 December 2017.
  4. ^ Ellingworth, James (13 December 2016). "Emails show how Russian officials covered up mass doping". Associated Press. Archived from the original on 14 December 2016.
  5. ^ a b Ruiz, Rebecca; Panja, Tariq (5 December 2017). "Russia Banned from Winter Olympics by I.O.C." The New York Times. Archived from the original on 6 December 2017. Retrieved 5 December 2017.
  6. ^ a b Hobson, Will (5 December 2017). "Russia banned from 2018 Olympics for widespread doping program". The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Archived from the original on 17 December 2017. Retrieved 5 December 2017.
  7. ^ "Sochi Elected as Host City of XXII Olympic Winter Games, International Olympic Committee". Olympic.org. 4 July 2007. Archived from the original on 5 December 2010. Retrieved 17 January 2014.
  8. ^ "IOC's Sochi 2014 Page (refer to the Election of Sochi section)". International Olympic Committee. 4 July 2007. Archived from the original on 19 March 2014. Retrieved 23 September 2020.
  9. ^ Oliphant, Roland (30 October 2013). "Sochi: chaos behind the scenes of world's most expensive Winter Olympics". Daily Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on 13 January 2014. Retrieved 5 February 2014.
  10. ^ Owen Gibson (9 October 2013). "Sochi 2014: the costliest Olympics yet but where has all the money gone?". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 28 January 2017. Retrieved 6 February 2014.
  11. ^ The Waste and Corruption of Vladimir Putin's 2014 Winter Olympics Archived 9 February 2014 at the Wayback Machine, businessweek, 2 January 2014
  12. ^ Kuzmin, Vladimir (24 May 2012). Назначенцы-2012 [Appointees 2012]. Rossiyskaya Gazeta (in Russian). The Kremlin in Moscow. Archived from the original on 6 March 2016. Retrieved 4 March 2016.
  13. ^ Dawisha, Karen (2014). Putin's Kleptocracy: Who Owns Russia?. Simon & Schuster. pp. 87, 377. ISBN 978-1-4767-9519-5.
  14. ^ Sukhov, Oleg (28 March 2014). "From Olympics to Crimea, Putin Loyalist Kozak Entrusted with Kremlin Mega-Projects". The Moscow Times. Archived from the original on 4 April 2016. Retrieved 4 March 2016.
  15. ^ a b c d Golubchikov, Oleg (31 January 2017). "From a sports mega-event to a regional mega-project: the Sochi winter Olympics and the return of geography in state development priorities" (PDF). International Journal of Sport Policy and Politics. 9 (2): 237–255. doi:10.1080/19406940.2016.1272620. ISSN 1940-6940. S2CID 131822552. Archived (PDF) from the original on 19 July 2018. Retrieved 26 November 2018.
  16. ^ Vancouver Olympics: Embarrassed Russia looks to 2014 Sochi Olympics Archived 16 September 2012 at the Wayback Machine The Christian Science Monitor, 1 March 2010
  17. ^ "Rio Golf Course; Women's World Cup; IOC Nominee for Japan? – No Smoking in Sochi". Archived from the original on 26 November 2011. Retrieved 23 December 2012. Around the Rings, 14 July 2011
  18. ^ "Sochi's mixed feelings over Olympics". BBC News. 26 November 2008. Archived from the original on 21 February 2009. Retrieved 17 January 2014.
  19. ^ Russian Deputy PM leads Sochi delegation to inspect Munich Olympic Park Archived 16 August 2012 at the Wayback Machine Inside the Games, 22 May 2010
  20. ^ Madler, Mark (24 February 2014). "WET Design Runs Rings Around Rivals". San Fernando Business Journal. Los Angeles, California: California Business Journals. Archived from the original on 27 February 2014. Retrieved 26 February 2014.
  21. ^ "California-based WET makes the waters dance at Sochi". Gizmag. Archived from the original on 18 October 2014. Retrieved 26 February 2013.
  22. ^ Посмотрели свысока Archived 7 August 2013 at the Wayback Machine Yugopolis, 16 July 2013
  23. ^ Korsunskaya, Darya; Fydorov, Gennady; Baldwin, Alan (14 October 2010). "Sochi to host Russian GP from 2014–2020". Reuters. Archived from the original on 12 September 2019. Retrieved 20 October 2010.
  24. ^ "IOC threatens to postpone Russian Grand Prix". GP Update. 13 January 2011. Archived from the original on 6 September 2015. Retrieved 30 April 2012.
  25. ^ "Russia to Spend $50 Million Taking Roof Off Sochi Olympic Stadium". The Moscow Times. 20 January 2015. Archived from the original on 19 November 2018. Retrieved 19 July 2016.
  26. ^ "Russia 2018 preparations suffer setback as Sochi Olympic Stadium completion date pushed back". InsideTheGames.biz. 6 April 2016. Archived from the original on 8 August 2016. Retrieved 19 July 2016.
  27. ^ "Russia prepares for Olympic Games 2014 faster than scheduled". [dead link‍] ITAR-TASS, 27 June 2009
  28. ^ "IOC Head Praises Sochi 2014". Archived 28 November 2011 at the Wayback Machine GamesBids.com, 24 November 2011
  29. ^ "Avaya Customer Case Study: Sochi 2014 Olympics". Avaya. 23 April 2013. Archived from the original on 2 December 2013. Retrieved 9 December 2013 – via Slideshare.
  30. ^ "US firm Avaya named as Sochi 2014 network equipment supplier". Insidethegames.biz. 30 November 2011. Archived from the original on 15 January 2014. Retrieved 17 January 2014.
  31. ^ "Sochi 2014 Olympic Winter Games" (PDF). Avaya. 2013. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 May 2014. Retrieved 10 December 2013.
  32. ^ James Careless (December 2013). "Avaya builds massive Wi-Fi net for 2014 Winter Olympics". Network World. Archived from the original on 16 December 2013.
  33. ^ "Сочи-2014 выходит на связь" Archived 30 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine. Открытые системы, 2007 (in Russian)
  34. ^ "Инновационное олимпийское телевизионное оборудование впервые в Сочи". Broadcasting.ru. Archived from the original on 2 December 2013. Retrieved 9 December 2013.
  35. ^ "Fiber-optic communications in Olympic Sochi". Mayak Radio, 28 March 2008 (in Russian) Archived 15 April 2008 at the Wayback Machine
  36. ^ "'МИР ИТ' приютил олимпийскую ВОЛС". comnews.ru. Archived from the original on 9 November 2013. Retrieved 17 November 2013.
  37. ^ "'Ростелеком' обеспечил телекоммуникационными услугами олимпийский медиацентр в Сочи". TASS-TELECOM. Archived from the original on 25 January 2014. Retrieved 23 January 2014.
  38. ^ "Olympics' press center and Mountain Cluster's media center open in Sochi". ITAR-TASS. 24 January 2014. Archived from the original on 28 January 2014. Retrieved 24 January 2014.
  39. ^ Games 2014 Will Double Sochi Power Supply Archived 7 February 2014 at the Wayback Machine Sochi 2014, 29 May 2009
  40. ^ "Gazprom launches construction of Adler CHPS". Archived 1 January 2010 at the Wayback Machine Gazprom, 28 September 2009
  41. ^ "The power capacities of the Sochi region will increase before the Olympics by a factor of four". Archived 2 October 2007 at the Wayback Machine RBC, 6 July 2007 (in Russian)
  42. ^ "Sochi welcomes 2014 Winter Olympics with traditional Russian hospitality". En.itar-tass.com. Archived from the original on 24 February 2014. Retrieved 7 February 2014.
  43. ^ "Sochi opens new rail line for 2014 Winter Olympics". Archived 29 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine Inside the Games, 17 February 2012
  44. ^ "Siemens signs Russian Olympic train order". Archived 30 January 2010 at the Wayback Machine Railway Gazette International, 1 January 2010
  45. ^ "Runway in Sochi airport will cross the river". Archived 15 April 2008 at the Wayback Machine YuGA.ru, 8 July 2007 (in Russian)
  46. ^ "Playing in the snow". |lArchived 22 February 2014 at the Wayback Machine. Wag Magazine.
  47. ^ "Sochi authorities close the entrance to the city". DP.ru (in Russian). 8 October 2007. Retrieved 1 June 2016.[dead link‍]
  48. ^ "Russian Railways started mountain tunnel complex construction from Sochi to Krasnaya Polyana". Archived from the original on 25 January 2010. Retrieved 25 January 2010. Interfax, 27 May 2009 (in Russian)
  49. ^ "Russian Railways President Yakunin sums up investment programme for first 7 months of 2011". Russian Railways. Archived from the original on 24 September 2011. Retrieved 17 August 2011.
  50. ^ "NASA – Sochi at night". 17 February 2014. Archived from the original on 25 February 2014. Retrieved 20 February 2014.
  51. ^ "Sochi is not a place for recreation". Archived 11 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine Gazeta.ru, 5 July 2007 (in Russian)
  52. ^ "Construction of the first olympic hotel starts in Sochi". Archived 15 April 2008 at the Wayback Machine RIA Novosti, 7 August 2007 (in Russian)
  53. ^ Archived copy at WebCite (20 December 2006). Press Service of the Ministry of Natural Resources of Russian Federation, 13 July 2009 (in Russian)
  54. ^ "Гости Олимпиады смогут отправить написанное пером письмо, оплатив почтовые услуги маркой с собственной фотографией" [Guests of the Olympics will be able to send a letter written with a pen, paying for postage with a stamp with their own photo]. TASS Telecom. Archived from the original on 9 January 2014. Retrieved 9 January 2014.
  55. ^ Lally, Kathy (1 October 2013). "Russia anti-gay law casts a shadow over Sochi's 2014 Olympics". Washington Post. Archived from the original on 4 April 2014. Retrieved 29 September 2013.
  56. ^ "Soyuz TMA-09M safely returns crew back to Earth". NASASpaceFlight. 10 November 2013. Archived from the original on 28 February 2014. Retrieved 4 February 2014.
  57. ^ 9. listopadu 2013 17:51 (9 November 2013). "Kosmonauti si poprvé ve volném vesmíru předali olympijskou pochodeň". Technet.idnes.cz. Archived from the original on 13 November 2013. Retrieved 9 December 2013.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  58. ^ Loumena, Dan (23 November 2013). "Sochi Olympic torch takes plunge into world's deepest lake". Los Angeles Times. Associated Press. Archived from the original on 12 December 2013. Retrieved 9 December 2013.
  59. ^ Faith Karimi; Michael Martinez (7 February 2014). "Sochi 2014 begins with teams, classical music and a flying girl". CNN. Archived from the original on 5 December 2017. Retrieved 7 February 2014.
  60. ^ Kathy Lally; Will Englund (7 February 2014). "Olympics open in Sochi with extravagant pageant". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 13 March 2016. Retrieved 8 February 2014.
  61. ^ "News". sochi2014.com. Archived from the original on 24 December 2018. Retrieved 10 February 2014.
  62. ^ "Vladislav Tretyak and Irina Rodnina lit the Olympic flame at the Fisht Stadium in Sochi". Archived from the original on 31 March 2014. Retrieved 4 March 2014.
  63. ^ "Record 88 nations to participate in Winter Games". Global News. Sochi, Russia. Associated Press. 2 February 2014. Archived from the original on 24 December 2018. Retrieved 2 February 2014.
  64. ^ MacKenzie, Eric (16 January 2014). "Sochi Spotlight: Zimbabwe's first Winter Olympian". Pique Newsmagazine. Whistler, British Columbia, Canada. Archived from the original on 1 February 2014. Retrieved 16 January 2014.
  65. ^ Pagan Rivera, Esteban (12 January 2014). "Kristina Krone: Quería ir a Sochi, pero nunca recibió contestación del Comité Olímpico". Primerahora (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 13 January 2014. Retrieved 12 January 2014.
  66. ^ "Sascoc crush Speelman's Olympic dream". IOL Sport. 23 January 2014. Archived from the original on 24 January 2014. Retrieved 24 January 2014.
  67. ^ Dubault, Fabrice (24 January 2014). "L'histoire invraisemblable de Mehdi Khelifi privé de J.O par l'Algérie". France 3. Archived from the original on 29 January 2014. Retrieved 24 January 2014.
  68. ^ "Sochi Games: Four Indian skiers to go as independent athletes". Zee news. 31 December 2013. Archived from the original on 2 January 2014. Retrieved 31 December 2013.
  69. ^ "IOC Executive Board lifts suspension of NOC of India". Archived from the original on 11 February 2014. Retrieved 11 February 2014.
  70. ^ "National Olympic Houses". tripadvisor. Archived from the original on 3 April 2015. Retrieved 24 January 2014.
  71. ^ a b c d "Olympic Parc; Hospitality Houses". sochi2014.com. Archived from the original on 22 January 2014. Retrieved 24 January 2014.
  72. ^ "Opening Canada House" (in Dutch). CBC. 6 February 2014. Archived from the original on 7 February 2014. Retrieved 7 February 2014.
  73. ^ "China House opens in Sochi". XinHua Net. 7 February 2014. Archived from the original on 11 February 2014. Retrieved 10 February 2014.
  74. ^ "Zeman slavnostně otevřel Český dům a pravil: Budu váš maskot". Lidové noviny (in Czech). 8 February 2014. Archived from the original on 15 March 2014. Retrieved 8 February 2014.
  75. ^ "Dossier de presse Sotchi 201" (PDF) (in French). Esprit Bleu France Olympic. 28 January 2014. Archived (PDF) from the original on 3 February 2014. Retrieved 28 January 2014.
  76. ^ "Deutsches Haus Sotschi 2014 in Russlands Bergen". DOSB. 25 April 2013. Archived from the original on 20 February 2014. Retrieved 3 February 2014.
  77. ^ 5 min fa (6 February 2014). "Sochi, la Gazzetta entra a Casa Italia: tra cantieri, optional e sobrietà – La Gazzetta dello Sport". Gazzetta.it. Archived from the original on 7 February 2014. Retrieved 8 February 2014.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  78. ^ lsm.lv. "Linda Leen nozog hokejistu sirdis". Archived from the original on 22 February 2014. Retrieved 10 February 2014.
  79. ^ "Holland Heineken House dichter bij olympiërs dan ooit" (in Dutch). nusport.nl. 13 January 2014. Archived from the original on 27 January 2014. Retrieved 24 January 2014.
  80. ^ "Slovak athletes set for Sochi". The Slovak Spectator. 3 February 2014. Archived from the original on 22 February 2014. Retrieved 7 February 2014.
  81. ^ 대한체육회, 소치에 코리아하우스 오픈 [Korean Olympic Committee, open the Korea House in Sochi] (in Korean). Yonhap News. 6 February 2014. Archived from the original on 1 March 2014. Retrieved 24 February 2014. (in Dutch)
  82. ^ "USOC plans USA House sites in Sochi, at home". sportsbusinessdaily.com. 21 October 2013. Archived from the original on 26 December 2013. Retrieved 24 January 2014.
  83. ^ "Discover the twelve new winter sports events for Sochi 2014!". International Olympic Committee. 18 December 2013. Archived from the original on 10 April 2014. Retrieved 4 February 2014.
  84. ^ "Women's ski jumping gets 2014 Sochi Olympics go-ahead". Bbc.co.uk. 6 April 2011. Archived from the original on 14 April 2014. Retrieved 19 February 2014.
  85. ^ Thompson, Anna (5 July 2011). "Slopestyle given Sochi 2014 Winter Olympics go-ahead". Bbc.co.uk. Archived from the original on 11 April 2014. Retrieved 19 February 2014.
  86. ^ "Slopestyle Approved For Sochi 2014". 4 July 2011. Archived from the original on 4 September 2011.
  87. ^ "FIS Congress 2010 Decisions". FIS-Ski. Archived from the original on 10 June 2010. Retrieved 23 March 2011.
  88. ^ "Russian ice hockey will be skating in Sochi". Infox.ru. AktivMedia. 7 June 2010. Archived from the original on 8 December 2010. Retrieved 23 March 2011.
  89. ^ Klein, Jeff Z. (29 January 2010). "It's Not Hockey, It's Bandy". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 6 October 2017. Retrieved 23 February 2017.
  90. ^ "No time to relax! The show must go on...again!". Eastbourneherald.co.uk. 10 March 2010. Retrieved 19 February 2014.[permanent dead link‍]
  91. ^ "No Olympics for Ski Mountaineering". The Mountain World. 12 December 2006. Archived from the original on 26 February 2014. Retrieved 2 April 2012.
  92. ^ "No inclusion of ski orienteering in the IOC review process for 2014". International Orienteering Federation. Archived from the original on 20 September 2012. Retrieved 2 April 2012.
  93. ^ a b "Olympic Programme Updates". Olympic.org. International Olympic Committee. 28 November 2006. Archived from the original on 15 September 2008. Retrieved 20 August 2008.
  94. ^ "Sochi 2014 Closing Ceremony Unites Olympic Generations". Sochi 2014. 23 February 2014. Archived from the original on 24 February 2014. Retrieved 24 February 2014.
  95. ^ "Sochi 2014 Unveils Olympic Medals". Olympic.org. Archived from the original on 3 February 2014. Retrieved 4 February 2014.
  96. ^ "Winners at Sochi Winter Olympics to receive pieces of Russia meteorite". The Telegraph. London. 26 July 2013. Archived from the original on 28 July 2013. Retrieved 28 July 2013.
  97. ^ "Competition Schedule". SOCOG. Archived from the original on 9 May 2014. Retrieved 21 December 2013.
  98. ^ "Russian Police to Speak 3 Languages at Sochi Olympics – Ministry". RIA Novosti. Archived from the original on 10 December 2013. Retrieved 6 December 2013.
  99. ^ "Russian Military to Ensure Security at 2014 Olympics". RIA Novosti. 30 September 2013. Archived from the original on 10 December 2013. Retrieved 6 December 2013.
  100. ^ a b "Sochi Olympic Protests to Require Approval from Russia's Security Service". RIA Novosti. Archived from the original on 10 December 2013. Retrieved 6 December 2013.
  101. ^ Oliphant, Roland; Lundy, Jack (2 February 2014). "Sochi Olympic organisers face accommodation crisis". The Daily Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on 3 February 2014. Retrieved 2 February 2014.
  102. ^ Oliphant, Roland (5 February 2014). "The shambles behind the scenes at Sochi". The Daily Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on 5 February 2014. Retrieved 5 February 2014.
  103. ^ "Russia takes unprecedented security measures ahead of Sochi Olympics". ITAR TASS. Archived from the original on 11 January 2014. Retrieved 11 January 2014.
  104. ^ "Space monitoring systems of emergency situations deployed in Sochi". ITAR TASS. Archived from the original on 9 January 2014. Retrieved 9 January 2014.
  105. ^ "Russian emergencies minister praises Sochi security system". ITAR TASS. 27 January 2014. Archived from the original on 4 February 2014. Retrieved 27 January 2014.
  106. ^ "Internal Troops to provide security at Sochi Olympics". Russia Beyond the Headlines. 15 January 2014. Archived from the original on 12 February 2014. Retrieved 16 January 2014.
  107. ^ "Siberia joins national effort to make the Sochi Olympics safe and successful". Siberia Times. 16 January 2014. Archived from the original on 18 January 2014. Retrieved 16 January 2014.
  108. ^ "Sochi Drafts In Cossacks for Olympic Security". RIA Novosti. 9 January 2014. Archived from the original on 9 January 2014. Retrieved 9 January 2014.
  109. ^ "Some 300 Cossacks to Help Police Sochi Olympics". RIA Novosti. 19 July 2013. Archived from the original on 9 January 2014. Retrieved 9 January 2014.
  110. ^ a b "Olympic Teams Prepare for Possible Security Crisis in Sochi". The Moscow Times. 22 January 2014. Archived from the original on 23 January 2014. Retrieved 23 January 2014.
  111. ^ "Obama offers US security assistance to Putin as Olympic terror fears mount". Fox News. 22 January 2014. Archived from the original on 10 February 2014. Retrieved 4 February 2014.
  112. ^ "As Sochi Olympic venues are built, so are Kremlin's surveillance networks". The Guardian. 6 October 2013. Archived from the original on 29 November 2016. Retrieved 13 December 2016.
  113. ^ Walker, Shaun (6 October 2013). "Russia to monitor 'all communications' at Winter Olympics in Sochi". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on 13 April 2016. Retrieved 14 April 2016.
  114. ^ "Журова: Олимпиада в Сочи - это проект Путина - Спорт FM". Archived from the original on 24 December 2017. Retrieved 24 December 2017.
  115. ^ "Caucasus Emirate Leader Calls On Insurgents To Thwart Sochi Winter Olympics". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 3 July 2013. Archived from the original on 30 January 2014. Retrieved 13 February 2014.
  116. ^ Rumsby, Ben (22 January 2014). "Winter Olympics 2014: email threat to 'blow up' athletes at Sochi Games dismissed by IOC". The Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on 29 January 2014. Retrieved 30 January 2014.
  117. ^ "European Olympic Committees Report Sochi Terror Threats". En.ria.ru. 22 January 2014. Archived from the original on 7 February 2014. Retrieved 7 February 2014.
  118. ^ Love, Tom (3 September 2012). "Sportfive concludes Olympic agreement in Russia". SportsPro. Archived from the original on 2 June 2016. Retrieved 4 September 2012.
  119. ^ "Lazarus: We Believe Sochi Olympics Will Be Profitable". Broadcasting & Cable. Archived from the original on 5 October 2013. Retrieved 13 August 2013.
  120. ^ "Sportsnet to air 200 hours of Sochi Games". Sportsnet. Archived from the original on 13 February 2013. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
  121. ^ "CBC/Radio Canada welcomes partners in 2014 Sochi Olympics coverage". CBC. Archived from the original on 10 February 2013. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
  122. ^ "CBC/Radio-Canada seals agreement with TVA Sports for the Sochi 2014 Olympic Winter Games". Canada Newswire. 2 May 2013. Archived from the original on 25 May 2013. Retrieved 3 May 2013.
  123. ^ "CBC wins rights to 2014, 2016 Olympic Games". CBC Sports. Archived from the original on 3 August 2012. Retrieved 1 August 2012.
  124. ^ "Olympic fury over rules for TV sport". The Australian. 7 April 2012. Archived from the original on 14 March 2014. Retrieved 13 August 2013.
  125. ^ "Seven withdraws from bidding for Olympics as price tag proves too great for TV networks". Fox Sports. 8 April 2013. Archived from the original on 8 October 2013. Retrieved 13 August 2013.
  126. ^ MacKay, Duncan (12 May 2013). "Ten Network signs $20 million deal to broadcast Sochi 2014 in Australia, claim reports". Inside the Games. Archived from the original on 4 October 2013. Retrieved 13 August 2013.
  127. ^ Pennington, Adrian. "Comcast to Produce Olympics 2014 in Ultra HD". The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on 24 January 2014. Retrieved 27 January 2014.
  128. ^ "Russia to transmit 4K from Sochi". TVBEurope. NewBay Media. Archived from the original on 27 January 2014. Retrieved 27 January 2014.
  129. ^ "Putin cancels New Year holidays for officials responsible for Winter Games". ITAR-TASS. Archived from the original on 3 December 2013. Retrieved 30 November 2013.
  130. ^ Pennington, Adrian (4 February 2014). "Sochi Games to Set Record for Live and VOD Streaming". Streaming Media Europe. Archived from the original on 22 February 2014. Retrieved 8 February 2014.
  131. ^ "Judge bans Sochi 2014 gay Pride House claiming it would offend 'public morality'". Inside the Games. 18 March 2012. Archived from the original on 11 February 2014. Retrieved 12 February 2014.
  132. ^ Johnson, Ted (24 July 2013). "Russia's Anti-Gay Laws Present Challenge for NBC's Olympics Coverage". Variety. Archived from the original on 26 July 2013. Retrieved 25 July 2013.
  133. ^ Fierstein, Harvey (21 July 2013). "Russia's Anti-Gay Crackdown". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 25 July 2013. Retrieved 25 July 2013.
  134. ^ Herszenhorn, David M. (11 August 2013). "Gays in Russia Find No Haven, Despite Support From the West". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 4 March 2014. Retrieved 10 February 2014.
  135. ^ Skybenko, Ella (7 February 2014). "Companies can help advance human rights; Sochi shows they rarely use it". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 7 February 2014. Retrieved 8 February 2014.
  136. ^ Bennetts, Marc (19 January 2014). "Winter Olympics 2014: Sochi Games 'nothing but a monstrous scam', says Kremlin critic Boris Nemtsov". Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on 24 January 2014. Retrieved 4 February 2014.
  137. ^ "The Sochi Olympics: Castles in the sand". The Economist. 13 July 2013. Archived from the original on 9 August 2013. Retrieved 8 August 2013.
  138. ^ "Crimea: Putin's Olympic diversion". The Washington Post. 26 March 2014. Archived from the original on 16 January 2021.
  139. ^ Fernholz, Tim (9 February 2018). "Maybe this year Russia won't start a war during the Olympics". Quartz. Archived from the original on 14 April 2021.
  140. ^ Farhi, Paul (21 February 2014). "In coverage of Olympics, NBC has largely steered clear of controversy". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 25 February 2014. Retrieved 25 February 2014.
  141. ^ Sappenfield, Mark (24 February 2014). "Sochi Olympics report card: So how good were Putin's Games?". The Christian Science Monitor. Archived from the original on 24 February 2014. Retrieved 25 February 2014.
  142. ^ Grohmann, Karolos (23 February 2014). "'Excellent' Sochi Games proved critics wrong, says IOC's Bach". Reuters. Archived from the original on 4 November 2014. Retrieved 25 February 2014.
  143. ^ Jaimoukha, Amjad. Ancient Circassian Cultures and Nations in the First Millennium BCE. pp. 1–7, 9–14[full citation needed]
  144. ^ Encyclopædia Britannica entry for Circassians: "From ancient times Circassia, comprising roughly the northwestern region of the Caucasus, acquired the exotic reputation common to lands occupying a crucial area between rival empires..."[full citation needed]
  145. ^ "145th Anniversary of the Circassian Genocide and the Sochi Olympics Issue". Reuters. 22 May 2009. Archived from the original on 2 July 2012. Retrieved 28 November 2009.
  146. ^ Ellen Barry (20 May 2011). "Georgia Says Russia Committed Genocide in 19th Century". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 14 March 2017. Retrieved 23 February 2017.
  147. ^ Andrea Alexander (9 February 2010). "North Jersey Circassians 'in exile' launch Olympic protest". The Record. Archived from the original on 21 February 2014. Retrieved 13 February 2014.
  148. ^ Gabriele Barbati (6 February 2014). "Circassians Protest Winter Olympics Being Held At Sochi Genocide Site". International Business Times. Archived from the original on 16 February 2014. Retrieved 10 February 2014.
  149. ^ "Olympics-IOC says Russia-Georgia conflict 'a sad reality'". Reuters. 9 August 2008. Archived from the original on 17 September 2020. Retrieved 6 October 2017.
  150. ^ Azamat Bram. "Circassians Voice Olympian Anger". Archived 8 January 2016 at the Wayback Machine. Institute for War and Peace Reporting Caucasus Reporting Service No. 413, 5 October 2007. Retrieved on 2 April 2010.
  151. ^ Olterman, Philip (3 December 2014). "Russia accused of athletics doping cover-up on German TV". Guardian. Archived from the original on 7 November 2015. Retrieved 9 November 2015.
  152. ^ a b Ruiz, Rebecca R.; Schwirtz, Michael (12 May 2016). "Russian Insider Says State-Run Doping Fueled Olympic Gold". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 30 December 2017. Retrieved 23 February 2017.
  153. ^ a b Ruiz, Rebecca R.; Schwirtz, Michael (13 May 2016). "Mystery in Sochi Doping Case Lies With Tamper-Proof Bottle". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 17 May 2016. Retrieved 14 May 2016.
  154. ^ Gibson, Owen (1 June 2016). "New doping report will influence decision on Russia's place at Olympics". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 4 November 2016. Retrieved 6 July 2016.
  155. ^ "Russian athletics: IAAF upholds ban before Rio Olympics". The Guardian. 17 June 2016. Archived from the original on 12 July 2016. Retrieved 21 July 2016.
  156. ^ "Takeaways from McLaren report? Confusion, corruption, cynicism". ESPN.com. 18 July 2016. Archived from the original on 3 October 2018. Retrieved 3 October 2018.
  157. ^ Ruiz, Rebecca R. (27 December 2016). "Russians No Longer Dispute Olympic Doping Operation". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 31 December 2016. Retrieved 23 February 2017.
  158. ^ "McLaren Independent Investigations Report into Sochi Allegations". WADA. 18 July 2016. Archived from the original on 23 July 2016. Retrieved 3 October 2018.
  159. ^ "WADA Statement: Independent Investigation confirms Russian State manipulation of the doping control process". WADA. 18 July 2016. Archived from the original on 3 December 2017. Retrieved 3 October 2018.
  160. ^ "Rio Olympics 2016: Wada criticises IOC for failing to ban Russian team". BBC Sport. Archived from the original on 5 August 2016. Retrieved 1 August 2016.
  161. ^ "Canadian athletes critical of IOC decision". The Hamilton Spectator. 24 July 2016. Archived from the original on 29 August 2017. Retrieved 1 August 2016.
  162. ^ "British Olympians slam 'spineless IOC' over Russia". Yahoo! Sports. Archived from the original on 28 August 2017. Retrieved 1 August 2016.
  163. ^ Hayward, Paul (24 July 2016). "International Olympic Committee's dereliction of duty over Russia weakens bond between spectator and spectacle". The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on 27 July 2016. Retrieved 1 August 2016.
  164. ^ "IOC chooses obfuscation and chaos on Russia competing at Olympics". The Guardian. 24 July 2016. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on 13 August 2016. Retrieved 1 August 2016.
  165. ^ Macur, Juliet (25 July 2016). "Russia Decision Muddies Legacy of I.O.C. President Thomas Bach". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 31 July 2016. Retrieved 1 August 2016.
  166. ^ "Rio 2016: 270 Russians cleared to compete at Olympic Games". BBC Sport. Archived from the original on 4 August 2016. Retrieved 4 August 2016.
  167. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 17 July 2021. Retrieved 8 January 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  168. ^ "Athletics doping: Russia provisionally suspended by IAAF". BBC Sport. Archived from the original on 13 November 2015. Retrieved 14 November 2015.
  169. ^ Stubbs, Jack (15 August 2016). "Exclusive: Russia's Klishina to compete after appeal upheld". Reuters. Archived from the original on 5 August 2017. Retrieved 4 October 2018.
  170. ^ "Rio Paralympics 2016: Russian athletes banned after doping scandal". BBC Sport. 7 August 2016. Archived from the original on 7 August 2016. Retrieved 7 August 2016.
  171. ^ Ingle, Sean (1 February 2018). "IOC dismayed after doping bans on 28 Russian athletes overturned by Cas". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 15 August 2018. Retrieved 3 October 2018.
  172. ^ "ICAS's Coates responds to Bach over IOC concerns". USA Today. Associated Press. 4 February 2018. Archived from the original on 3 October 2018. Retrieved 3 October 2018.
  173. ^ Aspin, Guy (2 February 2018). "Wada: Clearing Russian athletes may cause 'dismay and frustration'". The Independent. Archived from the original on 3 October 2018. Retrieved 3 October 2018.
  174. ^ "IOC Statement on CAS decision". Olympic Games. 1 February 2018. Archived from the original on 1 February 2018. Retrieved 3 October 2018.
  175. ^ Kelner, Martha (28 February 2018). "Russia's Olympic membership restored by IOC after doping ban". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 22 September 2018. Retrieved 3 October 2018.
  176. ^ "Russia reinstated by WADA, ending nearly 3-year suspension after doping scandal". USA Today. Archived from the original on 3 October 2018. Retrieved 3 October 2018.
  177. ^ "Four years since Russia's illegal annexation of Crimea". Government.no. 14 March 2018. Archived from the original on 4 May 2021. Retrieved 28 March 2019.
  178. ^ "Putin reveals secrets of Russia's Crimea takeover plot". BBC News. 9 March 2015. Archived from the original on 6 May 2021. Retrieved 9 March 2015.
    Soldatkin, Vladimir; Stamp, David (9 March 2014). "Putin says plan to take Crimea hatched before referendum". Reuters. Archived from the original on 4 April 2022. Retrieved 10 March 2015.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to 2014 Winter Olympics.
Wikinews has news related to:
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Sochi 2014 Olympic and Paralympic Games.
Winter Olympics
Preceded by XXII Olympic Winter Games
Sochi
2014 		Succeeded by
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2014_Winter_Olympics&oldid=1256842316"